Professor of Computer Science Professor of Computer Science University of TasmaniaUniversity of Tasmania

Presentation available at Presentation available at http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2636 636

Arthur SaleArthur.Sale@utas.edu.auArthur.Sale@utas.edu.au

Open Access Open Access in developed countriesin developed countries

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StructureStructure

1.1. Describe Australia’s approach to Describe Australia’s approach to Open Access (OA)Open Access (OA)

2.2. Overview of other countriesOverview of other countries

3.3. What are the key problems?What are the key problems?

4.4. How can any country or GK3 help How can any country or GK3 help to make the world’s research to make the world’s research accessible?accessible?

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Higher Education SectorHigher Education Sector

3838 research universities ranging from research universities ranging from research intensive to regional (+4 small research intensive to regional (+4 small colleges)colleges)

Large fraction of funding from Federal Large fraction of funding from Federal Government Government

Other income from fees (including Other income from fees (including international students), research grants, international students), research grants, consultancies, and endowments. Two consultancies, and endowments. Two private universities.private universities.

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Early Repository ActivityEarly Repository Activity

Digital repository activity commenced in Digital repository activity commenced in Australia around 2003/2004.Australia around 2003/2004.

Early adopters were the Australian National Early adopters were the Australian National University, University of Melbourne, University, University of Melbourne, University of Queensland, and University of Queensland, and University University of Tasmaniaof Tasmania, all with EPrints software, , all with EPrints software, and all research-intensive, top quartile.and all research-intensive, top quartile.

The University of New South Wales The University of New South Wales undertook a major digital theses project.undertook a major digital theses project.

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““Backing Australia’s Ability”Backing Australia’s Ability”

Federal Minister decided to fund $A35M Federal Minister decided to fund $A35M substantial digital repository-related substantial digital repository-related projects, some of which are:projects, some of which are:

ADT, ARROW, APSR, RUBRIC, OAK-Law, ADT, ARROW, APSR, RUBRIC, OAK-Law, MAMSMAMS

This talk will flesh some of these and give This talk will flesh some of these and give links for further information. All project links for further information. All project data is freely available to the world, of data is freely available to the world, of course.course.

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Australasian Digital ThesesAustralasian Digital ThesesADTADT is the oldest of the initiatives and is the oldest of the initiatives and

provides a searchable gateway for provides a searchable gateway for electronic copies of electronic copies of graduate research graduate research thesestheses (eg PhD) to digital repositories in (eg PhD) to digital repositories in 41 universities in Australia 41 universities in Australia andand New New Zealand.Zealand.

Distributed modelDistributed model: local repositories and : local repositories and local decision-making; centralized local decision-making; centralized gateway and coordinated standards and gateway and coordinated standards and support.support.

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ScreenshotScreenshot

http://adt.caul.edu.au/

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ADT participationADT participationFigure 1 - ADT program participation

Australian active

Australian inactive

New Zealand active

New Zealand inactive

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ARROWARROW

Australian Repositories Online to the WorldAustralian Repositories Online to the World has undertaken two main activities:has undertaken two main activities:

• The The ARROW Discovery ServiceARROW Discovery Service is a is a federated gateway to OAI-PMH compliant federated gateway to OAI-PMH compliant repositories, run by the National Library repositories, run by the National Library http://search.arrow.edu.au/http://search.arrow.edu.au/

• Developing a [commercial] front-end to Developing a [commercial] front-end to free Fedora software, known as free Fedora software, known as VITALVITAL and licensed by VTLS Inc (USA).and licensed by VTLS Inc (USA).

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ARROW Discovery ServiceARROW Discovery Service

http://search.arrow.edu.au/

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APSRAPSR

The The Australian Partnership for Sustainable Australian Partnership for Sustainable RepositoriesRepositories has: has:

Done considerable work on Done considerable work on sustainability sustainability of repositoriesof repositories, and runs many , and runs many workshopsworkshops

One partner, the University of Queensland, One partner, the University of Queensland, has developed an open-source front-end has developed an open-source front-end to Fedora software, known as to Fedora software, known as FezFez..

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SoftwareSoftwareOnly Only fivefive different software packages are different software packages are

used in Australia, and this is not expected used in Australia, and this is not expected to change in the near future except to change in the near future except perhaps by the addition of perhaps by the addition of Ex LibrisEx Libris..

The packages are The packages are EPrintsEPrints, , DSpaceDSpace, , FezFez, , VITALVITAL, and ProQuest’s , and ProQuest’s Digital CommonsDigital Commons..

EPrints, DSpace, and Fez are all free open EPrints, DSpace, and Fez are all free open source software. source software. EPrints and DSpace are EPrints and DSpace are the world’s two leading repository the world’s two leading repository software packages.software packages.

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Current repositoriesCurrent repositoriesLeaving the ADT repositories aside, all Leaving the ADT repositories aside, all

((100%100%) Australian universities have a ) Australian universities have a research repository, or access to one research repository, or access to one through a consortium agreement.through a consortium agreement.

The key problem now is that they don’t The key problem now is that they don’t capture all research, and therefore all capture all research, and therefore all Australian research is not yet open Australian research is not yet open access. This is the target of an Australian access. This is the target of an Australian Government program called the Government program called the Accessibility FrameworkAccessibility Framework..

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Australian Data CollectionAustralian Data CollectionAllAll Australian universities report their research Australian universities report their research

outputs and research training outputs and research training annuallyannually to to DEST in the Higher Education Research Data DEST in the Higher Education Research Data Collection (Collection (HERDCHERDC), since at least 1992.), since at least 1992.

Research outputs comprise journal papers, Research outputs comprise journal papers, conference papers, book chapters and conference papers, book chapters and books. books. http://www.avcc.edu.au/documents/publicatihttp://www.avcc.edu.au/documents/publications/stats/HERDCTimeSeriesData1992-ons/stats/HERDCTimeSeriesData1992-2005.xls 2005.xls

This enables to check repository This enables to check repository completeness!completeness!

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ADTADT

Universities find it easier to create rules for Universities find it easier to create rules for students than for staff.students than for staff.

Of the 34 universities contributing to ADT, Of the 34 universities contributing to ADT, 16 have 16 have mandatory thesis deposit mandatory thesis deposit policiespolicies in place (47%). in place (47%).

The outcomes are clear: The outcomes are clear: mandate and the mandate and the repository fills with thesesrepository fills with theses;; don’t and it don’t and it stays derisorily emptystays derisorily empty (<20%). (<20%).

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ADT Deposit performanceADT Deposit performance

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Actual theses Mandate potential

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Research deposit policiesResearch deposit policies

Queensland University of TechnologyQueensland University of Technology ( (QUTQUT) ) has a mandatory research deposit policy, has a mandatory research deposit policy, which has been in place since 2004.which has been in place since 2004.

All other Australian universities presently All other Australian universities presently rely on persuasion.rely on persuasion.

As a result As a result all the repositories are relatively all the repositories are relatively empty, except for QUTempty, except for QUT. .

This is changing…This is changing…

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% of DEST output% of DEST output% of DEST output

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%50%

ANU

Curtin

Melb

ourne

Mon

ash

Que

ensla

ndQ

UT

Tasman

ia

2004 2005

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QUT accretionQUT accretionFigure 2 - QUT deposit rates

0

200

400

600

800

1000

-365 0 365 730 1095

Days after 1 Jan of publication year

Do

cum

ents

2006

2005

2004

Model

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Funder policiesFunder policies

The The ARCARC and and NH&MRCNH&MRC (research councils) (research councils) have been inching towards a policy of have been inching towards a policy of requiringrequiring deposit. What they have stated deposit. What they have stated so far is that for all new grants, so far is that for all new grants, researchers should provide open access researchers should provide open access to publications, but if not the researchers to publications, but if not the researchers must explain why not in their reports.must explain why not in their reports.

The The Productivity CommissionProductivity Commission has produced has produced two strong reports which recommend a two strong reports which recommend a 100% mandatory deposit policy.100% mandatory deposit policy.

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New ZealandNew Zealand

The situation is very similar to Australia. All The situation is very similar to Australia. All universities have repositories but they universities have repositories but they face the same emptiness syndrome.face the same emptiness syndrome.

New Zealand has just launched its own New Zealand has just launched its own Open Access gateway: the Open Access gateway: the Kiwi Kiwi Research Information ServiceResearch Information Service (KRIS) (KRIS) http://nzresearch.org.nz/ http://nzresearch.org.nz/

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United KingdomUnited Kingdom

Again quite similar to Australia. Nearly all Again quite similar to Australia. Nearly all universities have repositories but they universities have repositories but they face the same emptiness syndrome.face the same emptiness syndrome.

Six of the seven UK research councils have Six of the seven UK research councils have developed policies that developed policies that requirerequire grantees grantees to make to make allall their papers their papers open accessopen access, , and this will gradually take effect. and this will gradually take effect.

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What should developing What should developing countries do?countries do?

1.1. Establish an Internet-connected Establish an Internet-connected repository in each research university.repository in each research university.

• The cost is relatively small: a $3000 The cost is relatively small: a $3000 server will do, and we used an existing server will do, and we used an existing old computer in Tasmania. The old computer in Tasmania. The software is free. Much advice and help software is free. Much advice and help is available.is available.

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What should developing What should developing countries do?countries do?

2.2. The national government should require The national government should require that every researcher deposit every that every researcher deposit every research publication in a repository.research publication in a repository.

• Without a requirement, the evidence is Without a requirement, the evidence is that deposit is not done. Only 10-20% that deposit is not done. Only 10-20% deposit rates follow. This is totally deposit rates follow. This is totally inadequate except as a starting basis.inadequate except as a starting basis.

• No enforcement is needed.No enforcement is needed.

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What should developing What should developing countries do?countries do?3.3. Support and pressure the developed Support and pressure the developed

countries (USA, Europe, Australia, etc) countries (USA, Europe, Australia, etc) to similarly require their universities to to similarly require their universities to make their research available on the make their research available on the Internet.Internet.

• These countries face pressures slowing These countries face pressures slowing their implementation. They need help.their implementation. They need help.

• Think of it as a free trade in information.Think of it as a free trade in information.

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SummarySummary• Free Open Access to the world’s research Free Open Access to the world’s research

is now potentially available to everyone is now potentially available to everyone with Internet capability.with Internet capability.

• Developing counties can greatly boost Developing counties can greatly boost their research impact by specifying open their research impact by specifying open access to their research.access to their research.

• As developed countries slowly achieve a As developed countries slowly achieve a similar goal, international research similar goal, international research information will be freed from cost barriers.information will be freed from cost barriers.

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The End The End

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Contacts & useful linksContacts & useful links

This presentation with live links available at This presentation with live links available at http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2636 http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2636

Author: Author: Arthur.Sale@utas.edu.auArthur.Sale@utas.edu.au

The The AuseAccessAuseAccess wiki: wiki: http://leven.comp.utas.edu.au/AuseAccess/http://leven.comp.utas.edu.au/AuseAccess/

AuseSearchAuseSearch (federated search on all existing (federated search on all existing Australian & NZ repositories)Australian & NZ repositories) http://http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/eprints/search.htmlwww.utas.edu.au/copyright/eprints/search.html

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Current informationCurrent information

See the AuseAccess wiki:See the AuseAccess wiki:

http://leven.comp.utas.edu.au/AuseAccess/pmwikihttp://leven.comp.utas.edu.au/AuseAccess/pmwiki.php?n=Activity.AustralianRepositories.php?n=Activity.AustralianRepositories

Selected publications re repositories:Selected publications re repositories:

http://eprints.utas.edu.au/perl/search/advanced?http://eprints.utas.edu.au/perl/search/advanced?_action_search=Search&creators=Sale&abstra_action_search=Search&creators=Sale&abstract=repository&ispublished=pub&refereed=EITHct=repository&ispublished=pub&refereed=EITHER&_order=byyear ER&_order=byyear

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Secondary issues not discussedSecondary issues not discussed

• ANU EPress as e-publishing example ANU EPress as e-publishing example http://www.apsr.edu.au/adaptable/kanellohttp://www.apsr.edu.au/adaptable/kanellopoulos.pdf poulos.pdf

• EJournals (UTS and Swinburne) EJournals (UTS and Swinburne) http://www.apsr.edu.au/adaptable/lawton.http://www.apsr.edu.au/adaptable/lawton.ppt ppt

• EResearch http://www.eresearch.edu.au/ EResearch http://www.eresearch.edu.au/

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© Copyright 2007 Arthur Sale© Copyright 2007 Arthur Sale

All rights reservedAll rights reserved

Arthur Sale asserts the right to be Arthur Sale asserts the right to be recognized as author of this workrecognized as author of this work

Contact:Contact: Arthur.Sale@utas.edu.auArthur.Sale@utas.edu.au