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Progress of the First Year Legume CHOICE Project Activities - Ethiopia-Action Site
By
Tamene Temesgen & Tadesse Birhanu
Legume CHOICE Project Regional Planning Meeting
February 2-4, 2015
Addis Ababa
Progress of the First Year Legume CHOICE Project Activities -Ethiopia-Action Site
Main activities accomplished1. Planning meeting conducted,
Partners from the research institutes and agricultural offices participated.
Site teams had worked in groups and produced presentation on the existing farming systems, legume functions, constraints to legume intensification and opportunities for legume promotion/intensification
2. Implementation sites were selected Diga field site: Lalisa Dimtu (medium market), Fromsa (Good market)
Jeldu field site: Kolu-Galan (medium market), Chollanko (Good market)
Main activities accomplished contd…
3. Village meeting has been conducted at both field sites
Farmers from all typologies, genders and age classes were well represented in the participants.
The objective of this village meeting was to introduce the project into the farmers and to help to set farm typologies.
Farm typology indicators,
Thresholds for the typology indicators
Three farm typologies identified
Ownership of certified farm size, size of livestock holdings (oxen owned) and the level of use of agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer)
Main activities accomplished contd…
ParticipantsVillage meeting FGD
TotalDiga Jeldu Diga Jeldu
Male Farmers 20 40 17 27 104
Female farmers 18 19 7 6 50
Development agents (DA) 6 6 3 3 18
DA's Suppervisors 2 - - - 2
Agricultural office experts 2 2 1 1 6
Total 48 67 28 37 180
Main activities accomplished contd…
Typology indicators and their thresholds at Diga and Jeldu field sites
Implementation site Typology Farm size Livestock (Oxen) Chemical fertilizer use
Diga field site
1. Wealthy ≥ 4ha ≥ 6 oxen All “recommended” rate
2. Middle income >1 & < 4ha 2-5 oxen Below “recommended” rate
3. Lower income ≤ 1ha 1 or no oxen Do not use
Jeldu field site
1. Wealthy ≥ 3ha
≥ 4 oxen
All “recommended” rate
≥ 4ha
2. Middle income >1 & < 3ha
2-3 oxen
Below “recommended” rate
>1 & < 4ha
3. Lower income ≤ 1ha 1 or no oxen Do not use
4. Focus group discussion has been conducted at both field sites
The aim of FGD was: To identify and score existing legume species cultivated & their respective
functions
To identify existing constraints for legume intensification and
To search opportunity for niches for possible intervention
In all field sites, FGD participant farmers were made aware of legumes
definition and different legume types with their respective examples
Main activities accomplished contd…
Result of Focus Group Discussion
Knowledge of legumes and legume systems:
•All farmers are aware of the role of legumes in soil fertility improvement and in increasing the productivity of subsequent cereal crops.
•Also aware of the multipurpose functions of legumes
•They are not aware of the mechanisms by which legumes can improve soil fertility (N-fixation).
•Most farmers are not aware of the function of fodder tree legumes rather they use them for other purposes such as for shade and construction
Annual grain Perennial grain Tree Annual fodder
No.
Legume Species legumes legumes legumes legumes
Diga Jeldu Diga Jeldu Diga Jeldu Diga1 Ground nut 2 Haricot bean 3 Faba bean 4 Field pea
5 Ann.Climbing bean 6 Soy bean7 Lupin 8 Cow pea 9 Chick pea
10 Lentil11 Grass pea12 Fenugric
13 Per. Climbing bean 14 Sesbania 15 Lucinea 16 Pigeon pea 17 Lab-lab 18 Tree Lucern19 Calindra20 Alfalfa21 Acacia
Legume species and their category grown in both field sites
Major legumes produced in each implementation sites
• Lalisa Dimtu: Ground nut, bush type haricot bean and perennial climbing bean were received highest frequency.
• Fromsa: Sesbania, annual climbing bean, faba bean and perennial climbing bean were dominant.
• Kolu-Galan:- Faba bean, field pea, chick pea, grass pea, tree lucern, caliandra
• Chillanko: Faba bean, field pea, chick pea, grass pea, lentil, caliandra and tree lucern were frequently grown
Major functions of legumes identified during focus group discussion
Major functions of legumes identified at Lalisa Dimtu during FGD
NoLegume species
produced Legume typeRank of legume function
1 2 3 4
1 Ground nut Annual grain legume Market Food Feed (residue)Soil Improvement
2 Haricot bean Annual grain legume Market FoodSoil Improvement -
3 Cow pea Annual grain legume Food Feed - -4 Chick pea Annual grain legume Market Food - -5 Field pea Annual grain legume Market Food - -6 Soy bean Annual grain legume Food Market Feed (residue) -
7 Climbing bean Perennial grain legume Food MarketSoil Improvement -
8 Pigeon pea Fodder tree legume Food Feed - -9 Sesbania Fodder tree legume Feed Shade Fire wood -
10 Lucinea Fodder tree legume Feed Fire wood Fence -11 Lab lab Ann. herbaceous legume Feed - - -
Major functions of legumes identified….
Major functions of legumes identified at Fromsa during FGD
NoLegume species
produced Legume typeRank of legume function
1 2 3 4 5
1 Faba bean Annual grain legume Food Market Soil Improvement
Feed (Residue)
Feed (cooked grain)
2 Field pea Annual grain legume Food MarketSoil Improvement Animal feed -
3 Haricot bean Annual grain legume FoodSoil Improvement Animal feed - -
4 Ann. Climbing bean Annual grain legume Food Market - - -
5 Peren. Climbing bean Annual grain legume Food Market - - -
6 Sesbania Annual grain legume FeedSoil Improvement Shade Fire wood Fencing
Constraints related to legume area production, productivity and legume utilization
Diga field site:
• Lack of seeds of improved cultivars, • Diseases & pests, Poor soil fertility, • Termite incidence & damage • Lack of awareness on functions and benefits of legumes, • Low market price of their produce, • Poor crop management, • Cereal mono-cropping, • Un affordable price of chemical fertilizer, • Giving priority to cereal crops and • Lack of knowledge of legume utilization in different forms• Lack of herbicide for weed control
Constraints contnd….
Jeldu field site:•Soil fertility decline•Lack of improved seeds•High fungal disease incidence•High input (fertilizer) price•Lack of pesticides (fungicide)•Change of weather•Lack of awareness•Low market price of the product•Insect pests
Percent of importance attached to major legume production and productivity constraints at Diga field site
Lalisa Dimtu Fromsa
Percent of importance attached to major legume production and productivity constraints at Jeldu field site
Different measures that farmers are locally practicing to alleviate the challenges
No. Major challenges identified Different measures that farmers are practicing to alleviate the challenges
1 Lack of improved seeds and supply
Farmer to farmer seed exchange, Purchasing from who owned, Selecting vigor seed from locally available
2 Disease Rouging out diseased plants, Planting quality seeds, some cultural practices Crop rotation, use fungicides, Planting date adjustment Not to plant on soils with poor fertility
3 Lack of awareness Consulting expertise, Trying out research results on their farm, Experience sharing through field days, Farmer to farmer field exchange visits and Attending mass media
4 Low market price of produce
Keeping in store to sale during high price time Producing a crop that have good market value.
Measures that farmers are practicing contd…..
No. Major challenges identified Different measures that farmers practicing to alleviate it
5 Decline in soil fertility Use of manures, Crop rotation, Reducing land under cereals, Using both organic and inorganic fertilizers Fallowing
6 Preference for cereal Using legumes as intercropping
7 Insect pests Insecticides if available, Mixing grain with chilly paper to protect storage pests
8 High price for fertilizer Use of compost, Manure application, Share cropping
Preference of legume functions by gender at Diga field site
Preference of legume functions by gender at Jeldu field site
Major use of legume types by typologies-Lalisa Dimtu
Major use of legume types by typologies-Fromsa
Major use of legume types by typologies-at Kolu-Galan
Major use of legume types by typologies-at Chillanko
Quick baseline survey on legumes at Diga
Outlines:1.General household information• Age of household heads • Household heads education level• Age classes of household members
2.Land holding of the respondent farmers3.Livestock holdings of the households4.Land use of the respondent farmers5.Legume species grown in the implementation sites• Proportion of land cultivated for legume crops/species
6.Different cropping systems practiced in the implementation sites7.Rate of chemical fertilizer application
Quick baseline survey on legumes at Diga
• Purpose of the survey:• To have existing baseline information on the status of legume production in
the area• To help to select farmers for farm characterization survey
• Methods:• There are 3-Zones in each implementation sites in such a way that the first
zone is nearest and the last zone is farthest away from the main road.• Transects walks was done across these pre-defined zones to cover areas, far
from and near to the main road. • Farmers households on both sides of the transect were randomly visited and
questions were asked according to the pre-prepared QS tool to cover 10% of the total households in the Kebele.
• A total of 126 farmers, i.e., 68 from Lalisa Dimtu and 58 from Fromsa were asked
Quick baseline survey result
Baseline survey result at Diga contd....Age classes of the household members
Household head level of education
Frequency of farmers landholding
Proportion of farmers landholdings by typology
Average land allocation for different crops, grazing & Others
Lalisa Fromsa
Total cattle population by farm-typology
Proportion of livestock holding by farm-typology
Different legume species scored/grown at Diga field site
Legume cropping systems practiced at Diga Field Site
Status of chemical fertilizer use by respondents
• Lalisa: average of 125 kg/ha
• Fromsa: Average of 55 kg/ha
• On average: 88 kg/ha applied
• Majority apply b/n 50 & 100 kg/ha.
• Almost 17% of the respondent do not apply fertilizer
• Most use corralling system of animal manure
Possible niches for interventions
According to the rank given by FG:
• Awareness creation through practical training using demonstration of research proven technologies at both field sites
• Soil degradation and lack of improved seeds of legumes • Provision of seeds of improved cultivars and • Introduction of legumes with soil conservation capacity
Moreover:• The importance of and better tolerance of fodder tree legumes to sever
termite incidence than any other annual crops show us the need of immediate introduction, demonstration and scaling up of such legumes.
Possible niches for interventions contd…Introduction of new varieties of pigeon pea in particular is very important because:
• It is getting an attention to be used as biological soil
conservation
• Pruned stems and leaves-livestock feed
• Green pods and seeds-human food
• Pruned pigeon peas-can be used as live stake to produce annual
climbing beans which are commonly produced using dry
stakes---this helps in reducing deforestation
Possible niches for interventions contd…
Maize-Legume (both bush and annual climbing common beans) intercropping is the major cropping system but harvest from intercropped legumes is very low.Therefore,
• Introduction, demonstration, and expansion of improved varieties compatible for
intercropping (particularly for farmers with small land holding)
• Awareness creation and trainings on how to, when and what varieties to be used
for the cropping system
• Trainings on optimum management practices when crops are intercropped
Cereal-Legume rotation for farmers with large farm size
Possible niches for interventions contd…Problem of soil fertility degradation, lack of seeds of improved
cultivars and high fungal disease pressure were received highest priority constraint
Therefore, introduction, demonstration, and expansion of improved varieties of commonly grown highland legumes
Introduction and demonstration of legume species with soil conservation/erosion control capacity while simultaneously fixing atmospheric N
Potato mono-cropping is a common practice – Demonstration of legume intercropping in potato (particularly field pea)
Introduction of improved chick pea varieties for double cropping of chick pea after barley using residual moisture
Thank you!