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Programmed Instruction
Introduction
• Important Innovation in 20th century teaching –
learning process.
• It is a self-instructional technique.
• Subject matter is logically arranged in a small
segments.
• The learning experience is self-corrective.
Meaning
• Learning material arranged in a series of small
steps (known to unknown)
• A programme takes the place of a Tutor
(framing specified behaviour)
• Student will behave given derived way.
• Most efficient, Pleasant and permanent learning takes place
Definition
• Programmed learning is a systematic, step by step, self-instructional programme aimed to
ensure the learning of stated behaviour.
Dale, Edgar (1962)
Characteristics
1. It is a method of individualized instruction
2. Instructional material is logically
sequenced
3. The learner is required to read or listen
and then respond actively
Characteristics
4. It has adequate provision for feed-back
5. Interaction between the learner and the
learning material is very important
6. Provides self-pacing to the learner
7. Provides continuous evaluation
Types
1. The teaching machine
2. Programmed text book
3. The scrambled book
Principles
• Principle of
1.Small steps
2.Active responding
3.Reinforcement
4.Self – Packing
5.Student – Evaluation or student testing
Merits
1. It is tailored to the needs of the individual learner
2. Permits progress in his own speed
3. It overcomes the inertia and passivity on the part of the learner
4. Learning becomes interesting game
5. Developed by experts. (tested and modified)
Merits
6. Learner immediately reinforced to correct his response
7. Complexity is simplified
8. Great significance in developing countries
9. Good teachers are freed from boredom
10.Creative thinking and judgement
Merits
11.Motor skills, Intellectual abilities and
Memorization effectively taught
12.Helps the teacher – problems of individual
learner
13.Useful – where human instructors are not
available
Limitations
• Criticized as threat to replace the teacher.
• Too much emphasis in learning facts and very
little emphasis on the mastery of principles
and concepts.
Limitations
• Some times learner doesn’t know where he is
headed to.
• Materials very costly
• Material required expert knowledge and training