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Prof. Ronald J. Rychlak Prof. Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz Mr. Rick C. Crowsey

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Researching, Identifying and Establishing Standard Procedures to Certify Digital Data for Use in Court Procedures 33 Journal of Space Law 195 (2007). Prof. Ronald J. Rychlak Prof. Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz Mr. Rick C. Crowsey. The Project. Making this understandable to lawyers, judges - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Researching, Identifying and Researching, Identifying and Establishing Standard Procedures to Establishing Standard Procedures to Certify Digital Data for Use in Certify Digital Data for Use in Court Procedures Court Procedures 33 Journal of Space Law 195 (2007) 33 Journal of Space Law 195 (2007) Prof. Ronald J. Rychlak Prof. Ronald J. Rychlak Prof. Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz Prof. Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz Mr. Rick C. Crowsey Mr. Rick C. Crowsey
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Page 1: Prof. Ronald J. Rychlak Prof. Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz Mr. Rick C. Crowsey

Researching, Identifying and Researching, Identifying and Establishing Standard Procedures to Establishing Standard Procedures to Certify Digital Data for Use in Court Certify Digital Data for Use in Court

ProceduresProcedures 33 Journal of Space Law 195 (2007)33 Journal of Space Law 195 (2007)

Prof. Ronald J. RychlakProf. Ronald J. RychlakProf. Joanne Irene GabrynowiczProf. Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz

Mr. Rick C. CrowseyMr. Rick C. Crowsey

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

The ProjectThe Project

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Lawabsorbed energyabsorbed energy

Energy from Energy from the Sun or the Sun or from the from the sensor sensor

platform platform (satellite or (satellite or

aircraft)aircraft)

ground stationground stationEROS ArchiveEROS Archive

expert/consultantexpert/consultant

Making this understandable to lawyers, Making this understandable to lawyers, judgesjudges

and other legal professionalsand other legal professionals

certified certified digital digital

productproduct

reflectedreflected

energyenergy

down linked data down linked data from remote from remote

sensing satellite sensing satellite and GPS satelliteand GPS satellite

retail userretail user

value addedvalue added

resellersresellers

litigation or litigation or

dispute resolutiondispute resolution

absorbed energyabsorbed energy

Energy from Energy from the Sun or the Sun or from the from the sensor sensor

platform platform (satellite or (satellite or

aircraft)aircraft)

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

The ProblemThe Problem

EDC had established, standard procedures that EDC had established, standard procedures that provided attorneys and other legal professionals provided attorneys and other legal professionals with analog photographs for use in various legal with analog photographs for use in various legal proceedings, including as evidence in court. The proceedings, including as evidence in court. The

procedures met recognized rules of legal procedures met recognized rules of legal procedure and evidence. When technology procedure and evidence. When technology

changed and imagery became digital, there were changed and imagery became digital, there were no corresponding procedures for digital imagery.no corresponding procedures for digital imagery.

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

The ProjectThe Project

• Established current law baseline regarding electronic Established current law baseline regarding electronic evidenceevidence

• Reviewed recent rulings, current law and precedentReviewed recent rulings, current law and precedent― Scientific evidenceScientific evidence― Demonstrative evidenceDemonstrative evidence― Federal Rules of EvidenceFederal Rules of Evidence― Leading cases: Leading cases: DaubertDaubert and and FryeFrye

• Considered similarities toConsidered similarities to― DNA DNA ― PhotographsPhotographs― Electronic Data Discovery Electronic Data Discovery

dynamic subject directly applicable to imagery captured, stored and dynamic subject directly applicable to imagery captured, stored and transferred in electronic formtransferred in electronic form

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

The ProjectThe Project

• Established EROS Data Center baselineEstablished EROS Data Center baseline―visited EDCvisited EDC

• Reviewed and documented current processes and Reviewed and documented current processes and procedures used toprocedures used to―fill analog data/imagery requests for court usefill analog data/imagery requests for court use―turn analog data/imagery, including scanning into digital turn analog data/imagery, including scanning into digital

datadata

• Met with EDC staff to identify procedures and Met with EDC staff to identify procedures and policiespolicies

• Recommended policy, procedures, standardsRecommended policy, procedures, standards

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

The ProjectThe Project

• Draft paperDraft paper―documented team’s findings and documented team’s findings and

recommendationsrecommendations―reviewed by Federal prosecutor and reviewed by Federal prosecutor and

Federal JudgesFederal Judges

• Final to be published in Final to be published in Journal of Journal of Space LawSpace Law

• Wrap – Up BriefingWrap – Up Briefing

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

The TeamThe Team

• Principle InvestigatorPrinciple Investigator― Prof. Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz, Professor, remote sensing and space law, Prof. Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz, Professor, remote sensing and space law,

Univ. of MS, School of LawUniv. of MS, School of Law Director, National Remote Sensing and Space Law CenterDirector, National Remote Sensing and Space Law Center Editor-in-Chief, Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Space LawJournal of Space Law

• ResearcherResearcher― Prof. Ronald J. Rychlak, MDLA Professor of Law, Associate Dean for Prof. Ronald J. Rychlak, MDLA Professor of Law, Associate Dean for

Academic Affairs, Univ. of MS, School of LawAcademic Affairs, Univ. of MS, School of Law Professor, law of evidenceProfessor, law of evidence Author, Author, Real and Demonstrative EvidenceReal and Demonstrative Evidence, LexisNexis 2nd ed., LexisNexis 2nd ed.

• Spatial Information Litigation ExpertSpatial Information Litigation Expert― Mr. Rick CrowseyMr. Rick Crowsey

• Rick C. Crowsey, President, Crowsey IncorporatedRick C. Crowsey, President, Crowsey Incorporated― Spatial information, OR/systems thinking and legal technology advisor Spatial information, OR/systems thinking and legal technology advisor

• Student researcherStudent researcher― Ms. Ashley Johnson, third year law studentMs. Ashley Johnson, third year law student

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

The Visit:The Visit: LearningLearningand Understanding the Certification Processand Understanding the Certification Process

USGS customers may request USGS customers may request product certification services product certification services

performed per USGS Manual Chap. performed per USGS Manual Chap. 301.3 “Certification of USGS 301.3 “Certification of USGS Reproductions”, derived fromReproductions”, derived fromDoI Manual Part 310 Chap. 10 DoI Manual Part 310 Chap. 10 “Certification of Documents”.“Certification of Documents”.

USGS will certify that the archive USGS will certify that the archive source used to make the productsource used to make the product

is an official record of theis an official record of thegovernment that is in the legal government that is in the legal

custody of the USGS and that the custody of the USGS and that the output product is an authentic output product is an authentic

reproduction of the archived source.reproduction of the archived source.

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

The Visit:The Visit: Learning and UnderstandingLearning and Understandingthe Expertisethe Expertise

““In support of the recent In support of the recent shift to digitally produced shift to digitally produced products, a core of highly products, a core of highly trained legacy employees trained legacy employees within the Archive andwithin the Archive and

Data Resources Department Data Resources Department successfully transitionedsuccessfully transitioned

their skills and experiences their skills and experiences to creating digital products to creating digital products

using photogrammatic using photogrammatic

quality precision scanners.”quality precision scanners.”

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

The Visit: Learning and UnderstandingThe Visit: Learning and Understandingthe Data Sources and Processesthe Data Sources and Processes

1.EDC receives and prepares customer’s order for processing.1.EDC receives and prepares customer’s order for processing.2. Film source retrieved from archive, scanned on photogrammetrically 2. Film source retrieved from archive, scanned on photogrammetrically

quality scanner. quality scanner. 3. Scanned image output to digital media labeled with USGS visual ID, 3. Scanned image output to digital media labeled with USGS visual ID,

order number and date generated. Image printed on a graphic arts order number and date generated. Image printed on a graphic arts quality printer.quality printer.

4. USGS Manual Chap. 301.3 certification process is performed.4. USGS Manual Chap. 301.3 certification process is performed.5. Scanned output file on digital media and hardcopy product5. Scanned output file on digital media and hardcopy product sent to customer. sent to customer.

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Project Highlights and ResultsProject Highlights and Results

• EDC already had the basics institutionalizedEDC already had the basics institutionalized• ChallengesChallenges

―Separating out what was Separating out what was donedone for photos to what was for photos to what was neededneeded for digital for digital

―Having the engineers and technologists see the process Having the engineers and technologists see the process and results from a lawyer’s perspective and why they and results from a lawyer’s perspective and why they needed to understand itneeded to understand it

―Having the lawyers see the process and results of a Having the lawyers see the process and results of a technical perspectivetechnical perspective

―Getting out, and staying out, “of the weeds” to produce Getting out, and staying out, “of the weeds” to produce a high level certification producta high level certification product

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

The Legal Landscape:The Legal Landscape:The Law of EvidenceThe Law of Evidence

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

The Legal Landscape:The Legal Landscape:The Law of EvidenceThe Law of Evidence

• Visual (Real and Demonstrative) evidence is Visual (Real and Demonstrative) evidence is of significant importance in modern of significant importance in modern litigationlitigation

• EDC needs to be certain that its procedures EDC needs to be certain that its procedures permit images to be admitted as evidencepermit images to be admitted as evidence

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Evidence Must be RelevantEvidence Must be Relevantandand Material Material

FRE 401. FRE 401. Definition of “Relevant Evidence”Definition of “Relevant Evidence”““Relevant evidence” means evidence Relevant evidence” means evidence

having having any tendencyany tendency to make the to make the existence of any fact that is of existence of any fact that is of

consequence to the determination of the consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.than it would be without the evidence.

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

In other words…In other words…

• Exhibit must accurately portray the sceneExhibit must accurately portray the scene• A proper foundation must be establishedA proper foundation must be established

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Authentication and Authentication and IdentificationIdentification

Federal Rules of Evidence 901Federal Rules of Evidence 901

• Foundation is required before Foundation is required before exhibits will be admitted into exhibits will be admitted into evidenceevidence

• This requires evidence sufficient to This requires evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in support a finding that the matter in question is what the proponent question is what the proponent claimsclaims

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Authentication and Authentication and IdentificationIdentification

Example: Rule 901(b)(9)Example: Rule 901(b)(9)• Evidence describing a process or Evidence describing a process or

system used to produce the result, system used to produce the result, andand

• Showing that the process or system Showing that the process or system produced an accurate resultproduced an accurate result

• Judicial notice can come into play Judicial notice can come into play (video camera vs. polygraph) (video camera vs. polygraph)

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Foundation forFoundation forPhoto ExhibitsPhoto Exhibits

• Authentication can be Authentication can be accomplished by witness accomplished by witness testimony that the photograph testimony that the photograph shows what it purports to showshows what it purports to show

• That won’t work for us…….That won’t work for us…….

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Foundation forFoundation forPhoto ExhibitsPhoto Exhibits

• An alternative to authentication is the An alternative to authentication is the “silent witness” theory“silent witness” theory

• This foundation relies on an understanding This foundation relies on an understanding of the process used to capture, store, and of the process used to capture, store, and produce the imageproduce the image

• Surveillance cameras rely on this Surveillance cameras rely on this foundationfoundation

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Foundation for DigitalFoundation for DigitalPhoto ExhibitsPhoto Exhibits

• Identify the contents of the imageIdentify the contents of the image• Show that the proper and accepted digital Show that the proper and accepted digital

imagery techniques were used (reliability imagery techniques were used (reliability and capability of computer hardware and and capability of computer hardware and software)software)

• Detail a “chain of custody” explaining any Detail a “chain of custody” explaining any editingediting

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Requirements for BusinessRequirements for Businessor Government Records Exceptionor Government Records Exception

1.1. Writing was made in regular course of Writing was made in regular course of business; business; andand

2.2. Writing was made at or near time of act, Writing was made at or near time of act, condition or event; condition or event; andand

3.3. Custodian of record or other qualified Custodian of record or other qualified witness testifies to the writing’s identity witness testifies to the writing’s identity and mode of preparation; and mode of preparation; andand

4.4. Sources of information and method and Sources of information and method and time of preparation, were such as to time of preparation, were such as to indicate the writing’s trustworthiness.indicate the writing’s trustworthiness.

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Uniform PhotographicUniform PhotographicCopies of Business and Public Records as Evidence Copies of Business and Public Records as Evidence

ActAct

• Reproduction made in regular course of Reproduction made in regular course of businessbusiness

• Reproductions by “any technique that Reproductions by “any technique that accurately reproduces the originals”accurately reproduces the originals”

• Reproductions are admissible in Reproductions are admissible in evidence/administrative proceedingsevidence/administrative proceedings

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Court Decisions:Court Decisions:Computer RecordsComputer Records

Computer business records are admissible ifComputer business records are admissible if• Kept pursuant to a routine procedure Kept pursuant to a routine procedure

designed to assure their accuracydesigned to assure their accuracy• Created for motives that tend to assure Created for motives that tend to assure

accuracyaccuracy• Not themselves mere accumulation of Not themselves mere accumulation of

hearsayhearsay―United States v. Sanders, United States v. Sanders, 749 F.2d 195749 F.2d 195

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

USGS Previous ProcedureUSGS Previous Procedure

• Data was transmitted from satellite to USGS Data was transmitted from satellite to USGS which then provided print-out copies to which then provided print-out copies to customerscustomers

• Witnesses were generally not available to Witnesses were generally not available to authenticate the image, so most courts authenticate the image, so most courts relied on the USGS certification that was relied on the USGS certification that was affixed to the imageaffixed to the image

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

USGS Certification PolicyUSGS Certification Policy

USGS Manual Chapter 301.3USGS Manual Chapter 301.3““Certification of USGS Reproductions” Certification of USGS Reproductions”

• Department Manual Part 310 Chapter 10 “Certification of Department Manual Part 310 Chapter 10 “Certification of Documents”Documents”

• Provides Provides proceduresprocedures for certifying and/or affixing an for certifying and/or affixing an official seal to copies of records for the purpose of official seal to copies of records for the purpose of attesting attesting to the source or authenticityto the source or authenticity of the reproduction of the reproduction

• AppliesApplies to the processing of all requests for certification of to the processing of all requests for certification of copies of any official books, records, papers, documents, copies of any official books, records, papers, documents, maps, maps, photographsphotographs, plats, or diagrams in USGS custody, plats, or diagrams in USGS custody

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

What is theWhat is theUSGS Certifying?USGS Certifying?

1.1. Source used to make the certified Source used to make the certified product is an official record of the product is an official record of the government and is in legal custody of government and is in legal custody of the USGS.the USGS.

2.2. (With the old system), the hardcopy (With the old system), the hardcopy output print is an authentic output print is an authentic reproduction, a true copy, of the reproduction, a true copy, of the archived source. archived source.

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

•Questions related to processes used to make Questions related to processes used to make the product and the archived source the product and the archived source materials.materials.•Technical questions that a customer may Technical questions that a customer may ask concerning the technologies or “inner ask concerning the technologies or “inner workings” of the scanners, printer or workings” of the scanners, printer or software used to create the USGS certified software used to create the USGS certified product are referred to manufacturers. product are referred to manufacturers.

The USGS Only AddressesThe USGS Only Addresses

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Certification ProcessCertification Process

• In general terms, the descriptive statement In general terms, the descriptive statement simply simply confirmed that printout was confirmed that printout was authenticauthentic and provided ancillary information and provided ancillary information such as product description, acquisition such as product description, acquisition data, project name, roll and frame number, data, project name, roll and frame number, and enlargement factorand enlargement factor

• With digital data, there is no printout to With digital data, there is no printout to certifycertify

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Lawabsorbed energyabsorbed energy

Energy from Energy from the Sun or the Sun or from the from the sensor sensor

platform platform (satellite or (satellite or

aircraft)aircraft)

reflectedreflected

energyenergy

down linked data down linked data from remote from remote

sensing satellite sensing satellite and GPS satelliteand GPS satellite

ground stationground stationEROS ArchiveEROS Archive

retail userretail user

value addedvalue added

resellersresellers

expert/consultantexpert/consultant

litigation or litigation or

dispute resolutiondispute resolution

How USGS Spatial Data is Archived and Certified for Use in CourtHow USGS Spatial Data is Archived and Certified for Use in Court

certified certified digital digital

productproduct

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

down linked data down linked data from remote from remote

sensing satellite sensing satellite and GPS satelliteand GPS satellite

ground stationground stationEROS ArchiveEROS Archive

litigation or litigation or

other end useother end use

How USGS Spatial Data is Archived and Certified for Use in CourtHow USGS Spatial Data is Archived and Certified for Use in Court OldOld Photo Procedure Photo Procedure

certified certified photo photo

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

down linked down linked data from data from

remote sensing remote sensing satellite and satellite and GPS satelliteGPS satellite

ground stationground stationEROS ArchiveEROS Archive

litigation or litigation or

other end useother end use

How USGS Spatial Data is Archived and Certified for Use in CourtHow USGS Spatial Data is Archived and Certified for Use in Court NewNew Digital Procedure Digital Procedure

certified certified datadata

expert/consultantexpert/consultant

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

EROS EROS ArchiveArchive

litigation or litigation or

other end useother end use

How USGS Spatial Data is Archived and Certified for Use in CourtHow USGS Spatial Data is Archived and Certified for Use in CourtCrucialCrucial Differences Differences

certified certified datadata

expert/consultantexpert/consultant

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

USGS Proposed ProcedureUSGS Proposed Procedurefor Digital Photo Exhibitsfor Digital Photo Exhibits

Foundation will be established in the same manner as was Foundation will be established in the same manner as was previously used in addition to previously used in addition to

• Adequately preserving the image for future authenticationAdequately preserving the image for future authentication• Assigning a product number to each customer orderAssigning a product number to each customer order• And compiling the image and the product number on And compiling the image and the product number on

CD/DVD (or other format) prior to customer distributionCD/DVD (or other format) prior to customer distribution

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

USGS Certified ProductUSGS Certified Product

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Responses from JudgesResponses from Judges

U.S. District Court JudgeU.S. District Court Judge

MS S.Ct. JusticeMS S.Ct. Justice

U.S. Circuit Court JudgeU.S. Circuit Court Judge

All have trial and appellate experienceAll have trial and appellate experience

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

FRE 403. Exclusion ofFRE 403. Exclusion ofRelevant EvidenceRelevant Evidence

Exclusion of Relevant EvidenceExclusion of Relevant Evidenceon Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of Timeon Grounds of Prejudice, Confusion, or Waste of Time

Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading

the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law38

Do you have those days Do you have those days where you don’t give a damn where you don’t give a damn about the rules of evidence?about the rules of evidence?

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Putting it Together andPutting it Together andGoing ForwardGoing Forward

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space LawFrom NOAA Post Storm Data Acquisition Aerial Wind Analysis and Damage Assessment Hurricane Katrina, October 31, 2005

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

USGS Sustained Wind (mph)

From USGS Hurricane Katrina Analysis (http://gisdata.usgs.net/website/Katrina/viewer.ph)

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

From Quickbird, DigitalGlobe, 4/12/2005 & 8/31/2005 ~61cm spatial resolution (http://digitalglobe.com/images/katrina/biloxi_coast_08_31_2005.jpg)

Biloxi Before & After Katrina61 cm spatial resolution

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Technology andTechnology andLooking ForwardLooking Forward

• AdmissibilityAdmissibility―is this a true and fair representation of the scene is this a true and fair representation of the scene

(among other requirements)?(among other requirements)?―Chain of Custody or Archive History File (AHF )Chain of Custody or Archive History File (AHF )

• Attempt at being technology neutralAttempt at being technology neutral―Avoids rewrites every time a new processor, Avoids rewrites every time a new processor,

sensor, compression algorithm comes outsensor, compression algorithm comes out―Addresses issues important to legal Addresses issues important to legal

professionals rather than focus on professionals rather than focus on electromagnetic spectrum (or other specific electromagnetic spectrum (or other specific technology)technology)

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

TechnologyTechnologyand Looking Forwardand Looking Forward

• ““Fiddling” Fiddling” ―Compression/decompression; geometric Compression/decompression; geometric

corrections; radiometric correctionscorrections; radiometric corrections RepeatableRepeatable ReproducibleReproducible TransparentTransparent

• Questions about the reproduction processQuestions about the reproduction process―The same approach for dealing with “fiddling” The same approach for dealing with “fiddling”

works for thisworks for this That is, someone else being able to order the same That is, someone else being able to order the same

data I ordered and receive an identical data deliverydata I ordered and receive an identical data delivery

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

SourcesSources

• Government data receives preferential Government data receives preferential treatmenttreatment― but benefits from Archive History Filebut benefits from Archive History File

• Using Commercial DataUsing Commercial Data― Archive History File: contains a complete recipe Archive History File: contains a complete recipe

with enough detail to enable a capable firm to with enough detail to enable a capable firm to exactly duplicate the offered documentexactly duplicate the offered document Tools (ESRI ArcView 3.1a, …)Tools (ESRI ArcView 3.1a, …) Data (soft and hardcopy sources)Data (soft and hardcopy sources) Processes (digitizing hardcopy, geocoding, Processes (digitizing hardcopy, geocoding,

etc.)etc.)

History Archive File History Archive File Food AnalogyFood Analogy

ToolsTools

IngredientsIngredients(Data)(Data)

RecipeRecipe(Processes – (Processes –

what’s done with what’s done with tools to tools to

ingredients)ingredients)

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

Potential “Gotcha’s”Potential “Gotcha’s”The Importance of Repeatable, Verifiable Archived DataThe Importance of Repeatable, Verifiable Archived Data

• DeceptionDeception• Data source veracityData source veracity• Language (Language (false color imagefalse color image))• True & Accurate RepresentationTrue & Accurate Representation

―ScaleScale―ProjectionProjection―ColorsColors―SymbologySymbology―AggregationAggregation―AnnotationAnnotation

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National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law

DeceptionDeception

• Inadvertent misrepresentationInadvertent misrepresentation―By attorney or expertBy attorney or expert

• Purposeful misrepresentationPurposeful misrepresentation

Page 50: Prof. Ronald J. Rychlak Prof. Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz Mr. Rick C. Crowsey

Questions?Questions?Comments?Comments?

Researching, Identifying and Researching, Identifying and Establishing Standard Procedures to Establishing Standard Procedures to Certify Digital Data for Use in Court Certify Digital Data for Use in Court

ProceduresProcedures


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