Professor Ir. Daniel W.T. Chan BEAM Plus Pro TRC IEQ Panel ... · PDF fileBEAM Plus Pro TRC...

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BEAM Pro Training and Examination Indoor Environmental Quality

Professor Ir. Daniel W.T. Chan BEAM Plus Pro TRC IEQ Panel Chair 25 July 2012

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• Police the accuracy and appropriateness of submission

• Provide advices to client on green senses.

Content of this talk:

• Philosophy

• physiological responses

• IEQ integration

• IEQ measurement

• BEAM Plus IEQ overview

• BEAM Plus credit assessment examples

IEQ Philosophy:

Micro view: human physiology on responses to the

four basic IEQ qualifiers – thermal comfort, indoor air quality comfort, visual comfort and aural comfort.

Macro view: integrated responses to the total IEQ

comfort and protection against infection of communicable disease.

Comprehensive view: total quality consideration.

Harmonization of green components and optimization of system design, installation, operation and maintenance.

The overall sense

and perception to the indoor environment.

The sensory system

of our human body is very complex…

But, briefly speaking,

How many senses?

Aural

Visual

Olfaction: IAQ

4 basic factors:

Visual comfort

Aural comfort

Indoor Air Quality

Thermal comfort

Distinguish between discomfort vs. health hazard

Discomfort (examples) Health Hazard

Thermal Warm / cool sensation Heat stress, Cold stress

IAQ Odour Inhalation of toxic gases

Visual Glare, Eye strains Retina damages due to blue-light hazard: Excessive illumination with blue light or UV radiation

Aural Noise annoyance Hearing damages

Normally, IEQ problem in built environment would not lead to hazardous level, although sick symptoms may be reported.

Thermal receptors are free nerve endings detecting temperature changes

3 types of receptors: 1. Warm receptors 2. Cold receptors 3. Pain receptors (detect temperature extremes) Different number of receptors at different part of the body

Impulse discharge frequency

ASHRAE standard 55 defines Thermal comfort as ◦ That condition of mind that expresses satisfaction

with the thermal environment

Thermal comfort

90 equations and 138 parameters

Measurement Literature Survey Derived

parameters

Sensible heat loss from skin

Evaporative heat loss from skin

hfR

ttRC

clcl

osk

/1

eclcle

assk

skhfR

ppwE

/1,

,

Respiratory losses

ares

ares

pME

tMC

87.50173.0

)34(0014.0

Fanger’s Theory ◦ Adopted by ASHRAE and ISO (PMV and PPD)

aclccl

rclcla

a

a

M

tthf

ttftM

pMWM

pWMWM

ePMV448

5

3

036.0

2732731096.3340014.0

5867107.115.5842.0

99.657331005.3

028.0303.0

aclccl

rclclclcl

tthf

ttfIWMt

448 273273

1096.3028.07.35

araclar

araclacl

cvttforv

vttfortth

1.1238.21.12

1.1238.238.225.0

25.025.0

WCmforII

WCmforIIf

o

clcl

o

clcl

cl/078.0645.000.1

/078.0290.100.12

2

Where

24 2179.003353.095100 PMVPMVePPD

Nose

To: Respiratory

Tract Air in

Olfactory system

in our brain

The odorant stimulate

the olfactory cell.

Signal transmission

through olfactory nerve.

Air in which there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express dissatisfaction.

Three Levels of IAQ

Comfortable

IAQ Healthy IAQ Safe IAQ

IAQ Guidelines

Comfort criteria : Local –

• Guidance Notes for the Management of IAQ in

Offices and Public Places (Excellent Glass) – EPD

Perception of comfortable IAQ is detected by the nasal sense

as odour

• Comfortable IAQ does not imply a healthy and safe IAQ

• Uncomfortable IAQ does not necessarily imply unhealthy or

unsafe IAQ

• Comfortable IAQ is achievable by adequate ventilation of

fresh air to dilute human odour

• Fresh air is defined as air quality at or better than that set out

in Hong Kong outdoor air quality objectives

Healthy IAQ refers to air quality in which concentration of all the air constituents are within the safe limits as recommended by cognizant authorities.

Health criteria - Local : ◦ Reference Note on Occupational Exposure Limits

(OEL) for Chemical Substances in the Work Environment – Labour Department

◦ Guidance Notes for the Management of IAQ in Offices and Public Places (Good Class) – EPD

Recommended IAQ Objectives for Office Buildings

and Public Places [GN 2003, Hong Kong]

Parameter Unit 8-hr average

Excellent Good

Carbon Dioxide ppm < 800 < 1000

Carbon Monoxide g/m3 < 2000 < 10000

Respirable Suspended Particulates g/m3 < 20 < 180

Nitrogen Dioxide g/m3 < 40 < 150

Ozone g/m3 < 50 < 120

Formaldehyde g/m3 < 30 < 100

Total Volatile Organic Compounds g/m3 < 200 < 600

Radon Bq/m3 < 150 < 200

Airborne Bacteria cfu/m3 < 500 < 1000

Room Temperature oC 20 – 25.5 < 25.5

Relative Humidity % 40 – 70 < 70

Air Movement m/s < 0.2 < 0.3

A safe IAQ is indoor air containing no pathogenic or infective micro-organisms such as fungi, bacteria or viruses.

As reference, a doctor in US in 1893 had used ventilation rate of 28 L/s/person to avoid cross infection of tuberculosis.

ACH Minutes required for removal

efficiency

90% 99% 99.9%

1 138 276 414

2 69 138 207

3 46 92 138

4 35 69 104

5 28 55 83

6 23 46 69

7 20 39 59

8 17 35 52

9 15 31 46

10 14 28 41

…. …. …. ….

25 6 11 17

…. …. …. ….

50 3 6 8

ACH and time required for removal efficiencies of 90%, 99% and 99.9% of airborne contaminants (Brian 1994)

Retina: The light receiver

Adaptation of various illumination level:

Step 1: Constriction or dilation of iris.

Step 2: Neural adaption at retina

Step 3: Photochemical adaption at retina

Image

formation

Signal transmission

from photoreceptor

to optic nerve

Factors relating to quantity include:

Illuminance: the amount of light reaching a surface (i.e. the light level)

Distribution of light: luminaire type, spacing and layout. Background lighting and task lighting

Factors relating to quality include:

Colour: Colour of light and the colour rendering (i.e. how colours appear in that light.

Contrast: to allow task detail to be clearly and comfortably seen

CSP index

Predicted from glare index, illuminance and colour rendering.

Visual Comfort Probability

Developed to address discomfort glare.

In this model, the Discomfort Glare Rating is converted to the probability that a population of viewers will consider the sensation is acceptable.

Example: a luminaire with a

VCP of 70 will produce acceptable glare sensations

in 70% of the population.

A luminaire with VCP of 70 is considered as acceptable.

Markers of visual discomfort: Manifestation of sick symptoms such as:

Red / sore/ itchy or watering eyes

Headaches

Difficult to concentrate

(There can be many other causes of these symptoms, such as

exposure to irritants or indoor air pollutant at the eye)

1. Pinna & Ear canal help to amplify sound

by as much as 20 dB over a broad range

of frequency centered around 4 kHz

2. Airborne sound waves in ear canal strike the

tympanic membrane and set it into motion.

3. The ossicles transmit

the motion (at tympanic

membrane) to inner ear

4. Sound wave reaches the inner ear sets the

Basilar membrane & organ of Corti into motion.

4. Sound wave reaches the inner ear sets the

Basilar membrane & organ of Corti into motion.

5. The amplitude of

vibration along the Basilar

membrane is a function of

the frequency of sound.

6. Inner hair cells at the organ

of Corti carry the bulk

information from inner ear to

the brain through the afferent

axons to the auditory

(Cochlear) nerve.

7. Outer hair cells at the

organ of Corti receive

axonal terminals from

neurons lie in the brain.

Noise Assessment

Room Reverberation

Speech Interference

Speech Transmission

Speech Intelligibility

Noise Criterion (NC) curves developed by Beranek.

When a number of NC (e.g. NC40) is

chosen, it defines the maximum

allowable sound level at all octave bands

centered at 63 Hz to 8000 Hz.

Reverberation time (T60) is controlled in interior building spaces to enhance speech intelligibility or enhance music quality. It is the time it takes for sound to decay by 60dBA.

Sabine’s equation

Norris Eyring equation (for highly absorptive rooms)

A

VT

161.060

)1ln()(

161.060

S

VT

V is room volume, S is room surface area,

A is room absorption, α is average sound

absorption coefficients. (All in metric SI units)

The arithmetic average of the sound pressure level in octave bands, centered at 500, 1000, 2000 Hz.

Rating chart for determining speech

communication (Webster 1969)

Modulation Transfer Factor (MTF):

(Houtgast and Steeneken 1985)

Privacy Privacy is the inverse of

intelligibility.

Articulation index is also useful in the calculation of privacy.

Chanaud (1983) defined five levels of privacy:

New IEQ PD Equation:

PDIEQ = 0.42 PDTC + 0.09 PDIAQ + 0.28 x PDAC

= + + +

IEQ

Health Safety Comfort

Environmental Health & Comfort Analyzer

To monitor the representative indices for thermal comfort, IAQ, visual comfort and aural comfort.

IEQ Measurements

in BEAM Plus

Category Weighting (%)

Existing Building New Building

Site Aspects (SA) 18 25

Materials Aspects (MA) 12 8

Energy Use (EU) 30 35

Water Use (WU) 15 12

Innovations and Additions (IA) Bonus Bonus

Note: No Amendments have been made on the category weighting for the BEAMPlus NB and EB v1.2

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) 25 20

BEAMPlus Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Categories

Security

Hygiene

IAQ

Ventilation

Thermal Comfort

Lighting Quality

Acoustics and Noise

Building Amenities

IEQ Basic

Factors

Visual Comfort

Aural Comfort

IAQ

Thermal Comfort

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ)


Prerequisite IEQ P1 Minimum Ventilation Performance IEQ P1 Minimum Ventilation Performance

Security IEQ 1 Security IEQ 1 Security

Hygiene IEQ 2 Plumbing and Drainage IEQ 2 Plumbing and Drainage

IEQ 3 Biological Contamination IEQ 3 Biological Contamination

IEQ 4 Waster Disposal Facilities IEQ 4 Waster Disposal Facilities

IEQ 5 Integrated Pest Control

Indoor Air Quality

IEQ 6 Construction IAQ Management IEQ 5 Construction IAQ Management

IEQ 7 Outdoor Sources of Air Pollution IEQ 6 Outdoor Sources of Air Pollution

IEQ 8 Indoor Sources of Air Pollution IEQ 7 Indoor Sources of Air Pollution

IEQ 9 IAQ in Car Parks IEQ 8 IAQ in Car Parks

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) – Con’t


Ventilation IEQ 10 Increased Ventilation IEQ 9 Increased Ventilation

IEQ 11 Background Ventilation IEQ 10 Background Ventilation

IEQ 12 Localised Ventilation IEQ 11 Localised Ventilation

IEQ 13 Ventilation in Common Areas IEQ 12 Ventilation in Common Areas

Thermal Comfort

IEQ 14 Thermal Comfort in Air-conditioned Premises


IEQ 15 Thermal Comfort in Naturally Ventilated Premises


Lighting Quality

IEQ 16 Natural Lighting IEQ 15 Natural Lighting

IEQ 17 Interior Lighting in Normally Occupied Areas IEQ 16 Interior Lighting in Normally Occupied Areas

IEQ 18 Interior Lighting in Areas Not Normally Occupied IEQ 17 Interior Lighting in Areas Not Normally Occupied

Acoustics and Noise

IEQ 19 Room Acoustics IEQ 18 Room Acoustics

IEQ 20 Noise Isolation IEQ 19 Noise Isolation

IEQ 21 Background Noise IEQ 20 Background Noise

IEQ 21 Indoor Vibration

Building Amenities

IEQ 22 Access for Persons with Disability

IEQ 22 Access for Persons with Disability

IEQ 23 Amenity Features IEQ 23 Amenity Features

Exclusions

New Buildings

Credit Name Exclusions New Buildings

IEQ P1 Minimum Ventilation Performance Residential and similar buildings without central a/c

IEQ 1 Security None

IEQ 2 Plumbing and Drainage None

IEQ 3 Biological Contamination Residential buildings

IEQ 4 Waster Disposal Facilities None

IEQ 5 Construction IAQ Management Residential and similar buildings not provided with central a/c and ventilation systems

IEQ 6 Outdoor Sources of Air Pollution Buildings that are designed for natural ventilation or using decentralised a/c system


IEQ 7 Indoor Sources of Air Pollution Items a) & b) are excluded for buildings that are designed for natural ventilation or using decentralised a/c system and without interior decoration

IEQ 8 IAQ in Car Parks Buildings with no car park

IEQ 9 Increased Ventilation Residential and similar buildings without central a/c

IEQ 10 Background Ventilation Buildings not designed to utilize natural ventilation

IEQ 11 Localised Ventilation 2nd credit not applicable to residential and similar buildings

IEQ 12 Ventilation in Common Areas Spaces covered under the section on Localised Ventilation


Premises where a/c is provided by window units or split units



Buildings that are not designed to utilized natural ventilation

IEQ 15 Natural Lighting None

IEQ 16 Interior Lighting in Normally Occupied Areas

Residential buildings hotels and apartment buildings

IEQ 17 Interior Lighting in Areas not Normally Occupied

None

IEQ 18 Room Acoustics Buildings/premises where speech intelligibility is not important, and rooms of a special acoustical nature

IEQ 19 Noise Isolation Buildings/premises which are inherently noisy and unaffected by noise

IEQ 20 Background Noise Buildings/premises in which speech intelligibility is not important


IEQ 21 Indoor Vibration None

IEQ 22 Access for Persons with Disability None

IEQ 23 Amenity Features None

Exclusions

Existing Buildings

Credit Name Exclusions Existing Buildings

IEQ P1 Minimum Ventilation Performance Residential and similar buildings without central a/c

IEQ 1 Security None

IEQ 2 Plumbing and Drainage None

IEQ 3 Biological Contamination Residential buildings

IEQ 4 Waster Disposal Facilities None

IEQ 5 Integrated Pest Management None

IEQ 6 Construction IAQ Management Residential and similar buildings

IEQ 7 Outdoor Sources of Air Pollution Buildings that are designed for natural ventilation or using decentralised a/c system


IEQ 8 Indoor Sources of Air Pollution The first two items are excluded for buildings that are designed for natural ventilation or using decentralised a/c system

IEQ 9 IAQ in Car Parks Buildings with no car park

IEQ 10 Increased Ventilation Residential and similar buildings without central a/c

IEQ 11 Background Ventilation Buildings not designed to utilize natural ventilation

IEQ 12 Localised Ventilation None

IEQ 13 Ventilation in Common Areas Spaces covered under the section on Localised Ventilation


Premises where a/c is provided by window units or split units



Buildings that are not designed to utilized natural ventilation

IEQ 16 Natural Lighting None

IEQ 17 Interior Lighting in Normally Occupied Areas

Residential buildings hotels and apartment buildings

IEQ 18 Interior Lighting in Areas not Normally Occupied

None

IEQ 19 Room Acoustics Buildings/premises where speech intelligibility is not important, and rooms of a special acoustical nature

IEQ 20 Noise Isolation Buildings/premises which are inherently noisy and unaffected by noise


IEQ 21 Background Noise Buildings/premises in which speech intelligibility is not important

IEQ 22 Access for Persons with Disability None

IEQ 23 Amenity Features None

Exclusions

Summary Tables

New BuildingsExclusions IEQ P1 IEQ 1 IEQ 2 IEQ 3 IEQ 4 IEQ 5 IEQ 6 IEQ 7 IEQ 8 IEQ 9 IEQ 10 IEQ 11 IEQ 12 IEQ 13 IEQ 14 IEQ 15 IEQ 16 IEQ 17 IEQ 18 IEQ 19 IEQ 20 IEQ 21 IEQ 22 IEQ 23

Residential and similar buildings x x x x x

Not provided with central a/c x x x

Natural ventilation x x

Decentralised a/c x x

Without interior decoration x

No car park x

Not designed for natural ventilation x x

Spaces covered under IEQ11 x

Window units or split type units x

Hotels and apartment x

Speech intelligibility is not important x x

Rooms of special acoustical nature x

Inherently noisy and unaddected by noise x

Existing BuildingsExclusions IEQ P1 IEQ 1 IEQ 2 IEQ 3 IEQ 4 IEQ 5 IEQ 6 IEQ 7 IEQ 8 IEQ 9 IEQ 10 IEQ 11 IEQ 12 IEQ 13 IEQ 14 IEQ 15 IEQ 16 IEQ 17 IEQ 18 IEQ 19 IEQ 20 IEQ 21 IEQ 22 IEQ 23

Residential and similar buildings x x x x

Not provided with central a/c x x

Natural ventilation x x

Decentralised a/c x x

No car park x

Not designed for natural ventilation x x

Spaces covered under IEQ12 x

Window units or split type units x

Hotels and apartment x

Speech intelligibility is not important x x

Rooms of special acoustical nature x

Inherently noisy and unaddected by noise x

New Buildings

Existing Buildings

120726 BEAMPlus Exclusions_NB.xlsx

120726 BEAMPlus Exclusions_EB.xlsx

55

Assessment Procedure

Prepare documents that are stated in the credit assessment:

-Drawings

- Detailed summary, etc..

CREDIT

Documents Assessment Template Technology References

CREDIT


Calculations Simulations

Input Output

Format

Input Output Tool

Clie

nt

Arch

itect

Contra

ctor

Engine

er

Interpretation

Format

Should contain details as stated in the credit assessment

CREDIT


Reports Measurements

Method

- Standards

- Code of Practice

Results

- Interpretation

- Format

Any new innovative technology which

may help to achieve the credit?

CREDIT


CREDIT


SUBMISSION

in BEAM Plus

62

IEQ P1 MINIMUM VENTILATION PERFORMANCE

5.9.2 Exfiltration.

For a building, the ventilation system(s) shall be designed to ensure that the minimum outdoor air intake exceeds

the maximum exhaust airflow whenever the mechanical air-conditioning systems are dehumidifying.

Exception: Where excess exhaust is required by process considerations and approved by the authority having

jurisdiction, such as in certain industrial facilities.

Note: Although individual zones within a building may be neutral or negative with respect to outdoors or to other

zones, net positive mechanical intake airflow for the building as a whole reduces infiltration of untreated outdoor air.

ASHRAE 62.1 - 2010

63


ASHRAE 62.1 - 2010

6.2.1 Outdoor Air Treatment.

If outdoor air is judged to be unacceptable in accordance with Section 4.1, each ventilation system that provides

outdoor air through a supply fan shall comply with the following sections.

Exception: Systems supplying air for enclosed parking garages, warehouses, storage rooms, janitor’s closets,

trash rooms, recycling areas, shipping/receiving/distribution areas.

Note: Occupied spaces ventilated with outdoor air that is judged to be unacceptable are subject to reduced air quality

when outdoor air is not cleaned prior to introduction to the occupied spaces.

Local statutes relevant to Hong Kong concerning outdoor air quality shall be followed.

64

5.9.1 Relative Humidity.

Occupied space relative humidity shall be limited to 65% or less when system performance is analyzed with

outdoor air at the dehumidification design condition (that is, design dew point and mean coincident drybulb

temperatures) and with the space interior loads (both sensible and latent) at cooling design values and space solar

loads at zero.

Note: System configuration and/or climatic conditions may adequately limit space relative humidity at these

conditions without additional humidity-control devices. The specified conditions challenge the system

dehumidification performance with high outdoor latent load and low space sensible heat ratio.

Exception: Spaces where process or occupancy requirements dictate higher humidity conditions, such as kitchens,

hot tub rooms that contain heated standing water, refrigerated or frozen storage rooms and ice rinks, and/

or spaces designed and constructed to manage moisture, such as shower rooms, pools, and spas.


ASHRAE 62.1 - 2010

65


ASHRAE 62.1 - 2010

5.1.3 Documentation.

The design documents shall specify minimum requirements for air balance testing or reference applicable

national standards for measuring and balancing airflow. The design documentation shall state assumptions

that were made in the design with respect to ventilation rates and air distribution.

66

IEQ 1 ASSESSMENT GRID

68

―This Code of Practice recommends the good practices to be followed in the design,

installation, operation and maintenance of air-conditioning and water systems,

especially cooling towers and centralized hot water supply systems for the effective control and prevention of the Legionnaires' Disease.‖

69

70

71

72

IEQ 18 ROOM ACOUSTICS

IEQ 18 to IEQ 21 Acoustics and Noise

Some useful photos for presentation files.

IEQ 2: Plumbing & Drainage

Fill the checklist

Provide substantiation for ticked items

IEQ 3: Biological Contamination

Fill the checklist

Provide substantiation for ticked items

IEQ 5 Construction IAQ Management Plan

Construction IAQ Management Plan by main contractor is required.

IEQ 8: IAQ in Carpark

Measure CO and NO2 in carpark

IEQ 9: Increased Ventilation

Fill the table to demonstrate the fresh air provision is 30% more than ASHRAE 62.1’s requirement.

IEQ 10: Background Ventilation

Conduct CFD to demonstrate that adequate ventilation can be achieved by natural means. (>2.0 ACH)


Conduct temperature measurements for 8 consecutive to demonstrate the temperature is within 1.5oC.

Room diffusers satisfy ADPI.

IEQ 15 Natural Lighting

Conduct daylight analysis to illustrate the daylight factor is > 2%.

IEQ 15 Natural Lighting

Maximize daylight

IEQ 16 & 17 Interior Lighting in Normally / Not Normally Occupied Areas

Illuminance, illumination variation, colour rendering index and glare index can meet CIBSE’s requirements.

IEQ 16 & 17 Interior Lighting in Normally / Not Normally Occupied Areas

IEQ 22 & 23 Building Amenities

Disable facilities above legal requirement.

IEQ 22 & 23 Building Amenities

Improved O&M

General References:

◦ Chau C K, Tu E Y, Chan D W T, Burnett J. Estimating the total exposure to air pollutants for population age groups in Hong Kong. Environment International. Vol. 27. 2002. pp 617–630.

◦ International Organization for Standardization. International standard 7730, Moderate thermal environments – Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort. Geneva 1995.

◦ American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE 55-2007: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Atlanta 2007.

◦ Indoor Air Quality Management Group. A Guide on Indoor Air Quality Certification Scheme for Offices and Public Places.

◦ http://www.iaq.gov.hk/cert/doc/CertGuide-eng.pdf

◦ American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE 62.1-2007: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. Atlanta 2007.

◦ ASHRAE Standard 62.2. Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta 2007.

◦ UK Department of the Environment and Welsh Office. The Building Regulations Part F Ventilation.

◦ Buildings Department, Lands Department, Planning Department. Joint Practice Note No. 1. Green and Innovative Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/joint/JPN01.pdf

◦ Buildings Department, Land Department, Planning Department. Joint Practice Note No. 2. Second Package of Incentives to Promote Green and Innovative Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/joint/JPN02.pdf

Prerequisite:

◦ American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007.Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.

IEQ 1 SECURITY

◦ ASTM International. Designation E 1665-95a. Standard Classification for Serviceability of an Office Facility for Facility Protection.

◦ ASTM International. Designation E 1693 -95a. Standard Classification for Serviceability of an Office Facility for Occupant Assets.

◦ British Standards Institution. BS8220. Standard Guide for Security of Buildings Against Crime.

IEQ 2 PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 277. Floor Drains in Kitchens and Bathrooms. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap277.pdf

◦ Regulation 12. Hong Kong Building (Standards of sanitary Fitments, Plumbing, Drainage Works and Latrines) Regulations.

◦ Ma Y Y, Lee HV. Institute of Plumbing Hong Kong. Preventing Infection of Virus from Drainage System. August 2003.

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 218. Facilities for External Inspection and Maintenance of Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap218.pdf

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 285. Extractor Fans in Bathrooms and Lavatories in Domestic Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap285.pdf

IEQ 3 BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION

◦ Prevention of Legionnaires’ Disease Committee, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong Government.

◦ Code of Practice for the Prevention of Legionnaires’ Disease in Hong Kong. 2000. http://www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd/e_download/pps/code.doc

IEQ 4 WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 98. Refuse Storage and Collection Building (Refuse Storage and Material Recovery Chambers and Refuse Chutes) Regulations. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap098.pdf

IEQ 5(EB only) INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

◦ US Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Pest Management for Schools: A How-to Manual. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/ipm/schoolipm/index.html

IEQ 5(NB)/6(EB) CONSTRUCTION IAQ MANAGEMENT

◦ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2-1999. Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size. Atlanta, 1999. www.ashrae.org.

◦ EPA, Controlling Pollutants and Sources; 5. Ventilation Techniques, http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign/controlling.html#Air Out and Flush Out.

IEQ 6(NB)/7(EB) OUTDOOR SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

◦ Indoor Air Quality Management Group. A Guide on Indoor Air Quality Certification Scheme for Offices and Public Places. http://www.iaq.gov.hk/cert/doc/CertGuide-eng.pdf

◦ American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Standard 62.1. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, Atlanta 2007.

IEQ 7(NB)/8(EB) INDOOR SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION


◦ American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Standard 62.1. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, Atlanta 2007.

IEQ 8(NB)/9(EB) IAQ IN CAR PARKS

◦ Environmental Protection Department. Practice Notes for Professional Persons. ProPECC PN 2/96. Control of Air Pollution in Car Parks. 1996.

IEQ 9(NB)/10(EB) INCREASED VENTILATION

◦ American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, Atlanta 2007.

◦ American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Standard 111. Practices for Measurement, Testing, Adjusting and Balancing of Building Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems, Atlanta 1998

◦ American Society for Testing and Materials. ASTM Standard E 741-00, Standard Test Methods for Determining Air Change in a Single Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution. Philadelphia, 2000.

◦ Taylor, S.T., LEED and Standard 62.1, ASHRAE Journal, Vol. 47, No. 9, September 2005.

◦ BEAM Plus for New Buildings, Section 8.2.4. Beam Society, 2009.

◦ International Organization for Standardization. ISO 3966-1977. Measurement of fluid flow in closed circuits - Velocity area method using Pitot static tubes.

IEQ 10(NB)/11(EB) BACKGROUND VENTILATION

◦ BS 5925:1991 (Inc. Amendment No 1), Code of Practice for Ventilation principles and designing for natural ventilation. British Standards Institute, London. December 1995.

◦ American Society for Testing Materials. ASTM E 2267-03. Specifying and Evaluating Performances of Single Family Attached and detached Dwellings – Indoor Air Quality. 2003.

◦ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook Chapter 26. Atlanta 2001.


◦ ASTM E 741-00. Standard Test Method for Determining Air Change in a Single Zone by means of a Tracer Gas Dilution. American Society for Testing Materials. Pasadena USA. 2000.


◦ Buildings Department Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 278. Lighting and Ventilation Requirements – Performance-based Approach. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap278.pdf

IEQ 11(NB)/12(EB) LOCALISED VENTILATION

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 278. Lighting and Ventilation Requirements - Performance Based Approach. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap287.pdf

◦ ASHRAE 62.2-2003. Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low Rise Residential Buildings. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. Atlanta. 2003.

◦ Singapore Standard SS CP13. Code of Practice for Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning in Buildings. 1999.

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 219. Lighting and Ventilation for Bathrooms and Lavatories in Domestic Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap219.pdf

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 82. Gas Water Heaters - Building (Planning) Regulation 35A. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap082.pdf

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 285. Extractor Fans in Bathrooms and Lavatories in Domestic Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap285.pdf

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 98. Refuse Storage and Collection Building (Refuse Storage and Material Recovery Chambers and Refuse Chutes) Regulations. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap098.pdf

◦ DW 143. A practical guide to Ductwork Leakage Testing. Heating and Ventilating Contractors Association. 1994.

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 45. Chimneys and Flues. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap045.pdf

IEQ 12(NB)/13(EB) VENTILATION IN COMMON AREAS

◦ BS 5929: 1991 (Amendment No. 1) Code of practice for Ventilation Principles and designing for Natural Ventilation. British Standards Institute, London, 1995.

◦ American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. ASHRAE 62-2007. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. Atlanta, 2007.

◦ ASTM International. E 741-00. Standard Test Method for Determining Air Change in a Single Zone by means of a tracer Gas Dilution. 2000

◦ ASTM International. ASTM E 2267-03. Specifying and Evaluating Performances of Single Family Attached and detached Dwellings – Indoor Air Quality. 2003.


◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 287. Ventilation of Common Corridors and Lift Lobbies in Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap287.pdf

IEQ 13(NB)/14(EB) THERMAL COMFORT IN AIR-CONDITIONED PREMISES


◦ International Standard Organization. International standard 7726, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Instruments for measuring physical quantities. 1998.

IEQ 14(NB)/15(EB) THERMAL COMFORT IN NATURALLY VENTILATED PREMISES


◦ International Standard Organization. ISO 7726, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Instruments for measuring physical quantities. 1998.

◦ International Standard Organization. ISO 7730. Moderate thermal environments – Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort.

◦ de Dear R, Brager G S, Reardon J, Nicol F et al. Developing an adaptive model of thermal comfort and preference/ Discussion. ASHRAE Transactions. Vol. 104. 1998. pp 145-167.

◦ Brager G S, de Dear R. A Standard for Natural Ventilation. ASHRAE Journal. October 2000. pp 21-28.

◦ Alexander D K. HTB2 User Manual Version 2.0. Welsh School of Architecture, Cardiff University.

◦ American National Standards Institute/American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers.

◦ ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2001. Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis Computer Programs

IEQ 15(NB)/16(EB) NATURAL LIGHTING

◦ The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Applications Manual – Window design.

◦ Cheung H D, Chung T M. Calculation of Mean Daylight Factor in a Building Interior Within a Dense Urban Environment.

◦ Department of Building Services Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

◦ The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Lighting Guide LG10. daylighting and window design. CIBSE.

◦ Ward Larson, G. and Shakespeare, R. Rendering with RADIANCE. Morgan Kaufmann. San Francisco.

IEQ 16(NB)/17(EB) INTERIOR LIGHTING IN NORMALLY OCCUPIED AREAS

◦ Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). Lighting of Indoor Work Places. CIE Standard S 008/E.

◦ Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). Discomfort Glare in Interior Lighting. CIE 117-1995.

◦ The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Code for interior lighting. London. CIBSE.

◦ Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Lighting Handbook, Reference & Applications. 9th edition., New York.

◦ Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). Maintenance of indoor electric lighting systems. CIE Technical Report - Publication No. 97. Vienna.

◦ The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Lighting Guide LG7: Lighting for offices. London, CIBSE, 1993.

◦ The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Technical Memoranda TM10. Calculation of glare indices. London, CIBSE, 1985.

IEQ 17(NB)/18(EB) INTERIOR LIGHTING IN AREAS NOT NORMALLY OCCUPIED

◦ Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). Lighting of Indoor Work Places. CIE Standard S 008/E.

◦ Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). Discomfort Glare in Interior Lighting. CIE 117-1995.

◦ The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers. Code for interior lighting. London. CIBSE.

◦ Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. Lighting Handbook, Reference & Applications. New York.

◦ Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). Maintenance of indoor electric lighting systems. CIE Technical Report - Publication No. 97. Vienna.

IEQ 18(NB)/19(EB) ROOM ACOUSTICS

◦ Sharland. Woods practical guide to noise control. Colchester, England.

◦ International Standard Organization. ISO 3382. Acoustics - Measurement of the reverberation time of rooms with reference to other acoustical parameters.

◦ British Standards Institution BS8233:1999 – Sound insulation and noise reduction for buildings – Code of Practice.

◦ American National Standard ANSI S12.60-2002.

◦ ASTM International. Designation E1130-02. Standard Test Method for Objective Measurement of Speech Privacy in Open Offices Using Articulation Index.

IEQ 19(NB)/20(EB) NOISE ISOLATION

◦ International Standard Organization. ISO 140-4: 1998. Acoustics - Measurement of sound Insulation in buildings and of building elements. Part 4: Field measurements of airborne sound insulation between rooms.

◦ ASTM International. Designation E 336 – 97. Standard Test Method for Measurement of Airborne Sound Insulation in Buildings.

◦ International Standard Organization. ISO 717-1. 1996. Acoustics – Rating of sound Insulation in buildings and of building elements. Part 1 – Airborne sound insulation.

◦ ASTM International. Designation: E413 – 04. Classification for Rating Sound Insulation.

◦ International Standard Organization. ISO 140-7. Acoustics - Measurement of sound Insulation in buildings and of building elements. Part 7: Field measurements of impact sound insulation of floors.

◦ ASTM International. Designation: E 1007 – 97. Standard test method for field measurement of tapping machine impact sound transmission through floor-ceiling assemblies and associated support structures.

◦ International Standard Organization. ISO 717-2. Acoustics – Rating of sound Insulation in buildings and of building elements. Part 2 – Impact sound insulation.

◦ ASTM International. Designation: E 989 -89. Standard Classification for determination of impact Insulation Class (IIC).

◦ British Standards Institution BS8233 – Sound insulation and noise reduction for buildings – Code of Practice.

IEQ 20(NB)/21(EB) BACKGROUND NOISE

◦ International Electroctechnical Commission. IEC 60804: 2000. Integrating-averaging sound level meters.

◦ British Standard Institution. BS 8233 Code of Practice for sound insulation and noise reduction for buildings.

◦ European Committee for Standardization. CEN EN 12354 Building Acoustics – Estimation of acoustic performance of buildings from the performance of elements. Bruxelles.

◦ Chan D W T, Tang S K, Burnett J. Noise Criteria for Hong Kong Building Environmental Assessment Method for New Offices and Existing Offices (HK-BEAM). HKIE Transactions. HKIE Transactions, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1998, pp. 1-5.

◦ UK Department of Transport. The Calculation of Road Traffic Noise. HM Stationary Office.

◦ UK Department of Transport. The Calculation of Railway Noise. HM Stationary Office.

◦ British Standards Institution. Method for rating industrial noise affecting mixed residential and industrial areas. British Standard BS 4142:1990. London, BSI, 1990.

◦ Environmental Protection Department. Practice Note for Professional Persons. ProPECC PN 4/93. Planning and Designing Noise Sensitive Developments.

◦ Environmental Protection Department. Practice Note for Professional Persons. ProPECC PN 1/97. Streamlined Approach for the Planning of Residential Developments Against Road Traffic Noise.

◦ Environmental Protection Department. Good Practices on Ventilation System Noise Control.

◦ Environmental Protection Department. Good Practices on Pumping System Noise Control.

IEQ 21(NB only) INDOOR VIBRATION ◦ International Standard Organization. ISO2631-2.

Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration – Part 2 : Continuous and shock-induced vibration in buildings (1 to 80Hz)

IEQ 22 ACCESS FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITY ◦ Code of Practice for Barrier Free Access.

http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/code/e_bfa.htm

IEQ 23 AMENITY FEATURES

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 116. Amenity Features. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap116.pdf

◦ Buildings Department, Land Department, Planning Department. Joint Practice Note No. 1. Green and Innovative Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/joint/JPN01.pdf

◦ Buildings Department, Land Department, Planning Department. Joint Practice Note No. 2. Second Package of Incentives to Promote Green and Innovative Buildings. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/joint/JPN02.pdf

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 280. Site Coverage and Open Space Provision. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap280.pdf

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 233. Dedication of Land/Area for Use as Public Passage. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap233.pdf

◦ Lands Administration Office, Lands Department. Practice Note 4/2000. Recreational Facilities in Domestic Development.

IEQ 23 AMENITY FEATURES(Con’t)

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 229. Exclusion of Floor Areas for Recreational Use. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap229.pdf

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 13. Calculation of Gross Floor Area and Non-accountable Gross Floor Area Building (Planning) Regulations 23(3) (a) and (b). http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap013.pdf

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 98. Refuse Storage and Collection - Building (Refuse Storage and Material Recovery Chambers and Refuse Chutes) Regulations. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap098.pdf

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 68. Projections in relation to site coverage and plot ratio Building (Planning) Regulations 20 & 21. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap068.pdf

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 173. Safe Design and Construction of Cantilevered Projecting Structures. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap173.pdf

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 207. Provision of better lift service. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap207.pdf

◦ Buildings Department. Practice Note for Authorized Persons and Registered Structural Engineers, PNAP 201. Access Facilities for Telecommunications and Broadcasting Services. http://www.info.gov.hk/bd/english/documents/pnap/Pnap201.pdf

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