Programme
Advanced Water Cycle Management
11-23 August 2019
Sunday the 11th of August Chair: Niels Peter Revsbech
Time Activity Lecturer Room 14.00 Pick up from Aarhus Bus terminal 16.00-16.15
Welcome to the Advanced Water Cycle Management
Niels Peter Revsbech Professor, Aarhus University Michael Ramlau-Hansen Global Brand Manager, AVK
Wastewater
16.15-18.15
Culture and teamwork
Maj Thimm Carlsen Research administrator, Aarhus University Kristine Howe Kjer Special Consultant, Aarhus University
Wastewater
18.30-19.30
Dinner
19.30-20.00
Welcome to Låsby Kro and its surroundings by Visit Skanderborg
Marianne Purup Director, Visit Skanderborg
Wastewater
20.00 Hang around, unpack and get adjusted
Monday the 12th of August Chair: Niels Peter Revsbech, Aarhus University Chair Groundwater: Tom Pallesen, I-GIS
Time Activity Lecturer Room 7.00-7.45
Breakfast
8.00-12.00
Introduction to the course - Setting the stage - The water cycle - The water flow - Walking tour in Låsby
Michael Ramlau-Hansen Global Brand Manager, AVK Lars Schrøder CEO, Aarhus Vand Peter Sig Kristensen Head of subject, Skanderborg Forsyning Niels Peter Revsbech Professor, Aarhus University
Wastewater
12.00-13.00
Lunch
13.00-13.15
Groundwater Introduction to track A
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS
Wastewater
13.15-14.00
Groundwater Groundwater mapping in Denmark.
Jesper Hannibalsen, Deputy Head of Groundwater Division, Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark
Wastewater
14.00-14.10
Groundwater Where does your drinking water come from?
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS
Wastewater
14.10-14.45
Groundwater Groundwater and drinking water in an international perspective. Examples from California, Thailand, Sweden, South Africa
Pia Jacobsen Chief Engineer, Aarhus Vand
Wastewater
14.45-14.55
Break
14.55-15.35
Groundwater The geological settings in Denmark and their impact on the groundwater system.
Ole Rønø Clausen Associate professor, Aarhus University
Wastewater
15.35-15.45
Groundwater The geologic settings from where you come.
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS
Wastewater
15.45-16.20
Groundwater The water cycle. From terrain to consumer – focus on infiltration. Different soil types hydraulic properties and the impact on groundwater flow. The general water cycle briefly (incl. runoff, evaporation, infiltration etc.).
Steen Christensen Associate professor, Aarhus University
Wastewater
16.20-16.50
Groundwater Aquifers, aquitards, groundwater levels and pressure gradients.
Steen Christensen Associate professor, Aarhus University
Wastewater
16.50-17.00
Groundwater Summing up
Wastewater
17.00-19.00
Dinner
19.00-19.10
Groundwater Intro to program of the evening
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS
Wastewater
19.10-19.40
Groundwater Groundwater chemistry and – pollution. Examples of sources of contamination (point sources, farming, natural conditions (arsenic, chloride etc.). Consequences of over-pumping/water table lowering.
Tina Erenskjold Moeslund Geologist, NIRAS
Wastewater
19.40-19.50
Groundwater Groundwater contamination
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS
Wastewater
19.50-20.30
Groundwater The Water Balance – an example of active control of the water balance in an active well field. Including water chemistry as an indicator of changes in water quality and the cooperation with the municipality for planning and protection of the aquifers.
Bo Vægter Geologist, Aarhus Vand
Wastewater
20.30-20.45
Coffee break
20.45-21.15
Groundwater Subsurface data -Wells -Soil type maps -Geophysics (incl. seismics and borehole logs) -Water chemistry -Water levels -Geologic maps
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS
Wastewater
21.15-21.45
Groundwater Introduction to geologic models
Tom Pallesen Wastewater
Concepts Model types and examples Purpose and scale Derived results – examples 3D digital geologic models
Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS
21.45-22.00
Summing up Wastewater
Tuesday the 13th of August Chair: Tom Pallesen, I-GIS
Time Activity Lecturer Room 7.00-7.45
Breakfast
8.00-9.30
Groundwater Meet in canteen. Bring outdoor clothes and shoes. Visit an active well site – live (10-minute walk from Låsby Kro).
Peter Sig Kristensen Head of Subject, Skanderborg Forsyning
Wastewater
9.30-10.15
Groundwater The authorities’ use of the results from the national groundwater mapping. Possibilities and administration. Protection of areas near well fields etc.
Niels Cajus Project manager, Municipality of Aarhus
Wastewater
10.15-10.50
Groundwater Groundwater models – an introduction
Thomas Wernberg Hydrogeologist, NIRAS
Wastewater
10.50-11.00
Break
11.00-11.45
Examination
11.45-12.00
Groundwater Summing up and presentation of company visit
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS
Wastewater
12.00-13.00
Lunch
13.00-17.00
Groundwater Visit at SkyTEM AS
Per Gisselø Head of Operations, SkyTEM Surveys ApS
SkyTEM Surveys ApS
17.00-19.00
Dinner
19.00-21.00
SDG Capture (NIRAS) Johan Harkjær Kristensen Project manager, NIRAS
Wastewater
Wednesday the 14th of August Chairs: Pia Jacobsen, Aarhus Vand and Michael Ramlau-Hansen, AVK
Time Activity Lecturer Room 7.00-7.45
Breakfast
08.00- 09.00
Water distribution Overview of Functions and Challenges within the Water Distribution System
Pia Jacobsen Chief Engineer, Aarhus Vand
Wastewater
09.00-09.05
Break
09.05-10.00
Water distribution Introduction to NRW Management - IWA Water Balance - Water Auditing - Benchmarking
Klavs Høgh Project Director, NIRAS
Wastewater
10.00-10.15
Break
10.15-11.30
Water distribution ICT Tools – Moving towards Smart Water Networks - GIS - CIS - MIS - SCAD - HMS
Klavs Høgh Project Director, NIRAS
Wastewater
11.30-12.15
Lunch Break
12.15-13.00
Bus to Aarhus Vand
13.00-14.00
Water distribution The Four Pillars of Leakage Management: 1. Pressure Management - Static, Dynamic - Pump Controlled - Valve Controlled 2. Active Leakage Control - Passive Leakage Control - Moving from passive to active leakage control - Active Leakage Control 3. Pipeline Management & Rehabilitation - Pipe types - Piping Technologies - Rehabilitation Planning 4. Speed & Quality of Repairs - Work Order management
- Training & Supervision
Klavs Høgh Project Director, NIRAS
Aarhus Vand
14.00-14.05
Break
14.05-15.30
Water distribution Leakage Management - Leak Detection and Location Equipment - Tools, Methodologies and Techniques
Pia Jacobsen Chief Engineer, Aarhus Vand
Aarhus Vand
15.30- 15.40
Coffee break Aarhus Vand
15.40-16.45
Water distribution Customer Information System (CIS). Customer Metering - CIS content - Meter Types - AMR/AMI - Accuracy, Replacement - Meter Reading, Billing
- Apparent Losses
Klavs Høgh Project Director, NIRAS
Aarhus Vand
16.45-17.00
Summary and evaluation Aarhus Vand
17.00-19.00
Bus to Låsby, dinner and break
19.00-19.10
Company Evening Short welcome – let´s get started
Wastewater
19.10-20.10
Company Evening Company Madness: 5 min. talks of Inspiration
- Aarhusvand - AVK - DHI - Grundfos - I-GIS - Kamstrup - NIRAS - Skanderborg forsyning - Aarhus University Centre for Water Technology - Aarhus University School of Engineering
20.10-20.15
Company Evening Short break
20.15-21.30
Company Evening Company lounge session Take the opportunity to reach out and have a talk with representatives from leading Companies and utilities within the Danish Water Sector.
Thursday the 15th of August
Chairs: Pia Jacobsen, Aarhus Vand and Michael Ramlau-Hansen, AVK
Time Activity Lecturer Room 7.00-7.45 Breakfast 8.00-8.45
Water distribution Bus to Grundfos
Grundfos
8.45-11.30
Water distribution Onsite visit to Grundfos Technology to Supply Water - Introducing Energy Efficient Pump solutions. - Solutions for water supply. - Solutions for waste water. - Factory Tour - Introduction to “Demand Driven Distribution (Pressure Management)”
Sune Neve Senior Business Development Manager, Grundfos Christian Schou Application Manager, Grundfos Cedric Macleod Application Manager, Grundfos
Grundfos
11.30-12.15
Bus to Kamstrup
12.30-13.00
Lunch at Kamstrup
13.00-15.30
Water distribution Onsite visit to Kamstrup Technology to Measure Water - Measuring Water Consumption and Pressure - Remote Meter Reading - The Value of Data in the Distribution
Network - Factory Tour – Discussion: The technology
process from design to manufacturer. - Introduction to “Using Meter Data to Identify Non-Revenue Water”
Anne Lorrigan Project Manager, Kamstrup
Kamstrup
15.30-16.00
Bus to AKV
16.00-18.30
Water distribution Onsite visit to AVK Technology to Control Water - Pressure Control Valves - Valves for Wastewater & Energy
Optimization - Introduction to “Smart Pressure
Management to Reduce Network Leakage”
Karsten S. Nielsen Business Development Manager, AVK Michael Ramlau- Hansen Global Brand Manager, AVK
AVK
18.30-18.45
Summary and evaluation AVK
18.45-20.00
Grap and go sandwich at AVK
AVK
20.00-20.30
Bus to Låsby Kro
Friday the 16th of August Chairs Water Distribution: Pia Jacobsen, Aarhus Vand and Michael Ramlau-Hansen, AVK Chair Wastewater Management: Niels Peter Revsbech, Aarhus University
Time Activity Lecturer Room 7.00-7.45 Breakfast 8.00- 9.00
Water distribution Sectioning & Zoning - Pressure Zones - District Metering Areas - Instrumentation
Pia Jacobsen Chief Engineer, Aarhus Vand
Wastewater
9.00- 9.15 Break 9.15-10.15 Water distribution
System Integration - Strategy, Goal Benchmarking - Advanced Analysis
Yang Weixiao Senior Water and GIS Expert, NIRAS
Wastewater
10.15- 10.30
Recap and evaluation Wastewater
10.30-11.00
Break
10.30 – 11.00
Examination Wastewater
11.00-12.00
Lunch break
13.00-14.00
Wastewater treatment Basic biological processes in wastewater treatment
Niels Peter Revsbech Professor, Aarhus University
Wastewater
14.15-14.45
Wastewater treatment Interpretation of measured N-parameters in activated sludge tank
Niels Peter Revsbech Professor, Aarhus University
Wastewater
14.45- 15.30
Wastewater treatment Design and overall functioning of a modern waste water treatment plant
Morten Rebsdorf Senior Project Manager, Aarhus Vand
Wastewater
15.30-15.45
Coffee break
15.45-16.30
Wastewater treatment Continued - Design and overall functioning of a modern waste water treatment plant
Morten Rebsdorf Senior Project Manager, Aarhus Vand
Wastewater
16.40-17.30
Wastewater treatment Energy production from WWTP sludge and future perspectives
Lars Ottosen Professor, Aarhus University Laura Agneessens Engineer, NIRAS
Wastewater
Christina Berg Olesen Engineer, NIRAS
18.00-19.00
Dinner
19.00-19.50
Wastewater treatment Continued: Energy production from WWTP sludge and future perspectives
Lars Ottosen Professor, Aarhus University Laura Agneessens Engineer, NIRAS Christina Berg Olesen Engineer, NIRAS
Wastewater
20.00-21.00
Wastewater treatment Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment
Hans Brix Professor, Aarhus University
Wastewater
Saturday the 17th of August Chair: Niels Peter Revsbech, Aarhus University
Time Activity Lecturer Room 7.00-7.45 Breakfast 8.30-9.30
Wastewater Management Anammox in waste water treatment
Morten Rebsdorf Senior Project Manager, Aarhus Vand Niels Peter Revsbech Professor, Aarhus University
Wastewater
9.40-10.40
Wastewater Management Impact on design criteria for storm water systems
Morten Kjølby Product Manager, DHI
Wastewater
10.50-11.50
Wastewater Management Flood-risk prediction – CADSS by DHI
Morten Kjølby Product Manager, DHI
Wastewater
12.00-13.00
Lunch break
13.00-14.00
Wastewater Management Degradation of micropollutants including pharmaceuticals in WWTPs
Zongsu Wei Assistant professor, Aarhus University
Wastewater
14.15-15.00
Examination Wastewater
15.00-late
Social evening Ravnsøhytten
Sunday the 18th of August – Groundwater track Chair: Tom Pallesen, I-GIS
Time Activity Lecturer Room 7.00.7.45 Breakfast 08.00-10.00
Groundwater Geophysical methods – introduction and basic knowledge.
• SkyTEM • tTEM • ERT • TEM40 • Seismics • Logs
etc
Esben Auken Professor, Aarhus University
Groundwater
10.00-11.00
Groundwater Exercise: Select geophysical method for two different mapping cases
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS
Groundwater
11.00-11.15
Break
11.15-11.35
Groundwater Introduction to GeoScene3D – software for geologic modelling.
Thomas Bager Rasmussen Consultant, I-GIS
Groundwater
11.35-11.45
Groundwater Approach to geologic modelling
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS
Groundwater
11.45-12.00
Groundwater Examples of manual contra semi-automatic geologic modelling. Smart Interpretation and Multiple Point Statistics
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS
Groundwater
12.00-13.00
Lunch break
13.00-13.45
Groundwater Hydrogeologic modelling pt. I
• Principles • Technique • Uncertainties
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS
Groundwater
13.45-14.30
Groundwater Hydrogeologic modelling pt. II
• Principles • Technique • Uncertainties
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS
Groundwater
14.30-16.15
Groundwater Installation of GeoScene3D software on students’ computers Break included
Thomas Rasmussen Consultant, I-GIS
Groundwater
16.15-17.00
Groundwater Geologic modelling in GeoScene3D – introduction to user interface, workflow and typical datatypes
Thomas Rasmussen Consultant, I-GIS
Groundwater
17.00-19.00
Break and dinner
19.00-21.30
Groundwater Geologic modelling in GeoScene3D
Groundwater
21.30-21.45
Groundwater Summing up
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS
Groundwater
Sunday the 18th of August – Water distribution track
Chair: Pia Jacobsen, Aarhus Vand and Michael Ramlau-Hansen, AVK
Time Activity Lecturer Room 7.00-7.45 Breakfast 8.00-12.00
Water distribution Hydraulic modelling of drinking water systems
Yang Weixiao Senior Water and GIS Expert, NIRAS
Distribution
12.00-12.45
Lunch Break
12.45-14.00
Water distribution Pressure control – intelligent valves
Michael Ramlau-Hansen Global Brand Manager, AVK
Distribution
14.00-14.15
Break
14.15-15.30
Water distribution Demand Driven Distribution (Pressure management)
Cedric Macleod Application Manager, Grundfos
Distribution
15.30-15.45
Break
15.45-16.45
Water distribution Using Smart Meter Data to Identify Non-Revenue Water
Kristian Rokkjær Head of Product Management, Kamstrup
Distribution
16.45-17.00
Water distribution Recap and evaluation
Distribution
17.00-19.00
Break and dinner
19.00-21.00
Water distribution Draw a future water system
Pia Jacobsen Chief Engineer, Aarhus Vand Michael Ramlau-Hansen Global Brand Manager, AVK
Distribution
Sunday the 18th of August – Wastewater management track
Chair: Niels Peter Revsbech, Aarhus University
Time Activity Lecturer Room 7.00-7.45
Breakfast
8.30-9.20
Wastewater Management Sensor control of WWTPs
Anders Lynggard-Jensen Chief Engineer, Aarhus Vand
Wastewater
9.30-10.10
Wastewater Management Polymers, cyclones and settling
Morten Rebsdorf Senior Project Manager, Aarhus Vand
Wastewater
10.20-11.05
Wastewater Management Pulse loading of WWTPs
Jens Munk-Poulsen Head of subject, Skanderborg forsyning
Wastewater
11.15-12.00
Wastewater Management Nitrous oxide emission and carbon footprint from WWTPs
Mikkel Holmen Andersen Chief Technology Officer, Unisense
Wastewater
12.00-13.00
Lunch
13.00-14.00
Wastewater Management Optimization of phosphate recovery and Sludge management – fields or incarnation
Thomas Jensen Head of Section, NIRAS
Wastewater
14.10-15.00
Wastewater Management Use of water from WWTP after treatment
Caroline Kragelund Product Manager, Danish Technological Institute
Wastewater
15.00-15.20
Coffee break
15.20-16.20
Wastewater Management How molecular analysis of community helps operators solve problems with bulking etc.
Per Halkjær Nielsen Professor, Aalborg University
Wastewater
16.30-17.15
Wastewater Management Utilization of organic matter in wastewater for production of high-value chemicals
Alberto Scoma Associate professor, Aarhus University
Wastewater
17.15-19.00
Dinner and break
19.00-21.00
Wastewater Management Experiences with the Grundfos Biobooster compact WWTP: with examples from Industrial plants installations
Bhupendra Poudel Senior Process Engineer, Grundfos
Wastewater
Monday the 19th of August – Groundwater track
Chair: Tom Pallesen, I-GIS
Time Activity Lecturer Room 7.00-7.45
Breakfast
08.00-08.45
Groundwater Well field and waterworks. From investigation and mapping to abstraction and delivery to end user.
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS Pia Jacobsen Chief Engineer, Aarhus Vand
Groundwater
08.45-09.15
Groundwater Exercise
09.15-10.00
Groundwater Well field and waterworks Pt II. From investigation and mapping to abstraction and delivery to end user.
Tom Pallesen Geologist, Head of Production and Consultancy, I-GIS Pia Jacobsen Chief Engineer, Aarhus Vand
Groundwater
10.00-10.15
Break Groundwater
10.15-11.45
Groundwater Hydrogeologic models – examples of data use
11.45-12.00
Groundwater Summing up
12.00-13.00
Break and lunch
13.00-16.00
Groundwater Wells – how they are made and what information we get.
Jette Sørensen Assistant professor, VIA University College
Wastewater
16.00-17.00
Break
17.00-19.00
Dinner and break
19.00-21.00
Case work Introduction to case:
- Introduction to project work, practical information /Kristian Vestergaard
- Introduction to the case area /Michael Ramlau Hansen
- Specific tasks for the three tracks: o Groundwater /Tom Pallesen o Water distribution /Mette Neerup
Jeppesen/Pia Jacobsen
o Waste water management /Niels Peter Revsbech
- Getting started in the teams /Kristian Vestergaard
- Group work - Catch up/questions
Monday the 19th of August – Water distribution track
Chairs: Pia Jacobsen, Aarhus Vand and Michael Ramlau-Hansen, AVK
Time Activity Lecturer Room 7.00-7.45
Breakfast
8.00-12.00
Water distribution Rehabilitation Planning
Klavs Høgh Project Director, NIRAS
Distribution
12.00-12.45
Lunch Break
12.45-16.45
Water distribution System Integration - Strategy, Goal Benchmarking - Advanced Analysis and integration - Advanced control
Klavs Høgh Project Director, NIRAS
Pia Jacobsen Chief Engineer, Aarhus Vand
Distribution
16.45-17.00
Water distribution Summary and Evaluation
Distribution
17.00-19.00
Break and dinner
19.00-21.00
Case work Introduction to case:
- Introduction to project work, practical information /Kristian Vestergaard
- Introduction to the case area /Michael Ramlau Hansen
- Specific tasks for the three tracks: o Groundwater /Tom Pallesen o Water distribution /Mette Neerup
Jeppesen/Pia Jacobsen o Waste water management /Niels Peter
Revsbech - Getting started in the teams /Kristian
Vestergaard - Group work - Catch up/questions
Wastewater
Monday the 19th of August – Wastewater management track Chair: Niels Peter Revsbech, Aarhus University
Time Activity Lecturer Room 7.00-7.45
Breakfast
8.00-8.50
Wastewater Management Sulfide in wastewater transport - Formation and release
Bruno Kiilerich Senior Water Technology Engineer, Grundfos
Wastewater
9.00-9.50
Wastewater Management Model-prediction of H2S in sewers
Morten Kjølby Product Manager, DHI
Wastewater
10.00-10.50
Wastewater Management Measurement of H2S in wastewater systems
Kirsten Habicht Application Scientist, Unisense
Wastewater
11.00-11.50
Wastewater Management Integrated control of combined sewer system and WWTP during rain
Anders Lynggaard-Jensen Chief Engineer, Aarhus Water
Wastewater
12.00-12.45
Lunch
12.45-13.45
Wastewater Management Cleaning of water from a facility producing agrochemicals: Methods and regulations
Pernille Gylling Jensen Engineer, FMC Site Rønland
Bjarke Kynde Chemicals Specialist, FMC Site Rønland
Wastewater
13.45-14.15
Bus to Egå WWTP
14.15-17.00
Wastewater Management Visit Egå WWTP
Lise Hughes Teamleader, Aarhus Vand
Wastewater
17.00-19.00
Dinner, break and bus to Låsby Kro
19.00-21.00
Case work Introduction to case:
- Introduction to project work, practical information /Kristian Vestergaard
- Introduction to the case area /Michael Ramlau Hansen
- Specific tasks for the three tracks: o Groundwater /Tom Martlev
Pallesen o Water distribution /Mette Neerup
Jeppesen/Pia Jacobsen o Waste water management /Niels
Peter Revsbech
Wastewater
- Getting started in the teams /Kristian Vestergaard
- Group work - Catch up/questions
Tuesday the 20th of August
Chair: Niels Peter Revsbech, Aarhus University and Michael Ramlau-Hansen, AVK
Time Activity Room 7.00-7.45 Breakfast 08.00-12.00
Groundwater/ Water distribution/Wastewater Management Case work
Groundwater/Distribution/Wastewater
12.00-13.00
Lunch
13.00-17.00
Groundwater/ Water distribution/Wastewater Management Case work
Groundwater/Distribution/Wastewater
17.00-19.00
Dinner and break
19.00-20.00
Groundwater/ Water distribution/Wastewater Management Case work
Groundwater/Distribution/Wastewater
20.00-21.00
Timeout and sum up Groundwater/Distribution/Wastewater
Wednesday the 21th of August
Chair: Niels Peter Revsbech, Aarhus University and Michael Ramlau-Hansen, AVK
Time Activity Room 7.00-7.45 Breakfast 08.00-12.00
Groundwater/ Water distribution/Wastewater Management Case work
Groundwater/distribution/Wastewater
12.00-13.00
Lunch
13.00-13.30
Groundwater/ Water distribution/Wastewater Management Case work
Groundwater/distribution/Wastewater
13.30-17.00
Groundwater/ Water distribution/Wastewater Management Questions to case work
17.00-19.00
Dinner and break
19.00-20.00
Groundwater/ Water distribution/Wastewater Management Case work
Groundwater/distribution/Wastewater
20.00-21.00
Timeout and sum up Groundwater/distribution/Wastewater
Thursday the 22th of August
Chair: Niels Peter Revsbech, Aarhus University and Michael Ramlau-Hansen, AVK
Time Activity Room 7.00-7.45 Breakfast 08.00-12.00
Groundwater/ Water distribution/Wastewater Management Case work
Groundwater/distribution/wastewater
12.00-13.00
Lunch
13.00-15.00
Groundwater/ Water distribution/Wastewater Management Case work
Groundwater/distribution/wastewater
15.00-15.30
Break
15.30-19.00
Presentations (15 min for each group) Wastewater
19.00-21.00
Dinner and break
Friday the 23th of August
Chair: Niels Peter Revsbech
Time Activity Room 7.00-09.00 Breakfast 09.00-10.00 Check out 10.00-12.00 Evaluation Wastewater 12.00-12.30 Graduation and diploma Wastewater 12.30-13.00 Break 13.00-14.00 Lunch 14.00 Departure