University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
What can Social Science Contribute to Neighbourhood renewal?
Indices of Multiple Deprivation for South Africa
Professor Michael Noble
University of OxfordCentre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy (CASASP)
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
The Role of Indices of Multiple Deprivation in Neighbourhood
Renewal Policies for Neighbourhood Renewal have as a
pre-requisite that areas in need of re-generation need to be rigorously identified
At Oxford we’ve developed Indices for England (x2 – 3rd underway), Scotland (x1), Wales (x1), Northern Ireland (x2)
In South Africa – Urban Development Programme; Integrated Rural Development Programme identified by informed opinion not evidence
Provincial Indices of Multiple Deprivation launched March 2006
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
Collaborators
Statistics South Africa Human Sciences Research Council
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
Outline
The model of multiple deprivation Brief description of the PIMD and
component domains Domain and indicator issues Brief description of the methodology Findings Next Steps
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
Model of Multiple Deprivation
Deprivation is multi-dimensional and multiple deprivation can be conceptualised as the combination of individual dimensions or domains of deprivation.
The individual domains must be identified and carefully defined.
Indicators are selected for each domain which are the best possible direct measures of that dimension of deprivation.
The indicators are combined to create an overall relative measure of that dimension of deprivation.
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
Data Source
2001 Census Code developed on 10% SAR Code passed to Stats SA who ran it
on 100% Census Run at ward level
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
The Domains
Income and Material deprivation Employment deprivation Health deprivation Education deprivation Living Environment deprivation
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
The Income/Material Deprivation Domain
This domain aims to capture the proportions of the population experiencing income/material deprivation in an area.
Numerator = Number of people experiencing one or more of the following: Living in a household that has a household
equivalent income below R10,189 pa (R850 per month);
Living in a household without a refrigerator; Living in a household with neither a TV nor a radio.
Denominator = Total population (excluding institutions)
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
The Employment Domain
This domain measures employment deprivation conceptualised as involuntary exclusion of the working age population from the world of work
Numerator = Number of people who are: Unemployed (using official definition i.e. did
not work in 7 days prior to Census night, wanted to work and available to start within a week, had taken active steps to find work or start some form of self-employment in previous 4 weeks); plus
Not working because of illness or disability
Denominator = Total economically active population (15-65 year olds incl.) + people not working because of illness or disability
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
The Health Domain
This domain identifies areas with relatively high rates of people who die prematurely
Years of Potential Life Lost
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
The Education Domain
The purpose of the domain is to capture the extent of deprivation in education qualifications in a local area
Numerator = Number of 18-65 year olds (inclusive) experiencing the following: No schooling at secondary level or above
Denominator = Number of 18-65 year olds (inclusive) excluding institutions.
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
The Living Environment
The purpose of this domain is to identify deprivation relating to the poor quality of the living environment.
Numerator = Number of people experiencing one or more of the following: No access to a telephone; No piped water inside their dwelling or in their yard; No use of electricity for lighting; Living in households that are shacks; Living in households without a pit latrine with ventilation
or flush toilet; Living in households with two or more persons per room.
Denominator = Total population (excluding institutions)
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
Methodology
Dealing with small numbers (shrinkage estimation in health domain)
Combining the indicators to create domain scores
Combining the domain scores into an Index of Multiple Deprivation
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
Combining the domains into PIMD
Domain scores were standardised by ranking
The ranks were then transformed to an exponential distribution
Properties of the exponential Spreads out the 25% most deprived
wards eliminates implicit weights and thus
controls cancellation between domains
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
Provincial Geography(2001 Census)
Wards were deleted if they were situated in District Management Areas or if they had very small populations.
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
Limitations of PIMD
Uneven Ward geography
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
Variation in Ward Size
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
Limitations of PIMD
Uneven Ward geography Not up to date or updateable Domains of deprivation limited by
Census variables
University of Oxford Centre for the Analysis of South African Social Policy
Next Steps
Undertake in depth Provincial Analyses e.g. as commissioned by Western Cape
Create a ‘statistical’ geography – Data Zones
Create a National Index Update using 2007 Community Survey
(Census Replacement Survey) Move to administrative data where possible Create a 1996 Index to monitor change
