PROFMEX-AI{UIES Focuson BorderLIrban ServiceCrisisANUIES and PROFMEX institutions areundertaking a three-phase research ef-fort to study the urban serr¡ice crisis onthe U.S.-Mexican border. The first phasedeals with Tijuana, the second phaseCiudad Juárez, and the third phaseNuevo Laredo. The overail coordinatorsfor the Tijuana phase are Jua- CasillasG. de L. (ANUIES) and James W.\ili]kie (PROFMEX-UCLA).

The Ford Foundation has funded thefirst phase, which examines public hous-ing. The research will be carried outduring the period 1991-93. The Tijuana¡esearch wiil analyze the politicai and in-stitutional mechanisms that are respon-sible for the allocation ofbudgets forpublic housing.

The Tijuana phase responds to the dis-equilibrium between rapid economicgrowth as measured, for example, by thenumber of maquiladora plants and shopworkers, and the rate ofgrowth ofin-frastructure investments across a rangeofcategories.

Researchers from El Colegio de laFrontera Norie (COLEF), the Univer-sidad Autonoma de Baja California(UABC), San Diego State University, andUCIA will parbicipate in the project. AsDr. José Gabriel López of the FordFoundationMexico City observes, "It iscrucially in the interests ofbothcountries to find ways to coordinate in-frastructure planning at the local level;

:t;itt:.,4,

PROFMEX.SDSU TourismInvestmentConference inIMazatlán"The Next Mediterranean" and "TheWorld's LargestAquarium" are parb ofthe yision for the northwest coastalregion of Mexico, including Baja Califor-nia Norbe y Sur, Sinaloa, and Sonora.But there are some major obstacles inrealizing this dream, said participants atthe "Tourism Investrnent in Mexico" con-

Ambassadnr Negroponte and. Gouernor Labasti.d,a in Mazotldn

In This Issue

VI PROFMEX-ANUIES Sy'mposiumin Mazatlán

James Platler, PROFMEX DirectorofR&D

Letter to Congress on Free Tladeby U.S. Scholars

CETEI-Centro Electrónico e

Informática de Tecnologla

What Happens Wiühout a F'IA?The Political Agenda in

Opening Merico's EconomyInterriew with Consul General

Peecador ......15Interview with Regional Planner

Sandoval 18

Meeting on IJC and IBWCBoundaryCo-*issions,, .,, . . 2l

RecentPublications ....,. 27

8

I10

11

(Pleose turn to page 3) (Please turn to page 4)

The Consortium for Research on Mexico No.6 Spring 1991

Published for PROFMEX by San Diego State University's lnstitute for Regional Studies of the Californias

2

PROFMEXModifies |,Iame

At its Mazatián meeting in October1990. the Board ofDirectors raiified theorganization's earlier decision to modifyPROFMEXs firil name by dropping"Programs" and "IJ.S." from the title andfurther shortening it to ¡eflect its mem-bership composition. Indiüdua] and in-stitutional members now range fromAsia and Europe to Canada and CentralAmerica as well as lVlexico and theUnited St¿rtes. Where the name pre-üously was "PROFMEX-The Consor-tium of U.S. Research Programs onMercco," the name is now "PROFMEX-Consorbium for Research on Mexico."

PROFMEXhas over 250 indir¡idualmembers and 48 member institutions.(See accompan¡"ing arlicle on new mem-ber institutions.) TVenty of PROFMEXsinstitutions are located in l\{exico.

PROFMEXPurpose, Gover-nance, and.MembershipPur¡roseFounded in 1982 to foster research oncontemporary Mexican affairs, PROF-MEX is a non-profit organization estab-lished r¡nder the U.S. Internal RevenueCode section 501 (c) (3). Dues, contribu-tions, bequesis, transfers, and gifts areclecluctible by members and donors asproüded in sections 77 O, 2O/r5, 2706,2522 ofthe Code.

PROF MEX has ten purposes. It ( 1)iinks indir.rduals and institutions inter-ested in Mexico; (2) sponsors research;(3) hosts rneetings; (4) publishes at theUnivelsity of Arizona the PROFMEXMonograph Series; (5) publishes at SanDiego State University its newsletterMEXICA POLICY NEIVS; (51 maintainsSecretariats in Mexico and the USA; (7)deveiops joint programs with ANUIES-Asociación Nasionai de Universidades e

Institutos de Enseñanza Superior; (8)maintains a \-isitors' Center in N{exicoCity; (9) arranges for distribution and dis-semination of materials of interest to itsmembers; (10) advises on public policy.

GovernancePROFMEX is governed by a Board of

Directors which meets reguiarly todevelop policy and progtrams. The Boardhas sole responsibility for the selection ofits members. It elects PROFMEX officersand appoints its agents.

MemtrershipInstitutions :rnd indir"iduals may join

PROFMEX by pa"ving tax deductible an-nual dues as follows: Individuals, US$30(Merican, US$20); Non-profit institu-tions, US$300 (Mexican non-proñt in-stitutions, US$150 ); Corporations,US$1,000 (tr{exican Corporations.US$500). l\{embers are entitlecl to (1) at-i,end schr.ilarly meetings; (2) attend (butnot yctri at) Board meetings; (3) ¡eceivePROFIIEX inl'ormation and researchñndings: {4) receive publications eitherat no cir:rrge or *t. speci;rl discount r;rtes;(5i i¡er rr-.ceir'ryel ¿¡t the Visitols' Center inMesco L)it¡,.

CIDE-Centro <1e Investigación y DocenciaEconó¡¡:.icas

COLEF-EI Colegio de la Frontera NorteCOLMEX-E! Colegio de MéxicoCSIS-Center for Strategic and

Intemational StudiesCLrNY-City Uníversity of New YorkFlorida Internationa 1 Universit¡rGEA-Grupo de Economistas y AsociadosIMEF-Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos

de FinanzasJohns Hopkins UniversityLoyola Urüversity ChicagtrNew Ilfexico State llriversit¡iODC-Overseas Development CouncilQuantum Sistema-. Decisionales de

MóxicoSDSU-San Diego Stare UniversityStanford University§tate tlniversity of New York at BuffalcTecnclógico de Monterrey?ecnológico de Monterrely'ChihuahuaTecncir-rgico de ltf onterrey,&fexico Cit¡rTecnclógico oie Monterrey/State of MexicoTCU-Texa s Ch¡i stian UniversityTransbountlary Resources CenterTulane l-lníversitsUA¡{-A. Univtl rsidad Autónoma

hletropol itana, AzcapotzalcoLiCLAUniversidad Autónoma de Baja CaliforniaUniversidatl Aut<inoma de SinaioaUniversidad de ColímaUniversi<lad de ias Américas/

Mexico City CollegeUniversidad de las Américas-PueblaUniversidad de MonterreyLrNAM-Universida<i Nacional Autónoma

de MéxicoUniversif' oiArizonaUniversity of Ca lifomia, RiversideUniversity of Califomia, San DiegoUniversity of ChicagoUniversity of Con¡.ecticutUniversilv of New MexicoUniversity of §outhern CaliforniaUniversity of Texas atAustinUniversi$r of Texas at El PasoUniversity of Texas at San Antoniotlniversity of Texa s-Panamerican

l- PTiOFMEX nl";b"" rrr"ttt*tt"r"I,'.rizn,r. S¡..¿'te Ljniirrsit.yi Bro*n U¡ri,ersit.yi CETEI-Centro dc'fecnología Electrónica ei InformáticaI Chir,*"" A<':rdeaoy of Social SciencesI CIDAü-Centro de trnvestigación paraI el Desarroilo

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

MEXTCO POLICY NEWS

EditorPaul Ganster (San Diego State University)

Published byInstitute for Regional Studies of the

Californias (IRSC)§an Diego State UniversitySan Diego, CA 92L82-0435Telephone (619) 5945423rAx (619) 5941358

PRO§'ttfEXPresideneyJames lY. lVilkie, Presi<ientUCLA Program on MexicoLos Angeles" CA 90024Telephone (2 13) 45.t881-2FAX (213) 4543109

PR,OFMEX Executive §ecretariatGeorge Baker, Executive Secretary1440 Euciid,A,venueBerkeley. CA 94708Telephone 1415) 486-1247FAX (415) 486-0338

§ecretaría General de PROFMEXEdmundo Jacobo lvft¡lina. Secret¿rrio

GeneralUniversida d Autónoma MetropoliianaJuan de la Barrera 101-1ü2Colonia Condesa06140 México, D.F.Telephone (525) 557 -67 08FA)( i525) 395-3902

Director, Office of Research &Development

Jan:es F. Flatler21607 Rambla Vista Dr.Malibu, CA 90265TelephonelFAX (2 13) 456-0093

Director, PROFMEX VisitingScholars Center in Mexico City

Francisco 1\{armoiejoUni'rersity of the Americas/

Mexico City CollegeAv. Chapultepec 87206700 México, D.F"Telephone (5) 208-68-23FAX (5) 511-60-.10

PR,OFMEX Monograph §eries EditoreMichael C. Meyer, EditorOscar J. MartÍnez, Associate EditorLatin A¡nerica Area Centertiniversity ofArizonaTucson, AZ8872LTelephone (602 ) 621-7106FAX (602) 621-9424

MEXICO POL¡CY NEWS, t{umber 6 Spring 1991

UIES Symposium Held in Mazatlán"Changes in U.S.-Mexican EconomicRelabions: Beyoncl the Border" was theiheme of the \,T PRÜF&IEX-IU§UIESs¡.rnposium held in Maeatlán. §inaloa,October 3-7, 1,SllS. I{eadquarLered at theEl Cid lilotel Ernd 1\[ega-Resor-b, the con-feyence included rnore than cne hundredparticipants fiom Mexico and the LfnitedStates. San Diego Slate University wasthe host i,-isljtuiion and l*enl arrange-¡nent assistani:e 1vt¡§ p:"';r'iilecl 'r:y RectorDavid Morea<¡ Lizárr*ga ¡:lthe Univer'sidad Autónoma de Si*r¡lc,: ihrough iheCuiiacán an<i lla ¿atlán canrPl!§es':il 1-lAS.

(lovernor Fra¡¡ciscq> LabastidaOchoa (see interwew in Mezico Í>,s[ic!Ne¿,s.5) generously pr:ovided key sup-port to lvelcome the schoiars and mem-bers ofthe private :ind public sectors toSinaloa through Lhe state's 8ec'retariat ofEeonomic Developrnent directed by Lic.Sergio Orozc¡r Aceves and the Ofiice ofTourism. LI.S. Ambassador tn MexicoJoh-n I)" Negroporrte and his staffheaded by Robert L. Earle' Public Af-fairs Officer, als* prol"ided organizationalsupJ:ort for the eve:rt.

The VI S-vmposrum was rirganized intoa seriee of thematic panels t'liat exploredfacets of the evoh'iag ecr.¡n¡:mic relaiion-ship between t}:e i¡¡:r: neighbots' Thetheme of the c+nf¿reÉ¡e, set, in the {hli c¡f

tr§89 at an or¡¡ar:i:at.ior:al meeting in theBarranca del Cobve, rv:": parlicularlytimeiy in 1ight. of the r¡nlcid.ing processtor.l'ards a U.§.-&{eri¡:¿r¡r F'¡¿r+: TYadeAgreement {}"IAl ar¡d i;o*'ar¿1¡r a Nr¡¡thAn:eúcan Free Tlade A¡¡r'eemenL(NA-E"TA,) invoh,i¡ig t)s¡¡ada. Mexico, andthe lrnited States"

Paneis at t.he syr::rposium dealt wi¡hthe *;liowing tiie:¡tes :

' Regional I)evehpm erit and EconornicReiatione with the Paeific Basin andthe Caribbean Basin

ul Strand

tFrom Maquiia to Production andMarket, §haring?

c International Investment, TechnologyTransfer, and Debt Serr¡ice

.T:ade and Industrial Policy

. Cooperation for Education and Training

.The T?inational Equation: Canada, theUnited States, and Mexico

tRe8¡onal Perspectives on the ChangingU. S.-Mexican Economic RelationshipEach panel explored its particular

topic through papers from Mexican andti.S. presenters and commentators fromboth countries. For example, the sessionon "Cooperation for Education and Tlain-ing," chaired by Michael Meyer (Univer-sity cf, Arizona), included presentationsby PaulGanster (SDSU) on "MexicoStudies in the United States, U.S.

Studiee in Mexico," by David LoroY(UCLA) on "Mexican Economic Develop-ment and Higher Education," bY

Guadalupe Golorzílezy González on"Cooperative Education between Mexicoand the United States," and by JorgeCarrrillo, Jesús Montenegro, and GuiI'lemina Valdée-Villalva (a1l COLEF),on "Linkages and Exchanges between theEducational and Maquiladora Sectors."Comment on this seesion was providedby José Angel Pescador, ConsulGeneral of Mexico in Los Angeles.

A working dinner included remarks byPaul J. Strand, Dean of the College ofArts and Letters at SDSU; Sergio Oroz'co Aceves, Secretary of EconomicDevelopment for the State of Sinaloa;PROFMEX President James lil. lVilkie(SDSU), the Director General Ejecutivoof ANUIES Jua¡r Casillaa, and JorgeBustamarxte (COLEF).

In his remarks, Strand noted that "therapidly changing global economy and theinitiation of talks between Mexico andthe United States about a free tradeagreement have presented a new chal-lenge for higher education in Mexico andthe United States." Strand commentedon the leadership provided by PROFMEXand ANUIES for cooperation by Mexicanand U.S. universities and how this couldserve as a model for institutions in bothcountries. He concluded by saying thatborder universities have a "special ad-vantage and a special duty to parbicipatein collaborative efforts" to further stu-dent and faculty exchanges, joint re-search, and even to contemplate joinbdegree programs between Mexican andU.S. universities.

The papers and comments presenledat the sessions will be published in thenear future as part ofthe continuingseries ofproceedings from the PROF-MEX-ANUIES symposia.

ffieSDSU'sPo

Border Urt»an Crisis(Continued from page f t

priorto such coordination' horvever, bothsides wiil need to trnderstand eachother's poiitical anri bu<l getary p!'ocesse s.

The processes t'hai: ¡loverr: i.nvestmenLs inpublic housing irr'Iijuan;r are a goodplace to hepn."

The rese:rrch cooldinators l'<rr theTijuana I¡hase are Ar-tr:ro R¿rnt-la(UABC) and George Baker (PROF-

MEX). Researchers include fro¡n UABC:Ermilo Her:rráredez, Víctor M. Castil-lo. Samuel Schmidt; from SDSLTT

Vivie--e Bennett. Li¡rda llunter,Steve Jenneri and from COLEF: TitoAlegría, Tonatiuh Guillén, Carlos de

Ia Parra. The grant administrator isUABC.

The Ciudad J,tárez phase will ex-amine a trroader range of urban services,inciuding transportation, environment,pubiic heaith, sewage disposai andnatural gas distribution, as well aspublic housing and irregular settlements'Representatives from PROFMEX andANUiES, with a grant from the El PasoCornmunity Foundation, met in El Pasoon March 8-9, 1991, to design and Planthe Ciudad Juárez phase.

The research coordinators for thisphase will be David Lorey (UCLA) andR,ob er*o Alej andro Sá¡rche zRodríguez (COLEF). The local institu-

tions to be involved in the study areUTEP, UAC-CJ, COLEF, ANd

Tecnológico de Monterrey' Linkage forthe second phase will be directed byJulie P. Sanford (UTEP).

Regarding the second phase, JareiceW. Winüe (81 Paso Community Founda-tion) observes that "Ciudad Juárez con-stitutes a laboratory for major researchon the border. The PROFMEX-ANUIESresearch on urban services is the first ofits kind to incorporate, from the begin-ning ofthe planning stage, input fromU.S, and Mexican research institutions."

4

Tourism Conference(Continued from page 1)

ference held in Mazatlán, October 2-3,1990. The special seminar was organizedby PROFMEX, SDSU's Institute forRegional Studies ofthe Californias, andthe International Business Alliance. Theevent received sigrrificant support fromthe office ofGovernor Fr¡ncisco Labas-tida Ochoa and was coordinatedthrough the office oflic. Sergio OrozcoAcevea, Secretary of Economic Develop-ment for the state of Sinaloa.

Held at EI Cid Hotel and Mega Resort,the event included speakers and par-ticipants from throughout the UnitedStates and Mexico. The conference wasopened with weicoming remarks by Ser-gio Orozco Aceves. Governor Labastidaand U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, Joh¡rD. Negr:oponte, addressed a luncheonthat served to link the "Tourism Invest-ment in Mexico" conference and the VIPROFMEX-ANUIES Synposium. Ambas-sador Negroponte analyzed the evolvingreiationship between the two countries,noting the opening of the Mexicaneconomy and the new opportunities forU.S. investment in Mexico. The Ambas-sador also stressed the imporbance ofcul-tural relations between the two nations,acknowledging the key role that PROF-MEX and ANUIES have played in thearea of higher education.

Governor Labastida welcomed the par-ticipants to Mazatlán and underlined theincreasingly important role of the privatesector in the bilateral reiation and in thedevelopment of Mexico. The Governor dis-cussed the economic progress in the stateofSinaloa, citing its agricultural, frshing,and tourism industries, and noting thereg-ional investment opportunities.

Moderated by Stephen Je-ner(SDSU), the program included presenta-tions by Gregorio Estrella (MultivestCapital Management Group) andMauricio Monroy (Deloitte andTouche/Galaz, (iómez-MorfÍn, Chavero &Yamazaki) on capital markets and taxa-tion. David Mayagoitia (FRI§A)presented a case study on his firm'eprojec'bs in Cancún and Baja Californiawhile Julio Bordegue discussed El CidMega Reaort and lVlazatlán.

The biggest Mexican tourism invest-ments are the continuing developmentscalled mega projects. Just across the bor-der from San Diego along the coast belowTijuana, FRISAs Real del Mar will fea-ture large residences, condominiums andtimeshare units, a marina, andequestrian trails. The first phase is al-ready under construction. FRISA is alsodeveloping Puerto Aventuras Resortabout 80 kilometers from Cancún, whichoffers a marina for 25O yachts, a YachtClub, a Golf Club, a Tennie CIub, a

Beach Club, and a large community of vil-las and condominiums. At Mazatlárf's ElCid Mega Resort, first come the residen-ces, then the hoteVtimeshare units, fol-lowed by condos and frnally the marina.Water plays a key role in some ofMexico's resorts, a constant problem fordry Northwest Mexico. While Sinaloaand the Cancún coast have plenty offresh water resources, northern Baja,does not. Real del Mar will rely onrecycled water from a sewage treatmentplant for gardens and the golf course,But even more than water, the mostserious problems for tourism investmentin Mexico are related to real estate taxesand inadequate marketing.

The Mexican real estate transfer taxwas originally created to compensate forthe loss of income tax when propertyvalues were underestimated, accordingto Mauricio Monroy of Deloitte & Toucheof Tijuana. "But this taxis killing oppor-tunities in tourism real estate; for ex-ample, there is no secondary mortgagemarket in Mexico," said Monroy.

The costs aesociated with selling orforeclosing Mexican real estate include10 percent to 13 percent transfer taxeg.Just suppose a U.S. lender finances aproject in Mexico and tries to foreclosedue to nonpayment. In the UnitedStates, this is a relatively straightfor-ward and speedy process, but in Mexicoit is more difficult. In addition to dealingwith Mexican courts, the lender has topay the transfer tax to obtain the proper-ty, and pay it again when he selis it.Thus, the lender is paytng transfer taxestwice for a total of2O percent to 26 per-cent, plus notary fees of 1 percent to 2percent, and perhaps a ,2 percent peryear bank fee.

Real del Mar's typical market is com-posed of Southern Californians earning$100,000 or more who want an oceanview at half the price they would pay inLa Jolla or Malibu. The concerns of poten-tial buyers were listed by Daüd

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring '1991

Mayagoitia, marketing director ofFRISA s Tijuana Division, as follows:proper registration with California'sDeparbment of Real Estate, title in-surance, a renewable trust, and nonequi-ty financing. People are not willing to usetheir U"S. home as a way to hnance in-vestment in Mexico.

"There has been a general lack ofinterest from state and federal governmentsin promoting Mazatián's tourism," saidJulio Berdegue, president of Ei Cid MegaResort. "This lack of promotion is begin-ning to generate a ücious circle: iesspromotion-ie ss investrnent-i es stourists-Iess promotíon."

Proceedings from the Conference havebeen published and are available for$¿S.OO (plus7.25% California sales tax)from the Institute for Regional Studies ofthe Californi as, Tourism Inue st ment inMexico: Final Repon of the October 1990Seminar iru Mazatlán.

PItOFMEXPresidentialActivities inChina, USA,MexicoPresident James W. Wilkie's recentagenda has included, among other ac-tivities. an offrcial visit to China, negotia-tions with the University of Texas at ElPaso about its relationship with PROF-MEX, and the development withANUIES of a project tr: study public ser-üces in Ciudad Juárez.

Tlaveling dur:ing September L990,Wilkie visited the Chinese Academy ofSociai Sciences and its Institute ofLatinAmerican Studies (CASS/IIAS). In Bei-jing, he u'as hosted by Sengen Zh-angand Gao Xian, both of whom have beenr¡isitors at the University of California.Wilkie discussed CASS interest in join-ing with PROFMEX scholars to conducbresearch and publish findings on Mexicoand its U.S. relations. CASS has beengranted honorary membership status inPROFME)C

Wilkie's actiüties in China invoivedspeaking, research, and official visits tofive regions. He spoke on the status ofMexican studies and he conducted re-search with Edna Monzón\üilkie onChinese trade and commerciai relationswith Mexico and Latin America. TheWilkie's r¡isited Taiwan, Macao, andHong Kong as well as mainland China(including Shanghai, Souchow,Hangchow, Guilen, and Yangshuo).

Gregorio Estrella

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

In the United States, Wilkie met withPresident Dia¡ra Natalicio on Novem-ber 20 about the development of UTEFsCenter for Inter-American and BorderStudies. Because CIBAS has had fivedirectors in four years, the PROFMEXboard meeting in Mazatlán in October of-

fered its help to stabilize the situation'As a result of the Wilkie-Natalicio meet-ing, UTEP has agreed to work closelYwith PROFIUEX as it seeks to appoint anew, long-term director. Further, UTEPoffered to take a leading role in thePROFMEX-ANUIES proj ect studYingCiudad Juárez.

In Mexico, Wilkie traveled three timesduring March to develop the PROFIUEX-ANUIES project to examine pubiic ser-üces in Ciudad hárez. These túPsinvolved an important pianning meetingMarch ?-9 hosted by El Paso CommunityFoundation (EPCF) at the Westin Pasodel Norte Hotel. Sessions organized byJanice \ilindle, Executive Secretary ofEPCF, heard the Ciudad Juárez Directorof Planning, Roberto Mora Palacios,and the General Director of UrbanDevelopment, Juare Manuel SánchezRomo, outiine their views of problemson the Mexican side of the greaterCiudad Juárez-El Paso metropolitanarea. Project planning is led by DavidLorey (UCLA), Roberto Sánchez andGuiJlermina Valdez Villalva (COLEF)'Julie P. Sanford and Kathie Staudt(UTEP), Maanrel Loera and RubénLau (Universidad Autonoma de Ciudadhárez). Co-presiding over the El Pasomeeting were Jua¡r Casillas (ANUIES)and Wilkie.

Parbicipants in El Paso inciuded, fromCOLEF, JorgeBustamante and TitoAleg¡ía; from UTEP, C. Richard Bath,Jefferey Brqnno¡x, Patricia Castiglia,l)ilmus James, StephenRiter, Fer.na-do Rodríguez, Roberto Villareal;from New Mexico State UniversitY, L.Ray Sadler,JoséZ. García, MaríaTelles McGeagh; from UABC, ArturoRanfla G.; from the UniversitY ofArizona, Oscar Martínez and MichaelC. Meyer; from Tec de Monter'rey/Ciudad Juárez,Francisco Pacheco;from UACJ, César Fuentes; from PROF-MEX, George Baker and James Plat'ler; and from ANUIES, Ermilo J.Marroquín. Organizational supporb wasprovided by Virginia Kemendo (EPCF)and Nestor Yalencia (El Paso City Plan-ning Department).

Two UCLAFiImProjects Based.in Oaxaca

To enhance academic relations be-tween U.S. and Mexican filmmakers, theOffice of Mexico's Consulate General inLos Angeles and PROFMEX sponsoredalong with UCLA's Department of Film acooperative effort to make two films inOaxaca, December 1990-February 1991.Itrosted by the Governor ofOaxacaIleladio Ramírez L6pez and Secretaryof Planning Diodoro Canrasco .A.,

UCI,A Fitm Director Garrick J. Wilkietook a crew of nine persons to Mexico,with air transportation provided by theMexican Secretariat of Tourism. Equip-ment and services were provided in LosAngeles by Audio Serr.ices, Birns andSawyer, Foto-Chem Labs, UCLA's Ofiiceof Film Technical Services, and in MexicoCity Churubusco Studios.

Film Project Number l involves thedevelopment for the Oaxaca StateGovernment of a film to show the touris-tic attractions of the state. Filming by airand vehicle in the diverse regions ofthestate, Director Wilkie was assisted byRosario Varo Berra, David Baker,and Chris Balibrerra.

Film Project Number 2 involves themaking of a frlm entitled "The Tale ofFather Miguel." For this film, DirectorWilkie took to Oaxaca as lead actor Hol-lywood based George Tovar. OaxacanDazia Ruiz is lead actress in Wilkie'soriginal screenplay and actors fromOaxaca include Jesús Cabrera,Alfredo Aroyo, María 0feliaHerná¡rdez, Roberto Gómez, WagiveT\rcot, Graciela Moreno, flugoBanagrin, Femando Diego, RicardoRamírez, Aída Angélica, ArmandoGonzález, Cecilia Angeles, LidiaRamírez, and CarlosAngeles. JesúsCabrera is chair of the Theater Depart-ment at the University of Oaxaca anddirector of the University's Radio Sta-tion. Observing were film students fromthe Centro de CapacitaciónCinematográfica (CCC) in Mexico City.Filming was conducted in Etla andTlacochahuaya, with the assistance oftown authorities and police supplied bythe City of Oaxaca.

The film crew included: Direcbor ofPhotography in Mexico Thonas Yatsko,Director ofPhotography in Los AngelesJay Willis, Assistant CameramanAdam Stepan, Art Director FrancisMohajaren. Gaffer/Electrician KeithGruehula, Key Grip George K¿¡linski,

5

Audiollight Operator Clris Balibrena,Talent and Location Coordinator RosarioVaro Ber"ra, and Production lVlanagerDavid Baker.

Support for the projects came fromRuth Schwartz (UCLA Chair of Filmand Television), Perla Xochitl Orozco(Director of Public Relations for the Stateof Oaxaca), Marco Antorrio López (As-

sistant Director of Oaxacan Pubiic Rela'tions), and Gustavo Montiel Pages(Director General of CCC in Mexico City).

While visiting Los Angeles, Juan Ig-nacio Durán, head of Mexico's NationalCinematographic Institute, met withUCI"A's Program on Mexico to arrangefurther collaboration.

Beyond Oaxaca, Director Wiikie ismaking a film documenting the life of theLacandon Indians. As parl ofthe project,he has recorded on film an interviewwith Gerbrude "TYudi" Duby Bloom ather Lacandon Museum, Na Balom, inSan Cristóbal de las Casas. T?udi andher late husband Fra¡rs Blom are f'amedfor their work to protect the Lacandon In-.dians.

PROFMEXRepSVisit Membersin Nuevo Leónand Chihuahua

Inüted by Abelardo Gorena, pro-gram director ofthe international rela-tions major at the Universidad deMonterrey, George Baker (PROFMEX)and Chad Richardson (University ofTexas, Pan American) were majorspeakers at a three-day symposium heldat the Fiesta Americana on April 17-19'

While in Monterrey, Baker met withHéctorMoreira and Sergio Sierra atthe ITESM Campus.

On April 22-23.Baker was inChihuahua to confer with Leo¡relGuerra, director of the Center for hiter-national Competitiveness. Baker led atwo-hour discussion on the 22nd withthirty representatives from the ma-quiladora industry that explored iong-range options for economic developmentin Chihuahua.

6 MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

UDLA-Puebla

Offer Course on UDLA/IUexicoU.S. Politics City College

PROFMEXInstitutions and

Coordinated by MónicaVerea, of theU.S. Studies Center of the UNAM(CISEUA-UNAM), GuadalupeGonzáIez Gorzález, of the U.S. StudiesInstitute of CIDE (IEEU-CIDE), andRodolfo de la Garza (UT-Austin), afour-parb lecture series on Americanpolitics and society was offered in MexicoCity in late 1990 and early 1991. Theacademic program was the first of itskind to involve U.S. academics in a col-laborative effori to enhance the sen-sitiüty of Mexican scholars and publicofficials to recent trends in U.S. politicaland social affairs. The series is ajointventured by UT-Austin, UNAM, andCIDE

The first series, treating the executive,legislative and industrial branches ofthefederal government, was taught byDavid Prinüe, Brian Roberts, andMark Graver respectively. They wereassisted by Leopoldo G6m,ez (ITAM),Eduardo Ramírez (CISEUA), and LuisM. Díaz, who served as tutors.

The second series, which concerneddemocratic theory and public policy, wastaught by James Fishkin, DavidBraybrooke and Gary Freeman.Tutors were Paz C. Márquez (CISEUA),ArturoBorja (IEEU), and James Rus-sell (CISEUA).

The third series dealt with poiiticalparlicipation, UT-Austin instructorswere Robert Ifardgrave, JohnColemanr, and Robert Luskin. Tutorswere VíctorArriaga (IEEU), JesúsVelaseo (UDLA-Puebla), and CarlosRico (COLMEX).

The fina] unit examined U.S. sociaistudies, including Black and Latino poiiti-cal attitudes and behavior. The instruc-tors were Michael Hanchard, Rodolfode la Garza, and Anne Norton, whowere assisted by James Russell andBarbara Driscoll (both from CISEUA)and José L. 0rozco (UNAM).

Intensive sessions and three-day unitsenable professionals and professors toparticipate with a minimum of disrup-tion in the work schedules. The programproved a collaborative success, and itsparticipants proposed having similarcourses every two years.

lines courses at nine Mexican univer-sities as well as those offered by Mexico'sSecretarÍa de Educación Pública. Some ofthe courses are desigzred specifically forteachers of Mexican and Mexican-originstudents, others are more general in na-ture.

The courses are offered at the follow-ing instiiutions: Universidad de lasAméricas, Puebla; UniversidadAubónoma de Baja California (Tijuana,Mexicali, Tecate, and Ensenada); Univer-sidad de Guadalajara; Universidad deGuanajuato; UniversidadIberoamericana (Mexico City); Univer-sidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos;Universidad Nacional Autónoma deMéxico; Universidad PedagógicaNacional; and SecretarÍa de EducaciónPública.

The programs are from two to sixweeks in length and cost from US$180 toUS$1,200, depending on length, type ofcourse, and room and board arrange-ments.

For more information, and a copy ofthe catalogue, contact: Ermilo J.Marrroquín, ANUIES, Insurgentes Sur2133, 01000 México, D.F., telephone 550-27-55;fax 550-48-57; 11.:30 a.m. to 2:00p.m. Mexico City time.

San DiegoImmigrationReport

The San Diego County Transborder Af-fairs Advisory Board has issued a reportaft,er extensive consultations with Coun-ty staff and U.S.-Mexican relations ex-perts on Costs and. Benefits ofImmigration in the So,n Diego Region, atopic selected for in-depth analysisduring 1990.

San Diego County, although sig-nificantly impacted by immigration costs,has little jurisdiction or influence overfederal policy addressing these areas.The consultations have resulted in alocal response for federal, state, and localgovernmental remedies, based on infor-mation received from a variety of sour-ces. The Advisory Board, through theconsultations, seized an opportunity tocontribute to a reg'ional dialogue andpublic policy by providing a forum thattranscended the mlriad of jurisdictionsimpacted by Mexican and LatinAmerican immigration. Free copies of thereport are available by writing theDepartment of TYansborder Affairs, 1600Pacific Highway, Room 273, San Diego,California 92101, attn: BiIl Domínguez.

Mexico is the site of two separate institu-tions named University of the Americas.Confusing matters is the fact that in thepast they were one institution. To assistin making the distinction clear, one isnow known as Fundación Universidad delas Américas-Puebla (FUDI,AP) and is inthe state ofPuebla. The other institutionis the Universidad de las Américas, A.C.Mexico City's Bilingual University,formerly Mexico City College(UDLA/MCC).

UDI"A-Puebla, with a main campus inCholula, has an important researchlibrary and a modern computer installa-tion. Recently, it has initiated a U.S.studies program. Contact: Dr. JesúsVelasco M¡irquez, Telepho¡e {22) 47-OO-00, FAx47-04-22.

UDIAlMexico City College has 220professors who teach 1,217 under-graduate students and 184 graduate stu-dents. Majors inciude InternationalRelations, Business Administration,Economics, Computer Systems, Psychol-ogy, and Education. A new Mastefs pro-gram is offered in International PoliticalEconomics.

UDIA./Mexico City College is centrallylocated in Colonia Roma and serves asthe PROFMEX Visiting Scholars Centerwhere office, computer, and libraryfacilities are available to PROFMEXmembers. (See accompanying article.)Conüact: Dr. Fro-cisco Mamolejo,Telephone (5 ) 208-68-23, F AX 57 4-64-t2(request tone) or 511-60-40.

SummerCourses inMexico for Bilin-gual Teachers

The Program for Mexican CommunitiesAbroad and ANUIES have prepared acatalogue providing details on summercourses offered at Mexican institutionsfor U.S. K-12 bilingual teachers anduniversity students who will becomebilingual teachers. The publication out-

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

James Platler, f)irector of PROFMEX Office of R & I)Named as Director of Research andDeveiopment,,fames F. Platler statedthat he looks forward to organizingPROFMEXs newly establiehed Office. Inaddition to developing specializedprojects, Platler *"i11 seek private-sectorsupport, host seminars, coordinate visitsof traveling scholars. and formulateproposals.

Platle/s background weli prepareshim for his PROFIvIEX assignment. Hereceived his docinrate in 19?6 from theMaxwell School of Syracuse University,taught in the University of?exas systemfrom 1975 to 1977, and ser-ved as chairand professor in the Deparbment of Inter-national Relations and History at theUniversity of the Americas in Pueblafrom 1977 to 1979. During the 1980s heserved as staffmember of the CaliforniaCommission on Campaign Financing, forwhich he created a computerized database analyzed in it,s report entitled.Money and. Politit:s ín the Golden State(1989).

Bor-n in 1944 in Utica, New York, JimPiatier is married to Lyn Edgington andthey ha.re four children, wiih residencesin l\Iaiibu, Bel Air, and Ensenada. Lyn,who is associ:rted with Jim in advising onecological affairs, wili serve as co-host forPROFMEX functions, the first of which

included opening their Bel Air home inNovember to a film project sponsored bythe Government of the State of Oaxacawith PROFMEX assistance. They held adinner November 30 for members of theCouncil on tr'oundations who visited LosAngeles for a Mexico briefing, at whichthe l\{exican Consul General in Los An-geles José Angel Pescador spoke.Other notable guests included RicardoPascoe Pierce (Partido de la RevoluciónDemocrática) and Gustavo ^{, Chapela(UAM-Azcapotzalco). They are currentlyhosting in Bel Air a University ofSouthern California seminar on "ForeignReporting with Special Reference toMexico." directed by Murray Fromsorrand taught by James Wilkie, DavidLorey and Jim Platler.

With regard to research on Mexico,Jim Platler's focus includes the politics offree trade, the economic aspects of thesport fishing industry in the Gulf ofCalifornia, and the political-economicprobiem oftoxic waste disposal on thet¡order.

The Platlers may be contacted at thePROFMEX Office of Research andDevelopment, 21607 Rambla Vista Drive,Malibu, CA 90265. Tel,iFAX (213) 465-0093.

jffi§--._ffffi'§iif

§

rrJames Platler, PROFMEX Director

ofR&D

PROFMEX Participation in Symposia:I\ew York and PueblaPROFMEX was co-sponsor of the con-ference on "l\l[exico in the 1990s:Liberalization and the State," heid at theBiidner Center for Western HemisphereStudies, City University of New YorkGraduate School and University Center,October 29, 1990. Organized by Ronaldg. ¡¡sllñan and Eugene D. Miller, theevent featured speakers on the Mexicaneconomy under Saiinas included PR0tr'-MEX President James \il. Wilkie(UCLA), Guillerm.o Ortiz (Secretana deHacienda y Crédito Público), PedroPablo Kuczy'nski (First Boston Corpora-tion), and José Luis Reyrra (COLMEX).

The session on centralization anddemocracy heard the foilowing speakers:John B¿¡." (Georgetown University),Miguel Kiguel (World Bank),Lawrence Kudlow (Bear, Stearns &Co.), Henry Bienen (Princeton). andDankwart Rustow (CUNY).

Speaking on the state and privatiza-tion in market economies were ElugoKauf¡nan (CUlfY), Mihailo Ma¡rkovic(University of Pennsylvania), DanielSchydlowsky (American University),

and Harnr¡r Magdoff (Monthly Reuiew).The session on political dimensions of

the proposed FYee TYade Agreement in-cluded: Leonard SiIk (New YorkTimes), Igrracio Trigueros (ITAM), Jef.frey Schott (Institute for InternationalEconomics), §teven Beckma¡r (UAW),Robert Helander (Jones, Day, Reavis &Pogue), and BlairHankey (Paul Weiss,Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison).

The proceedings ofthis Bildner CenterThird Annual Conference on U.S.-Mexican Relations are scheduled for pub-lication in Fall 1991. Information on thisvolume edited by Hellman and Miller isavailable from the Bildner Center: ?el.(202) 642-2940; FAX (212 ) 642-2789.

In \fexico, PROFMEX PresidentJames \ililkie participated in the Con-ference on International Trade Flowsheld at tire Universidad de las Américas-Puebla, April 11-13, 1991. The Con-ference was organized by EnriqueCárde¡ras (President of UDI"A-P) andJorge Mejía Montoya (ConferenceCoordinator).

Participants included Se¡gio Del-

gado (UNDP), Sidney lVeintrautr (UTAustin). Victori^a Kurson Price (In-stitute of International Studies, Geneva),Matrricio de María y Csmpos (BancoMexicano Somex), Raúl Ramos T.(Mexico Free Trade Team), Gary Wil-liams (Texas A&M), Jorge Cambi.asoR. (CEMI"A), Raúl Hinojosa and Sher-man Robinson (Berkeley), EduardoP érez Mota (SECOFI), AdalbertoGarcía R,ocha (COLMEX), SantiagoLewy (Boston University), MurraySmith (Carlton University), and Eduar*do Fuentes (IDE).

UDLA-P participants included Rys.zard Zukowsy, Agustín Aguilar, Gonzalo Castañeda, Eduardo Lastra P.,and RogelioArellano.

Accompanying Wilkie to Puebla wereJames and Lyn Platler (PROFMEX).Jim Platler conducted a special seminaron free trade issues at the UDIA Centerfor Interamerican Studies, chaired byJesús Velasco M.

8 MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

Scholars for Free Trade With MexicoThe follouing letter on tlrc importontquestion of a free trad,e agrcem.ent withMexico was sent to members of Congressby a group of prominent luÍexicanists, in-clud.ing nrany mernbers and. officers ofPROFMEX, For inforrtation, contactScholars for Free Trade with Mexico, POBox 449, Falls Church, VA 22040

April 1.0, 1991

Dear Member of Congress:This letter is written in supporb ofa freetrade agreement with Mexico. It sup-ports renewal offast-track authority forthe conduct ofthose negotiations becauseit is eyident that without this authorityit would be impossible to conclude a com-prehensive agreement that was not rid-dled with destructive exceptions.Countries would be unwilling tonegotiate trade agreements with theUnited States executive branch if thiswere just prelude to negotiaiions with535 persons in the U,S. Congress.

.The signers ofthis letter are univer-sity professors or senior analysts at re-search institutions. None of usrepresents any special interest, Our onlymotive in sending this letter is topromote the national U.S. interest, whichwe are conünced would be served by afree trade agreement encompassing thethree countries of North America.

Economists have known since AdamSmith that trade among nations is not acontest in which some countries win andothers lose. Tlade, like few other interna-tional endeavors, increases the *'elfare ofall the nations involved. The extent ofthe gains may not be equal, but a NorthAmerican free trade area would clearlybe a win/win/win situation for the threecountries involved. AII economic studieswe have seen by respected researcherscome to this conclusion. We have yet tosee a quantitative study seeking tomeasure welfare gains in each of thethree countries that contradicts this.

Three non-measurable argrrmentshave been made by those opposing freetrade. These are that (1) Mexico wouldhave an "unfair" advantage because ofitswage rates; (2) the economic develop-ment of Mexico would pollute the environ-ment; and (3) Mexico is not a democracyin the U.S. mold and is therefore not wor-thy of such an agreement. We will deaibriefly with each argument.

If low wages are the hallmark of tradesuccess, why are our most succeesful com-petitors not low-wage but high-wagecountries like Japan and Germany? It iseyident that wages are but one elementin determining the cost ofgoods and ser-üces. Other aspects include ptoductirity,

or output per worker, the sophisticationof production and ofthe human resour-ces. The path to trade success is not lowwages but better education, One needonly compare the trade success of a Haitiwith that of a Switzerland to see thispoint.

A deeper question must be asked: doesthe United States wish to compete inworld trade on the basis oflow wages, orbecause ofthe research and innovationcontent of its output? If we exclude im-ports on the ground that the workers arepaid less than in the United States, wedeny our trading partners the necessaryforeign exchange to purchase our goodsand services. We have also learned thatimport protection does not save an in-dustry that cannot otherw'ise compete.Wlat protection accomplishes is add bil-lions to the consumer biil-and in theend, U.S. jobs are lost in any event, as wehave seen in the auto, steel, and textileindustries,

Mexico's goal is to raise its wages andto compete on the basis ofhigher produc-tivity, as South Korea, Taiwan, and Sin-gapore have done. As i\{exican incomesrise, so will our exports to them, as weknow from our large trade with high-in-come countries. If we are to impori goodsin any evenL-if the solution is not toclose our market--it is much better tobuy from Mexico and Canada, our neigh-bors, who buy most of their imporbs fromus. The dollars we spend on imporbsfrom Mexico return in high-wage U.S. ex-ports back to Mexico. Keeping outMexican goods can be done only at the ex-pense of high-wage U.S. jobs.

We do not argue that no U.S. workerwill be hurl by increased imports,whether from Mexico or any othercountry, although we do not expect thatlarge numbers of workers will be dis-placed during the long phase-in to freetrade with Mexico. The soiution is not toclose our market, but to compensatethose who are hurt, including expandedretraining. We do not help our country byforgoing general benefit to temporarilysave a few jobs by protection.

We share the concern of thoseAmericans and Mexicans who insist thatthe price ofincreased trade and higher in-comes should not be promiscuous en-vironmental degradation. We assumethat the position of those truly concernedabout the environment is not thatMexicans should remain poor becausethat will keep them clean. One reason forenr¡ironmental pollution in Mexico todayis that the country is poor, Mexico's en-vironmental laws are similar to our own,but the country iacks the resources to en-force them.

We would support the inclusion ofsome environmental issues such ashealth and safety standards for con-sumer products entering the UnitedStates in the North American Free TradeAgreement to make clear that increasedtrade and sound environmental practicesare compatible. A broader environmentalunderstanding should be worked out on aparallei track by environmental experts,not in the agreernent itself, which will benegotiated by trade specialists. TheUnited States and Mexico have alreadymade progress on environmental issuessuch as the result of the agreement con-cerning the border area between the twocountries signed in La Paz, Baja Califor-nia Sur. Environmental protectionshould not be a cloak for protectionism. IfMexico lacks the resources to enforce thelaws aiready on its statute books, thiscannot be corrected by depriving Mexicoof the ability to improve its economicsituation.

Finally, those of us who have studiedMexico have been impressed by howmuch political choice has been widenedin recent years. The compietion of thisprocess ofpoliticai opening is less likelyif the country remains impoverished. Thefree trade agteement would give an im-pulse to political democracy that cannotbe achieved by outside exhortation orflagrant U.S. interference in Mexicandomestic affairs. This latter approach isthe surest way to stifle the gr:o*"ingdemocratic impulse in Mexico.

The opportunity to forge a NorihAmerican free trade area has come now,on your watch. If the opportunity ismissed, it may be decades or more beforeit comes again-if it comes again. Spurn-ing the Mexican initiative wouid be seenthere as a gesture ofU.S. condescension,regardless of how we rationalize our ac-tion to ourselves. The political andeconomic fallout in Mexico would beprofound and unpredictabie. We wouldthen have converted a positive situationinto one where there were only losers.We urge you to take the high road oftrade promotion and not the dead end ofprotectionism.

With best wishes,Clopper Almon, University of

I\{arylandM. Delal Baer, Center for Strategic

and International StudiesJohn f, ¡¡"",Georgetown UniversityRichard Bath, University of Texas,

El PasoPaul Boeker, Institute of the

AmericasRoderic Ai Camp, Central CollegePeter Cleaves, University of Texas,

Austin

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

Wayne Cornelius, UniversitY ofCalifornia, San Diego

Rudiger Domtrusch, Mas sachusettsIn stitute of Technolog'y

Georges Fauriol, Center forStrategic and International Studies

Richard Fei-nberg, Oversea s

Development CouncilPaul Ganster, San Diego State

UniversityGeorge Grayson, Coliege of William

and MarySusa¡c. Kau-fuau Purcell, Americas

Society

Robert Pastor, Carter Center, EmoryUniversity

Clark Reynolds, Stanford UniversityRiordan Roett, Johns Hopkins

School for Advanced InternationalStudies

Louis R. Sadler, New Mexico StateUniversity

Sally Shelton Colby, GeorgetownUniversity

Viron P. Vaky, Carnegie Endowmentfor International Peace

Sidney'lfeintraub, UniversitY ofTexas, Austin

CETEI-Centro de Tecnolo gíaElectrónica e InformáticaCETEI-Centro de Tecnología Electrónicae Informática (Center for Technology inElectronics and Informatics) has recentlyjoined PROFMEX as an institutionalmember. CETEI offers an innovative ap-proach to the transfer. development, andapplication oftechnology to the day-to-day needs of Mexican industry andsociety. Speci{ically, CETEI functions asa link between the academic and produc-tive sectors in Mexico, applying the re-search capacities of Mexican universitiesto the parbicular technological demandsof Mexican industry and agriculture.

In Mexico the collaboration between in-dustry and academia in the developmentand application oftechnology has beenextremely limited. Technology has tradi-tionally been associated with basicscience and not with industrial competi-tiveness. As a result. the R&D culture inl\Iexico has ]¡een divided between actors,one involved in research and the other inproduction. who do not speak the sameianguage yet whose cooperation is essen-tiai for Mexico's development. This is anespecially serious state ofaffairs for acountry in which the vast majority (987o)

of the investment in R&D has been madeby the government through grants topublic research centers and universitiesand not by privabe firms for in-houseR&D projects. With the recent liberaliza-tion of the Nfexican economy, it is clearthat technological innovation and applica-tion has become essential to the survivalof Mexican industry. Mexican companiesmust make use of public investments inuniversity laboratories and human capi-tal, and by the same token Mexicanuniversities must increase the relevanceoftheir research to the practicaldemands of their country.

In light of this situation CETEI wasfounded in 1987 as a joint venture be-tween the Mexican Electronics Associa-tion (CANIECE) and the NationalAutonomous University of Mexico(UNAM) to bridge the gap between theindustrial and academic communities inthe development and application oftech-

nology. CETEI was in fact the brainchildof José Waman, who served as Direc-tor ofthe Electronics Industry under theDe la Madrid administration. CANIECEand UNAM have supported Warman's ef-fort by providing him with "seed money''for CETEI's initiation. While CANIECEand the UNAM continue to be'CETEI'sinstitutional representatives in the in-dustrial and academic sectors, CETEIhas achieved complete economic self-suf-ficiency. The center functions as an inde-pendent, non-profit organization in theform of a trust heid by the NationalFinance Bank (NAFINSA).

CETEi is not subsidized and thereforemust generate its own financial resour-ces. Work is thus carried out on the basisofspecific projects each with externalsponsoxs (corporations, government a gen-cies, civil organizations, foundations).Generally CETEI is contracted by busi-nesses or institutions that need solutionsto specific problems in the area ofelectronics or informatics technology. Inthis sense CETEI operates more like abusiness than a traditional research cen-ter. Nonetheless CETEI also contributesto the understanding ofthe role that tech-nology plays in Mexico's developmentthrough macroeconomic studies andpolicy analysis. Such research projectsare carried out in cooperation withacademic institutions both in Mexico andabroad.

CETEI's independent fi nancial statusand strategic placement between in-dustry and academia puts it in an idealposition to work with the range of actorsinterested in Mexico's technologicalprogress. Rather than compete with exist-ing institutions, CETEI promotes net-working and collaboration betweenuniversities, research centers, industrialorganizations, government, and privatefirms, In particular, CETEI is dedicatedto projects and studies that facilitate thepragmatic application of electronics andinformatics technology to the needs ofMexícan society. Such projects havegenerally fallen into the following two

IIlowardWiarda, University of Mas-

sachusettsJames Wilkie, University of Califor-

nia, Los AngelesEdward Williams, University of

Arizona

Institutional affiliations are listed forthe purpose of i.d.entification only. Theuiews contained in this letter representpersonal opinion of the signers and notnecessarily of their in.stitutions.

categories: 1) information services andstudies, and 2) technology developmentand application projects.

CETEI's publications have included anin-depth analysis ofthe purchasing prac-tices of the maquiladora electronics in-dustry and other studies on thecompetitiveness of the Mexicanelectronics ñrms and the price evolutionof the Mexican computer industry. In thearea of technology development, CETEI'sprojects have included the establishmentofan engineering group specialized inthe development of telecommunication s

products, the generation of financialsoftware for a major Mexican bank, andmost recently the development of a cen-ter to provide technical supporb for smalland medium sized Mexican businesses.CETEI is carrying out this last project incollaboration with the National Con-federation of Industrial Associations(CONCAMIN).

In addition, CETEI has two programswhich group together projects in areaswhich it has deemed of parlicuiar impor-tance: The Program to Apply Informaticsto Sectorial Solutions (PAISS) and theMexico-United States Technology Pro-gram (MUST). PAISS was created tobring informatics and electronics tech-nologies to sectors of Mexican societythat have not traditionaliy been includedin the so-called "Computer Revolution,"especially that ofagriculture and foodproduction. Current projects in this areainclude the application of informatics toMexico's aquaculture production and thecreation ofa program for informaticstraining in the rural sector which invol-ves collaboration with the nationai as-sociation of campesino organizations(UNORCA) and the National Institutefor Agricultural Tlaining (INCA).

The Mexico-U. S. Technology Program(MUST) was initiated in 1989 with thesupporb of the William and Flora HewlettFoundation to contribute to a better un-derstanding ofthe roie oftechnology inthe binational relationship. The primaryobjective of the MUST program has beento develop projects which encouragecooperation between the two countries inthe development, transfer, and applica-tion of technology. This includes working

(please turn to page 26)

10 MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

What Happens Without a Free Trade Agreement?

by Stephen JennerSteplrcn Jenner is Associate Director ofthe Institute for Regional Studies oftheCalifornias, SDSU, uhere he directs tlteC alifo rnia- Mexic o Inte rnational B u sine ss

Education Progratn, a project that sup-ports curriculum d.euelopment, facultydeuelopment, and community outreaclr. toincreose oloarerless of opporturuities fordoing busíness with Mexico, Jenner isprincipal of Jenner & Associates, amanagement consultin g firm specialízingin business planning, control systems,anrl lt u m.an re sou rce deue lo p ment,primarily for companics with ma-quilad,oras in Baja California.

Recently most of us interested in theissue offree trade have focused on thebattle in the U.S. Congress over exten-sion of President Bush's fast tracknegotiating authoúty for the next twoyears. This is assumed to be the key to atrilateral North American Free TradeAgreement (NAFTA) and multilateralGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Tlade(GATT), i.e., the assumption is that therewill be no agreement without fast trackbecause no goverilnent would bother tonegotiate ifCongress could pick it apari.In the process ofthis virulent debate, Ithink many people are making the mis-take of exaggerating the impact of aNAFTA. Many people fear big changes inthe organization ofour economy. Thanksto constant references to Europe 1992,many folks living near the border expecta free flow of Mexicans to inundate themany day now. Labor union leaders arescleaming that all factories will be imme-diately relocated to Mexico causing mas-sive layoffs as well as the destruction ofthe environment.

How Much Will Flows Change?The past and present of U.S.-Mexican

economic relations seem to suggest thatNAtrIIA is less crucial than most peoplethink. In fact, the main impact ofNAEIA will likeiy be the perception ofless political risk for foreign investors inMexico, and the continuation of privatiza-tion, deregulation, and opening theMexican economy to outsiders. Tladeflows will change little, especially fromt lr¡' U.S. perspective. Mexican peoplemay use their increasing prosperity totravel north, or stay home and work atnewly-created jobs in their own countryrather than toil for the gringos, but over-all the "people flow" resulting from aNFTA is generaliy overrated. Maquila-doras will not disappear, nor will all com-panies suddenly set-up maquiladoras.

Stephen Jenner

The economic integration of theUnited States and Mexico will continuewith or without a free trade agTeement.Tariffs are already low f,or goods moüngin both directions, and the trade flowscontinue to gtow. Almost half of U.S. im-porbs from Mexico are made of U.S. com-ponents or metal, and duties are paidonly on the value added in Mexico;another lAVo enter free ofduty under theGeneral System of Preferences (GSP).The bulk of U.S. imports will not be af-fected significantly by an FTA, nor willU.S. employment and wage levels.

A Nation of Maquiladoras?The famous maquiladora or in-bond

program is viewed as a precursor to freetrade and a bridge between our twocountries. How wiII maquiladoras be af-fected? tr'irst of all, they will not go awaybecause ofan FTA - they exist becauseof lower costs and proximity to the U.S.,neither of which wili change. One factorwhich has changed is that three keyAsian countries competing with MeÉcofor off-shore production recently losttheir GSP status, so we are going to seemore maquiladoras which are wholly-owned subsidiaries, subcontractors, orshelters of Korean, Taiwanese, and Sin-gapore manufacturers. Industry leadersanticipate a gradual increase in wagesfrom around $f .SO to $2,25 over the next5 years. Second, there is a lot oftalkabout more sales in Mexico for a range ofU.S. companies, especially those with ma-quiladoras. However, this has been a pos-sibility for many years under themaquiladora decree, and yet it's veryrare. Companies that want to sell in theMexican market are restricted by thelack ofinfrastructure such as transporta-tion. Third, there will be a scramble todevelop Mexican suppliers, especially for

Japanese companies which rely on Asiansources of television components. AnFTA will accelerate this process by estab-lishing rules oforigin designed to requireat least 5O% North American content.

Mexican Economic OutlookWhile the U.S. suffers from a reces-

sion, Mexico is growing economically.The officiai forecast anticipates 47o GNPgrowth in 1991, but rnany privateeconomists are more optimistic withprojec'tions of 77o or more. Since theUnited States accounts for over 70Vo ofMexico's imports and two-thirds of all ac-cumulated direct foreign investment inMexico, the United States is the largestforeign benefrciary of Mexican growth.The structural reforms of the Mexicaneconomy are likely to sustain continuedgrowth in both countries.

We Are All EnvironmentalistsNow

Because ofthis increased economicgrowth, there will be negative impacts onthe environment. Some peopie in theUnited States argue that since growthpollutes, we should not do anything topromote economic growth in l\'Iexico,Meanwhile, more young Mexicans enterthe workforce every year. and they wantjobs and a better iife.

In the rush to build industries, manyso-called "developing" and "deveioped"countries have failed to plan and conse-quently sacrifi ced their enüronrnent.This has certainly been the casethroughout Eastern Europe and Asia,where pollution levels are staggering. Itwill require a major investment andchanges in habits to ciean up the environ.ment, and this process will take a longtime. In the short run, several positivesteps are beingtaken: highly publicizedenforcement of environmentai laws toraise the cost of non-compiiance, and bet-ter cooperation between the U.S. Enüronmental Protection Agency and itsMexican counterpart, SEDUE. Con-Bumers and manufacturers are beginningto consider the total environmental costofbusiness as usual.

Maybe the biggest impact of all will bethe realization that we should care moreabout what happens to our neighbors tothe south because, in spite of our differences, rve share the same land, air, andwater. What if NAEIÁ-s oniy really sig-nificant impact were a new commitmentto improve our environmental behaüoron both sides ofthe border?

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991 11

The Political Agenda in Opening Mexico's Economy:Salinas Versus the Caciques

by Jannes W. WilkieAJthough observers of Mexico are wellaware at the national levei ofthe attackby President Carlos Salinas de Gor-tari on public and private monopolic andoligopolic interests that have hinderedMexican economic developrnent, fewhave fathorned the follor.ring:

(1) the attack being waged againstvested economic interests goes below thenational surface to the state and localievels;

(2) the outcome of this sub-nationalbattle wiil determine the country'sability to achieve full political democracy;

(3) demands to open the economy comenot only Íiom Salinas at the top, as con-ventional wisdom has it, but Íiom the bot-tom of society where many Mexicans seeeconomic opening as a way to break thepoliticai-economic monopolies that limitpent-up opportunities.

At the iocal level, the caciques, or localbosses, retain their traditional domina-tion of politics because they control im-portant aspects ofthe economy. AsSalinas attemp(s to mode¡nize Mexico,the problem ofattaining democracy iselusive because caciques remain as theeconomic power in the 125,000 of urbanand rural places into which Mexico is or-ganized.

Local-level caciqrtes, the leaders rvhohave traditionally exercised controi asthe broker ofpower between nation-aVstate leaders and the people, deter-mine or influence the distribution of suchthings as land, agricultural credit,government employrnent, access to sub-sidized housing and food, the granting ofiicenses and permissions, and even the al-location of space in public markets. Caci-ques are the middlemen who, in returnfbr permitting economic actirities,demand a percentage ofthe gross, regard-iess ofnet profits, ifthev do not buyproducts outright at an artificiaily iowprice. Typically, the cacique's family alsocontrols transportation, runs the biggestand perhaps only store and the bars, andmaintains close reiations with the priestand doctor (if the town is lucky enough tohave them). Cac'iques may start out asctry ote s (extra-ofiiciai facilitators) who"move" paperwork in the governmentbureaucracy or find ways to avoid legalenforcement of the law. A successful caci-que may stari out, as a coyote and if hecomes to hold the key functions over abroad area such as a state, he may be-come a national cacique.

At the national level, the cacique maybe a powerful investor who throughprivileged access to subsidized govern-

ment credit and special government con-cessions has become the arbiter of asector of the economy or of a region. Or,for example. he may represent an inter-est group, such as unionized teachers,regardless ofgeographic region. (One ofthe few women who has reached thielevel, Eltra Esther Gordillo, is present-ly head ofthe national teachers'union.)

At the national level, caciquismo hasbeen challenged by the Salinasprograms. Some public- and private-sec-tor caciques have been seriously hurb bythe fact that Salinas has not onlyabolished proteetion for noncompetitiveand inefficient industry (thus requiringthe government to sell, merge, or closenationalized or partially nationalizedfirms) but he has also deregulatedtransportation (trucking, air freight, andair charter) and has ended governmentalgranting of most special licenses, permis-sions, and import permits. Moreover,Salinas has ended government monopolyof telephones through privatization ofTELMEX and the opening of cellular op-portunities to bypass the fixed-line sys-bem, which is years away from fullmodernization. He has privatized thebuilding of toii roads. He is selling the na-tionalized banks to create real competi-tion and regional diversity; and he hasended the government monopoly of mini-ng and fishing. Apparently he has triedto open television and radio transmissionto com peting interests.

With the breaking of such restrictions,which allowed a few national-Ievel caci-ques to control access to opportunity inhighly visible areas, the possibility thatthe cacique can engage in "sweet-heartdeals" and "kickbacks" has diminished tosome extent, as has the need for societyat large to pay bribes to them aspublic/private agents dispensingprivilege.

Although the battle against caciqueshas beenjoined at the national level, ithas hardly begun at the sub-nationallevel where the economic caciques in theprivate and public sectors have retainedmuch power and. like the "dinosaurs"rvho continue to hold power in nationallabor unions, they resist political changethat might challenge their economichegemony. As Alejandro Junco, pub-Iisher of .Al .lIorúe points out, the privatesector generally remains under monopo-listic or duopolistic control, noting for ex-ample that it costs more to ship the 200miles from Monterrey to Tampico than itdoes the 4,000 miles from Tampico toAmsterdam ("The Case for an InternalMexican Free-Tlade Agr eement," W all

Street Journal, March 22,1991).Junco argues quite rightly that the

Napoleonic Code guides l\fexico's iegalsystem to foster monopoly and preventthe development of competition. Further,the Mexican monopoly law of 1934,which still remains in effect, specificailyencourages price fixing and governmentintervention in the economy on thegrounds that the government cannotleave the market to the free play of in-dividuals. The 1934 law exempts a com-pany from being accused ofmonopolypractices if the government is parbowner; and it considers any non-governmentally owned company un-patriotic to import "disioyal" products.Junco goes on to note that one l\{exicanmedia group in Monterrey operates "twolocal television stations, 18AM and FMradio stations, two daily newspapers, thecable system, 22 cinemas, and it controlsSOVo of L}:'e market for üdeo rentals."

From my own üsits during the last 18months to iocales in Chiapas.Chihuahua, Colima, Eederal District,Jalisco, Morelos, Oaxaca, Puebla,Sinaloa, Tabasco, and Yucatán. I canreport having found frustration and out-rage at the caciquismo which restrictseconomic opportunity. Among nurnerou scases of complaints from producers, thefollowing stand out:

-Q¿¡¿s¿¡'We palm hat-makers foom

the Sierra Mixteca cannot gain access tothe markets here in Oaxaca City leialone reasonable transporb prices fbr ourgoods; we must gain access to U.S.markets. How can we do this?"-thisfrom Indians who barely speak Spanish.

-Huixtla, Chiapas: "Since the Juiy

1989 collapse ofthe International CoffeeAgreement (which limited our exports tothe USA but which at least provided ameans to market coffee at relativeiy highprices), we small coffee producrs havegone from bad to worse. Not only havewe lacked opportune credit, but 100,000hectares ofcoffee iand are plagrred withdisease (infestación de roya y broca). Wemust gain direct access to the U.S.market in order to solve our financialand technical problems and to end themonopoly practices of the middlemanhere who have hurt our region gravely-300,000 families are in ürtualbankruptcy; the achievement of fairtransportation costs here, direct informa-tion about U.S, prices, and unrestricbedaccess to U.S. markets would resolvemany of our problems."

-Tijuana: "I am tired of producingmens suits to smuggle into California,five-at-a-time, hanging openly as if I am

1.)

a husinessrn¿rn crossing for a meeting.'vtrhy rlo v,'e have to smuggie the goods wer;¡'oduce acrc¡ss lhe l:t¡rder ior sale there?1&ihv can': il'{r exi)úrt, }ronestly? \\&y arecilcique* r'rervr;uri ai¡r¡ut Í?ee t.r'a<ie? Fer-h*;:s ir*y leahze thát it.,vili heip us a¡rdh arr¡ iiierr: ,¡"

.-rrii iaher,¡rosa : "The naiionalizedi;rnking ruonopoiy has been a diLsast,er.

Fqrv rve snlaii trusrnessmen. banirs haveh*rl iit,tie, if any. short-ierrn hank credit,let, a.lo¡re ;iny reasr:rnable serlice. (Thei¡auks sep,m t* har.'e taken most, of ourri+pr-rsi'us t-o ¡:av !:he iratlonal deh¡t")lYei1r:,¡3t ¡1{}w r.¿ail i'cr rlenationalization anciti r r: i:r:'s si i-rii i t-¡ that o per"atr n g rrerlit,',.v ili*trce agni:t be ¿¡vailal¡le t-c the privale sec-lor""

i..l+r:..run'.er,. ¿riso are Í:"ustrat,erl b1' c:rci-iii.risr::i'). rs .l ire¡,irii i:: ri:e ibikru*ing¡,t:r¡¡¡le cas*s;

.-r,l i :.¡il ¡¡d J'-iaree : " J'v;<: fá¡¡:rlie s i' a n<i

i:,.rre iili:re th:in the oi"ire:') control the l'righ-rcsi i¡iii,+ne gas disiributitn industryhere and liave biockeci the e;<tension ofioiv-eoet nat.urei gas being pipecl i¡it¿ ourho¡rres. pE}f EX has r:efbseci tc even ¿elio;.ir cit-y gover:rnrení ho*' iong ¡he bui¿¡¡:e

!;r: ,L. -1:')('f-SsiOr';S ia,¡t f0l t'ltO.¡e LvrO

í¿¡r;:iii,,:s. l*l al¡:.rre l¡ji i¡i¡ the rlnciitjo¡rs.-rl 1.1-r e *or¡:gs rl ¡: ns. Perha f-¡s t¡ue freetr'::r1:,. c¡ui,i tlef'eat those pou.e¡fu1 caci-i¡ü+-o-"

**i!{¿a¿aii¡in: "The':nilk' rve get here atihe supert:zirket is l:asicai);', fbui iastingpowde?:sd waler. trltry crin't ihe mil!- mo-nnprolists gi"re us real r¡-:rik iik¡; I was abie¡¡¡ ririnir v"'hen I r"'ori<.eci i¡r th* IISA?"

**.F¡.¡ebia: "§ven ihougir tire cit¡'grervileme nria,.rs iy, PEhf EX ii"rrichiseri noEsi{ gari sl¿r¡iq¡ns ior ye:.irs. ¿hen when wei1n¡rlir- riiti. get six, rlie l4o!./ernoi' ¿r§

r:t.ir;r¡¡rsL cacique t¿ok r.hlee fbr i:i¡¡seif .

' :i ,; Éns l',;.ucort*:,1 '-he ¡laltuns r-'once.q-

,¡:o¡¡ed i+ ihe g*;l'er;iol'. .iü ilc!v he clajnis:.¡iai 1.1:*: fil'{.'i¡i:] w;li ¡;.'c ri¡ 'lhal-ii-y'---¿riiea:;'r r¡rlil i¡* it¡aves pol'rtirai c¡fllce.''

--F.,lt'¡-t-',¡ Esci;n¡ii ric : "'Thts FEMEX's*n'ice st¿it,!o¡r" iiÍ tllis shabbv operation*¿n ile callecl i¡nei fu¿,s ireen <xrt, of gns fbrilrree clays. ieaving traveiers iike ni:stranrieri. Not only is ther:e none of'theirclr ii-iebt ¡'l::. tlret'e is n,, ¡;cs,,l'an,vhi:r<l i.even íhe ivatered d<;w'n kind theyliire tc grve us) anci this i-. the onirv'real'st¿t¡on between Pochuila and PinoLepal.i¡ici,;nal--a riist-ance of 130 ¡liies. Thei*¡r¿¿i,ül'ñ :r ñrl hig}i püiiNicj a n s wilo hoirlPF:IIáF]X ii ¿rnciiises have }-.L:cked thetran*irisin¡l r;f new stations. Thus, l]:e;ir"i i'¿l'¡.¡' rrl,¡ here is, 'fi1i up the tnnk,,, ir,.rr i í)rr r.,ri]. ilrere may nct, be a chancers¡in lr,r hun.i::eds of ¡niles."'.a

In<ie".:, l, : r",; u ¡1 r r i: i rr j¡ Nra \ eis I ]reardileep concern al,¡out the monopoly ofpovier hy government and a few privateinvestor'-" who have failed tc develop"Mexi¿x.' ii¡r the Mericans":

-M¿iricla r "I\{exico's infrast-rrrcture is

jn neat' s¡,ate of cctlapse. To modernizethe teiephone system for digitalizationneeded, (j .8., to meet new demancl forb,asic service and to send volume com-puter and FAX messages, U§S20 biliionare neederl, US$3 billion right now. Butthe other invesÍmeni ¡rrionties areii:ernenCous: US$150 biilion f'c.r waterlsewage: US$10t:) Íbr roads; US$70 l¡iiiionlor rajlroaCs; US$e0 i¡illii:n for FEMEX;US$3.5 i:iitrion lor ele<;tricjt.-v. Fc;r ex-n;lpie. i',{exico üiiy is ne;er a compietesh<¡rt-circuiting that rl'ili shr,ri dou'nporver in'i:rown-outs.' V"¡itiroui. f'creigncapita1 tr heip inflrasrluctu::a1 invesl-rnent ht¡r'o irr ltfexieo. hcll" ean srich r:eecifor funris ]:e rner?"

'--Coli¡na: "Is: it true what I have r"ea*.

t]:¿t Exxon pr*duces r-¡iore ¡:etrr:leumdaii¡r i3 rnriiiu:'i b.¡r-reis) rvith 3aJ,C{i0.,'¡crkers thar PE&'IEX pror{uces i2.4 ¡::r1-lion ba;:r¡:is rvith tr*{}.üiX} -'r'orke::s,} i{'tl-;ti ic c.,. -*-ilt: ,ÜIil\fEX s

'féaifu erbericlin¡l r, a,l ineffi eiercy ir':eanihiat'c¡;r''rndustry is eighr ti¡nes .iess effi-cient than Exxon. Then lte people *{§9exico iravc been ciefrautieci i;y corruptFEI¡{EX r:¡¡ion ieaclers who are exploitingr¡s, ¿rli in the name +f 'nati,i;naiis¡n."'

.-Zacat+pec. }'lorelos: "in Mexico theternl 'potalrle w'ate¡'is tnistehngly usedlur 'lrioed \\ ater, ¿-iri er'nrnenr. procí-rarnihave relnibn:*d tirig :erious i-i',islake,rl'hich iuils people intc thinking that ther.r,a¡er cines nr'¡i har-rl tr: be boiled, thlrrct:ntr{butrng io a grave pni:iic heai;}r¡:rol:1ern."

Bey.'orrd such concer:ns as aboi,Ér"

rlgrarian Sociolog:sN hL l{igrei §zékelyof Ul"i.Atü's fnslilu¡o de I*vesiigacionesSr,,ciaies wrai,e il¡ ¡n.e and olher"s onFel¡¡-uarv :17. 1991, as flrilows:

''irr the spir-ii ri'-whi:.t rl'e ciisc,¡ssed at¡he üaxac¿.r neering i-with the Coirncil on.l-<,;r,ri¡trr,ns St'-,,.1r' T.,ur' t.r-, i,i.tl:t,; in.T:1nuár-v l. let ;"rre teil .,'üu aliii'lll i,he tvpeoímarketing prrrblrms we ai'c tr¡iir¡¡ toovercorne an boti,r sicies r¡i'the i:order. úniire ir.fexican sir-le. the Nai.ionai Union ofFnrii. and Vegelable Floducers keeps aiight control on oflicial ¡rermits fbriransporlexport in a wa-y that frequenlly{iues not c¡.rres!roi:ci tc iis legnl preroga-1i1.¿-q. lOn the U.S. sidei. there are manyrepart.c abou¡ the way in which Americanbolder offÍcers. FI)S inspectors, etc., coi-iucle in iilegai nctions in order to deteran.v attempt í¡) :io around the l:rokel¡;'netwa¡k. .. .

"Our atternpts to overcome ihis kind of'probiem run thro¡¡gh the paths ofnegotiating with established powerg|ouirs, ra¿her than conÍl«)nting thern orattemJ:ting lo go around thern by the es-¡abiishment of aiternative circuits of com-mercialization (which has so often provedin practice to be futile.) But a'negotiatory' approach can oniy i:e at-tempted u'hen one has'sometirint' to

MEXICO POLICY t'lEWS, lrlumber 6 Spring 1991

negotiate wi¡h. Information, as rveil asdependable contacts in every part of'thecommercialization process are key resour-ces tbr thlc ol¡rpose.

"A han'est of so¡ne ,1-5 thousantl t,or:scf melon *n,ll be leaciy to be picke"i in afeu, weeks, in grouncls bordering theLaguna rle {lhacahua. [We need tc¿levelo¡:] eonLacts r¿'ho couid ser./e as ex-pert advisersisiipporters for our cur?enteffor'cs to help producers to successfuilvcomplete their export operation-e .... !TheAm.erica¡'i-.roirer' has :rli to¡-¡ oft.err ex-nloite<i pro{lucers her*^l i:y constiirrti.rrgi:imself'fis the s;iler :rgr,:;l f+t' i¡+ c¡m-merci¿rlizatioa ür lil¿¡ Am+ric;i:; siti* 'rf¡irs i;r-;¡:ei'¡r. li;i¡ti ir is mun-'ti too i,.;m:nonto finá that lo.*' pr:cd*cers ] are l*ii r.r.ilhthe cr"rims r¡f an tilhenry-ii'i: Iircfltairlr,.>pe't-s.tr l¡ n. lvlle¡ :r i:b s i m p i -y o'.¡irv ¡ rril.,r-r.¡i¡}:eC; iirere ¡¡re c¡,¡s+g rr,}¡E¡r ihe 'i::-ol.*r'riiszrp?:*ars !i'r:,m r:i;ihi. ellce har.rn* ¡.r:ck-e"J -,rp a iat'!-:e ¡:lr1i+n +.rlt.iir, .i:¿r;'vrsi.withoui pa-."'irg orie ¡-leI:i1,1.. Ior ll:t p¡o¡ir;tt.

"There is noi i¡¡:re i,irrgic e:ise lir:li ihave iiea:'C of iir whiciL th¿: ::ea:r¿¡ni, or-garrr:.rtiün hai sttc,'e,rtle¡' ;¡r 1 s¡oqentt{everr ¿1 smali ¡.rart <;f whai ihev shcLrldhave ¡eceii.'e,1.''

The an-*w¡,1" tü ihcie prrl':lt i:rs. s:rvsSzékeiy, invol.¡*¡ ¡rci: r:¡ri,- i,i.,j c¡ir-tacts/s'.r ¡; i:r:r"e;-¡; i:r:t i l', si¡ ¡:¡ ;: i.v i :r g§lexi ca n p:'... ti :;cers .rii, h'j a i 1-v i r; t'orrn a -

tion about, i'o1*iile U.$. pl'ir:es arriL

;'vrarkeis, Tle obiecr, i-" r¿ heip &Ieyicanproducels nr:g¡;liale out r-;f sL*:ngiir tr;ccrfiFeie in i,he *¡:en :rnr:l compeliili,e in-terna¡io ¡r al r:l :rrkels, ii¡ r.¡ -" ¿r.,.oi'iinF' li:ea;o;ropolized fi{exir;an merkel.

'Xhe i¡lter:laiir'¡n¡i markeL, then, ircirarl_v seen n{}t, oni-v l:;v liaiinas hrii aisoi:.v ¡"'ersonn at ¡,arious soi:i¿rl levels as of'-

iéring the most i.'i¿rble anci speedy r',teanst,o deiéaí ihe eaciques i*rhii expir:it sc1n¿¡"; ]derica;rs. 'I'?;¿¡ ilc¡; ih¿¡i I hearcilids sarrrt rriel,rrii{e ji¡rtn a:: isoiated In-ctiar gr"cup tiral ic,olis tr; tire Ír"e e ¡¡ia¡ket,r¡ul,"ide §'Iexicc to lesol ve 'iis rionesticpiigirt, lrciis rne thst pelit;,ps we obsenersofthe lvlexicari süeúe are not keeping upwith tlie ch:lnges t,tie country is unclergo-ing.

Ir rny vieu,. what, Saiinas has h¿rC iheperspieacit-v tc realize is ihar jl'he takeson l\fexici;'s caciques one b"1* one, he wilinever wln the i:aitle to o¡:en either iheeconorny or the politicai *qyst*:m. trn histravels thri;r¡si'louf }fexico, i're has lis-tened to the peopia and i:er,¿rd,-as i haveheard-their anger at lhe s.ystern olimonopcly arrei oligopo[y rvhich dominatesIocai ¡rnd regiontri life. Salin¿'rs has heardthar r*¡ithout m.assíve local economicch:.:rge, fuii poiiti.:al democracy is notpo¡eibie.

lf rve vie'w the pres-sure in h{exico forii.. i.t)Crrinf{ of'the economy cs comingfi'¡:¡n new intelests who want new oppor-tr.rnitv throughoui, the repr,rbiic, it, is clear

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring '1991

the old, interests represented by caciques Mexicon but without the needed shock ofwill resist. They have resisted successful- shifting Mexican job opportunities from

ly in most of thl political arena, where the traditional growing of lower'valuethe government iarty (PRI) continues to grains into higher-value winter fruitsdominate elections. and vegetables and production ofhigh-in-

Ironically, then, political democracywill not be üctorious in local andreg"ional Mexico without imposition fromthe center to require that elec'ioral iossesbe recognized, as in the state ofBajaCalifornia. The PRI in Baja claimed vic-tory in the 1989 gubernatorial race, butthe PRI in l{exico City gave the victoryto Ernesto Ruffo Appel of Mexico's op-

position PAN party, much to the rage ofstate and many national Priistas.

Lest readers think that the process ofeconomic and politicai opening will be

either easy or completely successful, letus recall views of observers anüor criticsofthe Salinas program about invest-ment, views which constitute a series ofconcerns.

About inuestment:

-C ompl aints quoted from throughout

Mexico may be exaggerated. For ex-

ample, who can realiy know, even in thegovernment, the extent of Mexico's in-frastructural investment needs? Some ofthe flrgures quoted here may be too high,others too low.

About the opening of lulexico's economytltrough. o free trade ag¡vement (FTA)with the USA and Canada an'd lor tlteresult in Mexico af ending agriculturalsubsidies, for the rural sector where atleast one-third of Mexicans are emplqted:

-On the one hand FTA would mean

an economic collapse of that part ofMexico's rural sector which cannot easilycompete with foreign technology, fer-tilizers, and methods, according toFelipe Calderón Hinojosa, PAN's headof national studies (La Jornad.a, April 12,

1991). Thus, Mexico could see massiveimports of wheat, sotghum, soybeans,beans, and rice as well as milk and dairyproducts. Such imports would dislocateat least 15 million Mexican agriculturalworkers;

-On the other hand, Mexico cc¡uid

gain a huge exporL market in the USAfor cattle. tomatoes, beil peppers. cucum-bers, onions, garlic, asparag"us, zucchini,melons, orange juice, mangoes, strawber-ries, avocados, gtrapes, and coff'ee. Coffeewould no longer be subjec'l to an interna-tional agreement that favors the tradi-tionai producers such as Brazil andColombia;

-Nevertheless, even with an FTA,

trade will not be "free" all at once, but bephased in by product over the next five toten years, and Mexico will still have toface U.S. restrictions which limit importsfor'quality' and health reason+-regard-less ofduty;

-In any case, absent an E"IA, U.S. in-vestments will continue to flow into

come manufactured goods.About monopoly:

-Without the government's PoPular

Subsistence Agency (CONASUPO) whichsubsidizes purchases and sale offoodstuffs, much of rural Mexico wouldremain outside the market economy. Atleast CONASUPO (even with its localcoyotes) serves the most isolated andpoorest rural areas as a buyer of grainsand operaior of government stores sell-ing basic supplies. The private truckerand merchant sees no profrt in thosear:eas, which rely almost solely on CON-ASUPO for connecbion to the nation;

-Middlemen exist in international

markets as well as in Mexico and theywiil seek high profrts;

-The PRI's corporatist system is itself

seeking, ironically, to challenge caciquis-mo by establishing a new quasi-statebureaucracy to be known as the Com-pany for the Commercialization ofAgricultural, Ranching, and ForestProducts. According to the 1991 requestby the National Federation ofPeasants(CNC) for government funding, this newCompany would proüde price informa-tion and contract assistance for its mem-bers as well as negotiate credits andmarketing rights;

-The government's National

Solidarity Program (PRONASOL) is at-tempting effective regional development(see the related PROFMEX interviewwith Migrrel Sandoval).

About Salinas's role:

-He may be creating new monopoliesin the private sector to replace thosewhich once existed in the public sector,e.g. television and copper mining;

-He may be buiiding a private powerbase of which he wili be the center longafter he has left the presidency;

-His agenda may not be to fullydemocratize the country but rather to mo-nopolize political power in PRI under theguise of opening the economy,

About the historical problem of caci-quismo:

-Samuel Sch'nidt (SDSU, UABC,

UCLA, and UNAM) arg:ues that caciqueshave existed in Mexico since pre-Con-quest times and they have enforced political stability (too oft.en violently) whiletransmitting demands back and forthfrom the people to the centers of'powerand looking out for the welfare of theirfollowers. Writing in Exam.en (August1990), Schmidt suggests that Salinas'saim of abolishing caciquismo cannot suc-ceed without shocking the political cul-ture that accepts the cacique. Thequestion Schmidt asks is: Can democracy

13

readily replace the cacique system?

-Much of the violence in rural Mexico

can be traced to the rage ofthe caciquesagainst peasants who seek to change theeconomic and political equation. AB

Aquiles Córdova Morán writes (Uno

Más Uno, January 28, 1990), "the om-

nipotent power ofthe caciques,.', the ab'solute control they hold over thepopuiation, quite naturally convertsthem into'representatives of thecommunity' before the public authorities :

It is with the cacique that the candidatefor the chamber of deputies meet,s. it isthe home of the cacique to which thegovernor goes if by a miracle he visits thecommunity, it is the cacique whom thegovernor consults to resolve municipalproblems, and it is the cacique who hasthe last word on who wili occupy the localpublic posts, including, not infrequently,the representation in the chamber ofdeputies."

Taking these concerns into account, inmy view, it is important to realize t'hatself-censorship by many Mexican com-

mentators and biindness by foreign ob-

servers has lead them to overiook theanger and frustration of much ofMexico's popuiation about the closed na-ture of the country's economic system.

What much of the population seeks isthe right to openly bid and comPetewithout favoritism and to be able to seiigoods at fair prices. New economicpowers may well replace the old; butsurely there will be more of them andtheir well-being will not be influenced t¡¡

the same degree as in the past by politi-cal cronyism and locai control.

Without guch economic change, caci-ques will continue to dominate thelocalities of Mexico, and democracy *'i11

be sti]I-born.

Obituary:Matthew EdelOf CUI{YCUNY's Bildner Center regtets to informPROFMEX colleagues that Matthew D.Edel died December 5, 1990, at the ageof 49. Edel was co-director of the BildnerCenter's U.S.-Mexico Project and of itsProject on the Urban Challenge in theWestern Hemisphere. He was co-editor ofthe Center s book Ci¿¡¿s in Crisis: TheUrbon Challenge in the Americas (1989).Edel was a graduate ofHarvard and heldhis doctorate from Yale University. Hehad served on CUNYs economics facultyeince 1964 and was a senior associate ofthe center. He died ofseptic shock afterbeing treated for cancer,

14

Council onFoundationsStudy Tour ofMexico Led byUCLAThe UCLA Program on Mexico wasselected by the Council on Foundationsto develop an intensive working tour ofMexico for 30 representatives of U.S.foundations. The aim of the tour was tobrief U.S. grantmakers on currentdevelopment issues in Mexico and to in-troduce them to key scholars andpolicymakers involved in Mexican policyaffairs in both Mexico and the UnitedStates. The study tour was structuredaround a series ofhighJevel briefingswith scholars and policymakers directlyinvolved with issues related to Mexico'scurrent development challenges. Thebriefings were designed to presentdiverse and oft,en conflicting perspectiveson Mexican development-past, present,and future.

In order to har-rnonize the interests ofglantmakers and policymakers, the Pro-gram on Mexico consulted with U.S. andMexican scholars, policymakers, and theCouncil on Foundations staffto developissues and points of üew.

Representatives from the following or-ganizations parbicipated in the studytour: Apple Computer, California Tomor-row, Columbia Foundation, El Paso Com-munity Foundation, Ford Foundation,Fundación Aria s, Greater WenatcheeCommunity Foundation, Hewlett Foun-dation. Hispanics in Philanthropy, Inter-national Youth Foundation, James IrvineFoundation, Joyce Foundation, KelloggFoundation, Kettering Foundation, Mac-Arthur Foundation, Marin CommunityFoundation, Meadows Foundation, Pack-ard Foundation, Pew Charitable Trusts,Robidoux Foundation, Roth Foundation,and the San Diego Community Founda-tion.

The tour was organized in two parts.From November 29 to December 1, thegroup used UCLA as a base to exploreMexican Los Angeles and the U.S.-Mexican border region. The group ex-changed üews rvith speakers drawn fromall major institutions in the region, in-ciuding USC, the Mexican consulate inLos Angeles, San Diego State University,UCSD, RAND, and El Colegio de laFYontera Norte in Tijuana. A tour ofTijuana and maquiladoras was led by ateam from SDSU.

From January 25 to Febmary 4, thegroup continued the tour in Oaxaca and

Mexico City, where the focus was onpublic policy, community development,sustainable and enüronmentally sounddevelopment, and new solutions to oldproblems.

The following topics were discussed inbriefings during the Mexico City portionof the tour: human rights in Mexico; newgrassroots organizations; technology andthe rural sector/Mexico's indigenouspeoples; women in higher education;economic issues; and democratization inthe 1990s. Meetings also took place withthe U.S. Ambassador and the Embassycountry team, Mexican business leaders,Mexico City intellectuals and academics,the mayor of Mexico city, and theMexican health offi cials.

In Mexico, the group met with a widerange of scholars, community repre-sentatives, and policymakers to discuesdeveiopment issues, from a BTassroots or-ganization of palm hat makers in Oaxacato the mayor of Mexico City. The tour in-corporated in both its segments culturaland social activities including visits to aChicano art exhibit, East L.A., Oaxacanvillages, and a sunset dinner at the

Monte Albán archaeological site,A number of UCI"A faculty, ad-

ministrators, and students parbicipatedin the seminar, Desigrring and directingthe trip were David Lorey and James\ililkie. Accompanying the seminar wereNorris Hundley (Director of the UCI"ALatin American Center, who traveled toTijuana, Oaxaca, and Mexico City) andElwin Svenson (UCI"A Vice Chancellor-Institutional Relations. who was presentin Oaxaca and Mexico City). UCLA facul-ty contributed their expertise to severalofthe briefings, as did graduate studentsEnrique Ochoa and Iván Gutiérrez,who helped to coordinate events in LoeAngeles and Mexico City. Christof'W'eber, assistant to the Coordinator ofthe Program on Mexico, and Robert Gib-son, the Program's secretary proüdedstaffsupport.

Tour leaders for the Councii on Foun-dations were Janice Windle (El PasoCommunity Foundation) and DouglasPatiño (Marin Community F'oundation).Staff for the Councii on Foundation wereLouis L. K¡rowles and Isabelle G.Mack.

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

w\

,i I

iry*

PROFMEX Presídent Wilhie and lleuslett Foundation's Clint Smitlton tlrc So,n Diego-Tijuana border near the Soccer Fields

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991 15

PROFMEX Interview withMexican Consul General PescadorWhile returning to Los Angeles on Oc'tober 7 uia Delta Flight 173 from thePRO FMEX-ANU IE S Sy m p o s ium inMazatlán, PROFMEX President JamesW. Wilhie and Vice President PauIGanst.er began to interuiew José AngelPescodor Osuna, Mexican. ConsulGeneral in Los Angeles. The intervieu-twas conrpletetl April 1 in Eel Air by

Will¿ie and James Platler (PROFMEX Of'ficeofR&D).

In his first year as Consul General, Pes'cad.or has raised fonnal diplomaticprotest about huntan rigltts uiolations bythe Los Angeles Police Deportment andthe L.A. County Slzeriffs Department. Anatiue of Mazatlán, Sinaloa, lte stud,iedeconornics at the Instituto TecnológicoAutónomo de México in 1970, where hewrote his licentiate tl¡esis on "Laindustrialización y sus efectos sobre eldesarrollo eonómico de México." He hastwo MA. degrees flom Stanford Uniuer-sity (educatíon, 1973; economics, 1982),where he is a doctoral candídate, He ltasbeen Chancellor of tlte NotionalPedagogic Uníuersity in lv[exico City( 1989- 1990), Professor of Economics atthe Autonomous Technologicai Instituteiru Mexico City (1969-197a and 1973-1975), Professor ofEconontics at theMetropolitan Uniuersity of Mexico City( 197 4- 1 9 7 5 ), and, Profe s so r of E duc ationat U I{AIvI ( 1 984 - 1 98 5 ).

Pescador's important posts in Mexicohaue been numerous: Deputy BudgetDirector for tlrc Undersecretary of HigherEducation and Scientific Reseorch(1977), General Director for Adttlt Educa'tion (1979) and President of tlte NationalTechnical Council of Education ( 1980-1983), Congressman representing Sinaloa(1985), Mayor of Mazatldn (1987'1989),ond. Consul General of Mexico in Los An'geles (since 7990).

As a prolific autltor Pescador lzasnumerous writings, includíng three bookson Mexico: El esfuerzo dei sexenio 19?6-L982 para mejorar la caiidad deeducación básica ( 1989), Aportacionespara la modernización educativa (1989),and. Poder político y educación en México(with Carlos Albert¡¡ Torres, 1985). Hehas edited: Modernidad educativa ydesafíos tecnológicos ( 1989),AméúcaLatina y el proyecto principal deeducación (1982), and Revista del In-stituto Nacional de Pedagogía (1982).

Pescad,or is curcently Visiting Profes-sor of History at UCLA, wh.ere he is teach-ing two seminars:'EconomicDeuelopment in Mexico and tlte Role ofthe Uniuersity Since 1929" and "LatinAtn e rican Cultu r al Hi st o ry. "

Q: In Los Angeles (§{exico's secondlargest city), how do you see the role ofthe consul general in Los Angeles?

A: To strengthen Mexico's sovereignty,tt.r project the rights of Mexican citizens,to clevelop the culturai identity ofMexicans and persons of Mexican de-scent, and to enhance internationalcooperation. During 1990 we undertook257,202 consular actions, including suchdiverse tasks as providing papers ofMexican citizenship as well as offeringprotection to Mexicans rl'ho feel that theyhave been üctimized while in the UnitedStates.

Q: What programs have you intro-duced at the Consulate?

A: We are offering financial supportfor the creation ofgroups representingthe states of Mexico residing in Los An-geles. AJso, we are seeking to strengthenthe relati,rns of Mexican governors withthose groups. Governors visiting Los An-geles included Fernando BaezaMeléndez ( Chihuahua), GuillerrnoCosío Vidarr¡'ri (Jalisco), Genaro Bor.rego Estrada (Zacatecas), and Francis-co Labastida Ochoa (Sinaloa). Thisyear we expect to facilitate meetings inLos Angeles between Oaxacan GovernorHeladio Ramírez López and the300,000 persons from his state who livepart time or peünanently in SouthernCalifornia.

Q: What is the economic roie of yourconsulate in the changing internationalcontexb?

A: The Consulate has partially hosteda number of seminars on the possibilityof a Free Tlade Agreement (FTA) and toreview the economic and political chan-ges that have taken piace in N1exico.Notable speakers have included Ferrran-do Solaaa (SecreL.rrÍa de Relaciones Ex-teriores-SRE), Jaime Sera Puche(Secretaúa de Comercio y Fomento In-dustrial-SECOFI), l{¿painio Blanco(FTA Negotiator for Mexico), FerrrandoSá¡rchez Ugarte ( SEC OFI). Gui.llermoO¡tiz (SecretarÍa de Hacienda y CréditoPúblico), Pedro Joaquín ColdweU(SecretarÍa de Turismo), and MiguelAlem¿in (SRE), not to mention the visitof Carlos Salinas de Gortari. Presi-dent Salinas was the principai speakerat the 1990 meeting of the Association ofU.S. Newspaper Editors, and he in-augurated last year the Consejo de Or-ganizaciones México-Americanas cle

California.

Q: You have established a number ofother programs?

A: Yes, thanks to the assistance of thePresidential Program to SupporlMexican Communities Abroad. For ex-ample, the Fundación Atlética México-Americana brings together basketball,baseball, and soccer teams from towns

PROFLIEX Vice President Ganster, Consul General Pescad.or,

and, PROFMEX President Wilhie on Delta Fliqht 173

16

throughout Merico to compete withteams in Los Angeies. This is one way tocreate camaraderie among l\[exicansBeparated by the border.

The Consulate is participating in the1.990 pact between the Mexican SocialSecurity Institute (IMSS) and the UnitedFarm Workers (JFW). This program al-lows Mexican workers here in the USA topay premiums to cover their families inIMSS; UF\Y coliecte the premiums andpasses them on üa the Consulate toIMSS, which then registers the coveredfamilies.

Q: Can you tell us aboul otherprograms?

A: Let me mention four: the Educationfor Adr¡lts Prograrn, the Office to CombatAIDS and Use of Drugs, the High-ScirooiVisits Program on l\llexican Crilture, andthe Instituto Culturai Mexicano. Thenam€s of the frrst two teli what they do.The High Schooi Visits Prcgram led byConsul Carlos González Gutiérrez in-volves the presentation oftalks onMexican history and culture. The pur-pose ofthe Institute is to enhanceMexican values. traditions. and customs.It is a nonprofit organization headed bypresligious Board of' Directors : Pre-qidentFerna¡rdo Oaxaca (Coronado Com-munications), Juan Gómez-Quiñones(UCI"A.), Igrracio Lozanro (L<t Opinióil,and Dionisio Morsles (lVlexican-American Opportunity Foundationl.Mexican directors are Roger Díaz deCossío (SRE). Fer:ra:rdo ViverosCastañeda (Deputy Consui), ancl myself{ü}rair of the Board). The ExecutiveDirector is Lorenza del Río de lcsza"The Insiitute is located ai 125 Paseo deia Piaza, Tirird Flr¡or, Los Angeles, CA90012. telephone (213) 624-3660.

Q: You have sponsored many events.Can you teli us about some of them?

A: The Consulate joined UCLA andthe Los Angeles Unified School Disbrictheld Jornadas Pedagógicas to analyzethe educational problems Mexicans facein Los Angeies. FYom Mexico we broughtR,aúl Avila (COLEF), Eliseo Guajardo(Universidad Pedagógica Nacionai), andSalc¡món Nah-mad (Centro de Inves-tigaciones de Oaxaca). A1so, we cooperatewi+"h USC's Califor-ni a-b{exico Pr:oj ect,directed b.v Abraham Lowenthal,rvhich brings Mexican opinion leaders tomeet with their counterparts in Los An-geles.

At the Consuiate's S¡rnposium on"Mexico Today," we invited a number ofscholars to discuss President Salinas'sSecond State ofthe Union Reporb. Theseincluded David Rondfeldt-(RAND Cor-poration), Peter E Smith (UC San

Diego), James W. lililkie (UCI"A), andGómez-Quiñones (UCI"A).

The Consuiate sponsors book presenta-tions. For example, on April 25 we willpresent Tlre State, Corporatist Politics,and Ed.ucotion Policies in Mexico (1990),by UCI"A's Carlos Albert Torres.Speakers are UCI,A's ConcepciónValadez, Daüd Lorey, Janres Wilkie,and myse'lf.

Q: You ]rave attained irnportant recog-nition fi¡r ihe Consuiate's human rightswork by sending formal letters of protestto Los Ange)es Poiice Chief Dnryl F.Gates and L.A. County Sheriff Sher-men Block to protest the shootingdeaths of 1"7 Mexicans during the Iastthree years, six during the last 12months. Have.you had appropriateresponse from L.A. lall, enforcement agen-cies?

A: These ;rgencies have not only failedto respond properly, they have failed tocarr-y out any real investigations. SRE isnow analyzing the possibility ofsendinga diplomatic note of protest toWashington.

Q: Is it not unfortunate that the inves-tigaticns into the humarr rights r"ioia-tions by Gate's LAPD have focused onlyon the beating-r given by poiice? Shouidnot those investigations focus as weil onthe shootin¡Js ofin¡ocent peopie bv policeand sherillofficersi'

A: §{ost certainly. The beating of Rod.ney King, seen worklwide on Cl.iN, isonly the "tip of the iceberg." In L,os An-geles some peopie are being shr:t iir colcl-i:lood, wjthout warnjne. The shootings ofPedro González and Nicolás Con-treras are shocking-"larv officers" kiiledboth of lhese men for frring their pistolsin the air as tirey weicomecl the NervYear.

Q: It is ironic to nole Lhat when Lt.\üilliam Hall (in'ho heads the Ofhce ofOffi cer-Involved Shootings j responded totlte Lcts Angeles Times (January 11,1991), he was not surprised by the shoot-ing ofContreras but by the fact anyonewould protest. He said: "We've shot a lotof Mexican nationals over the years andit [is] unusual to get a letter."

A: All the responses related to thesecases by L.A. law en{brcement agencieshave been unprofessional. As I have toldthe press: Sheriff and I"APD officers haveshot honest people with no criminalrecord. Perhaps these Mexican citizenswere violating the law, but that did notjustifu the loss oftheir lives as punish-ment, a goss violation of their basichuman rights.

MEXICO POLICy NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

Q: The old excuse for murder by policeused to be "I had to shoot the suspect inthe back-he was escaping." Today theexcuse is "The suspect turned toward mewith what I thought was a weapon inhand, so I shot him to death," Can youg-ive us an exampie of such ridiculous ex-cuse?

A: In h{arch, E¡¡rilio Ca-acho wasrvounded at his i-ront door while carry"inga wooden stick to check f'or possibiel:urglars. This shooting was done withoutwarnirrg, according to witnesses. Whenüamacho's wife came out to call thepararnedics. the poiice seized her andrefused to let the medics enter to treatthe wounded ynan, claiming that he hadan "arms cache." The I,APD not onlyrefused to let Camacho's wife return in-side but ignored her pieas that her hus-band was unarmed anri dving. Camachobled to death while these so-cailed iaw of-ficers w'aitecl for the SWAT team. What awaste of lif'el In such cases, the Consu-late not onl.y seeks iegal investigation ofthe ofiicers but aiso offers moral supportto the aggrieved i'amiiies and encouragesthem to sue City and County authoritiesfor damages"

Q: Now thai the iawiess activities ofLos Angeles officers have been exposed,perhaps U.S. legislators may realize thatthe United Si.ates has a human rightsproblem. And it seems to l:e doing less toso"lve its problems than is l\{exico. Just atthe time that Mexrco has moved to out-l¿rrv the admission into er.idence of forcedconfessions, the Li.S. ;§upreme courb saysthat, yes. fbrced confession can i¡e ad-rnilted into eridence if'"harmless" to theoutco:-ne of the case.

A: At least Mexico ís facing itsproblems openiy and in 1990 establisheda permanent Human Rights Commission.

Q: Perhaps the United States couldbenefit by estabiishing its own HumanRights Commi¡¡sion. Such an inde-pendent commission couid attack theabusive power of lc,cal poiice "bosses"who cow city councils by threatening im-plicitly to reduce police services to anydistrict anÜor to "investigate" personswho try to seek police accountabiiity. Inthe meantime, we co¡"riil urge SRE to per-suade the OAS an<i U.N. Iluman RightsCommissions bo investigate the unjus-tified shootings of Mexicans (ot any for-eigners) in the USA. particularly in LosAlgries. Some LAPD officers need to beinvestigated for their private joke thatthey do not testify in court but "test-a-lie."'"hus assuring a conüction with ¡heirinvented testimony as when claiming"self-defense" for their otherwise illegalactions.

MEXICO POL¡CY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

Tha¡:k ¡-ou fcir this inter"r'iew.

A: The thanks are mine. Lei me con-ciude by salring that the Llonsula'"e isver"y concerneri "*ith improving iis ser-l'ice and seek-c tc i:ettel atiend theMerican comrnunity, strengbhen its rela-tic¡:s rvitlr l\{ericar:-Americans, and meetthe needs erf

.U.S. cii'izens interested in

I{exicc. L)n any:r:aíter we lve}come in-r¡uiries as to ho*¿ we can be ofassistance'Yc,ur readeril can cail Deputy ConsulMigt¡eá.ii-i;ei l*ópez Re.ves or ConsuiCa-':lce Elb¡;l:ii¿: ihrt!+r:ez. rvho is incharge úi t il * i.l.:r slii i ¿rie"l cor; ¡nunii,y rela-fi¡¡ne. Llur teleplr one':'¿ i 2'r3 i :i5 1-68 1 5,

r'Áx 3sÍ]-Éx4a+.

along the U.S.-Mexican border, par-ticularly those affecting the Texas-Mexico border region, a new soci.alscience association and a cor-respondingjournal are being launched. Parbicularemphasis will be given to the publicationof systematic research and viewpointsregarding the l¡order region of Mexicoand Texas, the area joined by the.RíoBrauo {.tlne proposed name of both thejournal and the association). The firstissue of the journal will. be ready in thefal} of 1991. Individuals desiring more in-formation are asked to contact RobertoM. Saimón, Center for InternationalStudies, UTPA, Edinhurg, TX 78539,(572) s8i.-3572.

A-í3'ff§3 SeeE<sNcw ücca&er

;§Jt:1il:*:;,:r, X;:::;i 3lruT:* for san Diego.-ier $iudies í(;irtlJs I r.vith a jr-,!¡t appoint- The Association of International

§3'Lire

ire*iL*eriÍr;.lversii¡" ¡rf ?r:¡:ii:r at Ei Paso seeks

u¡ei:i, et. the rank úi Prof'esso¡ orAsscria'.e ln'of'ess,:r in a¡i academicdeparirnrni:. fi.:rtrk ¡rri<i saiatl¡ ;-rre lpen¿rnrl,eomr.¡'ienr;uraie u{ih qualificati ol1s

and expedence.Established ir; l9tii, rhe CIABS.

-"íí'riai.ed in an e.xteptional binationel set-ti;:rg. has evoivq¡d arid grown in itscapaciiy'to pr*.ir{rte. s'.ippoú anci coor-ciin;rte teaciiing. iese¿irch, anci corn-muritv edr¡cahcna'i ¿¡ciivjiies pertainingl,r h,fe¡iico. the U.S.-Mexcan border. and.I-,aiin A::reúca. '1'h¿' CI{BS also coor-cirniiies the devei,.¡pn:eni and ímplemen-tation oí r:or.rper*ii'¡e exchange progTamslrei.ween LITEP ancl institutions of higher¡:riucatron in Nlerico anci Latin America.

A rnajor responsibility of tire CIABSDirecio;' tri] l:e t* eleveiop institutionalproposais anri to iáenii{'v appropriatesoilvces lo in-c¡:ease instii;r-¡¡ionai and ex-tra¡nu¡al funriing. The position is avail-abie after Septernber 1, 1991. Applicantsr¡'ili be consi<iered untii the position isfilled. A iettcr of application, curriculumvitae and the narnes ofthree referencesmust be sui:mitted to: Dr. Lany Palmer,Speciai Assistani to lhe Pre-'sident, Theljniversit'¡ +f Texas :tt Etr Paso, Ei Paso,Texas, ?99{3E-0566.

Ir{ew JournaLAnnou.nüed:Río BrauoIn response to the ¡rrofound economic,political, and sociai changes taking place

§m'*ersrati«rnal§dcrcatorsConference Set

EducaLors (NAFSA), Region XII, hasselecíed the Bahia Resorb Hotel in SanDiego for its annual meeting October 23-25, 1S91. NAFSAconsists offaculty andstaft lrom coiieges and universitiesbfu"oughout California, Hawaii, andNevada who wo¡k in the area of interna-tional exchange. According to conferencechair Ron Moffatt (SDSU), "I'IAFSA willtake advantage of the meeting in SanDiego to include signiñcant participationof professi onal collea gues from differentareas of Mexico in order to buiid bridgesbetrvee¡r §{erican and U.S. colleges anduniversities for the future." To this end,iire NAFSA program committee has beenu,orking with the Universidad Autónomade Baja Califbrnia to include a risit tothe U.ABC l)ijuana campus and to theTijuana Cultr¡ral Center as part of the of-ficial actiüties of the conference. TheLrnited States Information AgencyTijuana and Mexico City posts are help-ing to support parlicipation by Mexicans.

The program committee has issued acali for panels and papers. particularlyon the foliowing subjects:.The impact of new Americans (per-

rnanent residents, refugees, etc.) andforeign students on the U.S. campus:overcoming stereotypes; attitudes andr.iews towards minority groups andwomen; how do we view each other?

.The cha]lenge of liüng in the WesternHernisphere--student exchanges; tradeagreements; our neighbors to the Northand to the South.

. Presentations by International Stu-

17

dents and by U.S. students who havestudied abroad: experiences, concerrls,cultural and academic gains and learn-ing.For more infbrrnation cont¿ct: Ron

Moffatt, Region XII Conference Chair, In-ternational Student Services, San DiegoState University, San Diego, CA.,g2tí2-0581, (619) 594-4258 .

UI{AM's FirstAnnual SummerProgram

The Facuity of Political and Social Seien-ces of the Universidad NacionalAutónoma de México (UNAM) announcs§its First SummerAnnual Program on In-ternational Relations of Latin Americaand Mexico, from June 16 to August 17,1991.

The program is offeredjoinily by theCenter for International Relations andthe Faculty ofPolitical Sciences. Stu-dents are reqrrired to enroll in at leastthree ofthe following courses:

7) Hisiory of U.S.-Latin Arrrcríc*n R.ela'tions

2) Latín America's Foreígn Polica3) Latin America and Mexica's Polit:ies4) Economic and. Integratíon Prablems

of Latin America and Mexico5) Public Ad.ministrqtic¡n in Latin

America and Mexict¡6) So<:ial Classes and Political Fower

in Latin America and Mexica7) Foreign Tiade of Latin Ameriea antl

Mexico8) Latin American LiterqtureThe cou¡ses will be offered by mem-

bers ofthe Center oflnternational Rela-tions. who will assist the studentspursuing research on Mexican and Lati¡rAmerican topics in the fields of the socialsciences and literature. Some courseswill be conducted in Spanish and sorne inEngiish. UNAM will give the studentsacademic credit for schoiarly actiütiessatisfactorily completed.

Any U.S. or Mexican citizen pursuinguniversity studies in any field ofthe so-

cial sciences and humanities is rvelcometo apply. Tuition is US$800. tr'or more in-formation, contact, Prof, Graciela G.Sepriüveda, Centro de Relaciones Inter-nacionales, Facultad de CienciasPolíticas y Sociales, U.N.A.M. CiudadUniversitaria, 04510 México, D.F", Tel:534-86-68.

18 MEXICO POLTCY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

PROFMEX Interview with Regional PlannerMiguel Sandoval

Mexico: Decentralization andRegional PlanningWltile trauelling at different times during1990 in Chiapas, Colima and Oaxacawith Miguel Sandoval Lara, JamesWilhie and Dauid Lorqt (UCLA Programon Mexico) cond,ucted this interuiew withone of Mexico's regional experts. Knoutingas lte does tlte far reaches of the rcpublican-d. hauing serued the cause ofregionaldeuelopment in Secretaría d.e

Programación y Presupuesto (SPP),BANOBRAS (Banco Nacional d.e ObrasySeruicios Públicos), and the PrograrnaN acion al de S ol idaridad ( P R O NAS O L),Sand.oual serues as PROFMEXs unoffi-cial guide for ltolcling trauelling senrinarsto study the diuersity of Mexico's econorlyand, society.

Miguel Sandoual, born in Mexico Cityin 1946, spent much of his youtlt. inVeracruz and Orizaba. In 1971 hereceiued ltis lícentiate d.egree in econornicsfrom UNAM. He receiued his MA. degree

from the Uniuersity of Cambrid,ge in1972, and did. graduate worlz on sociologyat the Sorbonne, 1972-1974.

Retur-ning to Mexico, Sandoual taughteconomics and political socíology atUNAM (1974 and 7975) and at theUniu er sidad. Autónom a M et rop ol it ana-Xochimilco ( 1 97 4- 1 97 7 ). before j oiningSPP, first in the Department of Ernploy-ment Policy and then as Coordinator ofPlanning and Research in the office ofEconomic and Social Policy.

Sand,oual's interest in regional develop-ment canze to bear during the 798As.From 1982 to 1985 lte was SPP's Direc:torGenerai for Eualuation and Documenta-tion, and during 1986-1988 lte serued asSPP's Director of Regional Operatíons forthe Central Zone of tlrc country.

LÍouing to BANOBRAS ( 1988- 1990.),Sandnual became editor of the Banh'smagazine Federalismo y Desamollo, ondcontinued his worh in deuelopment ofMexico's regions.

Early this year, Sandoual joínedPRANASOL as Ad.uisor on Regianal Plan-ning, He is curuently fbcusing his atten-ti¡¡n on tlte less d,eueloped, regions ofGuerrero and, tlrc Estado de México,

With rcgard to publications, Sandoualhas been uery actiue. He coordinated the17 uolume AntologÍa de la Planeación enMéxico, 1917-1985 (SPP lFondo d.e Cul-tura Económica); and, he edited for SPPwith Fernando dclYillar Moreno thebooh MéÁco: desarrollo regional ydescentralización de la vida nacional(SPP, 1983). He also designed. and. coor-dinated the publication of tlrc yearly offi-cial reports ofdeuelopment plans and. hasbeen editor o/El Economista Mexicano(1988-1989) o¿d Revista AnálisisEconómico de Coyuntura (since 199ü). Hehas been a regular contributor of articlesand, opinion pieces to Uno más uno, ElDía, El Sol de Méxic o , and Excélsiot . IIealso serues on the Editorial Committee forUCLA's Project on Cycle Trends in

Mexican flistory,With regard to participatir¡n in interna-

tional conferences, Sandoual has been rep-resentatiue of the Mexícan Gauernment atplanning canferences and u:orhing meet-ings ín Argentína, Coiumbia, England,Fran ce, Venez ue I a, and Yu go s I au ia.During 1990 he was inuíted to tt»oacadem.ic synzposia: by ECLA to Santiagou'he¡e he participated in the reeualuationof P rebi sc lr's "C e nte r - p erip hery " t he o ryond, by IICLA ¿oltere lte lectured. on "Com-peting Assessments of Mexíco's EconomicDeuelopmerut Program."

Q: What can you conclude from aneleven-year vantage point in SPP?

A: I served seven secretaries ofstate,lived through two presidential cam-paigns, and had the opportunity to par-ticipate in the integration ofthreenational pians. I was involved in helpingto draft, the 1983 Law ofPlanning.Throughout these years, one can see thatthere have been two kinds ofreform inthe Mexican ¡¡overnment, moving to aiesser degree to state intervention. but atthe same time. towards a more efficientguidance of regional devel opment.

Q: What has teen the biggest problemfor regional development?

A: Mainly, centralism and the factt}lat municipios have had weak financialand social bases. But we are mov-ingsteadiiy into a situation where locaigoverrrments are less weak. Of coursethere are imporiant imbalances at themacro-regional level throughout thecountry, anci private and public expertiseis in shorb suppiy, usualiy locating inlarger urban areas rather than in ruralareas or even smaller cities,

Q: What can you tell us about tire his-tory of regional deveiopment in Mexico?

A: Regional planning has been in-fluenced by changing views of what theproblems were and how to organizegovernment intervention or guidance tosolve them.

Modern regional development beganin the 1940s and 1950s with federal in-vestment around the great river basins,with some similarities to tire U.S. ex-perience in the Mississippi Valley. InMexico it was the rivers Mayo, Lerma,Papaloapan, and Balsas-the iattercovering seven states. These efforts werecomplemented by the buiiding of huge ir-rigation works, in the northeast, and instates like Chiapas, Guerrero, andMichoacán.

In the 70s, there were experiences likethe first National Irrigation Plan, and

Miguel Sand.oual, Jatnes Plotler (PROFMEX Office of R & D),and. Ed"mund.o Jacobo (UAM and PROFMEX)

I

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

also programs of development for thenorbhern frontier of the country. Withagricultural stagnation in the 1970s,

planners took a self-critical view ofwhathad been accomplished and called for alarger suppor! ofthe peasant economy.The result was the establishment of theprogram for Investment in RuralDevelopment (PiDER), which divided thecountry into the poorest micro-regionsneeding development, the first 70 andthen 100 such ai:eas. Investmentdecisions were first placed directly underthe Secretary ofthe Presidency in orderto shorL-circuit, a ftaggnented governmentbureaucracy and get money directly intothe micro-regions. These reg:ions were set

up to attack problems crossing municipioor state boundaries, hence difficuit t<¡

resolve locally, as in the Otomí micro-region or in the Huastecas. OriginaliyPIDER had its own money tr¡ invest ineach state, and then slowly, ac-complished a cerbain degree ofdecentralization.

By 1"977-1982, PIDER expenditureswere integrated into a budgeting branchcalled Regional Development (Category)O(VI of the federal budget). PIDERoperated administratively from thenewly created SPP, but with the actualinvestment decisions being made bystate governors. The idea here was thatthe federal government woulcl do betterto suppori the state efforls, and not theother way around. To coordinate theinput, the Comités de Planeación delDesarrollo Estatal (COPLADES) werecreated with the f'ederal delegations ineach state working lvith the governor'srepresentatives, and eventually withmunicipal governments. C()PLA-DEmeant development of the first plans forthe states ofMexico. In effect, Sovernorsgained power beyond their own budgetbecause they gained voiee in (i) how thefederal ministries invesi their funds ineach s[ate and in (ii) the federa] financ-ing of their own prc,posals, with thecategory )O(W outiay.

Q: What happened in the eighties?

A: Under President Miguel de laMadrid (1982-1988), the federal govern-ment moved into a more balancedrelationship with local governments andsigned conuenios with them, like develop'ment contracts. With that precedent,eome states proüded more money and abetter organization of expenditure onpublic works by rnunicipios. Further, thefederal government dispersed more fundsfor regional development, not in cash butpaying the bills as investmeni projectswere being constructed. Also a better sys-tem of revenue-sharing was organized.These procedures overcame the tradition-al argument that if states aod municipiowere to develop their own expenditure

base they wouid waste the funds throughinefficiency and comuption. Thus expen-diture was decentralized but withoutlosing some controls.

Under President Ca.rlos Solina,s dcGortari (since 1988) planners have real-ized that not only must governors andSPP be involved in planning in thestates, but that at least some projectsand inputs must originate from tl:.e presi-dentes tnunicipales and. the citizens them'selves. Therefore, Salinas refocusedpianning under the concept ofPRONASOL, for example, providingtnrstfunds to rural groups andcoloniaspopulares which set up popular as-semblies to propose and control publicworks. The trust funds in some cases areempowered to mix (i) federal allocationsby PRONASOL, (ii) state and local funds,(iii) private funds, and (iv) credit funds,through BANOBRAS. The building ofwater and sewage systems are examplesof this type of investment and the loanpart of the investment will be paid offthrough user fees.

Q: What about the problem of lack ofmunicipal funds?

A: In half the country, PRONASOLnow pr:ovides municipios with resourcesto attend their investment needs, mainlysocial, and also to provide peasants withworking capital. These funds are nowoperated by the local governments whilefederal or state public servants only su-pervise the correct use ofthe money.This represents a school for thedecentralization of development. And itwill grow next year.

Q: How does roadbuilding by theprivate sector fit into the planning pic-ture?

A: By privatizing road building asmuch ¡r, l,ossilrlc. federal funds are beingfreed i'«¡r acbivities where users cannoteasily be charged, Private investors buildand maintain new roads, and receive thecollection oftolls until they are repaid,over a period of ten to twenty years, witha fair profit. Afterwards, the highwayswill return to public control.

Q: How do you characterize the planfor decentralizing federal acti¡¡ities sinceL982?

A: The pian being implemented is thatthe central government sets the policyframework and lets the state administerprograms, with credit supplied by theautonomous national agencies such asBANOBRAS, or Nacional Financiera.

For example, each state tends to haveits own housing institutions. In a dif-ferent type of reform, the Secretary ofAgriculture is getting out ofsuper-

19

controls, subsidies, and price-fixingpolicies, allowing peasants and privateproducers to make their own decisions'Education and health systems ténd to becompletely local, and not federally ser'üced, and ejido properties will be al-lowed to associate with private capital,and work more as enterprises, It is awhole new conception of state support,with less intervention and regulation.

Q: As Advisor to PRONASOL, howhave your activities changed?

A: For the moment, I am in the excit-ing task ofhelping in the design ofa ninemunicipio programs in Guerrero state inthe area called.Tierra Caliente aroundCiudad Altamirano. The area traditional-ly has been a poor one on the Río Balsas,in spite ofits agricultural and forestrypotential. Beginning in the 1960s, fourbig dams were built in the area, but ir-rigation works were never finished.Population kept growing and communica-tions were very poor, with the maineconomy involving subsistence corn farm-ing. At the same time, U.S. melongrowers have invested in the region todevelop a successful export activity to theUnited States, but the impact of this ac-tivity on the region has to be carefuliyconsidered.

Ql So what will be done?

A: A multisectoral four-year progtramis being advanced for the region by Presi-dent Salinas in order to expand employ-ment possibilities, to finish the irrigationprojects, and to provide the infrastruc-ture (roads, bridges, etc,) to accomplish anew stage ofdevelopment at a regionalscaIe.

Q: You have constantly travelied thecountry to observe, superrrise, and prodthe development process. How is this ex-perience different?

A: I am now in the regions and am in-volved in day-to-day development issuesthat often escape policymakers in MexicoCity or the state capital. The main ideasof the program now come from theregions, especially through the municipalpresidents and local groups, who willalso be supervising programs and im-plementing projecüs with their ownresources. The planners are now in thefield where they are needed to establishmodern market-oriented infrastructurethat can break the cycle ofpoverty.

Q: We look forward to visiting you inTicrra Caliente or wherever assig:nmentstake you.

A: Thank you very much for your inter-est.

2A MEXICO POLICY N¡EWS, Number 6 Spring '1991

The California-MexicoConnectionMany of the imporbant policy choicesfacing California during the 1990s andinto the 21st century will be shaped bythe state's contigüty with Mexico. Theentire region from Cancún to Eureka ismore closely intertwined today than atany time since Mexico lost controi of itsnorthernmost territory in the 1800s.Nearl-v one in tbur Californians is ofMexican descent, and Meúco has becomeCalifornia's second largest exportmarket. Such intense linkages inevitablycreate costs and benefits on both sides ofthe border.

These compiex ties are the focus of theCalifornia-Mexico Projecb at the Univer-sity ofSouthern California. Launched inNovemt'er 1989 at a }uncheon addressedby Mexican Foreign Secretary Ferna¡r.do Solano in the boardroom ofthe LosAngeles Times, the project aims to helpopinion leaders in California become bet-ter informed about how trends in Mexicoare likely to affect their state. Through acombination of monthly seminars, selectweekend workshops. press coverage, andresearch, the proiect has significantly en-hanced discussion of contemporaryMexico and its likeiy impact on Califor-nia.

One of the project's most imporlant ac-tivities is a collaborative research projectto investigate reiations between Califor-nia and Mexico. With a grant from theJohn Randolph Haynes and Dora HaynesFoundation, the project, has l:roughttogether a ñrst-rate group ofscholarsfrom Mexico and California to produce as¡.rnposium volume on the California-Mexico connection to be edite<l byAbraham F. Lowenthal and Katri¡roBurgess.

At a workshop helci in Santa Monicaon April 12 and 13, the volume authorspresented atlvanced clrafts of their chap-ters and received comments from a care-fülly selected group ofpanelists, opinionleaders, and scholars. ?he purpose oftheworkshop was to refine the focus anddefinition of the book, improve the in-diüdual chapters, and integrate the chap-ters more effectively into a cohesivewhole.

The workshop opened with a discus-sion of the volume's two introductorychapters, in which the authors attemptto construc:t a conceptual framework inwhich to understand the linkages be-tween California and Mexico. The dif-ficult challenge, in their view, is to un-tangle rvhat is an extremely complex,decentralized, and vast collection ofis-

FIFTHSUMMERPROGRAM atEL COLEGIODE MEXICOEl Colegio de Mérico announces its FifthAnnual Surnmer Program on Contem-porary l\{exico fiom June 17 to Ju}y 26,1991. The plogram is being offered bythe Center for International Studies ofElColegio de México as parb of the U.S.-Mexican Studies Program. Students arerequired to enroll in at least three ofthefollowing courses:

t) History of lVIexico Since lts Ind,e-p e n de nce, Javier Gareiadiego

2)The Mexican Political System,Frsncisco Gil Villegas

3) History of (./.5.-Mexican Relations,Jesús Velasco

4) Mexico's Foreign Policy, RobertaLajous

5l Mexicon Migration to the United§tates, Ma¡ruel García y Griego

6') Mexican Econontíc Problems,Oscar Fralaco

7) Trade and U.S.-Metican Relations,Gerardo Bueno

8) Spani.sá Composition, Marta ElenaYenier

The courses will be offered by mem-bers of the faculty of El Colegio deMéxico, rvho wilj assist students in pursu-ing research related to a Mexican topic inthe fields ofthe social sciences and litera-ture, Some courses will be conducted inSpar:ish and some in English. El Colegiode &{éxico ra'iil give ti:re studentsacademic credit for rvork satist-actorilycompleted. Students with universitysbudies in any field ofthe social sciencesand the humanities are welcome to apply.

.dli material submitted by the ap-plicant may be in Spanish or English.The following clocuments should be sub-mitted: 1) T\vo copies of the applicationftrrm; 2) Certificate of good health; 3)Two photographs; 4) Two letters of recom-mendation from professors andlor othersqualified to judge the applicant'sacademic *'ork.

Str¡dents are expected to make theirown housing affangements. El Colegiowill provide suggestions of possibleplaces for students to contact on theirown.

Tuition for the program is US$800.COLMEX, with the support of theHewlett Foundation, offers a very iimitednumber of scholarships, covering tuitionand, in even fewer cases, a stipend inMexican pesos.

Application forms and informationmay be obtained from:

Prof. Soledad LoaezaDirección del Centro de EstudiosInternacionalesEi Coiegio de MéxicoCamino al Ajusco Num. 20Col. Pedregal de Santa Te¡esa01000}téxico, D.F.

Ind,ustria yTrabajo en.México BookPresentationThe UCI"A Program on Mexico and theUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana,Azcapotzalco, are pleased to announcethe publication of the frrst volume in theseries "Cycles and Trends in T\¡¡entiethCentury Mexico," under the generaleditorship of James ril.lililkie (UCLA)and Sergio de la Peña (UNAM). Thefirst volume is entitied.I¿d.ustria ytrabajo en México, edited by James W.Wilkie and JesriLs Reyee ElerolesGonzáIez Garza (Grupo de Economistasy Asociados).

Contributors include (in order of ap-pearance in the t¡ook): Clint E. Smith(Stanford), Stephen Haber (Stanford),Dale Story (UT-Arlington), Luis Rubio(CIDAC), Sa-r¡el León (UNAM), En¡i.que Hernández Laos (UAM-Ix-tapalapa), Edur Velasco (UAM-A),David Dollar (UCL,A), Ke-nethSokoloff (UCLA), Francisco Col.menares (PEMEX), Ht¡-mberto Molina(BANAMEX), Nora tustig (COLMEX),Norma Samaniego ( Salarios Mínimos),Jeffrey Bortz (Appalachian State U),Sergio de la Peña, James Wilkie, andJesús Reyes Heroles G.G.

Formai presentation of the volumewill take place on June 11from 6-9 p.m.in the Librería El Sótano, Coyacán, inMexico City in a program hosted byUAM-A and on June 14 from 6-9 p.m. atthe Universidad de las Arnéricas-Pueb]ain a ceremony hosted by EnriqueCárdenas, president of UDI"A-P. ClintSmith, Sergio de la Peña, Silvia OrtegaSalazar (Rectora, UAM-A), EdmundoJacobo Molina (UAM), I)avidLorey(UCLA), and Miguel Sandoval Lara(PRONASOL), will comment on thevolume's contribution to Mexico-relatedpolicy research.

UCLA's Cycles and Trends projectbrings together a large group of U.S. andMexican scholars and policy makers toexamine long-term determinants of U.S.-Mexican policy relations. The project issupporbed by a grant from the Wiliiamand Flora Hewlett Foundation.

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

sues and actors.The workshop then turned to the cross'

border consequences of economic, politi'cal, and socio-economic developments inthe two regions. On the Mexican side, theparticipants focused on 1\f exico'seconomic reforms, the ttexport'' ofMexican poiitics to Los Angeles, and therelevance of sociai conditions in Mexi.coto patterns of Mexican migration. On theCalifornia side, emphasis was placed onCaliforni a's changing economy, par-ticularly as it affects immigration andrelations among California, Mexico, andthe Paciiic Rim.

The next seclion of the workshop rl-as

devoted to Mexico's p):esence in SouthernCalifornia : demographicaliy, poiiticaily,and with respect to education, health,

and human señ'ices, The underlyingtheme of the discussion was that theobstacles to upward mobility by Califor-nians of Mexican descent are not en-demic to the population itself, but aresult ofdeep, structural constraints thatare increasingly defi ning California'ssociety.

The workshop concluded with a discus-sion ofhow leaders in California and inMexico can enhance the benefits andmitigate the costs of the close ties be-tween the two regions. NIost participantsag:reed that manag"ing the California-Mexico cor:nection would be facilitated bya long-range, comprehensive strategysupported by greater attention, resour-ces, and coalition-building on both sidesofthe border.

2L

The participants left the workshop ex-cited about contributing to a binationaland interdisciplinary efforb that promisesto break new ground in the U.S.-Mexicanrelations. Final drafts ofthe chapters arescheduled to be sent to Stanford Univer-sity Press in September 1991 for publica-tion in early 1992.

To assure that the research discussedat the workshop reaches beyondacademic circles, the California-MexicoProject will design and implement a

strategy to disseminate the voiume's find-ings to the policymaking community inCalifornia. In doing so, the project hopesto enhance the poiicy choices made bystate and local leaders regarding thebroad range of issues affected by Mexico.

Meeting Examines 'Work of IJC and IBWCBoundary CornmissionsMore than 30 researchers, engineers,public officials, and environmentalistsfrom Mexico, Canada, and the UnitedStates met at Gasparilla Island, Florida,April 1-9-23, 1991, to examine the work ofthe International Boundary and WaterCommission (IBWC) and the Internation-al Joint Commission (IJC). Organized byPROFMEX board member Albert E.Utton (UNM) and LeonardB.Dworsky (Cornelli, the meeting waspart ofan ongoing project ofCIRT, theCentro Internacional de Recursos Trans-fronterizos ( International Transboun-dary Besources Center, which is }:ased atthe UNM Schooi of Law. The project isfuncled by the Ford Foundation.

This Trinational Conference, "TheNorbh Arnerican Experience l\IanagingInternational Tlansboundary WaterResources: The International Joint Com-mission and The International Boundaryand Water Commission," included presen-tation ofa series ofpapers and extendedcommentaries organized around a num-ber oftopics. These included:

E me rg ing B ounda ry E nu íronm entalChallenges ond Institutíonal Issues, vmthpapers by Lynton Caldwell (U of In-diana) and Alberto Székely (CIRT) andcommentary by Lueio Cabrera(UNAM), John Ca¡rroll (U of NewHampshire), Andrew' Ila¡nilton (IJC ),and CliftMetzner (SDSU). A1 Uttonwas the moderator and Paul Muldoonserved as the rapporieur.

Are There Ways to Improue theCapacity and Responsiueness of tlreGr¡uernments and the Commissions toManage Transbound,ary Resources? Doesthe Past Record, of Action Prr¡uíde a Guideto the FutureT. with papers by David Le'Marquand (Environmental Consultant,

Canada) and Steve Mumme (ColoradoState U), and comments by JoaquínBusta¡n ante (Former Mexican Commis-sioner, IBWC), Michael pinley (HouseForeign Affairs Committee), Joe Fried-kin (Former U.S. Commissioner, IBWC),Jean Ilennessy (Darbmouth and formerIJC Commissioner), DonMunton (U ofBritish Colombia). and Miguel Solanes(Llnited Nations). Moderator for this ses-sion was David Allee (Cornell) andCharles Bourne (U of British Colombia)was rapporteur.

How Haue the Commissions Related toStates and Prouinces?, with presenta-tions by David Allee and Helenlngram(U of Arizona) and comments by C.Richard Bath (UTEP), GuillerminaYaldés Villalba (COLEF, CiudadJuárez ), Peg Rogers (Native American

Commissioner Narend,a N, Gunaj| Former Commissioner Friedhin,F o rm e r C o mmi s si one r B u st amante, and. C o mmi s s ion er H e rre ra

Rights Fund), and NeilFulton (GreatLakes Levels Reference Study, IJC).Rapporbeur was George Radosevich(Colorado State U) and moderator wasNancy Paige Smith (St. Mar/s Collegeof Maryland).

Is the Public Participation Process Ade-quateT If Not, How Can It Be Improued?;presentations by Mimi Becker (Duke),Robert Hayton (CUNY), and RobertoSrí¡echez (Tijuana); comments were byMichael Donahue (Executive Directorof the Great Lakes Commission), Keith^A. Henrry (Former Commissioner, IJC),Paul Ganster (SDSU), Mary Kelly(Texas Center for Policy Studies), andCarlos Nagel (PRONATURA, Tucson).The moderator was Guillermina VaidésVillalba and Robert Hay"ton was rappor-teur.

I!;t

,'

i,'tltlia,t:1,:ltialt:

I

:

22

Ecosystem Management; papers byGeorge Francis (U of Waterloo) andEva- Vlacos (Colorado State U); com-ments by Chad Day (Simon Fraser U),David Eaton (UT Austin), and GerardoCeballos (Centro de Ecología, UNAM);moderator was Jean Hennessy and rap-porleur rvas Leonard Dworsky.

Hout ta Accorn¡nod,ate an Uncertain Fu-tttre : Institutional RUsponsiuene ss and,Planning; papers by Barry Saüer (In-stitute of the North American West) andAlberto Székely; comment by JameeBurce (former Deputy Director, Environ-ment Canada). Charles DuMars (U ofNew Mexico), Lllises Canchola(Fletcher School), and Helen Ingram;DonMunton (U of British Colombia)was moderator and Marry BethlYest (Uof New Mexico) was rapporbeur.

The conference also included workingdinners wibh presentations by MichaelFinley and Alberto Székely and a frnalsession for the report ofthe rapporteurs.The proceedings ofbhe conference will bepublished in a future special issue oftheJournal of Natural Resources.

The T?inational Conference was char-acterized by uniformly firsLrate presen-tations, valuable commentary, andstrong debate as the participants grap-pied with the complex seis of issuee sur-rounding üranagement of transboundarywater resources in North America. Themix of indiüduals Íiom different dis-cipiines and practical experiences wasparticularly important in bringing avariety of perspectives to the discussions.The presence of curzent and former com-missioners of IBWC and former com-misioners of IJC was especially notewor-thy. While it is not possible to summarizethe results ofthe conference here, a num-ber of important points that were raisedshould be mentioned.

The IJC was commended for its valu-able work in the Great Lakes Basin andfor its development of a large and grow-ing constituenc¡r and its responsivenessto the public. Horvever, great concernwas expressed that the IJC lacked thenecessáry i nstitutionai strength üs-á-visthe two national governments, and thatits ability to impact and set policy had ac.tualiy declined in recent years. Therewas also much discussion concerning therelatively narrow area in which the iJCwas authorized to operate and a numberofpariicipants stress the increasing needto manage transboundary resourcesthrough an comprehensive ecosystemsapproach, ¡ather than on a case by casebasis.

The IBWC was applauded for its suc-cess in carrying out its basic functions ofmaintaining the boundary and apportion-ing the waters of the surface streams andrivers that sross the border. Critics didpoint out that the IBWC's success was

much less in dealing with the difñcultquestions of gtoundwater and sanitationproblems and the commission wasvigorously attacked for an alleged failureto involve public participation in its ac-tivities at an adequate level. Other par-ticipants discerned that the commissiondid very well in dealing with its originalcharge and that public involvement in itswork was constrained to some extent bydifferent traditions in Mexico and in theUnited States regarding public participa-tion.

There was general agreement that iheborder economic, social, and political con-text within which the IBWC operates haschanged drastically in recent years, andmost of the problems related to borderwater required much more than a tradi-tional engineering and technicai solution.Participants Metzner and Ganster recorn.mended that the IBWC continue itspresent functions and that a new commission or management agency be con-stituted to take a more comprehensiveecosystems approach to border environ-mental issues. This approach could ex-pand on the positive outcomes of the1983 La Paz agreement for border en-vironmental problems and could alsoembrace social and economic aspects ofthese environmental problems. Thisstrategy would establish ajoint planningand management authority under the1"983 agreement that could deal x'ith thewide range of new border environmentalchallenges that will face the region in the21st century.

The presentations by George Francison ecosystem management and by JimBruce on global warming and the borderregions raised new areas ofconcern andnew approaches to environmentalproblems. Bnrce discussed variousmodels of global rvarming, suggestingthat by 2025 there will be a 2C tempera-ture increase that could produce changedsoil moisture and drying in the GreatLakes and perhaps in the Mexico-U.S.border region.

Alberto Székely argred that the im-plications of globai warming provide aunifying element for the host of resourceand environmental issues facing theth¡ee nations. He suggested that insuffi-cient water would be available in areassuch as the U,S.-Mexican border regionby the end ofthe decade and predictedcatastrophic effects for Norbh America.Székely urged that now is the time tostart pianning for global warming-in-duced water shortages through the crea-tion of a trinational North Americannatural resources and environmentalagreement.

The implications of a North AmericanFree Tlade Agreemenb NAI'TA) betweenMexico, Canada, and the United Stateswere discussed in many of the sessions. A

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

number of those present emphasized thatnegative environmentai impacts wouldresult from NAITA and supporbed the op-position of environmentalists and alliedgroups that has recently developed.Others, however, stressed that theNAFTA negotiations may be the oppor-tunity to force consideration by the na-tional of transboundary environmentalimpac.ts.

The Ttilateral Conference parbicipantswere in general agreement regarding theseriousness of the problems con&ontingthe management of transboundary lvaterand other natural resources in the NorbhAmerican region. While consensus waslacking on specific solutions. innovativepropositions were advanced and debated,laying the groundwork for developingmechanisms for eventual resolution ofthe region's transboundary resource is-sues and making positive steps towardsthe goal of sustainable clevelopment.

UCSf)'s Centerfor U.S.'Mexican Stud.iesSince 1"980. the Center for [J.S.-MexicanStudies has conriucted a wide-ranging setof research, publication, public educa-tion, and instruclional activities focusingon Mexico, IJ.S.-Mexican relations, andMexjco's rejations with Japan and otherPacific Rim nations,

The key to the Center's activities hasbeen its Visiting Research FellowshipProgram. Each year a number of leadingauthorities on Mexico, drawn from theUnited States, Mexico, and othercountries around the worid, spend fromthree to nine months in residence at theCenter. The focus of the fellows'researchincludes topics on Mexico's history,foreign policy, the relationship with thePacific Rim nations, and contemporaryeconc¡mic and development problems, aswell as aspects of the U.S. economy.society, and political system affectingMexico.

In response to the dramatic economicand political developments ofthe 1980s,particular emphasis will be piaced overthe nexb three to five years on the follow-ing topics: government-opposition rela-tions in l\{exico; the social impacts of theeconomic crisis and economic restrrrctur-ing in Mexico; the interaction of iocal andnational interests in U.S.-I\[exican rela-tions ; trilateraiism (economic relationsbetween the United States, Mexico, andJapan; North American economic integra-tion); immigration; and U.S. studies(with a r.iew toward enhancing the under-standing of the U,S. political system,

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

economy and society in Mexico and otherLatin American countries).

In addition to the Visiting ResearchFellowship program, the Center offers anAnnual Summer Seminar on UnitedStates Studies. which is now entering itsthird year. Aimed at Latin Americanacademics, business leaders, governmentofficials and journalists, this intensive,academically rigorous six-week course isdesigned to enhance the understandingand teaching of the United States inLatinAmerica.

The Center also organizes a two-dayAnnual Briefing Session for ProfessionalJournaiists. Print and media journalistsfrom throughout the United States andMexico attend this event, which isdesigned to cover a broad range ofcur-rent issues in the bilaterai relationship.The conference often becomes a newseverrt ir¡ iLs own right' Statements by in-vited government officiais from bothcountries provide attendees with hardnews, and front page stories resultingfrom the conferences have appeared innewspapers as diverse and the New YorhTimes, the So¿ Diego Union, and MexicoCity'a La Jarnada.In addition to break-ing news stories, the presentations anddebates prol.ide journalists w'ith an over-view of major topics and with back-ground for future reporting.

During the academic year, the Centerhosts two to three major academic con-ferences. Notable among those for 1991was the Popular Culture, State Forrna'tion and the Mexican Reuolution researchworkshop organized by Gilbert Joseph,Daniel Nugent, and Terri Koreck'

Along with major academic conferen-ces aimed at social scientists working onMexico, the Center also sponsors avariety ofpubiic outreach events, Thesemeetings, focused on more specific topics,are designed to inform parbicuiar groupsabout development in Mexico. Includedin this category are the weekly academicSeminar on Mexico and U.S.-MexicanRelations, as well as briefrngs and con-ferences for business executives, govern-ment officials, and other non-academicgroups. During 1990-91, particular em-phasis will be placed on government-op-position relations in Mexico and onNorth American trade negotiations.

For members of the business com-munity, the Center offers a Corporate As'sociates Program designed to fosterunderstanding between U.S. business ex-ecutives and their counterparts inMexico. As part of this program, seniorexecutives of various transnational cor-porations receive briefrngs on aspects ofMexico's politics and economy during theannual tour ofEast coast institutionsmade by Center academic staff. Duringthis tour fellows and Center directorstake the opportunity to meet with a wide

variety ofgroups from the financial andpolicy communities of both Washingtonand New York. Special briefings are alsoheld for key U.S. Congressional Staff.

The Center takes special pride in itsability to rapidiy publish state-of-the-ariresearch on Mexico. Projects completedin the Visiting Fellowship program haveresulted in the publication of more than100 Research Reports and Monogtaphsas part of the Publications Program.Over fifty colleges and universitiesworldwide have adopted Center publica-tions for classroom use. Center volumesare also marketed to business, govern-ment, and academic researchers.

The Center is directed by its founder,Wa¡rne .A. Co¡nrelius. Cathr¡rn L.

23

Thorup is the Director of Studies andPrograms. Gabriel Székely, AssociateDirector ofthe Center for five years be-came a Senior Research Fellow at theCenter in January L991.

For general information about the Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, piease call(619) 534-4503. For information on fellowships, call Graciela Platero, Public Af-fairs and Fellowships Coordinator(534-6066). For information on researchconducted at the Center, call PatriciaRosas, Academic Information Analyst(534-6067). For a pubiication list andbook orders, call Santiago J.Rodríguez, Publications Coordinator(534-1160).

fleclaration of San Ygnacio:Free Trade and the EnvironmentThe following document uas prod.uced bya coalítíon of enuironmental, social ser-uice, and policy groups from the Texas-Northe aste rn Mexico ( Coahuil a, Nueu oLeón, Chihuahua) region. It addressesconcerns of the group regarding a freetrade agrcement betuteen Mexico, theUnited States, and Canada. For tnore in-formation on the declaration, contactMary Kelly, Texas Center for PolicyStudies, P.O. Box 2618, Austin, TX78768. (512) 474-0811,

This document describes the overarch-ing concern of groups meeting in San Yg-nacio concerning the enüronmental,social. economic. and health consequen-ces for the inhabitants and the enüron-ment of the states of the border region,and in particular of the RíoBravo/Grande watershed, if the freetrade agreement between the UnitedSbates of Mexico, the United States, andCanada, does not take into account theneed for maintaining a harmonious equi-librium in both society and ecology.

The problems that the groups in thenortheast border regron observe includeimportant components such as the rate ofhuman mortality and other indicators ofpublic health, the iowered level ofser-vices (especially with regard to drainageand potable water), the high ]evel ofcon-tamination, and the üolation of humanrights. Furbhermore, this is one of theregions of the world with the greatestnumber offish species in danger ofextinc-tion, the result of a strong loss of theavailability of water, both in terms ofquality and quantity, in a region charac-terized by its aridness.

We believe that these problems cannotbe solved without greater public par-ticipation in the formation, negotiation,and implementation of this agreement

and to achieve this all interested partiesmust have access to all relevant informa-tion.

For these reasons, we believe that it isnecessary to incorporate in the tradeagreement all ofthe conditions necessaryto have a harmonious, integrated, andsustainable development, with social andeconomic benefits for producers, (especial-ly indigenous communities), and for localsmall entrepreneurs.

Environmental protection should beachieved through regional planning,management of watersheds, the controlof contamination, and increased efficien-cy in the use of water for consumption,and for the treatment of wastewaler,based on the results of enüronmental im-pact studies which the public has accessto. Furthermore, industries that benefrtfrom the implementation of the agl:ee-ment shouid contribute that which isnecessary for the development of socialand environmental infrastructure, aswell as for the prevention of environmen-tal damages, and the conservation andrestoration of natural resources, includ-ing in the forest sector. Finally, the agree-ment should raise to equivalent levelsthe environmental laws of all three sig-natory countries, and bring about educa-tion programs that raise environmentalconsciougness,

24

Instituto Mexica¡ro de Ejecutivoa deFi¡ranzas (II1[EF)Contact: Lie. Fco. Javier Morales E.Ofc Tel: (5) 57ó-r161Fax:575-441O

Loyola University ChicagoContact: Prof. Susan Sch¡oederOfc Tol: (3r2) 915-6525Fax: (312) 915-6447

Quanturn Sistemas Decisionales deMéxico, S.,4.. do C.V.Contact: Ing. .Iai.me NavarroOfc Tel: (36) 25-7380Fa:: (36) 25-75ffi

State University of New York at BuffaloContact¡ llr. Ja¡nes E. McCor¡¡rellOfc Tel: (716) 69'6,-2299Fax¡ (716) 6il6-2329

Tec de MonterreyContact: Dr. Héctor Morei¡a R.Ofc Tel:Fax: (83) 5S-L2-61

Tec de Monterrey-ChihuahuaContact: [ng. Leonel Guerra CasanovaOfc Tel: (14) 17-46.46Fa¡: (14) L7-49-ffi

Tec de Monterrey-Edo, de MéxicoContact: Ilr. Enrique Zepeda BuetosOfc Tel: (52) 370-4099Fax:379-O880

Universidad Autónoma de Baja CaUforrriaContact: Dt. Arturo Ba¡¡flaOfc Tel: (65) 66-29-85F'ax: (65) 66-96-33

Univereidad Autónoma de SinaloaContact: I.B.Q. David Moreno LizárragaOfc Tel:5-65-20

Urriversidad de CoümaContact: Lic. Vicüorico RodriguezOfc Tel: (331) 4-33-81Fax: (331) 4-3O-OG

Universidad de las A.méricaJlllexico CityCollegeContact: Ilr. flancisco MarmolejoOfc Tel:208-6823Fax¡ (5) 511-6(Ho

IJrriversidad de las Américas-PueblaContact¡ Dr. Jesús Velasco MrirquezOfc Tel¡ (22) 47-oo-ooFa¡:47-O4-22

Universidad de MonterreyContact: Lic. Abela¡do GorenaOfc Tel: (8r) 38-5O-5oFax¡ (83) 38-56-19

Universidad Nacional Auténoma deMéxicoContact: Dra. Mónica VereaOfc Tel: 55o-O3-79 (teUfa:)Fa:r¡ 55O-OS-79 (tono)

Univorsity of Southern CaliforniaContactr Dr. Murray FromsonOfc Tel: (213) 740-7325Fax: (213) 74o-a624

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 199'l

University of Texas at San AntonioContact: Dr. Joh¡¡ P. McCrayOfc Tel: (512) 691-5384Fax: (512) 691.4308

EdmundoJacobo,PROFMEXGeneralSecretary

PROFMEXs General Secretary is Direc-tor of Plaruring of the UniversidadAutónoma Metropolitana (UAM) inMexico City. Appointed to this position inFebruary 1991, Lic. Ed.mrrndo Jacobois responsibie for planning and institu-tional development for the entire UAMsystem, in which he has had a faculty ap-pointment since 1981.

Prior to this assignment, from 1989,he was chairman of the economics depart-ment of the UAM-Azcapotzalco Campus,From 1984-87, he was Director of AreaRegearch in Political Economy at theUAM-4. From 1978-81 he was on thefaculty ofthe School ofSocial Sciences atthe UABC in Mexicali. His first facuityassignment was in the Schooi ofPhilosophy ofthe Universidad deGuanajuato from 1974-78.

In 1984 Lic. Jacobo was one ofthefounders ofthejournal El Cotüliano, animporbant forum for contemporary socio-economic analysis; from 1984-89 he wasa frequent contributor (as well as deputyediior) ofthejournal. From 1984-90 hewas also on the editorial board oftheReu ista Anóli sis E conómi c o.

His publications include a number ofworks as co-editor and contributor: ofspe-cial interest i s México en la décod.a de losochentas (1990), an invaluable eource ofquantitative and graphic data onsocioeconomic themes in the López Porbi -ilo and De la Madrid presidencies. Otheredited volumes include Empresarios y es-tad.o: crisis y transfortnació¿ (1988) andEmpresarios y empresas de México (1990).

Lic. Jacobo received his ]icentiate inphilosophy from the Universidad deGuanajuato in 1976. His thesis con-cerned the educational methods ofPabloFYeire and Iván lllich. Subsequently, hecompleted his course work in economicsat UNAM. His current research concernsthe entrepreneurial class in Mexico.

PROF'MEXInstitutionalMembershipReaches 48

During the period since the PROFMEX-ANUiES bienniai symposium held inMazatlán in Oc'bober of 1990, PROFMEXinstitutional membership doubled, to 48institutions, including two researchcenbers from the private seebor. Themajority of these institutions are bothteaching and research centers, whileseveral engage solely in research andpolicy sbudies.

The distribution of these institutesvaries: Of the academic institutions, 15are from Mexico and 5 from the UnitedStates. One new member comes from thePeopie's Republic of China (see accom-panl"ing afticle). T'wo research institutesfrom the private sector are Grupo deEconomistas y Asociados (GEA) locatedin Mexico City and Quantum SistemasDecisionales de México located inGuadalajara.

The teiephone and fax numbers ofthecontact persons follow:

Centro de Investigación y DoceneiaEconómicas (CIDE)Contact: Dr. Carlos BazdreschOfc Tel: 259-L7loFa*57O-4277

Centro de TecnologÍa Electrónica eInformática (CETEI)Contact: Lic. Serra ButlerOfc Tel:550-0869Fax:55O-1265

Chinese Acadeoy of Soeial Sciences/ln-stitute of Latin American StudiesContact: Dr. SengenZh¿ng (Box 1113Beijang, PRC)Ofc Telr (86r) 4OI--4OO9Res Tel: 5OO-4954

El Colegio de la tr'rontera Norte (COLEF)Contact: Dr. Jorge.d Busta.mant¿Ofc Telr (66) 3o-o4-11/12113Fax¡ (66) 3O-OO-5O

El Colegio de MéxicoContaet: Dr, Gustavo VegaOfc Tel:568-6033Fax:652-6233

Florida lnternational LlniversityContact: Dr. Jorge Salazar CarrilloOfc Tel:3O5-34A-AZa3Fax:3O5-348-36O5

G.rrpo de Economistas y Asociados (GEA)Llontact: Dr. Jesús Reyes Heroles G.G.Ofc Tel: (5) 669-0728Fax¡ 536-1922

MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

UI{AiVIEconomics-PROFMEXVisitingSeminar SeriesIn estabiishing the UNAI\,I-PROFMEXVisiting Seminar Series to bring U.S.professors into contact with Mexicanacademicians, UNAM Economics Direc-tor Juan Pat¡lo Arroyo O. agteed withPROFMEX President James \Yilkiethat the Series will invite one to twoPROFMEX professors per month to giveseminars dunng the periocls May-Augusband October-April.

Arroyo requests PROFNTEX professorsto submit proposals for one-to two-weekseminars on a topic of t,heir choice, per-haps dealing with their current researchin Medco. To give visiting professors freetime to conduct their own research andwriting. the PROFMEX Seminar Serieswill i¡e held from 5-8 p.m. Mondaysthrough Fridays. Visitors will receivetravel, local expenses, and up to $1.000in honoraúum.

PROFMEX visibing professors 'r¿'ill in-teract in the seminars with faculty andadvanced students from UNAM, UAM,ITAM, COLMEX, UDl"AlMexico City Col-lege, UDI,A-Puebia. and universitiesthroughout Mexico. Formal presenta-tions and discussion may focus on suchtopics as economic history of Mexico, U.S.economic history, appiied economics,economic trade relations of Mexico withthe USA and the world, general economictheory. econometrics, fi nance, manage-ment ofprivate and public enterprises,and economjc development.

Visitors programmed to date include:

.George Baker (PROFMEX), "Analyz-ing PEMEX Productivity"l

. David Lorey (UCLA), "The Universityand Economic Development in Mexico";

o¿qhn Coatsworth (Chicago), "NewViews of Mexico's Economic History";

.Ronald II. Ifellman (CUI\[Y),"Mexico's Political Economy";

.Laace Taylor (MIT), "EconomicDevelopment Theo4y'';

'Anwar Shaikh (New School), "GeneralEconomic Theoq/'

.Maria Crummert (Columbia), "TheEconomics of U. S. -Mexican Migration" ;

.Willi Semmler (New School), "TheoryofFinancial Cycles";

'.fam.es Wilkie (PROFMEX andUCLA), "Mexican Public ExpenditureSince 1976" and "Social Security Issuesof Mexico."

Specific proposal for semina¡s and/orrequests for information are inüted andshould be sent to DirectorArroyo, UNAMFacultad de Economía, Ciudad Univer-sitaria, 0451,0 México, D.F. Tel. (5) 548-97-98, FAX 548-57-78.In the USA,questions may be directed to Daüd Lorey(Te1 213-206-8500; FAX 206-3555) andRonald Hellman (T el 212- 642-27 89).Please send copies ofproposals to JamesWilkie at the FROFMEX presidency.

Changes inPR,OFMEXBoard ofDirectorsAt the Mazatlán meeting of the PROF-MEX Board the foilowing changes wereapproved October 6, 1990:

CUNY's Ronald G. Hellman joinsthe Board;

ASU's Da-le Beck Furnish replacesJerr¡rLadman;

NIUSU's José2, García replaces L.Ray Sadler on the Board.

The Board voted thanks to Sadler andLadman; and it welcomed Garcla (whorecently assumed directorship of theLatin American Center at NMSU), Fur-nish (who is a noted legal expert onMexico), and Hellman (who is Director ofthe Bildner Center at CUNY).

Debut ofBusiness Mexico

Under the editorship of Haruey Rice,the American Chamber of Commerce inMexico published in March 1991 the firstmontlüy issue of B¿siness Mexico, T}renew magazine is devoted to businessnews, legal matters, and economic statis-tics. In the cover story by LaurrenceKootnikoff, the first number not onlyl'iews Mexico'B move north to establish aFree Trade Area with the United Statesand Canada, but in an insightful articleby GregoryD. Cancelada examinesMexico's southern strategy to forge free-trade ties with Central America, Chile,Colombia, and Venezuela.

Subscriptions can be ordered from Am-Cham/lVleüco, Lucerna 78, Del.Cuauhtémoc, 06600 México, D.F., andyearly rates outside Mexico are US$126(including shipping), inside Mexico(130,000 pesos). Tel. (5) 705-09-95.

25

Reaista NuestraEconomía

Samuel Schmidt was appointededitor of the journal Nu¿slra Economíapublished by the School of Economics atUniversidad Autónoma de Baja Califor-nia in Tijuana.

With the combined number 6-7 issue,the journal begins a new epoch as arefereed journal. The primary focus ofNuestra Economía remains economics ingeneral, although special attention willbe given to the border and internationaleconomy.

Issue 6-7 is devot€d to the U.S.-Canadian-Mexico Norbh American trYeeTlade Agreement, Contents of this issuefeatures:

AFL-CIO, U. S. - Mexic o' Free' TrodeHeriberto Meza Campu zano, Alianza

de libre comercio y uniuersid,adCIDAC, Méúco y el Tratado de Librc

ComercioJames Gerber and Norris Clement,

The United Stotes-Mexico Free Tra.deAg reement in Hist o ri c al Pe r sp e ct iu e

Stephen R, Jentrer, Free Trad,e and,the United States- Mexico Borderlands :

ManufacturingMiguel Angel Orozco Deza, El

Tratad.o de Libre Com.ercio: perfil d,e unouoluntad trilateral

Ramón G. Guajardo Quiroga, E/Acuerd,o de Librc Comercio México-Es-tod,os Unid,os-Canad,á: análisis e im-plicacíones

Jorge Alonzo Estrada,.Estad,o yemprcsarios fronterizos: el contexto de larenegociación de la zona libre de BajaCalifonria, 1984- 1986

Eugerrio O. Valenci.ano rlaproblem<itica rcgional en Amtérica Latinay la integración fronteriza

For subscr-iptions contact Reu isúaNuestra Econornio, Facultad deEconomía, Universidad Autónoma deBaja California, Ex-Ejido Tampico, Mesade Otay, Tijuana, B.C. Mexico. Fax (66)82-22-L3.

26 MEXICO POLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

science at the Universidad Autónoma deBaia California, Mexicali.

PaulVillas (New lVIexico Státe U), toteach heaith assessment at the Univer-sidad Autonoma de Ciutlad Juárez.

A cali has been made for applicationsfor next year's prosram, with an applica-i,ion deadiine of August 1 fr¡r the 1992-1993 academie year. Merican applicantsshould coni;ast ihe tsuibright AcademicExchanges Offi ce, Benjamin FranklinLibrary, tondres 16, CoI. Juárez, 06600México, D.F": U.S. applicants shouid con-tact CIES, 34C)0 Inte¡national Dri"-e,Suite M-500, Waslring.on. D.C" 20008-lt09?.

CEI'EI(Continued from page 9)

with tI.S. univer-"ities on joint researchprojects antl with U.5. companies lopromote l¡usiness opportunities inl\{erico, particul arly inr.olr"ing :invest-ments in or applicalions of technolog.v.

CETAI is especially interesteC inairengthening Mexico's human resource'oase in technical fie)ds, through bination'ai exchanges in both the academic andproductive sect¡.¡rs. Ir: this respect CETEIis currently working rry-itir Tandem Conr-

¡:r.rters, a LI"S. ba.*e¿i cornpany. to esta):-lish a regional R&D operaiion in theirMexico City office. Five Mexican en-g'ineers rvere t¡:ained for r.,ne,vear at,

Tandern's headquarters ir.r Silicon Vaileyand then returne(i to Me¡ico to forrn th¿ct¡re of a new R&üteam. CE'IEI is con-r.inced that projecls such as this one canoffer a great deal to the business com-munities in both countries ¿rntl ale an ef'-

fective mean-q of pr"omoting binationaltechnology t¡ansfer. In the future,CETEI hopes to expand their MUST pro-gram by taking advantage ofthe PROF-MEX network rif l\{exican and NorthAmeri can instituti ons and indivirluaiswith common interests in binationai tech.nologicai research and clevelopment.

As e;f Januarv 1, 1991, CETEI will beexpanding their operation to perrnanentheadquart,ers in the southern part ofMexicn {,-rity. For further infbrmation onMUST or on any other of CETEI's cur-rent ¡rrojects. please contact the director,Dr" José Warman, or the MUST programmanager, Serra Butler, at their new ad-dress: CETEI, Camino Real a Xochimilco60, Tepepan Xochimilco, C.P. 16020,Méxíco D.F. Telephone: (525) 6?5-3001;67 5-45L4. FAX (525 ) 67 5-4484.

Task Forceon MexicoTeachingGuidelines

Over and over again, public perceptionsof Mexico prevalent in the United Statesare not borne out by reality. A major con-tnbuting factor is the conspicuousneglect ofaccurate, substantive, and on-going study of Mexico at the elementaryand secondary school levels. Numerousscholars have amply documented ther*'eaknesses and shortcomings of cr.rrrenttreatment of Mexico-related subjects intextbooks, in supplementary instmction-al materials and in classroom instructionitself. What is needed now is a clearüsion of what ought to be, a clear state-ment of what students need to know andunderstand, and a clear set ofguidelinesfor assisting teachers in instrucbing stu-dents so that these objecbives will beachieved.

In an effort to address this need, theTask Force on Mexico in the K-L2 Cur-riculum was established in the spring of1989 and includes concerned scholarsand educators f¡om around +,he nationand Mexico. Members are Elsie Begler(SDSU), Ja-e Boston (Stanford), Car-los Cortes (UC Riverside), GeraldGreenfield (Wisconsin-Parkside), Har-riet Romo (UT Austin), Linda Salvuc-ci (T?inity), Mar5z Soley (Foreign PolicyAssociation), Peter Smith (UCSD),Kathryn Thomp (UCSD), JosefinaY'izqu'ez (COLMEX), and JudithWooeter (Tli-Viilage School District,Long Island, NY).

The Task Force has recently issued apublication titled Key Understandingsand, Instructional Guidelines for Teach-ing and, Learning About Mexico whichoutlines the essential elements of aquality Mexico-related curriculum at theelementary and secondary school levels.The twelve-page pamphlet delineates aset of higher-level generalizations thatetudents should develop as a result ofin-struction, and offers specific recommen-dations and gr.riding questions regardingcontent, focus, and tone to be used inevaluating and designing instrucbionalprograms and materials about Mexico.

The work ofthe Task Force to produceKey Und,erstandings was supported by agrant from the William and FloraHewlett Foundation.

For copies of Key Understandings, con-tact: Task Force on Mexico in the K-12Cuniculum, Center for Latin American

Studies, San Diego State University, SanDiego, CA92182. Please enclose $2.00per copy for shipping and handling;checks should be made payable toISTEP. For bulk orders. please cali (619)594-2412.

FulbrightBorderLecturer§

The recipients for the second year oftheBorder Fuibright Lecturer program havebeen announced. Thjs important pro-gram recognizes the uniqueness oftheborder location by allowing recipients tocommute to bhe host institution on theother side of the intemationai boundaryto offer academic cources or engage inother echolarly activities. It is a cost effec-tive prograrn that marimizes contact t¡e-tween i\fexican ancl U.S. faeulty andstudents.

Mexican recipients Íbr' 1991-1992 in-clude:

Eduardo Zepeda {.El Cloleg-io de latr'rontera Norle), to teach U.S.-Me>ncaneconomic relations at §an I)iego StateUniversity for 10 rnonths.

Horacio González L,ópez (Univer-sidad Autonoma de Bajn Caiifcrnia.Mexicaii), to teach in ihe area of cogni-tive pyscholog'v at the Cal¿xico carrrpus ofSan Diego Slate l-iniversity fcr 5 rnonths.

Roberto Ham Chsade (El Colegio dela Frontera Norte), to participate in jointresearch on border dernogaphy at SanDiego State University f¡rr I monthe.

Miguel Triana TITESM-üiudadJuárez), to teach international trade atEi Paso Community College for 5 months.

Sa¡rtos Carrasco Arellanes (Univer-sidad Autonoma de Baja California,Mexicali), to teach philosophy at theCalexico carnpus of San Diego StateUnivereity for 10 months.

{-I.S. recipiente for 1991-1992 include:Jorge Vargas (University of San

Diego), to rvork wi+.h the §chool r¡f Law ofthe Universidad Auténoma de BajaCalifornia, Tijuana, on eurriculumdevelopment.

Vivie.-e Ber¡¡rett (San Diego StateUniversity), to wo¡:k on ru¡al develop-ment issues at El Colegio de la F¡onteraNorte.

Darlene Pienta (U of San Diego), toteach management at the Centro deEnseñanza Técnica y Superior, Tijuana.

MarÍe Sonntag.Grigera (CSU SanMarcos), to teach in the area of library

MEXICO POLICY NEVVS, Ni-rrnber 6 Spring 1991 27

Recent Publications

Ffi§ffiÁ §{Añ{§,Ü

I Frid.a K,¡i¡i.i;:'!l'¿e: Br¡¿s!¿ of'Anguislr.Bv IYIa¡{ha Z*rnor:r (San Francisco. CA:Chronicle Biir;tis. 1liii0. Pp. 143. $29.95).This iro<¡k *a¡-.li¡res ¡he e-ui¡ence cf F::idaK¿hir,, one of ,lfexi<:o's ¡¡.tst iiighi3'rega:"<le,cl and tai *rleri pai nf,els. Seventy-fr c e of

' Kahic,'s pri nti ngs.,"'*p:"oci ur:eri herein javisir col,.;r:, accornpany hisi.a:-icalphctograph -s and Zamarr's cle scrtpiiveiex|. Together tire¡'i+i1 ihe story ofKahlo's re::-rir¡:ksl:le ar,ci trapc lifbl her<Ii s :rsti'ous sireetr:i,r l ¡: r:c¡ <ie¡r t i n arloles-cence, her i€m;re:rt1¡1'¡11s marriage to the¡¡'eat l)v{exi ca r, ; r; t¡r;r I i st Üie¡lo Rivera,her traveis tu the Unlt¿d Si.a'.es and¡¡broacl, her polititr,i c<lr;r'iC,ions, a¡rd herreiationsh:¡',,'' :,*jI,j: r.l'ie greai Ieaders andarLislic per:scr*li¡.i es ¡.ii her li me,

Mexicayr ai¡i,!r<-¡r §'iartha Zamor¿remenrl:ers, ¿is a yourlg gili" passingF:-jrla Kahio or). the st:'eet in Mexico City.Da¡k and siender, Frida ll'as dresseci in anative sld¡t. The ¿,'il¿ince of encountar leÍt¿rn indeiibie impression on Zamora andsparked a life-lalg ir,i¿rest that eventual-ly led tc Frída Kahlc: Tlze Brush of An-guish. Zantara iives in il{exico City andhas vrrrtter, and spoken extensively onthe iife and wúrk of'Fnda lfuhlo"

This book rvas al-!:idged and superblytranslated by Marilya §ode Smith wholived fbr many !-ears in §fexico. SouthAmerica, and Europe" She has i:een aboard men¡he¡ rrf The l¡lexican Museum.San Francisco, anri currentlv is writing aguidebook al'out. the Diego Rivera muralsin San Francisco. Smith resides in PaloAito.

f Where Nonh l[eets,South: Cíties,

Space, and Palític,: on the U.S.-Iv[exicoBorder. Lar¡rence A. Herzog (Austin,TX: University of Texas Press, 1990. Pp.289). This stuciy discusses the theoretical

and policy implications of boundary ur-banization in areas ofterritorial overlapbetween Latin American and NorthAmerican cultures, examining U.S.-Mexican L¡order cities from the intersect-ing perspectives ofurban geography andpolitics. The author describes the emer-gence of a new "transfrontier metropolis,"a functional city-region in which pairedUilted States and iYlexican settlementsare enciosed within a single sphere ofdaily urban interaction. Her:zog is as-sociate professor in the Department ofMexica¡r A¡nerican Stuclies at San DiegoState University.

I The U.S. and Mexico: Setting A NewAger,da. (W¿¡shington, D.C.: ?helIeritage Foundation, 1989. Pp. 234).This book aims to evaluate U.S. policytoward Menco. The Heritage Foundationassembled a distinguished group of ex-perts, including gor'¿¡¡¡¡1ent officialsfrorn bolh nations, for a trvo-day con-ference. Their wide-ranging and frankdigcussions are reproduced in thisvoJume. It is a vah¡abie resource forpolicymakers setting the agenda for U.S.-Mexiean relations in the 1990s.

t The Treaty of Guacialupe Hidalgo: ALegacy ,tf Conflict. By Richard Gris.wold del Castillo (Norman, OK: Univer'sity of OkJahoma Press, 1990. Pp. 251).Citing original documentary sources aswell as publiahed accounts, this book isthe first to provide an overvie¡r' of the im-plications of the treaty. Griswold del Cas-tillo sketches the history of the treatynegotiations and add¡esses such issuesas the impact ofthe treaty on residentsof the southwestern United States andthe interpretation of the treaty by U.S.courts and by Mexican and Americanciiplomats. The author is professor in theDepartment of l\Íexican AmericanStudies at SDSU.

F-nr,irr¡;u¡¡rnÉi¡§F§a¿arjr and

r-...,,. §3ir¡¡'ese¡u¡:ec:

arrilgtfirf$fir¡ ti¡e

:ited §til§r§-I 5!*cir¿t'§3r¡rde ri:¡ ¡;¿!r

I Enuironmental Hazards andBioresource Management in the UnitedStotes-Mexico Bord.erlands. Edited byPaul Ganster and Eartmut Walter(Los Angeles: UCIA Latin American Cen-ter Publications, 1990. Pp. 483). Thisbook analyzes the "Agreement. betweenthe United States of America and theMexican United States on Cooperationfor Protection and Improvement of theEnvironment of the Border" that Presi-dents Ronald Reagan and Migu.el de laMadrid signed on August 14, 1983. ShorL-ly thereafter, a symposium waa held atthe University of Caiifornia, Los Angeles,where leading Mexican and U.S. scien-tists, researchers, scholars, andpolicymakers discussed a range ofen-vironmental problems facing the grcw-ing, dynamic, rapidly ind,ustriaiizingU.S.-Mexican border region. The par'ticipants also conside¡ed roiicy alter:ra-tives to counter negative environmentaiimpacts and to manage the region'sreaources for the future.

E nu i ron m eni ct I H az a rd. s andBioresource Management in the UnitedState s- Mexico Bo rde rlands contains thir-ty-four papers presented at ihe con-ference and three introductory essays b¡,the editors. Although there have b,eennotable Buccesses in dealing with borderenvironmental issues since the 1983 bor-der environmental agreement, to a sig-nificant degree the border en¡riron-mental agenda sketched out at theUCI"A confe¡ence remains current t¡¡day.This volume constitutes a baseline for en-vironmental concerns and policy alterna-tives for the critical region of the U.S.Mexican borderlands.

Paul Ganster is Director, Institute forRegional Studies of the Californias atSan Diego State University; HarfmutWalter is Professor of Geograph-v atUCLA.

15;

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28

I El Norte: The U.S.-Mexican Border inContemporary Cinema. By David R.Maciel (Institute for Regional Studies ofthe Californias, San Diego State Univer-sity, San Diego, CA92L82-0435, 1990,Pp. 95, $9.50, plus 7.25Vo aales tax forCalifonria residents). This publicationanalyzes how the U.S.-Mexican borderhas been portrayed by Hollywood and byMexican cinema. Evolving trends ofHollywood's characterization-throirghstereotypes and realism-of the b,.,r¡lerand its people are detailed in this work.Important Mexican and U.S. films arereviewed and the text is enhanced with19 iiluetrations f"om film posters andstills and three tables listing recent bor-der films,

I La revolución inconclusa: lasuniversid,ades y el estado en la d,éca.d.a d,e

los och¿ntas. Compiled by KarenKovacs (México, D.F.: Nueva Imagen,1990. Pp. 373). This collection examinesthe university crisis which Mexico isfacing while searching for new alterna-tives in higher education. The presentcompilation constitutes an answer that isfar from a simple one, and includes someofthe elements that shouid be present toresolve the problems that afflict theMexican universities. Dr. Kovacs isprofessor ofsociology at El Colegio deMéxico.

I A Marriage of Conuenience: Relationsbetween Mexico and the United States. By§id-ey Weintraub (New York, N.Y. : Ox-ford University Press, 1990. Pp. 270).This outstanding analytical work ex-amines the relationship between Mexicoand.the United States. In this com-prehensive account of recent develop-ments in this unsteady alliance, SidneyWeintraub helps dispel any doubt abouteach count4/s importance to the other-and hence the importance of relations isbased on mutual respect and a realistic.assessment ofeach other's needs.

I En busca de la segurid.ad perd,id,a:aproximaciones o la seguridad, nacionalmericana. Edited by Sergio AguayoQuezada and Bruce Michael Bagley(México, D.F.; Siglo Veintiuno Editores,1990. Pp. 416). National security is oneof the most powerful political concepts,but carries ambiguity. In this volume, agroup ofspecialists discuss the sig-nificance ofthe concept, the evolution inMexico and other problems, without com-ing into a definite agreement, over whatis and is not Mexican national security.

I La nueua era de la industriaautomotriz en México. Editor Jorge Canrillo V. (fijuana, B.C.: El Colegio de laF rontera Norte, 1990. Pp. 364). Thisseries ofessays analyzes the changes inthe automobile industry of Mexico in thecontext ofa general movement that char-acberizes this global industry. It detailsthe peculiar relationship that Mexicomaintains as competition evolves in theUnited States.

I Infraestructuray d.esincorporacíón:fundamentos para el desatolloeconómico. By CIDAC, Centro deInvestigación para el Desarrollo,.dC. (México, D.F.: Editorial Diana, S,A.de C.V., 1989. Pp. 121). This book is thesixbh in a seriee,Alternatiuos Paro elFuturo.It centers on a cmcial problemregarding Mexico: How to revitalize theinfraetmcture and overcome stag:nationofthe last few years.

MEXICO PGLICY NEWS, Number 6 Spring 1991

PROFMEXVisitingScholarstCenter inMexico CityAn agreement has been made withUniversidad de las AméricasllVlexico CityCollege to constitute the "PROFMEXVisiting Scholars'Center in Mexico City'',to promote academic exchange betweenPROFMEXmembers in the UnitedStates and in Mexico.

PROFMEX Executive SecretaryGeorge Baker and President James\[ilkie visited the University of theAmericas and accepted the offer made bythe Univereity's President Dr. Mar-garita Gómez Palacio, that the Univer-sity be considered a base for membere ofPROFMEX whose academic work bringsthem to Mexico City.

Under the agreement, the Universityof the Americae offers facilities such as of-fice space, telephone, fax, secretarial as-sistance, computer support, and libraryaccess to PROFMEXmembere visitingMexico.

UDIA/MCC also announces graduatestudent fellowships and visiting profes-sorships for U.S.-based PROFMEXscholars. Graduate students will beasked to teach a course during theprocess of their dissertation regearch.Visiting faculty will teach a graduateseminar.

Faculty and graduate student fellow-ships will be awarded on a competitivebasis by UDIá,/MCC in consultationwith PROFMEX Interested faculty andstudents ehould contact the PROFMEXexecutive secretariat or the PROFMEXVisiting Scholars Center Director Fran-cisco Marmolejo, Vice President ofUDIA/MCC, at (525) 208-6823 or (525)208-0247; or by FAX at (525) 511-6040.

Non-Profit Org.U.S. Postage

PAIDPermit No. 265San Diego, CA

PROFMEX MEXICO POLICY NEWSINSTITUTE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES

OF THE CALIFORNIASSAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITYSAN DIEGO, CA 92182.0435