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and D i n kingWater Progress on 2012 UPDATE
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and D inking WaterProgress on

2012 UPDATE

© UNICEF and World Health Organization 2012

All rights reserved.

UNICEF and the World Health Organization welcome requests for permission to reproduce or translate their publications – whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to UNICEF, Division of Communication, 3 United Nations Plaza, New York 10017, USA (fax: +1 212 303 7985; e-mail: [email protected]) or to WHO Press through the WHO website: http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNICEF or the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.

The figures included in this report have been estimated by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (www.wssinfo.org) to ensure compatibility, thus they are not necessarily the official statistics of the concerned country, area or territory, which may use alternative rigorous methods.

UNICEF and the World Health Organization do not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damages incurred as a result of its use.

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012 Update

1. Water supply – standards. 2. Potable water – supply and distribution. 3. Sanitation 4. Millennium Development Goals. 5. Programme evaluation

I. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.

ISBN: 978-92-806-4632-0 (NLM classification: WA 670)ISBN: 972-924-1503297

Printed in the United States of America

DESIGN: Emerson, Wajdowicz Studios / NYC / www.DesignEWS.com

PHOTO CrEDITS: Front Cover © The Water Institute at the University of North Carolina (UNC)/Heather Arney, 2011, India; P. i UNICEF/Warrick Page; P. 3 UNICEF/Olivier Asselin; P. 4 UNICEF/Kate Holt; P. 8 UNICEF/Noah Friedman-rudovsky; P. 11 UNICEF/Eric Bouvet; P. 12 UNICEF/Veronique de Viguerie; P. 14 UNICEF/Jean-Baptiste Lopez; P. 15 UNICEF/ Marta ramoneda; P. 16 UNICEF/Josh Estey; P. 18 UNICEF/Susan Markisz; P. 22 UNICEF/Marco Dormino; P. 23 UNICEF/Kate Holt; P. 25 UNICEF/Marco Dormino; P. 26 UNICEF/Olivier Asselin; P. 27 UNICEF/Olivier Asselin; P. 28 UNICEF/Ami Vitale; P. 29 UNICEF/roger LeMoyne; P. 31 (top): UNICEF/Olivier Asselin; (bottom): UNICEF/Shehzad Noorani; P. 32 UNICEF/Tibebu Lemma; P. 37 UNICEF/roger LeMoyne; Back Cover © The Water Institute at UNC/Emily Zuehlke, 2011, Uganda

and D inking WaterProgress on

2012 UPDATE

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Foreword

Since the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation has reported on progress towards achieving Target 7c: reducing by half the proportion of people without sus- tainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. This report contains the welcome announcement that, as of 2010, the target for drinking water has been met.

Since 1990, more than 2 billion people have gained access to improved drinking water sources. This achievement is a testament to the commitment of Government leaders, public and private sector entities, communities and individuals who saw the target not as a dream, but as a vital step towards improving health and well-being.

Of course, much work remains to be done. There are still 780 million people without access to an improved drinking water source. And even though 1.8 billion people have gained access to improved sanitation since 1990, the world remains off track for the sanitation target. It is essential to accelerate progress in the remaining time before the MDG deadline, and I commend those who are participating in the Sustainable Sanitation: Five Year Drive to 2015.

This report outlines the challenges that remain. Some regions, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, are lagging behind. Many rural dwellers and the poor often miss out on improvements to drinking water and sanitation. And the burden of poor water supply falls most heavily on girls and women. Reducing these disparities must be a priority.

The recognition by the UN General Assembly, in 2010, of water and sanitation as a human right provides additional political impetus towards the ultimate goal of providing everyone with access to these vital services. Many countries and agencies have joined hands in the Sanitation and Water for All partnership. Such collective efforts offer real promise and I urge all partners to contribute.

I commend this report to all those working towards universal access to safe water and sanitation. Achieving the MDG drinking water target is a major step, but ultimately, only one step on a long journey that we have yet to finish. Let us use this success to invest our mission for sustainable, equitable development with renewed vigour so we can create the future we want.

Ban Ki-moonSecretary-General, United Nations

01

Contents

02 Looking Forward, Looking Back

03 Global Drinking Water Trends 1990-2010 04 Progress Towards the MDG Target 08 Regional Trends 11 An Alternative Indicator of Progress 12 Urban-Rural Disparities

14 Global Sanitation Trends 1990-2010 15 Progress Towards the MDG Target 18 Regional Trends 22 An Alternative Indicator of Progress 23 Urban-Rural Disparities

26 The Equity Imperative 27 Looking Beyond Averages 28 Water & Sanitation Use in Least Developed Countries 29 Water & Sanitation Use by Wealth Quintiles 31 Gender and the Burden of Collecting Water

32 JMP Methodology and What Lies Ahead 33 JMP Estimates 34 Growth of the JMP Database 34 Data Limitations 35 Data Reconciliation 35 JMP Task Forces 35 Looking Beyond 2015

37 Statistical Tables 38 Country, Regional and Global Estimates on Water & Sanitation 56 Annex: Trends In Urban and Rural Water Supply Coverage 58 Millennium Development Goals: Regional Groupings

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The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, known as the JMP, reports every two years on access to drinking water and sanitation worldwide and on progress towards related targets under Millennium Development Goal 7. This 2012 report is based on data gathered from household surveys and censuses, including both recent and older data sets that have come to the attention of the JMP. The estimates presented here describe the situation as of end-2010 and supersede those of the JMP update published in March 2010.

The report brings welcome news: The MDG drinking water target, which calls for halving the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water between 1990 and 2015, was met in 2010, five years ahead of schedule. However, the report also shows why the job is far from finished. Many still lack safe drinking water, and the world is unlikely to meet the MDG sanitation target. Continued efforts are needed to reduce urban-rural disparities and ineq-uities associated with poverty; to dramatically increase coverage in countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania; to promote global monitoring of drinking water quality; to bring sanitation ‘on track’; and to look beyond the MDG target towards universal coverage.

Still, much has been achieved. As this progress report shows, over 2 billion people gained access to improved water sources and 1.8 billion people gained access to improved sanitation facilities between 1990 and 2010. This is impressive, par-ticularly when the gains of countries that started at a low baseline and faced high population growth are considered. Indeed, much of the progress of the last 20 years has been in the context of rapid population growth, and this is why some of the news in this report is sobering. Over 780 million people are still without access to improved sources of drinking water and 2.5 billion lack improved sanitation. If current trends continue, these numbers will remain unacceptably high in 2015: 605 million people will be without an improved drinking water source and 2.4 billion people will lack access to improved sanitation facilities.

As we approach the 2015 target date for the MDGs, WHO and UNICEF are addressing current monitoring challenges and those that lie ahead. The safety and reliability of drinking water supplies and the sustainability of both water supply sources and sanitation facilities are not addressed by the current set of indicators used to track progress. Accordingly, this report details work under way to refine both indicators and methods of monitoring, as part of the 2010-2015 JMP strategy. It also discusses the beginnings of a process to develop new water, sanitation and hygiene goals, targets and indicators beyond 2015, in alignment with the human right to water and sanitation and the mandate of the UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Right to Water and Sanitation.

02

Looking Forward, Looking Back

03

Global D inking Water Trends 1990-2010

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Global Drinking Water Trends 1990-2010

The MDG drinking water target has been reached: Over 2 billion people gained access to improved water sources from 1990 to 2010, and the proportion of the global population still using unimproved sources is esti-mated at only 11 per cent (Figure 1). This is less than half of the 24 per cent estimated for 1990. Almost 6.1 billion people, 89 per cent of the world’s population, were using an improved water source in 2010. The drinking water target has thus become one of the first MDG targets to be met.

While this tremendous achievement should be applauded, a great deal of work remains:

First, huge disparities exist. While coverage of improved water supply sources is 90 per cent or more in Latin America and the Caribbean, Northern Africa and large parts of Asia, it is only 61 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa. Coverage in the developing world overall stands at 86 per cent, but it is only 63 per cent in countries desig-nated as ‘least developed’. Similar disparities are found within countries – between the rich and poor and between those living in rural and urban areas. These inequities are explored later in this report.

Second, complete information about drinking water safety is not available for global monitoring. Systematically testing the microbial and chemical

quality of water at the national level in all countries is prohibitively expen-sive and logistically complicated; therefore, a proxy indicator for water quality was agreed upon for MDG monitoring. This proxy measures the proportion of the population using ‘improved’ drinking water sources, defined as those that, by the nature of their construction, are protected from outside contamination, particularly faecal matter. However, some of these sources may not be adequately main-tained and therefore may not actually provide ‘safe’ drinking water. As a result, it is likely that the number of people using safe water supplies has been over-estimated (see Box 1).

Progress Towards the MDG Target

The MDG drinking water target has been met

12 MDG target

24

76 79

92

100

80

60

40

20

01990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

(projected)

Trends in global drinking water coverage, 1990-2010, projected to 2015Figure 1

■ IMPrOVED SOUrCES ■ UNIMPrOVED SOUrCES MDG TArGET

811

89

14

86

1721

83

%

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Finally, more than 780 million people remain unserved. Although the MDG drinking water target has been met, it only calls for halving the proportion of people without safe drinking water. More than one tenth of the global population still relied on unimproved drinking water sources in 2010.

Figure 2 illustrates the global trend in the use of drinking water sources, disaggregated by category. The last two decades have seen impressive increases in the use of both piped con-nections to a dwelling, plot or yard and other improved sources, such as pro-tected dug wells, boreholes, rainwater collection and standpipes.

In the two decades that WHO and UNICEF have been tracking progress in water

and sanitation, advances have been made in the availability and quality of data and

the methods used to measure them:

n A shift from provider- to user-based data: Initially the JMP relied almost

exclusively on government data, which were largely drawn from water-utility

companies and line ministries and were based on the number of facilities con-

structed. The figures did not reflect facilities that had fallen into disrepair or were

constructed by others outside of government-supported programmes. A key

improvement in the mid-1990s was a shift to user-based data, collected through

household surveys and population censuses, which more accurately reflect actual

use of water and sanitation facilities by individual households.

n More standardized data: Lack of comparability of data on drinking water

sources and sanitation facilities among countries and over time has posed a huge

challenge to global monitoring. In response, WHO and UNICEF assisted the major

household surveys to incorporate harmonized questions into their questionnaires,

and in 2006 they published ‘Core Questions on Drinking Water and Sanitation

for Household Surveys’ to encourage their more widespread use. This increased

standardization has greatly enhanced the comparability of data.

n Increased availability of data: The late 1990s saw an unprecedented increase

in the availability of household survey data, largely due to the implementation

of the UNICEF-supported Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and the

Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), initiated by the United States Agency for

International Development (USAID).

n Expanded JMP database: In 2000, some 220 sources of data could be found

in the JMP database; this current update reflects more than 1,400 sources.

n Greater disaggregation of data: The introduction of drinking water and

sanitation ‘ladders’ has allowed categories such as ‘piped drinking water on

premises’ and ‘open defecation’ to be highlighted.

Still, data limitations abound. One major information gap is the safety of drinking

water supplies. Since cost-effective, periodic and standardized water quality

testing was not possible on a global scale when the MDG target was formulated,

and since nationally representative information on water safety was not available

for the period following the baseline year (1990), WHO and UNICEF were obliged

to use a proxy for ‘sustainable access to safe drinking water’, as specified in the

MDG target. The agreed proxy was ‘use of an improved water source’, where

‘improved’ was determined by the type of technology a household reported as

their primary source. An improved source is one that, through technological

intervention, increases the likelihood that it provides safe water.

To date it has remained impractical to obtain water quality data at the national

level for all countries. The main international household surveys – MICS and DHS –

are piloting the inclusion of a water-quality module that will include testing for

the presence of E. coli. This is made feasible in part by the availability of new, rapid,

low-cost water quality testing kits. If successful, it could lead to further evolution

in monitoring and pave the way for a future drinking water target that includes a

measure of water quality.

Similarly, a proxy for sustainable access to basic sanitation is the use of improved

sanitation facilities. Measuring the actual sustainability of both water and sanitation

facilities remains an area that could benefit from further attention. For a more

detailed discussion of these issues, see section on ‘Data Limitations’, on page 34.

Monitoring the global targets for drinking water and sanitation: Challenges and achievements

Drinking water coverage increased from 76 per cent in 1990 to 89 per cent in 2010

Trend in the proportion of the global population using piped drinking water on premises, other improved drinking water sources, unimproved sources and surface water, 1990-2010

Figure 2

■ SUrFACE WATEr

■ UNIMPrOVED

■ OTHEr IMPrOVED

■ PIPED ON PrEMISES

1990 2010

45

54

31

35

18

8

6 3

BOX 1

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1 It should be kept in mind throughout this report that data from Oceania are limited. Each of the small island states in the region has a very small number of data points, many of which date back several years, making it difficult to prepare robust estimates for 2010.2 The Caucasus and Central Asia is a newly formed MDG region, replacing the Commonwealth of Independent States (which included the russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus). The new region is composed of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

Sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania are not on track to meet the MDG drinking water target

surprising, however, since the inhabit-ants of these two countries represent 46 per cent of the developing world’s population.

Wide variations are found in the rate at which regions have improved coverage. In general, regions in which coverage was already high have made more modest gains, rising by only a few percentage points over 20 years. Of note are the impressive gains in Eastern Asia, which added 23 percent-age points, and the small decline in coverage in the Caucasus and Central Asia2 and in Oceania (Figure 5).

national level. The same methodology that is used to determine progress at the global level can be applied to individual countries, using JMP esti-mates to assess whether a country is on- or off-track in meeting its targets. The results are illustrated in Figure 3, which shows that the majority of coun-tries lagging behind on the drinking water target are in sub-Saharan Africa. In fact, only 19 out of 50 countries in that region are on track to meet the target by 2015.

Figure 4 shows the number of peo-ple who have gained access to an improved drinking water source since 1990. The progress of India and China not only dominates their respective regions, but represents nearly half of the global progress towards the drink-ing water target. If only the developing world is considered, China and India represent more than half of the people who have gained access. This is not

For the first time, data on the use of unimproved sources have been disag-gregated into two categories: surface water and other unimproved sources. The latter includes unprotected dug wells, unprotected springs and water delivered by cart or tanker. Surface water includes water collected directly from rivers, lakes, ponds, irrigation channels and other surface sources. The use of surface water stands at a surprisingly high 3 per cent of the global population, or 187 million people. Most of these people – 94 per cent – are rural inhabitants, and they are concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa. In fact, 19 per cent of rural dwellers in sub-Saharan Africa and 39 per cent of rural residents in Oceania rely on surface water for drinking and cooking.1

The MDGs are global goals with associated global targets. These have been translated into targets at the

Progress towards the MDG drinking water target, 2010Figure 3

■ ON TrACK: Coverage rate in 2010 was >95% or was within 5% of the 2010 rate required to meet the target

■ PrOGrESS BUT INSUFFICIENT: Coverage rate in 2010 was between 5% and 10% of the 2010 rate required to meet the target

■ NOT ON TrACK: Coverage rate in 2010 was the same or lower than the rate in 1990 or below 10% of the 2010 rate required to meet the target

■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or NOT APPLICABLE: Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends or a progress assessment was not applicable

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Almost half of the two billion people who have gained access to drinking water since 1990 live in China or India

Since 1990, drinking water coverage in the developing world has increased by 16 percentage points

Use of improved drinking water sources by MDG region in 2010, and percentage-point change 1990-2010

Number of people who gained access to improved drinking water sources from 1990 to 2010 by MDG region (millions)

Figure 5

Figure 4

MILLIONS

■ SOUTHErN ASIA 679

IN INDIA 522

■ EASTErN ASIA 473

IN CHINA 457

■ SUB-SAHArAN AFrICA 273

■ SOUTH-EASTErN ASIA 204

■ LATIN AMErICA & THE CArIBBEAN 179

■ DEVELOPED rEGIONS 108

■ WESTErN ASIA 76

■ NOrTHErN AFrICA 49

■ CAUCASUS AND CENTrAL ASIA 16

■ OCEANIA 1

Ocea

nia

Sub-

Saha

ran

Afric

a

% p

t. ch

ange

199

0-20

10Co

vera

ge (%

)

Cauc

asus

and

Ce

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l Asi

a

Sout

h-Ea

ster

n As

ia

Wes

tern

Asi

a

Sout

hern

Asi

a

East

ern

Asia

North

ern

Afric

a

Latin

Am

eric

a &

th

e Ca

ribbe

an

Deve

lopi

ng re

gion

s

Deve

lope

d re

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Wor

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100

80

60

40

20

0

25

15

5

-5

5461

87 88 89 90 91 92 9486

9989

12

-1 -1

1

17

4

1823

59

16 13

India, 522 million

China, 457 million

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Global Drinking Water Trends 1990-2010

Figure 6 shows trends in the use of different types of water sources from 1990 to 2010, by MDG regions. Two clear groupings emerge. The first is a set of regions in which the use of piped water to a dwelling, plot or yard is low (30 per cent or less). It includes sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania, Southern Asia and South-Eastern Asia. Although gains in the use of piped water on premises have been made in these regions, progress is mostly in the ‘other improved’ category of water sources. Of note is the fact that 65 per cent of the population in Southern Asia are using other improved sources rather than piped water on premises.

The second group consists of Eastern Asia, Northern Africa, Western Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean, where at least 70 per cent of the population are using piped water on premises. Eastern Asia (dominated by China) has seen a dramatic increase in piped water supplies since 1990, gaining 35 percentage points in cover-age in this category in 20 years; 562 million new users have been added during a period in which the world as a whole added only 9 percentage points. Eastern Asia is also the region with the most dramatic increase in the use of improved drinking water sources overall, starting at 68 per cent

in 1990 and moving to 91 per cent coverage in 2010. This represents a 23 percentage-point increase, far higher than any other region.

Significant proportions of the popu-lation in Oceania and sub-Saharan Africa are still using surface water.

Countries that still have less than 50 per cent coverage in water supply are almost all in sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 7).

Figure 8 shows the number of people without improved water sources in the 10 countries with the largest unserved populations. Though they are on track to reach the target, China and India

Regional Trends

Access to piped water supplies on premises varies widely among regions

Drinking water coverage trends by developing regions, 1990-2010Figure 6

Developing regions

Sub-Saharan Africa

Oceania Southern Asia

South-Eastern Asia

Caucasus and Central Asia

Eastern Asia

Northern Africa

Western Asia

Latin America & the Caribbean

World

1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 19901990 19902010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 20102010 2010

■ PIPED ON PrEMISES ■ OTHEr IMPrOVED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ SUrFACE WATEr

15

2620 16

56

35

58

72

32

73

45

1624 25 30

53

70

83 84

46

86

54

34

29

52 55

32

33

2913

38

12

31

45 30

65 58

34

21

9 5

40

8

35

2711

24 22

9

25

11 14

22

818

26

15

9 9 68 6 9

11

58

24

34

4 7 3 72 1

87 613

31

1 1 12 23 33 7

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combined are still home to 216 million people without access to improved water supplies. This represents 28 per cent of the global population that remains unserved.

The last two decades have seen major shifts in the proportion of the global population using various types of drinking water sources (Tables 1 and 2).3 The biggest change has been the increase in piped water sup-plies on premises, which were used by 54 per cent of people worldwide in 2010 – up from 45 per cent in 1990. In rural areas, the use of piped water on premises grew even faster – from 18 per cent in 1990 to 29 per cent in 2010. Over the same period, reliance on surface water was halved, from 10 per cent to 5 per cent in rural areas and from 6 per cent to 3 per cent for

Sub-Saharan Africa has the lowest drinking water coverage of any region

Proportion of the population using improved drinking water sources in 2010Figure 7

3 This is discussed in more detail in the 2011 UNICEF and WHO thematic report entitled Drinking Water: Equity, Safety and Sustainability.

Ten countries are home to two thirds of the global population without an improved drinking water source

Ten countries with the largest population without access to an improved drinking water source in 2010, population without access (millions)

Figure 8

MILLIONS

■ rEST OF WOrLD 292

■ CHINA 119

■ INDIA 97

■ NIGErIA 66

■ ETHIOPIA 46

■ INDONESIA 43

■ DEMOCrATIC rEPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 36

■ BANGLADESH 28

■ UNITED rEPUBLIC OF TANZANIA 21

■ SUDAN 18

■ KENYA 17

■ 91-100%

■ 76-90%

■ 50-75%

■ <50%

■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or

NOT APPLICABLE

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44 million to 85 million (this category does not count as ‘improved’, due to concerns over water quality). The number of people using bottled water to meet their drinking water needs also increased, rising more than sixfold – from 37 million in 1990 to 228 million in 2010. A large majority of bottled-water users live in urban areas, and most are also users of piped water on premises. Bottled water is considered ‘improved’ only when the household also uses water

the total population. In urban areas, the proportion of people using piped water on premises remained almost the same in percentage terms, but the massive increases in urban populations during this time meant that the absolute number of urban dwellers using water piped to their homes grew by a billion, from 1.8 billion to 2.8 billion.

The number of people relying on tanker trucks and small vendors for drinking water has almost doubled over the same 20-year period, from

from an improved source for cooking and personal hygiene.

The number of people using boreholes (which are usually handpump-operated) grew from 1 billion in 1990 to 1.3 billion in 2010. Eighty per cent of borehole users, almost a billion people, are in rural areas. While boreholes offer significant advantages over dug wells in terms of water quality, many boreholes with handpumps still impose a consider-able burden on users in terms of the time and effort needed to collect the water.

Global trends in the use of different drinking water sources (percentage)

Facility typeUrban (%) Rural (%) Total (%)

1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010

Piped on premises 81 80 18 29 45 54

Public taps 5 6 6 8 5 7

Boreholes 6 8 29 30 19 18

rainwater 0 0 1 2 1 1

Dug wells 5 4 27 19 18 12

Springs 1 1 8 6 5 4

Tanker trucks and small cart with drum 1 1 1 1 1 1

Surface water 1 0 10 5 6 3

Bottled water* 1 6 0 1 1 3

*Survey data show that most people who use bottled water as their main source of drinking water also have piped water on premises as a secondary source. Bottled-water users are counted under the category ‘piped on premises’ in the table above.

Global trends in the use of different drinking water sources (population)

Facility typeUrban (millions) Rural (millions) Total (millions)

1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010

Piped on premises 1,820 2,763 538 973 2,358 3,737

Public taps 120 205 168 260 288 465

Boreholes 138 255 878 996 1,016 1,251

rainwater 6 13 41 76 47 89

Dug wells 111 151 843 656 954 807

Springs 15 33 235 221 250 254

Tanker trucks and small cart with drum 24 42 20 43 44 85

Surface water 17 11 313 175 331 187

Bottled water* 26 192 11 36 37 228

*Survey data show that most people who use bottled water as their main source of drinking water also have piped water on premises as a secondary source. Bottled-water users are counted under the category ‘piped on premises’ in the table above.

Proportion of the population by types of drinking water sources by urban or rural areas, 1990 and 2010 (per cent)

World population by types of drinking water sources by urban or rural areas, 1990 and 2010 (millions)

TaBle 1

TaBle 2

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Assessing progress towards the MDG target alone creates an incomplete picture, since countries that started out with low baseline coverage have had to work much harder to halve the proportion of the population without water and sanitation. Added to this is the challenge of rapid population growth, which can easily mean that any gains in people served are over-taken by population growth. Moreover, it is the poorest countries that are often characterized by a combination of low baseline coverage and high population growth. This means that countries may be making significant progress in the absolute number of people served, but still be persistently ‘off track’.

In response, the JMP has developed an alternative indicator that represents the proportion of the current popula-tion that has gained access over the period from 1995 to the most recent update, in this case 2010. It is thus the percentage of people living in a country today who have gained access in the last 15 years.4 This indicator can be used to assess a country’s performance irrespective of whether it started out with high or low baseline coverage.

The indicator is expressed as:

the increase since 1995 in the number of people with access as a proportion of the current ( 2010) population.

Table 3 shows selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa that have per-formed above the regional average of nearly 26 per cent. Some countries have made remarkable progress in providing large proportions of their population with access to improved drinking water sources, and this is true even of countries that are off track in terms of MDG progress. Rwanda and Sierra Leone, for instance, both experi-enced conflict during the period 1995 to 2010, but have nevertheless shown greater progress than that suggested by the regional average. In Rwanda, more than 30 per cent of the popula-tion have gained access to improved drinking water sources since 1995; this represents over 3 million people. Even countries that have not reported such good progress are noteworthy in terms of the number of people served.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo has provided improved water sources for only about 16 per cent of its popu-lation since 1995; still, this represents more than 10 million people. It is remarkable that sub-Saharan Africa has outstripped Eastern Asia in terms of the proportion of the current popu-lation that have gained access in the last 15 years.

Afghanistan also shows stunning progress when viewed in this way. The country has provided almost half its population (more than 15 million people) with access to improved water sources during a turbulent 15-year period, far surpassing the Southern Asian regional average of 30.9 per cent.

An Alternative Indicator of Progress

Global Drinking Water Trends 1990-2010

Population in 2010

(millions)

Water supply

coverage in 2010 (%)

Population that gained access to improved sources of drinking

water since 1995

MDG progress

Proportion of 2010

population that gained access

to improved drinking

water sources since 1995 (%)

Malawi 14.9 83 7.2 On track 48.4

Burkina Faso 16.5 79 7.5 On track 45.5

Liberia 4.0 73 1.7 On track 42.8

Ghana 24.4 86 10.3 On track 42.3

Namibia 2.3 93 0.9 On track 40.6

Gambia 1.7 89 0.7 On track 37.7

rwanda 10.6 65 3.3 Not on track 30.7

Sierra Leone 5.9 55 1.6 Not on track 27.0

Togo 6.0 61 1.6 Not on track 26.1

Sub-Saharan Africa 856 61 221 Not on track 25.8

Selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa that have performed above the regional average in terms of the proportion of their 2010 population that gained access to improved drinking water sources since 1995

TaBle 3

4 Although using population with access figures for 1990 would be ideal, 1995 is used instead since the JMP had drinking water coverage estimates for 191 countries for 1995, as opposed to only 157 countries for 1990.

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unimproved sources decreased from 1.1 billion to 653 million, during a time of more modest population growth. Though the ratio has improved since 1990, the number of people in rural areas using an unimproved water source in 2010 was still five times greater than in urban areas.

Figures 11 and 12 show that while many countries have less than 50 per cent coverage of drinking water in rural areas, no country has less than 50 per cent coverage in urban areas.

The figures in the Annex on page 56 illustrate urban-rural disparities in drinking water coverage in develop-ing regions.

Piped water on premises is a convenience enjoyed largely by urban populations

1.2 billion people in urban areas gained access to an improved drinking water source between 1990 and 2010

Drinking water coverage trends by urban and rural areas, 1990-2010

Population using improved and unimproved sources of drinking water by urban and rural areas, 1990-2010 (millions)

Figure 9 Figure 10

12

Global Drinking Water Trends 1990-2010

In Figure 9, data used to track prog-ress towards the MDG drinking water target are disaggregated by rural and urban areas. The results show stark disparities between urban and rural coverage, illustrating the challenges in equitable achievement of the MDGs.

An estimated 96 per cent of the urban population globally used an improved water supply source in 2010, compared to 81 per cent of the rural population. This means that 653 million rural dwellers lacked improved sources of drinking water.

Similarly, 80 per cent of the world’s urban population had piped water connections, compared to only 29 per cent of people in rural areas.

In urban areas, the rate of increase in piped water on premises has stag-nated over the last 20 years. The rate of increase has been higher in rural areas, but coverage remains low.

Figure 10 shows the significant increase in the urban population that gained access to improved water sources between 1990 and 2010 – well over a billion people. However, the number of urban dwellers using unimproved sources actually increased, from 109 million to 130 million. This must be viewed in relation to the massive growth in the urban population over the same time period – rising from 2.3 billion to 3.5 billion people. By contrast, in rural areas, the number of people using

Urban-Rural Disparities

■ UNIMPrOVED ■ SUrFACE WATEr■ PIPED ON PrEMISES ■ OTHEr IMPrOVED

■ UNIMPrOVED SOUrCES■ IMPrOVED SOUrCES

1990 1990 1990

Cove

rage

(%)

19902010 2010 20102010

81 44

18

80

14

29

52

14

28

2,142

3,343

1,896

2,747

109

130

1,139

653

16

4 104 5

1

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0

Popu

latio

n (m

illion

s)

Urban UrbanRural Rural

GLO

BA

L Dr

INK

ING

WA

TE

r T

rE

ND

S 1990-2010

Most people without an improved drinking water source live in rural areas

13

Drinking water coverage in rural areas, 2010Figure 11

■ 91-100%

■ 76-90%

■ 50-75%

■ <50%

■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or

NOT APPLICABLE

■ 91-100%

■ 76-90%

■ 50-75%

■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or

NOT APPLICABLE

Drinking water coverage in urban areas, 2010Figure 12

Urban

Rural

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1990-2010Global Sanitation Trends

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15

Global Sanitation Trends 1990-2010

Though it is unlikely that the world will meet the MDG sanitation target by 2015, encouraging progress is being made. Globally, 63 per cent of the population use improved sanita-tion facilities, an increase of almost 1.8 billion people since 1990 (Figure 13). This means that we are within 10 per cent of being ‘on track’. At current rates of progress, we will reach 67 per cent coverage in 2015, better than pre-vious projections but still far from the 75 per cent needed to reach the target. Unless the pace of change in the sanitation sector can be accelerated, the MDG target may not be reached until 2026. In 2010, an estimated 2.5 billion people were still without improved sanitation.

Figure 14 shows that 15 per cent of the population still practise open defeca-tion, defined as defecation in fields, forests, bushes, bodies of water or other open spaces. This represents 1.1 billion people. Though the proportion of people practising open defecation is decreasing, the absolute number has remained at over one billion for several years, due to population growth.

Many countries are off track in meeting the MDG sanitation target, including much of sub-Saharan Africa and sev-eral of the most populous countries in Asia (Figure 15).

Variation in the rate at which regions have increased access to improved sanitation facilities is striking (Figure 16).

Eastern Asia added 39 percentage points in coverage between 1990 and 2010. Unlike drinking water, no regions have experienced decreases in coverage.

Figure 17 represents the number of people who gained access to improved sanitation facilities since 1990, by MDG region.

Progress in China and India is high-lighted, since these two countries represent such a large proportion of their regional populations. While China has contributed to more than 95 per cent of the progress in Eastern Asia, the same is not true for India in Southern Asia. Together, China and India contributed just under half of the global progress towards the MDG target in sanitation.

Progress Towards the MDG Target

If current trends continue, the world will not meet the MDG sanitation target

25 MDG target

51

49

48

52

44

56

40

60

37

63

33

67

100

80

60

40

20

01990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

(projected)

■ IMPrOVED SANITATION ■ UNIMPrOVED SANITATION MDG TArGET

Trends in global sanitation coverage 1990-2010, projected to 2015Figure 13

%

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The world is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target

Progress towards the MDG sanitation target, 2010Figure 15

Sanitation coverage increased from 49 per cent in 1990 to 63 per cent in 2010

Trend in the proportion of the global population using improved, shared or unimproved sanitation or practising open defecation, 1990-2010

Figure 14

■ IMPrOVED ■ SHArED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION

1990 2010

49

63

6

1120

11

2515

Cove

rage

(%)

■ ON TrACK: Coverage rate in 2010 was >95% or was within 5% of the 2010 rate required to meet the target

■ PrOGrESS BUT INSUFFICIENT: Coverage rate in 2010 was between 5% and 10% of the 2010 rate required to meet the target

■ NOT ON TrACK: Coverage rate in 2010 was the same or lower than the rate in 1990 or below 10% of the 2010 rate required to meet the target

■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or NOT APPLICABLE: Data were unavailable or insufficient to estimate trends or a progress assessment was not applicable

17

Number of people who gained access to improved sanitation from 1990 to 2010, by MDG region (millions)

Use of improved sanitation facilities by MDG region in 2010, and percentage-point change 1990-2010

Figure 17

Figure 16

Four out of 10 people who have gained access to improved sanitation since 1990 live in China or India

Since 1990, sanitation coverage has increased by 20 percentage points in developing regions

GLO

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L SA

NITA

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Sub-

Saha

ran

Afric

a

Sout

hern

Asi

a

% p

t. ch

ange

199

0-20

10Co

vera

ge (%

)

Ocea

nia

East

ern

Asia

Sout

h-Ea

ster

n As

ia

Latin

Am

eric

a &

th

e Ca

ribbe

an

Wes

tern

Asi

a

North

ern

Afric

a

Cauc

asus

and

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ntra

l Asi

a

Deve

lopi

ng re

gion

s

Deve

lope

d re

gion

s

Wor

ld

100

80

60

40

20

0

40

30

20

10

0

30

41

55

66 69

8085

9096

56

95

63

174

0 0

39

2312

5 18 5 2014

MILLIONS

■ EASTErN ASIA 613

IN CHINA 593

■ SOUTHErN ASIA 399

IN INDIA 251

■ SOUTH-EASTErN ASIA 204

■ SUB-SAHArAN AFrICA 127

■ LATIN AMErICA & THE CArIBBEAN 169

■ DEVELOPED COUNTrIES 97

■ WESTErN ASIA 74

■ NOrTHErN AFrICA 62

■ CAUCASUS AND CENTrAL ASIA 27

■ OCEANIA 1

China, 593 million

India, 251 million

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Sanitation coverage is improving in almost every developing region

Developing regions

Southern Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

South-Eastern Asia

Oceania Latin America & the Caribbean

Northern Africa

Western Asia

Eastern Asia

Caucasus and Central Asia

World

1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 19901990 19902010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 20102010 2010

■ IMPrOVED ■ SHArED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION

24 26

4655

68 7280

2736

91

49

4130

69

55

8090

85

6656

96

63614

6

32 5

2

10

7

7

2

6

1019

10

6

32

7

65

14

19

13

3

11

11

3

24

17

31

13 18

955

8

59

7

25

7

20

8

26

15 139

719

12

15

67

36

18

3225

41

25

18

Trends in sanitation coverage by region show marked differences, as illustrated in Figure 18. Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa still struggle with low coverage (41 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively). However, the two regions differ significantly from one another in the proportions of populations using facilities other than those classified as ‘improved’. In sub-Saharan Africa, 45 per cent of the population use either shared or unim-proved facilities, and an estimated 25 per cent practise open defeca-tion. In Southern Asia, the proportion of the population using shared or unimproved facilities is much lower,

and open defecation is the highest of any region. Although the number of people resorting to open defeca-tion in Southern Asia has decreased by 110 million people since 1990, it is still practised by 41 per cent of the region’s population, representing 692 million people.

Sub-Saharan African has not made the same progress in reducing open defecation. In fact, it has decreased by only 11 per cent since 1990. With population growth, this means that the number of people practising open defecation has actually increased by 33 million. That said, sub-Saharan

Africa has the highest proportion of people using some sort of unim-proved sanitation of any region (these are facilities that fall short of being ‘improved’ and are either unimproved, shared or public). This proportion is growing, suggesting that the demand for sanitation is on the rise.

Far more countries have sanitation coverage of less than 50 per cent than water coverage of less than 50 per cent. As with water, most of the countries with low sanitation coverage are in sub-Saharan Africa (Figure 19). However, several populous countries in Southern Asia also have low rates of improved sanitation.

Global Sanitation Trends 1990-2010

Regional Trends

Sanitation coverage trends by developing region, 1990-2010 Figure 18

1134 4

Cove

rage

(%)

19

In many countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, sanitation coverage is below 50 per cent

Proportion of the population using improved sanitation in 2010Figure 19

More than half of the 2.5 billion people without improved sanitation live in India or China

Countries with the large numbers of people without access to improved sanitation (millions)

Figure 20

GLO

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L SA

NITA

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Figure 20 shows the 11 countries that make up more than three quarters (76 per cent) of the global population with-out improved sanitation facilities. One third of the 2.5 billion people without improved sanitation live in India.

Despite significant and encouraging declines in open defecation since 1990, 1.1 billion people – 15 per cent of the world’s population – still resort to the practice.

The majority of those practising open defecation (949 million) live in rural areas. Open defecation in rural areas persists in every region of the devel-oping world, even among those who have otherwise reached high levels of improved sanitation use (Figure 21). For instance, the proportion of rural dwellers still practising open defeca-tion is 9 per cent in Northern Africa and 17 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean. Open defecation is highest in rural areas of Southern Asia, where it is practised by 55 per cent of

the population.

MILLIONS

■ rEST OF WOrLD 604

■ INDIA 814

■ CHINA 477

■ INDONESIA 110

■ NIGErIA 109

■ PAKISTAN 91

■ BANGLADESH 66

■ ETHIOPIA 66

■ DEMOCrATIC rEPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 50

■ rUSSIAN FEDErATION 43

■ UNITED rEPUBLIC OF TANZANIA 40

■ BrAZIL 40

■ 91-100%

■ 76-90%

■ 50-75%

■ <50%

■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or

NOT APPLICABLE

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Open defecation is still practised by a majority of the rural population in 19 countries

Proportion of rural population practising open defecation in 2010Figure 21

Open defecation is largely a rural practice Nearly 60 per cent of those practising open defecation live in India

Population practising open defecation by urban and rural areas, 1990-2010 (millions)

Countries with the largest numbers of people practis-ing open defecation (millions)

Figure 22 Figure 23

Urban Rural

■ 1990 ■ 2010

1,200

900

600

300

0

Popu

latio

n (m

illion

s)

MILLIONS

■ rEST OF WOrLD 150

■ INDIA 626

■ INDONESIA 63

■ PAKISTAN 40

■ ETHIOPIA 38

■ NIGErIA 34

■ SUDAN 19

■ NEPAL 15

■CHINA 14

■ NIGEr 12

■ BUrKINA FASO 9.7

■ MOZAMBIqUE 9.5

■ CAMBODIA 8.6

■ MADAGASCAr 7.7

■BrAZIL 7.2

142 105

1,183

949

■ >50%

■ 26-50%

■ 11-25%

■ 1-10%

■ NO OPEN DEFECATION

■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or

NOT APPLICABLE

21

common in certain sub-Saharan African countries, including Ghana, Congo and Gabon (Table 4).

The use of shared sanitation is most evident in sub-Saharan Africa and Eastern Asia, and is particularly

Open defecation is, however, decreasing in all regions, in both urban and rural areas (Figure 22). About 234 million fewer rural dwell-ers were practising open defecation in 2010 than in 1990. Those that continue to do so tend to be concen-trated in a few countries, including India, where 626 million people practise open defecation (59 per cent of the global total) (Figure 23).

Shared sanitation is defined as sanitation facilities of an otherwise acceptable type that are shared between two or more households, including public toilets.

Sanitation facilities that are shared among households, whether fully pub-lic or accessible only to some, are not considered improved according to the definition used for the MDG indicator. The reason stems from concerns that shared facilities are unacceptable both in terms of cleanliness (toilets may not be hygienic and fully sepa-rate human waste from contact with users) and accessibility (facilities may not be available at night, or used by children, for instance). However, it is also recognized that, globally, the number of people using shared sanita-tion is growing: The number of users has increased by 425 million since 1990 – increasing from 6 per cent of the global population to 11 per cent in 20 years. In many countries, particu-larly in crowded urban areas, shared sanitation is the only viable option for those wishing to avoid open defeca-tion; in rural areas, families often keep costs down by sharing latrines between one or more households with family ties. A JMP task force on sanita-tion is exploring the issue of shared sanitation as part of its mandate.

Shared sanitation is predominantly an urban phenomenon, and over 60 per cent of people using this type of facil-ity live in urban areas (Figure 24).

The majority of people who rely on shared or public sanitation facilities live in urban areas

Population sharing sanitation facilities by urban and rural areas, 2010 (millions) Figure 24

Countries where more than a quarter of the population rely on shared or public sanitation facilities

Improved (%) Shared (%) Unimproved (%)

Open defecation

(%)

Ghana 14 58 9 19

Bolivia 27 36 14 23

Congo 18 34 40 8

Gabon 33 34 32 1

Malawi 51 33 8 8

Nauru 65 31 4 0

Mongolia 51 28 9 12

Democratic republic of the Congo 24 27 40 9

Kenya 32 27 27 14

Sierra Leone 13 27 32 28

Zimbabwe 40 27 6 27

Bhutan 44 26 26 4

Bangladesh 56 25 15 4

Liberia 18 25 12 45

Nigeria 31 25 22 22

Proportion of the population using improved, shared or unimproved sanitation facilities or practising open defection in countries where the rate of shared sanitation use is 25 per cent or more (per cent)

TaBle 4

GLO

BA

L SA

NITA

TIO

N T

rE

ND

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Urban Rural

■ 2010

500

400

300

200

100

0

Popu

latio

n (m

illion

s)

464

298

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22

Global Sanitation Trends 1990-2010

As with water, an alternative indicator has been developed to measure progress in sanitation, representing the proportion of the current popu-lation that gained access between 1995 and 2010. This indicator reveals that even among some countries that remain off track, achievements can be striking. Table 5 shows that sub-Saharan Africa as a whole has provided improved sanitation for an average of 12 per cent of its current population since 1995. However, several individual countries have achieved proportions over 20 per cent, notably Angola, Rwanda, Cape Verde, Gambia, Botswana and Malawi. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is remarkable for having added 10 million new users of improved sanitation facilities.

An Alternative Indicator of Progress

Countries in sub-Saharan Africa that performed above the regional average on sanitation

Population in 2010

(millions)

Sanitation coverage in

2010 (%)

Population that gained access to sanitation since 1995 (millions)

MDG progress

Proportion of 2010

population that gained access to sanitation since 1995

(%)

Angola 19.1 58 6.8 On track 35.9

rwanda 10.6 55 3.6 Not on track 33.7

Cape Verde 0.5 61 0.2 On track 32.3

Gambia 1.7 68 0.5 Progress but insufficient 28.5

Botswana 2.0 62 0.5 On track 25.8

Malawi 14.9 51 3.4 Not on track 22.8

Democratic republic of the Congo 66.0 24 10.7 Not on track 16.3

Sub-Saharan Africa 856 30 105 Not on track 12.2

Selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa that have performed above the regional average in terms of the proportion of their 2010 population that gained access to improved sanitation facilities since 1995

TaBle 5

23

The disparities in rural and urban sanitation are even more pronounced than those in drinking water supply. Globally, 79 per cent of the urban population use an improved sanita-tion facility, compared to 47 per cent of the rural population (Figure 25). In rural areas, 1.8 billion people lack access to improved sanitation, representing 72 per cent of the global total of those unserved. However, a great deal of progress has been made in rural areas since 1990: 724 million rural dwellers have gained access to improved sanitation while the

number of people unserved in urban areas has grown by 183 million.

A significant number of rural dwellers have moved away from open defeca-tion, doing so at a higher rate than urban dwellers. In 2010, 105 million people practised open defecation in urban areas, representing 3 per cent of the urban population.

As with drinking water, the number of urban residents using unimproved facilities increased from 1990 to 2010, at a time of rapid growth in urban areas. The number of people using unimproved facilities in rural

areas decreased, but in 2010 was still two and a half times that of urban areas (Figure 26).

Large parts of the developing world have sanitation coverage of 50 per cent or less in rural areas, including much of sub-Saharan Africa and sev-eral populous countries in Southern Asia. The number of countries with less than 50 per cent coverage in urban areas is much lower (Figures 27 and 28).

The figures in the Annex on page 56 illustrate urban-rural disparities in sani-tation coverage in developing regions.

Global Sanitation Trends 1990-2010

Urban-Rural Disparities

GLO

BA

L SA

NITA

TIO

N T

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ND

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Urban-rural disparities in sanitation have decreased

Despite progress, disparities in sanitation coverage between urban and rural areas persist

Sanitation coverage trends by urban and rural areas, 1990-2010

Population using improved or unimproved sanitation by urban and rural areas, 1990-2010 (millions)

Figure 25 Figure 26

■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION

■ IMPrOVED ■ SHArED

1990

Cove

rage

(%)

1990 1990 19902010 2010 2010 2010

764

29

79

16

47

9

10

28

13

6

8

39

5

28

3

■ UNIMPrOVED SANITATION■ IMPrOVED SANITATION

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0

Popu

latio

n (m

illion

s)

1,720

531

2,759

714

879

2,156

1,603

1,796

Urban UrbanRural Rural

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24

Sanitation coverage is much lower in rural than in urban areas

Sanitation coverage in rural areas in 2010

Sanitation coverage in urban areas in 2010

Figure 27

Figure 28

■ 91-100%

■ 76-90%

■ 50-75%

■ <50%

■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or

NOT APPLICABLE

■ 91-100%

■ 76-90%

■ 50-75%

■ <50%

■ INSUFFICIENT DATA Or

NOT APPLICABLE

Rural

Urban

Most of those using an improved drinking water source also use improved sanitation

Proportion of the population in 59 developing countries using both improved drinking water sources and improved sanitation (per cent)

Figure 29

25

GLO

BA

L SA

NITA

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N T

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ND

S 1990-2010

For the first time, an analysis has been carried out of the

proportion of people who use both improved water sources

and improved sanitation facilities, and those who use neither.

Using data from 59 countries, it was found that five out of

six users of improved sanitation also use improved water

sources, but it is less likely that users of improved water also

use improved sanitation. Only half the population of the 59

countries use both. A quarter use improved drinking water

only, and 9 per cent use improved sanitation only. A remain-

ing 16 per cent use neither improved drinking water sources

nor improved sanitation facilities (Figure 29).

Progress in water & sanitation combined

16% Neither water nor sanitation

25% Water only

50% Both water and sanitation

9% Sanitation only

BOX 2

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The Equity Imperative

TH

E E

qU

ITY

IMP

Er

AT

IVE

5 The household surveys that the JMP relies on for its data allow for the classification of households by wealth, based on an asset index. This makes it possible to determine whether improvements in water and sanitation have been distributed equitably across populations in the various wealth quintiles.

27

The Equity Imperative

Global averages mask disparities in the way water and sanitation services are distributed. The disaggregation of data by urban and rural areas, presented earlier in this report, offers some insight into where these dispari-ties are most acute.

Data available for 2010 have also been analysed by alternative country groupings (least developed coun-tries), gender and the burden of water collection, and by wealth quintiles,5 shedding light on other inequities.

An ‘equity tree’, for example, based on wealth quintiles, tells a dramatic story that regional or national averages fail to reveal. Figure 30 shows the wide variation in drinking water coverage among countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Sierra Leone’s coverage of 55 per cent is slightly below the regional average of 61 per cent, but when coverage is examined by rural and urban access, we find that rural access is much lower than urban access. Splitting out the urban and rural data

for Sierra Leone by the first and fifth wealth quintile – the richest and poorest 20 per cent of the popula-tion – reveals huge disparities. The richest quintile of the urban popula-tion enjoys almost universal access, compared to only 10 per cent of the poorest quintile in rural areas.

Regional and country averages mask huge disparities

Drinking water coverage in selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa and urban/rural coverage among poorest and richest households in Sierra Leone (per cent)

Source: JMP 2012, and Sierra Leone DHS, 2008Figure 30

100

80

60

40

20

0

%

LATIN AMErICA &n 94 THE CArIBBEAN

n 90 SOUTHErN ASIA

n 61 SUB-SAHArAN AFrICA

n 99 MAUrITIUS

n 91 SOUTH AFrICA

n 86 GHANA

n 75 BENINn 72 UGANDA

n 64 MALI

n 59 KENYA

n 55 SIErrA LEONE

n 47 MOZAMBIqUEn 44 ETHIOPIA

n 29 SOMALIA

n 87 UrBAN

n 35 rUrAL

n 97 rICHEST 20% UrBAN

n 56 POOrEST 20% UrBAN

n 10 POOrEST 20% rUrAL

n 59 rICHEST 20% rUrAL

Looking Beyond Averages

n 89 WOrLD

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28

In the 48 countries designated as the least developed by the United Nations, the majority of people have not benefited from investment in water and sanitation. In those countries, 1 in 4 people practise open defecation and 1 in 10 use surface water for drinking and household use. The numbers are even higher in rural areas, where 14 per cent of people rely on surface water sources, and almost

a third practise open defecation (Figures 31 and 32).

Data from least developed countries also present a discouraging picture in terms of piped water connections. While 54 per cent of the global popula-tion use piped water on premises, it is a convenience enjoyed by only 11 per cent of the people living in least devel-oped countries and 3 per cent of their

rural populations. These countries clearly have many residents who are using a combination of surface water and open defecation and are thus excluded from any of the benefits of water and sanitation improvements. This is in contrast with Southern Asia, for instance, where the rural open defecation rate is much higher (55 per cent), but the use of surface water in rural areas is very low (2 per cent).

The Equity Imperative

Water & Sanitation Use in Least Developed Countries

Ten per cent of the population in least developed countries rely on surface water

Open defecation is practised by nearly a quarter of the population in least developed countries

Trends in the use of piped water on premises, improved drinking water sources, unimproved sources and surface water in least developed countries by urban and rural areas,1990-2010

Trends in the use of improved, unimproved and shared sanitation facilities and open defecation in least developed countries by urban and rural areas, 1990-2010

Figure 31 Figure 32

■ UNIMPrOVED ■ SUrFACE WATEr■ PIPED ON PrEMISES ■ OTHEr IMPrOVED

■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION

■ IMPrOVED ■ SHArED

1990 19901990 19901990 19902010 20102010 20102010 2010

8

21

41

16

31

211

35

48

3030

3

4411

24

7

50

43

5216

25

13

52

53

30

23

21

24

16

33

27

25

20

25

16

23

30

18

45

14

53

22

10

24

7

32

14

Total TotalUrban UrbanRural Rural

Cove

rage

(%)

Cove

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(%)

29

have piped water on premises. However, in the poorest rural quintile, piped water is non-existent, and open defecation is practised by over 60 per cent of households (Figures 33 and 34).

An analysis of data from 35 countries in sub-Saharan Africa (representing 84 per cent of the region’s population) shows significant differences between the poorest and richest

fifths of the population in both rural and urban areas. Over 90 per cent of the richest quintile in urban areas use improved sanitation and improved water sources, and over 60 per cent

The Equity Imperative

Water & Sanitation Use by Wealth Quintiles

In sub-Saharan Africa, access to sanitation is highly correlated with wealth and residence in urban areas

The poorest 60 per cent of the population in sub-Saharan Africa are largely denied the comforts and health benefits of a piped drinking water supply on premises

Sub-Saharan Africa: Sanitation coverage by wealth quintiles and urban or rural areas, based on population-weighted averages from 35 countries (per cent)

Source: MICS and DHS surveys from 35 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, 2004-2009

Sub-Saharan Africa: Drinking water coverage by wealth quintiles and urban or rural areas, based on population-weighted averages from 35 countries

Source: MICS and DHS surveys from 35 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, 2004-2009

Figure 34

Figure 33

35

26

45

35

59

37

34

24

43

34

45

39

52

40

1

25

5

42

15 22

1

26

2

33

15

3

33

11

49

52

33

60

34

38

73

15

59

25

70

9

49

39

80

62

91

65

59

54

40

36

21

66

61

57

44

54

35

46

27

45

31

29

17

1121

9

13

4

32

14

8 6

51

24

64

32

62

26

59

37

53

19

32

9

■ PIPED ON PrEMISES ■ OTHEr IMPrOVED ■ UNIMPrOVED

■ IMPrOVED AND SHArED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION

Poorest

Poorest

Total

Total

Urban

Urban

Rural

Rural

Poorest

Poorest

Poorest

Poorest

2nd

2nd

2nd

2nd

2nd

2nd

3rd

3rd

3rd

3rd

3rd

3rd

4th

4th

4th

4th

4th

4th

Richest

Richest

Richest

Richest

Richest

Richest

100

80

60

40

20

0

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80

60

40

20

0

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The availability of additional data for some countries in Southern Asia enables us not only to examine sanitation use according to wealth quintiles, but also to look at trends over time. Such an analysis was undertaken for the period 1995 to 2008 for three countries in Southern Asia, which represent 82 per cent of the region’s population. It shows that, as in sub-Saharan Africa, improve-ments in sanitation are strongly correlated with wealth, and that the richest households have benefited disproportionately.6 The trend data also show that sanitation coverage in the two poorest quintiles has shown little change over the 13-year period; 4 out of 5 people in these two quin-tiles practise open defecation. The most progress was seen in the fourth wealthiest quintile, while the richest fifth of the population has maintained its very high coverage (Figure 35).

In the same three countries, drinking water trends by wealth quintile show a strikingly different pattern. Major gains in coverage have been seen in all five quintiles. However, in the poorest quintiles, improvements have been almost entirely in the ‘other improved’ category, namely wells and handpumps. Piped water on premises is only used to a significant degree among households in the fourth and fifth quintiles. Still, among the richest 20 per cent, piped water is supplied to only 60 per cent of households, and little improvement has been seen since 1990 (Figure 36).

In contrast to sanitation, improvements in drinking water supply have been equitably distributed among poor and wealthier populations in Southern Asia

The poorest 40 per cent of the population in Southern Asia have barely benefited from improvements in sanitation

Southern Asia: Drinking water coverage trends by wealth quintiles, based on population-weighted averages from three countries, 1995-2008

Source: India: National Family Health Survey 1993, 1999, 2006; Bangladesh: DHS 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2007; Nepal: DHS 1996, 2001, 2006

Southern Asia: Sanitation coverage trends by wealth quintiles, based on population-weighted averages from three countries, 1995-2008

Source: India: National Family Health Survey 1993, 1999, 2006; Bangladesh: DHS 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2007; Nepal: DHS 1996, 2001, 2006

Figure 36

Figure 35

1995

1995

1995

1995

1995

1995

1995

1995

1995

1995

2008

2008

2008

2008

2008

2008

2008

2008

2008

2008

■ IMPrOVED AND SHArED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION

■ PIPED ON PrEMISES ■ OTHEr IMPrOVED ■ UNIMPrOVED

Poorest

Poorest

2nd

2nd

3rd

3rd

4th

4th

Richest

Richest

28

2

19

6

45

19

62

93

33

59

7

2

18

6

36

16

76

33

94

37

60

4

64

5

68

4

67

4

1

8

7

83

8

84

8

77

6

62

4

35

94

36

87

30

77

27

51

19

6

86

15

74

10

56

7

18

2

6 Figures 33 through 36 are weighted-averages of each of the quintiles of the countries represented. Therefore, the lowest quintile does not represent the poorest 20 per cent of the entire population of the region. It should be noted that the asset index used to classify households into wealth quintiles has not been adjusted to remove drinking water or sanitation variables.

Cove

rage

(%)

Cove

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(%)

31

The Equity Imperative

Gender and the Burden of Collecting Water

An analysis of data from 25 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, representing 48 per cent of the region’s popula-tion, reveals that women and girls bear primary responsibility for water collection, at considerable cost in terms of their time.

Only a quarter of the population in these countries had water on their premises in 2010, meaning that in 75 per cent of households, water had to be collected from a source some dis-tance from the dwelling. In 71 per cent of all households without water on the premises, women or girls are mainly responsible for water collection. In 29 per cent of households, men or boys assume this task (Figure 37).

Further analysis shows that the mean time of one round-trip to collect water is approximately 30 minutes for both women and men, and is only slightly lower for children (28 minutes). Each household requires at least one trip per day, but may, in fact, require several trips. The time and energy devoted to water collection is consid-erable, even based on a one trip per day minimum. In these 25 countries, it is estimated that women spend a combined total of at least 16 million hours each day collecting drinking water; men spend 6 million hours; and children, 4 million hours.

Women bear the main responsibility for collecting water in sub-Saharan Africa

Distribution of the water collection burden among women, children under age 15 and men in households without piped water on premises, 25 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, 2006-2009 (per cent)

Source: MICS and DHS surveys from 25 sub-Saharan African countries

Figure 37

62% Women

6% Boys

23% Men

9% Girls

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JMP Methodology What Lies Aheadand

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The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation is tasked with providing estimates that are comparable among countries and across time. Because definitions of ‘improved’ sanitation facilities and drinking water sources can vary widely among countries, the JMP has established a standard set of categories that are used to analyse national data on which the MDG trends and estimates are based (Table 6).

The population data used in this report, including the proportion of the popula-tion living in urban and rural areas, are those established by the United Nations Population Division, 2010 Revision.

The definitions and data sources used by the JMP are often different from those used by national governments. Estimates in this report may therefore differ from national estimates.

According to the JMP, an improved drinking water source is one that, by the nature of its construction, adequately protects the source from outside contamination, particularly faecal matter. An improved sanita-tion facility is one that hygienically separates human excreta from human contact. The coverage estimates for improved sanitation facilities pre-sented in this report are discounted by the proportion of the population that shared an improved type of sanitation facility. The ratio (the proportion of the population that shares a sanitation facility of an otherwise improved type) derived from the latest household sur-vey or census is subtracted from the trend estimates of improved sanita-tion facilities.

For each country, the JMP estimates are based on fitting a regression line to a series of data points from house-hold surveys and censuses. Because the regression involves retrofitting

the entire time series, estimates may differ from and may not be compa-rable to earlier estimates for the same reference year (including the 1990 baseline year), due to the addition of newly available data or the addition

of missing data from the past. Figure 38 shows the impact of adding data from a recent census (denoted in red as CEN10) to a file with eight previous data points. The red line will be used to determine the 2010 estimate and

Drinking Water Sanitation

Improved Use of:n Piped water into dwelling, yard

or plotn Public tap or standpipen Tubewell or boreholen Protected springn Protected dug welln rainwater collection

Use of: n Flush or pour-flush to:

– Piped sewer system

– Septic tank

– Pit latrinen Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrinen Pit latrine with slabn Composting toilet

Unimproved Use of:n Unprotected dug welln Unprotected springn Cart with small tank or drumn Tanker truckn Surface water (river, dam, lake, pond,

stream, canal, irrigation channel)n Bottled water (considered to be

improved only when the household

uses drinking water from an

improved source for cooking and

personal hygiene)

Use of:n Flush or pour-flush to elsewhere

(that is, not to piped sewer system,

septic tank or pit latrine)n Pit latrine without slab, or open pitn Bucket n Hanging toilet or hanging latrinen Shared or public facilities of

any typen No facilities, bush or field

(open defecation)

Definitions of improved and unimproved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities

TaBle 6

33

rEGrESSION LINE 1990-2008 rEGrESSION LINE 1990-2010

1990 20152010200520001995

Year

Cove

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(%)

100

80

60

40

20

0

CEN10

WMS08DHS05WHS03DHS01

WMS97

WMS00

WMS04

CEN92

Examples of a JMP country file with regression linesFigure 38

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re-estimate coverage in the entire 1990 to 2010 period.

Questions are often raised about the appropriateness of using a linear trend line. It can be argued that other types of curve-fitting procedures might better reflect the progression of coverage over time. However, the paucity of data points in many countries makes the use of more complex procedures inconsistent with good statistical practice. When MDG monitoring commenced, linear regression was deemed the best method for the limited number and often poorly comparable data on file (some countries had as few as two data points for many years), especially given the relatively short time frame of the MDGs – 25 years is only a frac-tion of the time needed to go from no access to full coverage. Unfortunately, the current use of linear regression to derive estimates does not allow rapid changes in coverage to be captured. The increased availability of more comparable data now allows for the exploration of more sophisticated modelling in preparation for a new, post-2015 drinking water target.

four developing countries for which there are no data points represent just 0.01 per cent. For the other countries, the average number of surveys on file is nine and the median is eight. This increase in data points over time has greatly increased the accuracy of the estimates prepared by the JMP.

Data Limitations

The current JMP method of monitoring assesses progress solely on the basis of the types of facilities used. It does not take into account other important parameters, such as drinking water quality, the availability of adequate quantities of water for domestic use, the number of service hours avail-able, the distance to a water source or sanitation facility, or the time household members spend on access and use of sources and facilities. The JMP has had access to limited data on some of these questions, either through household surveys or other data, such as the ‘Rapid Assessment of Drinking Water Quality’ studies, which the JMP commissioned between 2002 and 2008. Though these partial data sets are sometimes reported on in updates, they are seldom robust enough to draw conclusions on a global scale. (For more informa-tion on water quality, see the 2011 UNICEF and WHO thematic report, Drinking Water: Equity, Safety and Sustainability.)

While there is broad agreement that the reliability and sustained functioning of water and sanitation systems should somehow be captured, there are no broadly agreed-upon standards against which these should be measured. Indeed, ‘sustainable access’, a term used in the MDG target, has not been adequately defined in measurable terms, particularly since sustainability involves so many dimensions.

Number of surveys and censuses in the JMP databaseFigure 39

10 6 11 162 7 12 173 8 184 9 1413 195 10 15 >19

25

20

15

10

5

0

Num

ber o

f cou

ntrie

s

Growth of the JMP Database

Since 2000, the JMP has steadily increased the number of data points per country. This report is based on data from more than 1,100 surveys and censuses from developing coun-tries and 300 reports from developed countries, covering the period 1980 to 2010. This is a fivefold increase in data sources since the JMP report in 2000. Most of these surveys are from the developing world, since few household surveys are conducted in the developed world, and censuses in the developed world rarely collect information about access to drinking water and sanitation. For the devel-oped countries, the JMP relies on reports submitted by governments.

On average, the JMP has six surveys or censuses on file for each of the 153 countries in the developing world (Figure 39). The median number of surveys is five. The countries with fewer than five surveys on file represent just 10 per cent of the developing world population, and the

Number of surveys/censuses on file

35

The Water Quality Task Force explored options for including water-quality measurement in future JMP report-ing. The task force considered recent research on new field-based, low-cost water-quality test kits for measuring E. coli, which was determined to be the most promising water-quality indicator for global monitoring. MICS and DHS have agreed to pilot a new water-quality module using these new kits, though ways must still be found to keep related costs manageable. The task force also recommended that a second round of updated ‘Rapid Assessment of Drinking-Water Quality’ studies be carried out. In addition, the feasibility of using drinking-water regulator data and of strengthening the role of such data in global monitor-ing will be explored.

The Urban Task Force looked into chal-lenges specific to monitoring coverage in urban areas and to the role that the JMP can play in assessing prog-ress in these settings. The task force reviewed the characteristics of urban settings, determined what aspects of water supply and sanitation need to be measured for global monitoring, agreed how measurements can be carried out, and reviewed the linkages between monitoring at municipal, subnational, national and global levels. The task force recommended the use of innovative methods such as remote sensing to add a spatial ele-ment to global monitoring.

Looking Beyond 2015

Since 2000, the JMP has been the official instrument for measuring progress towards the MDG drinking water and sanitation target. In 2010 the JMP launched a new strategy, which defined its goals in the lead-up to 2015. One of the objectives of the strategy was to establish the JMP as a

between these sources and the international estimates generated by the JMP. In most countries, this has led to an increased awareness of the need to use standard defini-tions of access and data collection methods across line ministries and among different national monitoring mechanisms. This represents a major step forward in reconciling national data. The catalytic role of the JMP in this process – sharing its experiences in global monitoring to promote the strengthening of national monitoring – is becoming increasingly important. The process has allowed the JMP to fill important data gaps with survey and census data that it did not yet have on file. It has also helped to identify additional household surveys that are nationally representative and that the JMP is able to use.

JMP Task Forces

Three JMP technical task force meet-ings have been convened by WHO and UNICEF over the past two years:

The Sanitation and Methodology Task Force examined the issue of the ‘floating baseline’ (the fact that the coverage estimate for 1990 changes every time new data are added and the trendline re-drawn). It also explored alternative estimation methods, discussed ways to make sanitation estimates more accurate, and consid-ered the proposal for an alternative indicator of performance (discussed on pages 11 and 22). In addition, the task force is reviewing the definition of ‘pit latrine with slab’, since the current definition includes parameters that are not measured by household surveys. The task force will oversee the commissioning of research to assess differences in health outcomes between the use of individual household facilities and shared or public facilities.

The JMP intends to explore how best to comprehensively monitor these important aspects of the existing MDG target. It is also interested in examining other issues, such as the impact of seasonality on access, the adequacy of particular sanitation options in high-density urban areas, and safe disposal and treatment of pit latrine contents and sewerage. Other issues should also be moni-tored, including social obstacles to access for certain population groups, affordability and participation in water and sanitation governance, but may best be undertaken by other monitor-ing mechanisms. For instance, the Global Assessment and Analysis of Sanitation and Water Supply (GLAAS) is a new monitoring platform that tracks investments and aid target-ing water and sanitation. As such, it complements the JMP, and the JMP and GLAAS coordinate closely.

Data Reconciliation

The JMP has been proactive in holding in-country workshops to explain the methodology behind the JMP bien-nial reports. This has proved helpful in increasing understanding of what the JMP is actually measuring – that is, the use of improved drinking water sources and sanitation facilities, rather than verifying whether the infra-structure exists. This is important for ensuring the quality of the data being collected in a country and in building trust with national partners.

Recent efforts to reconcile such discrepancies have been initiated by the JMP and partners such as WaterAid in a number of countries in Asia and Africa. These reconcilia-tion processes have brought together senior staff from national statistics offices and relevant line ministries to assess discrepancies among national data sources and also discrepancies

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the technology category or service lad-der concept. This would reflect, where feasible, the human rights criteria described in Box 3. A number of expec-tations for indicators were identified during the consultation, including that they should be measurable, compa-rable, policy-relevant, time-bound, and inexpensive to collect. It was determined that two linked types of monitoring would be needed to meet different needs at different levels:

For monitoring future global development targets: to keep basic access as the centrepiece of global targets, with special attention to human rights criteria, and to ensure consistency with current monitoring; to explore the inclusion of more water supply and sanitation indicators and different standards for rural and urban areas; and to propose indicators for capturing the equity and non- discrimination dimensions.

For more detailed sector and human rights monitoring: to expand the set of indicators using a number of service-level and human rights cri-teria. Indicators would be monitored partly by strengthening the existing national water sector monitoring infrastructure and operations in rural and urban subsectors, and through additional human rights monitoring. Non-discrimination and equity would become central components of monitoring.

The participants also agreed that attainment of universal coverage through at least basic access to both drinking water and sanitation services should be reflected in future targets.

Full details of the Berlin consultation are available on the JMP website: www.wssinfo.org

platform for the development of post-2015 targets and indicators for safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

In looking beyond 2015, the strategy proposes a highly interactive pro-cess, starting with an initial scoping exercise, followed by discussions with researchers, practitioners and data-collection experts, facilitated by the JMP. This was to be followed by a series of consultations with stakeholders.

Initial discussions brought to light several shortcomings of the current MDG target: It requires a halving of the proportion of those without access, leaving many unserved. Furthermore, it incorporates concepts that are dif-ficult to measure (the sustainability of access and the safety of drinking water have yet to be fully addressed). Previous global targets for universal access, such as those set during the Water Decade 1980-1990, proved elusive. However, it was also acknowl-edged that recent recognition of safe drinking water and sanitation as a human right could open the door to a new approach to setting future targets and indicators (Box 3). It was around this premise that the first stakeholder consultation was organized – in Berlin, in May 2011.

Despite the many criticisms of the current indicators of access and the system to monitor them, the par-ticipants at the Berlin consultation concurred that an altogether new mon-itoring system was unnecessary, since it would be too difficult to implement and would ultimately be counter-productive. Rather, it was agreed that the existing system can and should be improved to address the concerns raised during the consultation and in previous forums. The preferred option, according to attendees, would be to find a way of recalibrating existing targets, using a range of basic versus more advanced indicators based on

On 28 July 2010, the UN General Assembly recognized that safe and clean drinking

water and sanitation are human rights, essential to the full enjoyment of life and all

other human rights. Subsequently, at its 15th session in September 2010, the UN

Human Rights Council affirmed that the right to water and sanitation is derived from

the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the

highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as well as to the right to

life and human dignity. The combined effect of the two resolutions was to anchor the

right to water and sanitation in the framework of the right to an adequate standard of

living, making it legally binding like any other of the rights inscribed in UN treaties.

Fundamental to the human rights framework is the concept of progressive realization:

Governments cannot solve the drinking water and sanitation situation overnight, but

they must make tangible progress towards the realization of this right. Human rights

principles also define various characteristics against which the enjoyment of the

right can be assessed, namely: availability, safety, acceptability, accessibility,

affordability, participation, non-discrimination and accountability. A distinctive

feature of the human rights framework is the principle of non-discrimination. This

requires looking beyond average attainment and disaggregating data sets to

determine whether any sort of discrimination is occurring.

This is a complex set of issues. However, if recognition of the human right to safe

and clean drinking water and sanitation is to have any meaning, future targets and

monitoring systems must endeavour to take these various aspects into account.

Water and sanitation are human rightsBOX 3

37

Statistical Tables

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Glo

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on

Wat

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San

itatio

n

Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)

use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Perc

enta

ge

Urba

n Po

pula

tion

Afghanistan199020002010

13,03222,85631,412

182023

–4660

–––

–4338

–11

2

–2830

–––

–3948

–3322

–3237

–––

–3946

–2917

19

Albania199020002010

3,2893,0723,204

364252

949595

444

211

––0

667693

567

2918

0

––0

768494

555

1911

1

––0

17

Algeria199020002010

25,29930,53435,468

526066

999998

–––

101

–11

778288

–––

2342

–1410

889295

–––

1221

–64

23

American Samoa199020002010

475868

818993

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Andorra199020002010

536585

959288

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

24

Angola199020002010

10,33513,92619,082

374959

677585

–––

889

2517

6

61119

–––

172230

776751

294258

–––

131517

584325

36

Anguilla199020002010

81115

100100100

–94

–––

–4–

–2–

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

–94

–––

–4–

–2–

Antigua and Barbuda199020002010

627889

353230

–9898

–––

–22

–––

–94

–––

–6–

–––

–95

–––

–5–

–––

Argentina199020002010

32,64236,93140,412

879092

9392

–––

78–

–––

7377

–––

2723

–––

9091

–––

109–

–––

Armenia199020002010

3,5453,0763,092

676564

959595

444

111

–00

–7780

–33

–2017

–00

–8990

–44

–76

–00

NA*

Aruba199020002010

6290

107

504747

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Australia199020002010

17,09619,16422,268

858789

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

19

Austria199020002010

7,6718,0058,394

666668

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

5

Azerbaijan199020002010

7,2128,1119,188

545152

–7386

–9

11

–18

3

–00

–5078

–23

–4818

–01

–6282

–67

–3211

–00

34

Bahamas199020002010

256298343

808284

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

18

Bahrain199020002010

493638

1,262

888889

100100100

–––

000

000

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Bangladesh199020002010

105,256129,592148,692

202428

585857

272626

81115

752

344355

162025

111315

3924

5

394756

182125

101215

3320

423

Barbados199020002010

260268273

333844

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

4

Belarus199020002010

10,26010,058

9,595

667075

919191

888

111

–––

969697

222

221

–––

939393

666

111

–––

NA*

Belgium199020002010

9,94910,17610,712

969797

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

6

Belize199020002010

190251312

474852

778593

667

1370

420

778287

667

753

1073

778390

667

1062

751

33

Benin199020002010

4,7736,5188,850

343842

141925

202836

141311

524028

035

16

12

346

968777

59

13

81422

689

816956

9

Bermuda199020002010

606365

100100100

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Bhutan199020002010

559571726

162535

–6673

–1921

–10

5

–51

–3029

–2828

–3038

–12

5

–3944

–2626

–2526

–10

4–

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)199020002010

6,6588,3079,930

566267

283135

364146

141211

2216

8

68

10

101417

151619

696254

182227

243136

151314

433423

11

Bosnia and Herzegovina199020002010

4,3083,6943,760

394349

989899

001

220

–00

–9392

–11

–57

–10

–9595

–11

–34

–10

11

38

STA

TIS

TIC

AL TA

BLE

Country, Area or Territory Year

use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Afghanistan199020002010

–3678

–1016

–2662

–5417

–10

5

11842

000

11842

994347

–3911

–2250

–24

–2046

–4540

–3310

49

Albania199020002010

100100

96

979691

345

004

000

969694

–4867

–4827

426

–20

979895

–6879

–3016

315

–10

-1

Algeria199020002010

1009385

878480

1395

07

15

00–

888479

485256

403223

101521

21–

948983

687172

261811

51117

10–

9

American Samoa199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Andorra199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

24

Angola199020002010

465260

152334

312926

514538

332

404038

012

403936

272421

333641

424651

61221

363430

363431

222018

24

Anguilla199020002010

–60

–45

–15

–40

–––

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

–60

–45

–15

–40

–––

Antigua and Barbuda199020002010

–9595

–73

–22

–55

–––

–89

–82

–7–

–11

–––

–91

–79

–12

–9–

–––

Argentina199020002010

979898

7681

2117

322

00–

7278

2239

5039

1515

137–

9496

6977

2519

43–

21–

Armenia199020002010

989899

959698

321

221

–0–

–8197

566883

–1314

–19

3

–0–

–9298

828693

–65

–82

–0–

4

Aruba199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

25

Australia199020002010

100100100

–––

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

–––

000

000

19

Austria199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

5

Azerbaijan199020002010

888888

677278

211610

121110

–12

495971

171820

324151

512413

–1716

707480

444650

262830

301711

–99

20

Bahamas199020002010

989898

–69

–29

222

–––

–86

–80

–6–

–14

–––

–96

–71

–25

–4–

–––

Bahrain199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Bangladesh †199020002010

878685

262320

616365

131415

000

757780

001

757779

212018

432

777981

556

727475

201918

321

20

Barbados199020002010

100100100

98100100

200

000

000

100100100

–––

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

–––

000

000

4

Belarus199020002010

100100100

–8995

–11

5

000

000

999999

–3072

–6927

111

–––

100100100

–7189

–2911

000

000

NA*

Belgium199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

9699

100

410

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

6

Belize199020002010

899398

758187

141211

1172

000

618099

214468

403631

2714

1

1260

748698

476278

272420

2011

2

630

42

Benin199020002010

727884

162331

565553

191714

952

495968

024

495764

222325

2918

7

576675

61015

515660

212120

2213

535

Bermuda199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Bhutan199020002010

9999

100

–8181

–1819

100

–10

–8294

–4544

–3750

–51

–13

5

–8696

–5457

–3239

–41

–10

3–

Bolivia (Plurinational State of)199020002010

929496

788795

1471

754

110

435771

143351

292420

1512

9

423120

708088

506680

2014

8

1185

1912

731

Bosnia and Herzegovina199020002010

9999

100

969694

336

110

–00

969698

–7771

–1927

442

–00

979799

–8582

–1217

331

–00

13

Country, R

egional and Global E

stimates on W

ater & S

anitation

39

Pr

OG

rE

SS

ON

Dr

INK

ING

WA

TE

r A

ND

SA

NIT

AT

ION

> 2

012

UP

DA

TE

Cou

ntry

, Reg

iona

l and

Glo

bal E

stim

ates

on

Wat

er &

San

itatio

n

Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)

use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Perc

enta

ge

Urba

n Po

pula

tion

Botswana199020002010

1,3821,7582,007

425361

616975

566

221918

1261

223241

68

11

191510

534538

385262

678

201715

362415

26

Brazil199020002010

149,650174,425194,946

748187

808285

111

131413

631

333844

011

202734

473421

687479

111

141616

1794

21

British Virgin Islands199020002010

162023

383941

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

26

Brunei Darussalam199020002010

252327399

667176

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Bulgaria199020002010

8,8198,0067,494

666971

100100100

–––

000

000

98100100

–––

200

–00

99100100

–––

100

–00

NA*

Burkina Faso199020002010

9,32412,29416,469

141826

434650

323437

1310

4

1210

9

246

36

10

678

898376

81117

71117

787

787059

11

Burundi199020002010

5,6026,3748,383

68

11

414649

182022

403327

112

444546

444

494949

321

444546

556

484847

321

14

Cambodia199020002010

9,53212,44714,138

131720

365073

57

10

1062

493715

51020

124

564

898272

91731

235

563

847461

23

Cameroon199020002010

12,18115,67819,599

415058

636158

201918

151923

211

373736

888

384044

171512

484949

131314

283031

1186

14

Canada199020002010

27,70130,66734,017

777981

100100100

–––

000

000

999999

–––

111

–––

100100100

–––

000

000

14

Cape Verde199020002010

348437496

445361

–6173

–––

–12

8

–2719

–2543

–––

–1714

–5843

–4461

–––

–1511

–4128

32

Cayman Islands199020002010

264056

100100100

969696

–––

444

–––

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

969696

–––

444

–––

41

Central African Republic199020002010

2,9353,7024,401

373839

213243

121824

574430

1063

51628

28

14

443627

494031

112234

61218

483928

352720

23

Chad199020002010

6,0118,222

11,227

212328

212630

121518

423937

252015

456

111

27

13

938780

81013

346

101519

797162

7

Channel Islands199020002010

140145153

313031

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Chile199020002010

13,18815,42017,114

838689

919698

–––

422

520

487183

–––

472517

540

849296

–––

1164

520

23

China199020002010

1,145,1951,269,1171,341,335

263647

486174

152024

3418

2

310

153556

49

14

725128

952

244464

71319

623916

741

34

Colombia199020002010

33,20339,76446,295

687275

798182

141415

421

332

405263

456

141211

423120

677377

111113

754

1511

622

Comoros199020002010

438562735

282828

344250

223

645646

001

112330

122

887467

011

172836

122

826961

011

21

Congo199020002010

2,3893,1364,043

545862

–2120

–4239

–3538

–23

–1815

–3025

–3443

–1817

–2018

–3734

–3440

–98

Cook Islands199020002010

181820

586575

100100100

–––

000

000

9199

100

–––

910

––0

96100100

–––

400

–00

10

Costa Rica199020002010

3,0703,9194,659

515964

949595

444

101

110

919496

444

100

420

939595

444

101

210

26

Côte d’Ivoire199020002010

12,51816,58219,738

404451

383736

252423

313335

666

81011

81012

282727

565350

202224

151618

292930

363328

8

Croatia199020002010

4,5174,5064,403

545658

999999

111

000

000

989898

111

101

–1–

999999

111

000

000

NA*

Cuba199020002010

10,57011,10411,258

737675

869094

555

941

–10

647381

101213

2610

4

–52

808691

677

1452

–20

10

Cyprus199020002010

767943

1,104

676970

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

23

40

Country, R

egional and Global E

stimates on W

ater & S

anitationS

TAT

IST

ICA

L TAB

LE

Country, Area or Territory Year

use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

41

Botswana199020002010

1009999

386385

623614

011

000

889092

132536

756556

344

964

939596

234566

705030

222

532

22

Brazil199020002010

9698

100

939496

344

420

000

687785

405365

282420

171613

1572

899498

798692

1086

752

410

22

British Virgin Islands199020002010

989898

979797

111

222

–––

989898

979797

111

222

–––

989898

979797

111

222

–––

17

Brunei Darussalam199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Bulgaria199020002010

100100100

969798

432

000

000

99100100

6977

3023

100

–00

100100100

8791

139–

000

000

NA*

Burkina Faso199020002010

758595

121723

636872

2415

5

100

385573

000

385573

523822

1075

436079

236

415773

483417

964

46

Burundi199020002010

978983

324147

654836

369

058

687071

111

676970

251610

71419

707272

346

676866

231510

71318

21

Cambodia199020002010

486387

153363

333024

3022

9

2215

4

294058

025

293853

363122

352920

314464

27

17

293747

362919

332717

37

Cameroon199020002010

768695

232526

536169

1184

1361

314252

223

294049

171818

524030

496477

111316

385161

151310

362313

37

Canada199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

999999

–38

–61

111

–––

100100100

–87

–13

000

000

14

Cape Verde199020002010

–8490

–4258

–4232

–1610

–00

–8185

08

40

–7345

–1815

–10

–8388

–2651

–5737

–1712

–00

24

Cayman Islands199020002010

–9396

376795

–26

1

–74

–––

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

–9396

376795

–26

1

–74

–––

43

Central African Republic199020002010

788592

876

707886

2014

7

211

474951

000

474951

343843

1913

6

586367

332

556065

292929

1384

21

Chad199020002010

496070

71523

424547

483830

320

374144

001

374143

474951

1610

5

394551

147

384144

484745

1384

25

Channel Islands199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Chile199020002010

999999

979899

210

111

000

486675

223947

262728

251525

2719

0

909496

849093

643

534

530

19

China199020002010

979898

929395

553

212

110

567085

122845

444240

342413

1062

678091

335168

342923

2516

8

841

25

Colombia199020002010

989999

989592

047

211

000

697172

585858

111314

1611

8

151820

899192

858584

468

643

555

22

Comoros199020002010

989391

314553

674838

169

110

839297

101721

737576

753

1030

879295

162530

716765

665

720

35

Congo199020002010

959595

–4636

–4959

545

–10

–3632

442

–3230

–5239

–1229

–7071

–2823

–4248

–2418

–6

11–

Cook Islands199020002010

999998

–––

–––

112

–––

8787

–––

–––

1313

–––

9495

–––

–––

65–

–––

Costa Rica199020002010

9999

100

9297

100

720

110

000

868991

718191

1580

644

875

939597

829097

1150

321

432

27

Côte d’Ivoire199020002010

909191

505764

403427

1098

001

676768

51016

625752

172328

1610

4

767780

233040

534740

141718

1062

22

Croatia199020002010

100100100

969696

444

000

000

979797

–77

–20

323

–1–

999999

–88

–11

111

–0–

NA*

Cuba199020002010

939596

778082

161514

754

–00

537389

304454

232935

4725

9

–22

829094

647175

181919

1810

6

–00

11

Cyprus199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

23

Pr

OG

rE

SS

ON

Dr

INK

ING

WA

TE

r A

ND

SA

NIT

AT

ION

> 2

012

UP

DA

TE

Cou

ntry

, Reg

iona

l and

Glo

bal E

stim

ates

on

Wat

er &

San

itatio

n

Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)

use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Perc

enta

ge

Urba

n Po

pula

tion

Czech Republic199020002010

10,30310,24310,493

757474

1009999

011

000

000

989797

233

000

000

1009898

022

000

000

1

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea199020002010

20,14322,89424,346

585960

–6586

–56

–30

8

–––

–5571

–23

–4326

–––

–6180

–45

–3515

–––

32

Democratic Republic of the Congo199020002010

36,40649,62665,966

283035

232324

323333

404042

541

41324

41323

695640

231813

91624

121927

615140

1814

916

Denmark199020002010

5,1415,3405,550

858587

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

6

Djibouti199020002010

562732889

767676

736963

655

102032

1160

453010

641

21328

475361

666050

654

81832

201714

5

Dominica199020002010

717068

686767

–80

–––

–2–

–18

–84

–––

–2–

–14

–81

–––

–2–

–17

––

Dominican Republic199020002010

7,1958,5929,927

556269

838587

91010

521

332

616875

111213

875

2013

7

737883

101111

642

1174

23

Ecuador199020002010

10,26112,34514,465

556067

869296

233

520

731

487084

234

1150

392212

698392

233

830

2111

532

Egypt199020002010

56,84367,64881,121

434343

919597

333

510

110

577993

457

2290

1770

728695

445

1460

1040

35

El Salvador199020002010

5,3335,9406,193

495964

888989

888

101

332

627483

345

100

342212

758387

567

100

1911

614

Equatorial Guinea199020002010

374520700

353940

–92

–––

–8–

–––

–87

–––

–13

–––

–89

–––

–11

–––

Eritrea199020002010

3,1583,6685,254

161822

5854

–––

108–

3238

024

–––

01

96

10097

911

–––

22–

8987

––

Estonia199020002010

1,5681,3711,341

716969

969696

444

000

000

949494

666

000

000

959595

555

000

000

NA*

Ethiopia199020002010

48,33365,57882,950

131517

202429

273340

111622

4227

9

16

19

026

07

22

998553

39

21

37

12

18

21

937646

18

Faeroe Islands199020002010

484649

313640

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Falkland Islands (Malvinas)199020002010

233

746874

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Fiji199020002010

728812861

424852

909294

–––

1086

000

405971

–––

523728

841

617583

–––

342317

520

22

Finland199020002010

4,9865,1735,365

798285

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

5

France199020002010

56,70859,04862,787

747785

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

8

French Guiana199020002010

117165231

757576

–85

–––

–15

–––

–57

–––

–43

–––

–78

–––

–22

–––

French Polynesia199020002010

195238271

565251

999999

–––

111

–––

979797

–––

333

–––

989898

–––

222

–––

20

Gabon199020002010

9291,2351,505

698086

–3733

–4036

–2130

–21

–3030

–2425

–4143

–52

–3633

–3734

–2432

–31

7

Gambia199020002010

9661,2971,728

384958

–6770

–2425

–85

–10

–6065

–1415

–1815

–85

–6368

–1921

–13

9

–52

29

Georgia199020002010

5,4604,7464,352

555353

979696

333

011

00–

959493

111

436

–2–

969595

222

223

–1–

NA*

Germany199020002010

79,09882,34982,302

737374

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

0

Ghana199020002010

14,79319,16524,392

364451

121619

445973

3316

2

1196

468

203143

473216

293133

71014

294358

4226

9

222119

8

42

Country, R

egional and Global E

stimates on W

ater & S

anitationS

TAT

IST

ICA

L TAB

LE

Country, Area or Territory Year

use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

43

Czech Republic199020002010

100100100

979797

333

000

000

100100100

–91

–9–

000

000

100100100

–95

–5–

000

000

2

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea199020002010

100100

99

–8193

–19

6

000

001

1009997

–7280

–2717

010

0–3

100100

98

–7788

–2310

000

002

9

Democratic Republic of the Congo199020002010

908579

513821

394758

101317

024

272727

012

272625

404347

333026

454445

1412

9

313236

313437

242218

16

Denmark199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

6

Djibouti199020002010

808899

677379

131520

2012

1

–00

706354

1811

1

525253

303241

–55

788288

555860

232428

221711

–11

33

Dominica199020002010

969696

–78

–18

444

–––

–92

–49

–43

–8–

–––

–95

–68

–27

–5–

–––

Dominican Republic199020002010

989287

948680

467

28

13

000

768084

465055

303029

31016

2110

0

888786

737272

151514

39

14

940

16

Ecuador199020002010

819096

668393

1573

1494

510

627989

245573

382416

579

3314

2

728694

477286

2514

8

1086

1860

31

Egypt199020002010

9698

100

9095

100

630

420

000

909599

396693

5129

6

741

310

939699

617896

3218

3

531

210

27

El Salvador199020002010

909294

727680

181614

976

110

586876

142942

443934

211612

211612

748288

435766

312522

1511

8

1174

15

Equatorial Guinea199020002010

–66

–10

–56

–26

–8–

–42

111

–41

–5–

–53

–51

445

–47

–13

–36

––

Eritrea199020002010

6270

4042

2228

3730

10–

3950

000

3950

3437

2713

4354

67–

3747

3435

2311

––

Estonia199020002010

999999

929597

742

111

–0–

979797

5165

4632

333

–0–

989898

8086

1812

222

–0–

NA*

Ethiopia199020002010

798797

92646

706151

1173

1060

51934

001

51933

394043

564123

142944

148

132536

363537

503619

31

Faeroe Islands199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Falkland Islands (Malvinas)199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Fiji199020002010

9498

100

929597

233

620

000

778895

385566

393329

1882

543

849398

607482

241916

1351

321

18

Finland199020002010

100100100

9699

100

410

000

000

100100100

859296

1584

000

000

100100100

949899

621

000

000

5

France199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

9599

100

510

000

000

100100100

99100100

100

000

000

8

French Guiana199020002010

–88

–83

–5–

–12

–––

–71

–65

–6–

–29

–––

–84

–79

–5–

–16

–––

French Polynesia199020002010

100100100

999999

111

000

000

100100100

969696

444

000

000

100100100

989898

222

000

000

20

Gabon199020002010

–9595

–5249

–4346

–31

–24

–4741

–8

10

–3931

–1813

–3546

–8587

–4344

–4243

–63

–9

1027

Gambia199020002010

869092

254051

615041

1410

8

000

677785

035

677480

332315

000

748389

102132

646257

261711

000

38

Georgia199020002010

9497

100

818692

1311

8

630

–00

668096

193451

474645

3420

4

–00

818998

536173

282825

1911

2

–00

2

Germany199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

9799

100

310

000

000

100100100

99100100

100

000

000

0

Ghana199020002010

848791

413733

435058

799

940

365880

233

345577

1110

9

533211

537186

161818

375368

1099

3720

542

Pr

OG

rE

SS

ON

Dr

INK

ING

WA

TE

r A

ND

SA

NIT

AT

ION

> 2

012

UP

DA

TE

Cou

ntry

, Reg

iona

l and

Glo

bal E

stim

ates

on

Wat

er &

San

itatio

n

Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)

use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Perc

enta

ge

Urba

n Po

pula

tion

44

Greece199020002010

10,16110,98711,359

596061

1009999

–––

011

00–

939697

–––

003

74–

979898

–––

002

32–

7

Greenland199020002010

565657

808284

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

2

Grenada199020002010

96102104

333639

969696

–––

444

–––

979797

–––

333

–––

979797

–––

333

–––

4

Guadeloupe199020002010

386427461

999898

–9495

–––

–65

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Guam199020002010

134155180

919393

999999

–––

111

–––

989898

–––

222

–––

999999

–––

111

–––

19

Guatemala199020002010

8,92311,23714,389

414549

818587

99

10

531

532

486070

456

131414

352110

627178

678

998

2313

632

Guinea199020002010

5,7598,3449,982

283135

192632

233240

523927

631

69

11

456

354453

554230

101418

91318

404344

413020

9

Guinea-Bissau199020002010

1,0171,2411,515

283030

–3644

–1316

–4738

–42

459

112

954146

–5343

–1420

–56

–4343

–3831

10

Guyana199020002010

725733754

302929

–8688

–88

–54

–10

–7682

–89

–15

8

–11

–7984

–89

–12

6

–11

8

Haiti199020002010

7,1258,6459,993

293652

443424

443524

02043

1211

9

191510

1296

72035

625649

262217

211815

52040

484028

-3

Honduras199020002010

4,8896,2187,601

404552

717885

677

1410

7

951

365369

122

151312

483217

506477

345

1512

9

3220

935

Hungary199020002010

10,37610,211

9,984

666568

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

NA*

Iceland199020002010

255281320

919293

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

17

India199020002010

873,7851,053,8981,224,614

262830

515558

171819

459

282214

71423

134

146

917967

182534

579

256

756351

17

Indonesia199020002010

184,346213,395239,871

314244

566473

89

10

1711

3

191614

213039

69

12

251913

484236

324454

79

11

2216

9

393126

22

Iran (Islamic Republic of)199020002010

54,87165,34273,974

566471

8392

100

–––

1780

-00

7486

100

–––

2613

0

-10

7990

100

–––

2110

0

-00

33

Iraq199020002010

17,37423,85731,672

706866

-7676

-1919

-55

-00

-5467

-1012

-1917

-17

4

-6973

-1617

-10

9

-51

30

Ireland199020002010

3,5313,8044,470

575962

100100100

–––

000

000

989898

–––

222

–––

999999

–––

111

–––

19

Isle of Man199020002010

707783

525251

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Israel199020002010

4,5006,0157,418

909192

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

28

Italy199020002010

56,83256,98660,551

676768

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Jamaica199020002010

2,3652,5822,741

495252

787878

202020

111

111

818282

141414

433

111

808080

171717

222

111

9

Japan199020002010

122,251125,720126,536

636567

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

2

Jordan199020002010

3,4164,8276,187

727879

989898

222

000

000

959698

111

411

–20

979898

222

100

–00

29

Kazakhstan199020002010

16,53014,95716,026

565659

969797

333

100

000

979798

111

011

210

969797

222

111

100

2

Kenya199020002010

23,44731,25440,513

182022

273032

424548

282218

332

252832

161921

423529

171818

252832

212427

403327

141514

14

Country, R

egional and Global E

stimates on W

ater & S

anitationS

TAT

IST

ICA

L TAB

LE

Country, Area or Territory Year

use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

45

Greece199020002010

99100100

99100100

000

100

–00

929899

829599

1030

821

–––

9699

100

9298

100

410

410

––0

8

Greenland199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

2

Grenada199020002010

979797

–93–-

–4–

333

–––

–93

–75

–18

–7–

–––

–94

–81

–13

–6–

–––

Guadeloupe199020002010

989898

989898

000

222

–––

–93

–75

–18

–7–

–––

–98

–98

–0–

–2–

–––

Guam199020002010

100100100

–––

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

–––

000

000

19

Guatemala199020002010

919598

688396

2312

2

742

210

748187

345469

402718

777

1912

6

818792

486782

332010

765

1273

34

Guinea199020002010

878890

212529

666361

59

10

830

375265

001

375264

91521

543314

516374

68

11

455563

81317

4124

930

Guinea-Bissau199020002010

456891

141311

315580

5532

8

001

324353

000

324353

635344

543

365064

443

324661

604734

432

32

Guyana199020002010

–9498

–7479

–2019

–52

–10

–8793

–5659

–3134

–72

–65

–8994

–6165

–2829

–62

–54

9

Haiti199020002010

848485

272115

576370

121211

444

495051

234

474747

353128

161921

596269

99

10

505359

282419

131412

21

Honduras199020002010

969595

859095

1150

455

000

627179

425974

2012

5

372819

112

768287

597385

1792

231712

111

29

Hungary199020002010

98100100

949595

455

200

–00

9198

100

7286

1912

920

–00

9699

100

8692

107–

410

–00

NA*

Iceland199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

17

India199020002010

889397

494948

394449

1173

100

637790

71012

566778

3321

9

421

698192

182123

516069

2818

7

311

33

Indonesia199020002010

919192

253136

666056

888

110

616874

258

596366

322622

764

707882

91620

616262

251816

542

20

Iran (Islamic Republic of)199020002010

989897

979696

121

223

000

808592

657688

1594

1613

8

420

909396

838994

742

864

210

22

Iraq199020002010

979591

–9289

–32

337

–22

444956

–3750

–12

6

561627

–3517

818079

–7476

–63

197

14

–13

728

Ireland199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

999999

111

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

19

Isle of Man199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Israel199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

989898

222

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

28

Italy199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

96100100

400

000

000

100100100

99100100

100

000

000

6

Jamaica199020002010

989898

899091

987

222

000

888888

344247

544641

158

1174

939393

616770

322623

145

632

10

Japan199020002010

100100100

979899

321

000

000

100100100

869195

1495

000

000

100100100

939698

742

000

000

2

Jordan199020002010

999898

989693

125

122

0––

909192

878379

38

13

998

1––

979697

959390

237

343

0––

28

Kazakhstan199020002010

999999

918782

81217

111

000

929190

282624

646566

567

333

969695

636058

333637

334

111

0

Kenya199020002010

928782

565045

363737

49

14

444

334352

101112

233240

181818

493930

445259

181919

263340

151617

413224

26

Pr

OG

rE

SS

ON

Dr

INK

ING

WA

TE

r A

ND

SA

NIT

AT

ION

> 2

012

UP

DA

TE

Cou

ntry

, Reg

iona

l and

Glo

bal E

stim

ates

on

Wat

er &

San

itatio

n

Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)

use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Perc

enta

ge

Urba

n Po

pula

tion

46

Kiribati199020002010

7284

100

354344

3647

79–

163–

4141

2122

22–

1221

6555

2633

45–

1313

5749

––

Kuwait199020002010

2,0881,9412,737

989898

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

41

Kyrgyzstan199020002010

4,3954,9555,334

383535

949494

555

111

–00

–9393

–22

–55

–00

–9393

–33

–44

–00

13

Lao People’s Democratic Republic199020002010

4,1925,3176,201

152233

–6489

–45

–83

–24

3

–1550

–01

–98

–7641

–2663

–12

–87

–6528

50

Latvia199020002010

2,6642,3852,252

696868

–82

–13

–5–

–0–

–71

–3–

–26

–0–

–78

–10

–12

–0–

Lebanon199020002010

2,9483,7424,228

838687

100100100

–––

000

000

–87

–––

–13

–––

–98

–––

–2–

–––

Lesotho199020002010

1,6391,9642,171

142027

–3732

–3430

–1832

–11

6

–2224

–34

–2223

–5349

–2526

–9

11

–2126

–4537

6

Liberia199020002010

2,1272,8473,994

414448

–2329

–2330

–2916

–2525

–37

–8

21

–98

–8064

–1218

–1525

–1712

–5645

12

Libya199020002010

4,3345,2316,355

767678

979797

–––

333

–––

969696

–––

444

–––

979797

–––

333

–––

24

Liechtenstein199020002010

293336

171514

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Lithuania199020002010

3,6963,5003,324

686767

959595

–––

555

–––

–69

–––

–31

–––

–86

–––

–14

–––

Luxembourg199020002010

381435507

818485

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

20

Madagascar199020002010

11,28115,36420,714

242730

151821

212428

413732

232119

71012

91214

182229

665645

91215

121518

232630

564737

8

Malawi199020002010

9,38111,22914,901

121520

484949

434444

545

432

384551

222630

679

342210

394651

242933

668

3119

823

Malaysia199020002010

18,20923,41528,401

506272

889496

444

710

110

819095

344

721

94–

849296

344

820

520

31

Maldives199020002010

219273316

262840

989898

222

000

000

587297

112

1081

3119

0

687997

112

861

2314

043

Mali199020002010

8,67311,29515,370

232836

333435

363738

262523

544

101214

679

475357

372820

151822

131619

424545

302114

11

Malta199020002010

368397417

909295

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

7

Marshall Islands199020002010

475254

656872

778083

111212

1281

––4

414853

91112

5041

0

––

35

647075

101212

2618

0

––

1311

Martinique199020002010

359385406

869089

–9495

–––

–65

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Mauritania199020002010

1,9962,6433,460

404041

293851

101418

382816

232015

899

344

3119

6

586881

162126

68

10

342210

444954

15

Mauritius199020002010

1,0601,1961,299

444342

919191

888

111

000

888888

999

333

000

898989

999

222

000

11

Mayotte199020002010

92149204

364850

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Mexico199020002010

84,30799,960

113,423

717578

768187

101011

442

1050

345679

47

10

1185

5129

6

647585

89

11

653

2211

128

Micronesia (Federated States of)199020002010

96107111

262223

5559

–––

4541

–––

2016

–––

8084

–––

2926

–––

7174

–––

Monaco199020002010

313535

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

100100100

000

000

000

6

Country, R

egional and Global E

stimates on W

ater & S

anitationS

TAT

IST

ICA

L TAB

LE

Country, Area or Territory Year

use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

47

Kiribati199020002010

7677

4648

3029

2423

–––

3350

1321

2029

6750

–––

4862

2533

2329

5238

–––

Kuwait199020002010

999999

–––

–––

111

–––

999999

–––

–––

111

–––

999999

–––

–––

111

–––

40

Kyrgyzstan199020002010

989899

758289

231610

211

–10

–7385

253034

–4351

–44

–2311

–8290

444853

–3437

–33

–15

723

Lao People’s Democratic Republic199020002010

–7577

–3755

–3822

–2020

–53

–3762

–53

–3259

–2921

–3417

–4567

–1220

–3347

–2721

–2812

36

Latvia199020002010

100100100

–93

–7–

000

000

969696

–59

–37

444

–0–

999999

–82

–17

111

–0–

NA*

Lebanon199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

–85

–15

000

000

100100100

–98

–2–

000

000

18

Lesotho199020002010

959491

253963

705528

569

000

787673

234

767369

202326

211

808078

51020

757058

181921

211

12

Liberia199020002010

–7488

348

–7080

–2611

––1

–5060

111

–4959

–5017

––

23

–6173

224

–5969

–3915

––

1243

Libya199020002010

5454

–––

–––

4646

–––

5555

–––

–––

4545

–––

5454

–––

–––

4646

–––

Liechtenstein199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Lithuania199020002010

989898

899395

953

222

–––

–81

4957

–24

–19

–––

–92

7681

–11

–8–

–––

Luxembourg199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

989898

222

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

20

Madagascar199020002010

757574

241914

515660

161311

91215

152434

123

142231

363125

494541

293846

676

233140

312621

403633

25

Malawi199020002010

919395

423528

495867

555

420

355780

222

335578

453116

2012

4

416283

777

345576

412814

1810

348

Malaysia199020002010

9499

100

869599

841

610

–00

829399

5980

2313

1851

–2–

8897

100

7289

168–

1220

–10

32

Maldives199020002010

100100100

506796

5033

4

000

000

919397

001

919396

973

–––

939598

131939

807659

752

–––

25

Mali199020002010

537087

172635

364452

452913

210

203651

011

203550

705746

1073

284664

48

13

243851

644934

852

40

Malta199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

98100100

98100100

000

200

–00

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

7

Marshall Islands199020002010

949392

111

939291

678

–––

979899

000

979899

321

–––

959594

111

949493

556

–––

4

Martinique199020002010

100100100

999999

111

000

000

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Mauritania199020002010

364552

152635

211917

635448

110

263748

08

14

262934

655646

976

304050

61523

242527

645546

654

26

Mauritius199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

999999

999999

000

111

000

999999

999999

000

111

000

12

Mayotte199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Mexico199020002010

939597

889193

544

333

420

647791

506274

141517

069

3617

0

859096

778489

867

244

1360

24

Micronesia (Federated States of)199020002010

9394

–––

–––

76–

–––

8792

–––

–––

138–

–––

8992

–––

–––

118–

–––

Monaco199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

6

Pr

OG

rE

SS

ON

Dr

INK

ING

WA

TE

r A

ND

SA

NIT

AT

ION

> 2

012

UP

DA

TE

Cou

ntry

, Reg

iona

l and

Glo

bal E

stim

ates

on

Wat

er &

San

itatio

n

Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)

use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Perc

enta

ge

Urba

n Po

pula

tion

Mongolia199020002010

2,1932,4112,756

575762

–6564

–3231

–32

–03

–2829

–2122

–1523

–3626

–4951

–2728

–89

–1612

9

Montenegro199020002010

609633631

485961

–9292

–33

–55

–00

–8787

–33

–1010

–00

–9090

–33

–77

–00

Montserrat199020002010

1156

131114

969696

–––

444

–––

969696

–––

444

–––

969696

–––

444

–––

NA*

Morocco199020002010

24,78128,79331,951

485358

818283

141414

023

520

274352

356

224

685038

536470

81011

123

382416

21

Mozambique199020002010

13,54718,20123,391

213138

363738

778

263141

312513

445

111

212736

746858

111418

234

222837

655541

9

Myanmar199020002010

39,26844,95847,963

252834

–7983

–1212

–74

–21

–5673

–1014

–18

5

–16

8

–6276

–1113

–15

5

–12

628

Namibia199020002010

1,4151,8962,283

283238

626057

222120

544

111519

91317

234

677

837772

242832

89

10

566

635752

13

Nauru199020002010

91010

100100100

666665

313131

314

–20

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

666665

313131

314

–20

0

Nepal199020002010

19,08124,40129,959

91319

374248

283236

543

302213

71727

269

667

857157

102031

49

14

676

806449

20

Netherlands199020002010

14,89215,86316,613

697783

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

7

Netherlands Antilles199020002010

191180201

869093

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

New Caledonia199020002010

170212251

605957

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

New Zealand199020002010

3,3983,8584,368

858686

–––

–––

–––

–––

88––

–––

12––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Nicaragua199020002010

4,1215,0745,788

525557

596163

889

292724

444

263237

456

253237

453120

434852

678

272929

241611

15

Niger199020002010

7,78810,92215,512

151617

192734

142025

413121

262220

234

112

233

959391

579

346

876

848279

6

Nigeria199020002010

97,552123,689158,423

354350

393735

424038

111315

81012

363227

181613

122029

343231

373431

262625

121722

252322

6

Niue199020002010

221

313338

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

0

Northern Mariana Islands199020002010

446861

909091

8592

–––

158–

–––

789396

–––

2274

–––

8492

–––

168–

–––

Norway199020002010

4,2414,4914,883

727679

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

11

Occupied Palestinian Territory199020002010

2,0813,1994,039

687274

919192

555

432

–11

–8392

–67

–70

–41

–8992

–56

–41

–21

36

Oman199020002010

1,8682,2642,782

667273

9698

100

–––

200

220

557195

–––

1305

3229

829099

–––

601

1210

–30

Pakistan199020002010

111,845144,522173,593

313336

727272

666

141618

864

72034

146

202326

725334

273748

356

182123

523723

24

Palau199020002010

151920

707083

7891

100

–––

2290

––0

3668

100

–––

6432

0

––0

6584

100

–––

3516

0

––0

39

Panama199020002010

2,4162,9563,517

546675

7374

1111

1414

21–

4047

44–

3232

2417

5865

89–

2220

126–

Papua New Guinea199020002010

4,1585,3796,858

151313

787571

–––

192124

345

424241

–––

424141

161718

474645

–––

393939

141516

12

Paraguay199020002010

4,2445,3446,455

495561

617990

344

3516

6

11–

153140

001

816759

42–

375871

123

593926

31–

35

48

Country, R

egional and Global E

stimates on W

ater & S

anitationS

TAT

IST

ICA

L TAB

LE

Country, Area or Territory Year

use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Mongolia199020002010

7486

100

534226

214474

2011

0

630

273753

012

273651

182023

554324

546582

302417

244165

1915

9

2720

936

Montenegro199020002010

999999

989898

111

111

–00

969696

–7070

–2626

444

–00

979898

–8687

–1211

322

–00

NA*

Montserrat199020002010

100100100

989898

222

000

000

100100100

000

100100100

000

000

100100100

121114

888986

000

000

NA*

Morocco199020002010

939698

748289

1914

9

742

000

545861

41219

504642

412716

51523

737883

384960

352923

2415

7

37

1019

Mozambique199020002010

737577

222119

515458

242119

344

262729

111

252628

414755

332616

364247

578

313539

373942

271911

21

Myanmar199020002010

808593

171819

636774

2065

–92

486078

123

475875

521614

–24

8

566783

568

516175

441311

–20

631

Namibia199020002010

999999

827772

172227

111

000

517290

142128

375162

3515

0

141310

648193

333945

314248

2610

0

1097

41

Nauru199020002010

989888

–––

–––

22

12

–––

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

989888

–––

–––

22

12

–––

-10

Nepal199020002010

969493

434853

534640

234

233

748188

58

10

697378

1310

6

1396

768389

81318

687071

1296

1285

31

Netherlands199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

95100100

500

000

000

100100100

98100100

200

000

000

7

Netherlands Antilles199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

New Caledonia199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

New Zealand199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

16

Nicaragua199020002010

929598

828689

1099

742

110

546268

172429

373839

302725

1611

7

748085

515863

232222

181412

863

23

Niger199020002010

5778

100

213039

364861

4222

0

100

313539

012

313437

666258

333

354249

368

323641

625549

332

27

Nigeria199020002010

797774

3220

8

475766

171921

445

303643

421

263442

293335

413122

475358

1410

4

334354

252728

282014

23

Niue199020002010

100100100

–––

–––

000

000

100100100

–80

–20

000

000

100100100

–––

–––

000

000

0

Northern Mariana Islands199020002010

989898

–––

–––

222

–––

1009797

–––

–––

033

0--

989898

–––

–––

222

–––

7

Norway199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

11

Occupied Palestinian Territory199020002010

1009586

–8778

–88

04

14

01–

–8681

–6467

–2214

–1119

–3–

–9285

–8175

–1110

–6

15

–2–

22

Oman199020002010

848793

274982

573811

1297

44–

727478

41531

685947

181622

1010

808389

193968

614421

141111

66–

24

Pakistan199020002010

959696

565758

393938

444

100

818589

81523

737066

876

1185

858992

232936

626056

765

853

28

Palau199020002010

737883

384043

353840

272217

–––

969696

404040

565656

444

–––

808385

394043

414342

201715

–––

15

Panama199020002010

999797

9795

22–

133

00–

6677

6072

65–

2312

1111

8490

8087

43–

116–

54–

Papua New Guinea199020002010

898887

615957

282930

47

11

752

323233

433

282930

172022

514845

413940

131010

282930

151920

444240

12

Paraguay199020002010

819299

597585

221714

1881

100

255166

02135

253031

634230

1274

527486

295166

232320

412312

732

39

49

Pr

OG

rE

SS

ON

Dr

INK

ING

WA

TE

r A

ND

SA

NIT

AT

ION

> 2

012

UP

DA

TE

Cou

ntry

, Reg

iona

l and

Glo

bal E

stim

ates

on

Wat

er &

San

itatio

n

Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)

use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Perc

enta

ge

Urba

n Po

pula

tion

Peru199020002010

21,68625,86229,077

697377

717681

889

589

1681

172737

223

72032

745128

546371

668

61114

3420

723

Philippines199020002010

61,62977,31093,261

494849

697479

151617

841

863

455769

101316

2212

3

231812

576574

121416

1592

1612

828

Poland199020002010

38,05638,30238,277

616261

969696

–––

444

–––

–80

–––

–20

–––

–90

–––

–10

–––

Portugal199020002010

9,92510,33610,676

485461

9799

100

–––

310

––0

8797

100

–––

1330

––0

9298

100

–––

820

––0

10

Puerto Rico199020002010

3,5293,8143,749

729599

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Qatar199020002010

474591

1,759

929596

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

71

Republic of Korea199020002010

42,98045,98848,184

748083

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

000

000

7

Republic of Moldova199020002010

4,3644,1073,573

474547

–8789

–77

–64

–0–

–7282

–45

–2413

–0–

–7985

–56

–16

9

–0–

NA*

Réunion199020002010

612739846

819094

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Romania199020002010

23,20722,19221,486

535357

8888

33–

99–

–––

5254

11–

4745

–––

7172

22–

2726

–––

Russian Federation199020002010

148,244146,758142,958

737373

807774

161515

48

10

––1

585959

111111

313029

––1

747270

151414

111415

––1

NA*

Rwanda199020002010

7,1108,098

10,624

51419

696052

242118

41729

321

344556

456

554535

753

364755

578

524134

753

34

Saint Kitts and Nevis199020002010

414652

353332

969696

–––

444

–––

969696

–––

444

–––

969696

–––

444

–––

17

Saint Lucia199020002010

138157174

292828

676971

333

242017

689

545963

444

312725

1110

8

586265

444

282523

1098

15

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines199020002010

107108109

414549

–––

–––

–––

–––

969696

–––

444

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Samoa199020002010

161177183

212220

1009998

–––

012

000

999898

–––

122

––0

999898

–––

122

––0

7

San Marino199020002010

242732

909394

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Sao Tome and Principe199020002010

116141165

445362

–2730

–44

–4

17

–6549

–1519

–45

–3

12

–7864

–2126

–44

–4

15

–7155

10

Saudi Arabia199020002010

16,13920,04527,448

778082

100100100

–––

000

000

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Senegal199020002010

7,2429,506

12,434

394042

626670

171819

1211

9

952

223139

68

10

151923

574228

384552

101214

141617

382717

25

Serbia199020002010

9,56910,134

9,856

505356

969696

333

111

–00

–8888

–33

–99

–00

–9292

–33

–55

–00

Seychelles199020002010

717987

495155

–9498

–––

–52

-1-

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Sierra Leone199020002010

3,9824,1435,868

333638

222223

424445

353025

147

556

151616

554637

253341

111113

242627

484032

172328

5

Singapore199020002010

3,0173,9195,086

100100100

99100100

–––

100

–00

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

99100100

–––

100

–00

32

Slovakia199020002010

5,2705,4055,462

565655

100100100

000

000

000

100100

99

000

001

00–

100100100

000

000

000

1

Slovenia199020002010

1,9271,9852,030

505150

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

3

50

Country, R

egional and Global E

stimates on W

ater & S

anitationS

TAT

IST

ICA

L TAB

LE

Country, Area or Territory Year

use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Peru199020002010

889091

747883

1412

8

1198

111

455565

132946

322619

282319

272216

758185

556574

201611

161211

974

21

Philippines199020002010

939393

405061

534332

677

100

778592

91725

686867

2114

7

211

858992

243343

615649

1310

7

211

28

Poland199020002010

100100100

979999

311

000

000

–––

738996

–––

–––

–––

–––

889598

–––

–––

–––

Portugal199020002010

989999

959899

310

211

–––

9498

100

8095

100

1430

620

--0

969999

879799

920

411

–––

7

Puerto Rico199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Qatar199020002010

100100100

–––

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

–––

000

000

100100100

–––

–––

000

000

71

Republic of Korea199020002010

9798

100

969799

111

320

––0

–7588

–4664

–2924

–2512

–––

–9398

–8793

–65

–72

–––

14

Republic of Moldova199020002010

989999

–7784

–2215

211

–0–

–8993

02

16

–8777

–11

7

–0–

–9396

–3548

–5848

–74

–0–

NA*

Réunion199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Romania199020002010

939799

889092

577

731

–––

5570

132128

4249

4530

–––

7584

535865

2226

2516

–––

Russian Federation199020002010

989899

889091

1088

221

000

808692

374655

434037

1912

8

12–

939597

747881

191716

743

01–

NA*

Rwanda199020002010

958676

332313

626363

17

14

47

10

646363

001

646362

121721

242016

666665

233

646362

111620

231815

31

Saint Kitts and Nevis199020002010

999999

–72

–27

111

–––

999999

–72

–27

111

–––

999999

–72

–27

111

–––

19

Saint Lucia199020002010

969798

838485

131313

432

–––

939495

706867

232628

765

–––

949596

747272

202324

654

–––

17

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–93

–73

–20

–7–

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Samoa199020002010

979696

858584

121112

343

––1

879196

727680

151516

1393

––1

899296

757881

141415

1183

––1

13

San Marino199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Sao Tome and Principe199020002010

–8689

–3132

–5557

–49

–10

2

–7088

–1418

–5670

–78

–23

4

–7989

–2327

–5662

–58

–16

331

Saudi Arabia199020002010

979797

979797

000

333

–––

63––

60––

3––

37––

–––

89––

88––

1––

11––

–––

Senegal199020002010

889093

466075

423018

1210

6

001

434956

38

13

404143

554942

222

616672

202939

413733

383326

112

29

Serbia199020002010

999999

979797

222

111

––0

989898

–6363

–3535

222

––0

999999

–8182

–1817

111

––0

NA*

Seychelles199020002010

–84

100

–84

100

–00

–00

–16

0

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Sierra Leone199020002010

637587

191919

445668

2918

7

876

263035

211

242934

292316

454749

384655

878

303947

292113

333332

27

Singapore199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

32

Slovakia199020002010

100100100

10096

04–

000

000

100100100

8992

118–

000

000

100100100

9594

56–

000

000

2

Slovenia199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

999999

999999

000

111

–––

100100

99

100100

99

000

001

00–

3

51

Pr

OG

rE

SS

ON

Dr

INK

ING

WA

TE

r A

ND

SA

NIT

AT

ION

> 2

012

UP

DA

TE

Cou

ntry

, Reg

iona

l and

Glo

bal E

stim

ates

on

Wat

er &

San

itatio

n

Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)

use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Perc

enta

ge

Urba

n Po

pula

tion

52

Solomon Islands199020002010

310409538

141619

989898

–––

222

–––

–18

–––

–82

–––

–31

–––

–69

–––

Somalia199020002010

6,5997,3999,331

303337

–4552

–2630

–1615

–13

3

–10

6

–96

–95

–7283

–2223

–1515

–11

9

–5253

8

South Africa199020002010

36,79444,76050,133

525762

828486

889

863

222

606367

677

999

252117

717579

788

975

1310

819

Spain199020002010

38,88940,28846,077

757677

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

14

Sri Lanka199020002010

17,33718,74520,860

191614

858788

777

433

432

678193

233

1584

1680

708292

344

1374

1470

26

Sudan199020002010

26,49434,18843,552

273340

514844

121111

272625

101520

181614

554

292523

485459

272726

777

282524

384143

8

Suriname199020002010

407467525

606569

909090

999

111

–00

–6566

–1111

–23

–2220

–8183

–1010

–11

–86

16

Swaziland199020002010

8631,0641,186

232321

626364

292930

964

–22

444955

151618

4168

–2919

485257

181921

3467

–2315

17

Sweden199020002010

8,5598,8609,380

838485

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

6

Switzerland199020002010

6,6747,1687,664

737374

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

8

Syrian Arab Republic199020002010

12,32415,98920,411

495256

959596

444

110

000

758193

455

442

1710

0

858895

444

231

950

35

Tajikistan199020002010

5,3036,1736,879

322626

939395

444

321

–10

–8994

–33

–63

–20

–9094

–33

–53

–20

20

Thailand199020002010

57,07263,15569,122

293134

949595

555

000

100

809396

344

000

1730

849496

444

000

1220

19

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

199020002010

1,9092,0092,061

585959

929292

555

333

–00

–8282

–77

–1010

–11

–8888

–66

–66

–00

Timor-Leste199020002010

743830

1,124

212428

–5673

–9

11

–12

3

–2313

–3337

–44

–9

16

–5443

–3947

–56

–1012

–4635

19

Togo199020002010

3,6664,7946,028

303743

262626

444443

58

11

252220

853

1511

6

31017

747474

131313

242322

49

14

595551

4

Tokelau199020002010

221

000

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

416393

–––

5937

7

–––

416393

–––

5937

7

–––

0

Tonga199020002010

9598

104

232323

989898

–––

222

–––

969696

–––

444

–––

969696

–––

444

–––

8

Trinidad and Tobago199020002010

1,2151,2921,341

91114

939292

777

011

0––

939292

777

011

0––

939292

777

011

0––

5

Tunisia199020002010

8,2159,456

10,481

586367

959596

222

022

31–

4457

67–

17–

4929

7481

44–

04–

2211

––

Turkey199020002010

54,13063,62872,752

596570

969697

122

321

000

667175

233

272321

531

848790

122

1310

8

210

21

Turkmenistan199020002010

3,6684,5015,042

454650

999999

–––

111

–0–

979797

–––

323

–1–

989898

–––

212

–1–

17

Turks and Caicos Islands199020002010

121938

748593

989898

–––

222

–––

–94

–––

–6–

–––

–97

–––

–3–

–––

Tuvalu199020002010

99

10

414650

868788

–––

141310

––2

767981

–––

242112

––7

808385

–––

201711

––4

10

Uganda199020002010

17,70024,21333,425

111213

323334

484950

171615

321

263034

121415

404040

221611

273034

161820

373836

201410

16

Ukraine199020002010

51,64548,89245,448

676769

979796

222

112

–00

–9189

–44

–57

–00

–9594

–33

–23

–00

NA*

Country, R

egional and Global E

stimates on W

ater & S

anitationS

TAT

IST

ICA

L TAB

LE

Country, Area or Territory Year

use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

53

Solomon Islands199020002010

–94

7676

–18

–6–

–––

–65

111

–64

–35

–––

–70

1113

–57

–30

–––

Somalia199020002010

–3566

01253

–2313

–5930

–64

–15

7

000

–15

7

–5652

–2941

–2229

04

20

–18

9

–5744

–2127

16

South Africa199020002010

989899

868789

121110

221

000

667179

232836

434343

78

11

272110

838691

566269

272422

455

1394

22

Spain199020002010

100100100

999999

111

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

999999

111

000

000

14

Sri Lanka199020002010

919599

375367

544232

951

000

627790

61523

566267

2918

8

952

678091

122129

555962

2616

7

742

27

Sudan199020002010

847667

766247

81420

132131

332

585552

191612

393940

323335

101213

656258

343126

313132

272933

899

14

Suriname199020002010

999897

–9178

–7

19

123

–00

–7381

–4945

–2436

–60

–2119

–8992

–7668

–1324

–42

–76

18

Swaziland199020002010

878891

677074

201817

566

863

254165

41325

212840

181817

574118

395271

182635

212636

151514

463315

36

Sweden199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

6

Switzerland199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

999999

111

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

8

Syrian Arab Republic199020002010

979593

949392

321

357

–00

757986

496077

2619

9

252013

–11

868790

717785

1510

5

141310

–00

30

Tajikistan199020002010

–9392

–7783

–16

9

–32

–46

–5054

–1825

–3229

–14

2

–3644

–6164

–3440

–2724

–11

2

–2834

12

Thailand199020002010

969797

747780

222017

433

000

829095

102231

726864

1695

210

869296

293948

575348

1374

110

19

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

199020002010

100100100

969696

444

000

000

999999

–8484

–1515

111

–––

100100100

–9191

–99

000

000

5

Timor-Leste199020002010

–6991

–2445

–4546

–28

9

–30

–4960

–1112

–3848

–4238

–92

–5469

–1421

–4048

–3830

–81

29

Togo199020002010

798489

141312

657177

201510

111

363840

001

363839

373330

272930

495561

456

455055

322622

191917

26

Tokelau199020002010

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

NANANA

909397

–––

–––

1073

–––

909397

–––

–––

1073

–––

0

Tonga199020002010

100100100

-72

-

-28

-

000

000

100100100

-76

-

-24

-

000

000

100100100

-75

-

-25

-

000

000

8

Trinidad and Tobago199020002010

929598

818588

111010

552

3––

889193

687174

202019

1097

2––

889194

697376

191818

1096

2––

9

Tunisia199020002010

959899

8992

66–

521

00–

6277

2233

4044

3621

22–

8190

6170

2020

189–

11–

Turkey199020002010

9497

100

919599

321

630

000

738599

517397

2212

2

2614

1

110

8593

100

758798

1062

1570

000

28

Turkmenistan199020002010

979797

–81

–16

323

–1–

–72

–29

–43

–8–

–20

–83

–53

–30

–6–

–11

––

Turks and Caicos Islands199020002010

100100100

–78

–22

000

000

100100100

–60

–40

000

000

100100100

–75

–25

000

000

63

Tuvalu199020002010

929598

929597

001

852

–––

899397

899397

000

1173

–––

909498

909497

001

1062

–––

10

Uganda199020002010

788695

81420

707275

1912

3

322

395468

011

395367

382818

231814

435872

134

425568

362616

211612

40

Ukraine199020002010

1009998

–9286

–7

12

012

000

–9298

–5022

–4276

–82

–00

–9798

–7866

–1932

–32

–00

NA*

Cou

ntry

, Reg

iona

l and

Glo

bal E

stim

ates

on

Wat

er &

San

itatio

n

Country, Area or Territory Year Population (x 1,000)

use OF saniTaTiOn FaciliTies (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Unimproved Unimproved Unimproved

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Shar

ed

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Othe

rUn

impr

oved

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Open

De

feca

tion

Perc

enta

ge

Urba

n Po

pula

tion

Pr

OG

rE

SS

ON

Dr

INK

ING

WA

TE

r A

ND

SA

NIT

AT

ION

> 2

012

UP

DA

TE

United Arab Emirates199020002010

1,8093,0337,512

798084

989898

222

000

000

959595

555

000

000

979798

332

000

000

67

United Kingdom199020002010

57,21458,87462,036

787980

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

000

000

000

7

United Republic of Tanzania199020002010

25,47934,03844,841

192226

101520

101520

786858

222

677

444

807673

101316

79

10

568

807470

81112

5

United States199020002010

253,339282,496310,384

757982

100100100

–––

000

000

999999

–––

111

–––

100100100

–––

000

000

14

United States Virgin Islands199020002010

103109109

889395

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Uruguay199020002010

3,1093,3193,369

899192

9597

100

000

110

420

839099

111

110

1580

9496

100

000

110

530

10

Uzbekistan199020002010

20,51524,77627,445

403736

9597

100

–––

530

000

7687

100

–––

2413

0

000

8491

100

–––

1690

000

29

Vanuatu199020002010

147185240

192226

–5464

–2833

–18

3

–00

–3854

–1015

–5029

–22

–4157

–1420

–4322

–21

31

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)199020002010

19,68524,34828,980

849093

8993

–––

72–

45–

4554

–––

146–

4140

8289

–––

82–

109–

Viet Nam199020002010

67,10278,75887,848

202430

637894

445

1081

2310

0

304968

234

252322

4325

6

375676

234

222016

3921

437

Western Sahara199020002010

221315531

868482

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Yemen199020002010

11,94817,72324,053

212632

708293

122

2312

3

642

122434

123

333232

544231

243953

123

312722

443222

33

Zambia199020002010

7,86010,20213,089

393536

615957

252424

121517

222

374043

788

161922

403327

464748

141414

151720

252218

16

Zimbabwe199020002010

10,46912,50912,571

293438

545352

454544

012

112

353432

181716

05

10

474442

414040

262627

056

332927

2

Sub-Saharan Africa199020002010

515,588669,118856,323

283337

434343

282931

191918

1098

192123

91012

262730

464235

262830

141619

242426

363225

12

Northern Africa199020002010

119,694141,978165,907

495154

919394

666

100

210

557285

456

850

3318

9

728390

566

520

1894

28

Eastern Asia199020002010

1,216,6651,347,6251,424,218

293849

536476

152024

2915

0

310

163657

49

14

715027

952

274766

71319

593714

731

33

Southern Asia199020002010

1,195,9851,460,2011,704,146

262932

576164

161718

358

241710

122030

356

289

836755

243241

68

10

378

675341

19

South-Eastern Asia199020002010

445,361523,831593,415

323842

687482

99

10

1071

1310

7

364960

57

10

2015

9

392921

465869

68

10

1712

6

312215

26

Western Asia199020002010

127,092161,478206,841

616467

969394

266

210

000

556067

245

242019

1916

9

808185

255

1087

863

30

Oceania199020002010

6,4598,0939,943

242423

858484

–––

121313

333

454446

–––

394038

161616

555455

–––

323332

131313

16

Latin American & the Caribbean199020002010

443,032521,429590,082

707580

808384

667

778

741

384960

356

141617

453017

687580

567

999

1810

421

Caucasus and Central Asia199020002010

66,62771,29477,358

484545

969396

354

120

000

868695

122

1211

3

110

919096

233

771

000

17

Developing regions199020002010

4,136,5024,905,0475,628,233

354045

656973

131517

1296

1074

213243

479

312417

443731

364756

71013

251812

322519

23

Developed regions199020002010

1,149,6371,195,7331,244,386

717375

979696

343

001

000

919193

333

664

000

959595

433

122

000

6

World199020002010

5,286,1396,100,7806,872,619

434651

767779

101113

875

653

293847

479

282216

393328

495663

69

11

201511

252015

20

54

Country, Area or Territory Year

use OF Drinking WaTer sOurces (percentage of population)

Urban Rural National

Proportion of the 2010 population

that gained access since 1995 (%)

Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved Improved Unimproved

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Unim

prov

ed

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Surfa

ce

Wat

er

Tota

l Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

Othe

r Im

prov

ed

Pipe

d on

Pr

emis

es

STA

TIS

TIC

AL TA

BLE

Country, R

egional and Global E

stimates on W

ater & S

anitation

55

United Arab Emirates199020002010

100100100

–80

–20

000

000

100100100

–70

–30

000

000

100100100

–78

–22

000

000

69

United Kingdom199020002010

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

100100100

989898

222

000

000

100100100

100100100

000

000

000

7

United Republic of Tanzania199020002010

948679

352822

595857

31118

333

464544

123

454341

293236

252320

555453

788

484645

242731

211916

16

United States199020002010

100100100

979797

333

000

000

949494

464646

484848

666

–––

999999

848585

151414

111

–––

14

United States Virgin Islands199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Uruguay199020002010

9899

100

949698

432

210

–00

7988

100

5073

2915

2111

0

–10

9698

100

899498

74–

420

–00

8

Uzbekistan199020002010

979898

868685

111213

111

211

858381

373226

485155

81114

765

908987

575247

333740

579

544

12

Vanuatu199020002010

949698

796552

153146

642

–00

557187

272217

284970

4521

5

–88

627690

373126

254564

3818

4

–66

41

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)199020002010

9394

8789

65–

75–

–1–

7174

4450

2724

2910

–16

9092

8085

107–

105–

–3–

Viet Nam199020002010

889499

445159

444340

521

740

497193

048

496785

3216

2

1913

5

577795

91623

486172

2612

2

1711

338

Western Sahara199020002010

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

–––

Yemen199020002010

968372

847771

1261

31627

111

595247

122026

473221

344147

776

676055

273540

402515

273541

654

15

Zambia199020002010

898887

494236

404651

101111

112

233646

111

223545

453732

322722

495461

201513

293948

312824

201815

26

Zimbabwe199020002010

999998

968982

31016

112

000

717069

864

636465

172022

1210

9

798080

343434

454646

121314

976

6

Sub-Saharan Africa199020002010

838283

433934

404349

141514

333

364249

445

323844

313232

332619

495561

151516

344045

272726

241813

26

Northern Africa199020002010

949495

868991

854

665

000

808489

325173

483316

1712

6

345

878992

587083

2919

9

1196

222

23

Eastern Asia199020002010

979898

929395

553

212

110

567085

122946

444139

342413

1062

688191

355370

332821

2515

8

741

24

Southern Asia199020002010

909396

535251

374145

974

100

667788

81113

586675

292010

532

728290

202325

525965

2415

9

431

31

South-Eastern Asia199020002010

919294

414653

504641

766

220

627283

51013

576270

291913

994

718088

162430

555658

2214

9

763

26

Western Asia199020002010

969696

929394

432

434

010

687276

435365

251911

292119

375

858789

727884

1395

1410

9

132

29

Oceania199020002010

939393

727271

212122

346

431

424442

111210

313232

141419

444239

555554

262624

292930

111215

343331

13

Latin American & the Caribbean199020002010

959698

879092

866

432

110

647381

375061

272320

151413

2113

6

859194

738086

1211

8

855

741

22

Caucasus and Central Asia199020002010

969797

858485

111312

322

111

807680

312928

494752

1412

9

61211

888587

565353

323234

986

377

11

Developing regions199020002010

939495

727273

212222

655

110

596979

111924

485055

292215

1296

707986

324046

383940

221511

863

26

Developed regions199020002010

100100100

979797

333

000

000

949597

697274

252323

653

000

989899

899092

987

221

000

6

World199020002010

959696

818080

141616

434

110

627281

182429

444852

282014

1085

768389

455054

313335

1812

8

653

23

‘NA’ represents data not applicable. A dash (-) represents data not available at the time of publication. * Shown as NA for countries with a declining population over the period 1990-2010† The drinking water estimates for Bangladesh have been adjusted for arsenic contamination levels based on national surveys conducted and approved by the government.

Pr

OG

rE

SS

ON

Dr

INK

ING

WA

TE

r A

ND

SA

NIT

AT

ION

> 2

012

UP

DA

TE

56

Annex: Trends in Urban and Rural Water & Sanitation Coverage by Developing Regions

Trends in urban drinking water coverage by developing regions, 1990-2010

Trends in rural drinking water coverage by developing regions, 1990-2010

Figure 40

Figure 41

Developing regions

Developing regions

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

Oceania

Oceania

South-Eastern Asia

South-Eastern Asia

Southern Asia

Southern Asia

Caucasus and Central Asia

Caucasus and Central Asia

Eastern Asia

Eastern Asia

Latin America & the Caribbean

Latin America & the Caribbean

Western Asia

Western Asia

Northern Africa

Northern Africa

World

World

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

■ PIPED ON PrEMISES ■ OTHEr IMPrOVED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ SUrFACE WATEr

■ PIPED ON PrEMISES ■ OTHEr IMPrOVED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ SUrFACE WATEr

43

4

72

11

92

12

44

92

43

72

11

81

18

34

5

71

10

95

46

39

94

65

73

24

80

29

52

40

32

21

31

5

34

4

25

21

48

14

44

28

49

44

22

32

3

13

2

10

22

55

16

14

4

5

14

3

44

14

2

10

4

29

6

29

12

14

32

6

19

39

2 4

20

5

5

15

6

33

1

3

43 4

10

19

53

8

51

13

37

58

45

75

9

29

5

4

10

1

2 2

8691

8 46 5

32

73

48

16

17

5

6

3

87

37

27

92

61

8

15

6

20

4

21

2

13

6

1 1 1

85 85

11 12

3 21 1

31 28

49 52

14

6

9

11

41

53

50

41

6

2

7

513

57

70

13

4

29

9

1

31

3Co

vera

ge (%

)Co

vera

ge (%

)

57

AN

NE

x

Trends in urban sanitation coverage by developing regions, 1990-2010

Trends in rural sanitation coverage by developing regions, 1990-2010

Figure 42

Figure 43

Developing regions

Developing regions

Southern Asia

Southern Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

South-Eastern Asia

South-Eastern Asia

Oceania

Oceania

Latin America & the Caribbean

Latin America & the Caribbean

Northern Africa

Northern Africa

Western Asia

Western Asia

Eastern Asia

Eastern Asia

Caucasus and Central Asia

Caucasus and Central Asia

World

World

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

1990

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

2010

■ IMPrOVED ■ SHArED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION

■ IMPrOVED ■ SHArED ■ UNIMPrOVED ■ OPEN DEFECATION

57

12

43

19

91

55

4

53

16

65

21

76

29

64

30

43

23

94

85

6

76

57

73

43

79

47

9

16

3

28

9

6

8

15

4

13

4

10

4

28

18

6

31

12

6

9

24

14

17

9

13

16

5

28

319

10

46

26

1

33

29

71

9

12

10

31

44

8

9

18

8

30

35 27

6

17

31

24

83

2 13

8

6

39

10

55

85 84

46

12

45

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3839

16 16

9696

3 4

8695

1

2123

1

96

55

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94

67

24

6

5

2

19

19

9

2 4 3

80 84

67

7

78

3 13

38

60

3

6

14

45

17

17

68

82

9

10

1

713

10

36

60

5

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21

20

39

2

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58

Millennium Development Goals: Regional Groupings

Developed regions Albania, Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bermuda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Channel Islands, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Greenland, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America

Developing regions n NorTherN AFricA

Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Western Sahara

n SUb-SAhArAN AFricA

Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Réunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe

n LATiN AMericA & The cAribbeAN

Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Falkland Islands (Malvinas), French Guiana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, United States Virgin Islands, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

■ NOrTHErN AFrICA

■ SUB-SAHArAN AFrICA

■ LATIN AMErICA & THE CArIBBEAN

■ EASTErN ASIA

■ SOUTHErN ASIA

■ SOUTH-EASTErN ASIA

■ WESTErN ASIA

■ OCEANIA

■ CAUCASUS AND CENTrAL ASIA

■ DEVELOPED COUNTrIES

■ NOT APPLICABLE

n cAUcASUS ANd ceNTrAL ASiA

Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

n eASTerN ASiA

China, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Mongolia, Republic of Korea

n SoUTherN ASiA

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka

n SoUTh-eASTerN ASiA

Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Viet Nam

n WeSTerN ASiA

Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

n oceANiA

American Samoa, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu

n LeAST deveLoped coUNTrieS

Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros,

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Yemen, Zambia

59

MILLE

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UN-Water is the United Nations inter-agency coordination mechanism for all freshwater related issues. Established in 2003, UN-Water fosters greater cooperation and information sharing among UN entities and relevant stakeholders.

UN-Water monitors and reports on the state, utilization and management of the world’s freshwater resources and on the situation of sanitation through a series of interconnected and complementary publications that, together, provide a compre-hensive picture and, individually, provide a more in-depth analysis of specific issues or geographic areas.

PeriODic rePOrTs:

in The years 2012-2013 un-WaTer alsO PuBlishes:

More information on un-Water reports at www.unwater.org/documents.html

2012

2013

World Water Development Report (WWDR) is coordinated by the World Water Assessment Programme (WWAP) on behalf of UN-Water and published every three years. It provides a global strategic outlook on the state of freshwater resources, trends in use of the resource base in the various sectors (inter alia, agriculture, industry, energy) and management options in different settings and situation (inter alia, in the context of urbanization, natural disasters, and impacts of global climate change). It also includes regional assessments.

Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) is produced every two years by the World Health Organization (WHO) on behalf of UN-Water. It provides a global update on the policy frameworks, institutional arrange-ments, human resource base, and international and national finance streams in support of sanitation and drinking water. It is a substantive input into the activities of Sanitation and Water for All (SWA).

The progress report of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) is produced every two years. The JMP is affili-ated with UN-Water and presents the results of the global monitoring of progress towards MDG 7 target C: to halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Monitoring draws on the findings of household surveys and censuses usually supported by national statistics bureaus in accordance with international criteria.

✓ Strategic outlook✓ State, uses and management of water resources ✓ Global✓ Regional assessments✓ Triennial (4th edition)

✓ Strategic outlook✓ Water supply and sanitation✓ Global✓ Regional assessments✓ Biennial (since 2008)

✓ Status and trends✓ Water supply and sanitation✓ Global✓ Regional and national assessments ✓ Biennial (since 1990)

UN-Water Report on Integrated Approaches in the Development, Management and Use of Water Resources is pro-duced by UN-Water for the Rio+20 Summit (UNCSD 2012). A similar status report was produced in 2008 for UNCSD. The report assesses the status and progress of the management of water resources in UN Member States and reports on the outcomes and impacts of improved water resources management.

UN-Water Country Briefs pilot project. They provide a strategic outlook on the critical importance of investments in water for human and economic development at country level.

n Anestimated89percentoftheglobalpopulationnowuseimproveddrinkingwatersources.Despitethisenormousaccomplishment,780millionpeopleremainunserved.

n Fouroutof10peoplewithoutaccesstoimproveddrinkingwaterliveinsub-SaharanAfrica.Whilecoverageofimprovedwatersupplysourcesis90percentormoreinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,NorthernAfricaandlargepartsofAsia,itisonly61percentinsub-SaharanAfrica.

n Thenumberofpeopleinruralareasusingunimprovedwatersourcesisfivetimesgreaterthaninurbanareas.Eightoutof10peoplelivinginurbanareashavepipedwaterconnectionsontheirpremises,comparedtoonly3in10peopleinruralareas.

n Insub-SaharanAfrica,almost90percentofthepopulationintherichestquintileuseimproveddrinkingwatersources,com-paredtoonly35percentofpeopleinthepoorestquintile.

n Globally,63percentofthepopulationuseimprovedsanitationfacilities.Since1990,1.8billionpeoplehavegainedaccesstoimprovedsanitation.

n Anestimated2.5billionpeoplearestillwithoutimprovedsanitation;almostthreequartersofthemliveinruralareas.

n Inurbanareas,8outof10peopleuseanimprovedsanitationfacility,comparedtoonlyhalfoftheruralpopulation.However,thenumberofpeoplewithoutimprovedsanitationinurbanareashasgrownby183millionsince1990,duringatimeofrapidurbanization.

n Thenumberofpeopleresortingtoopendefecationgloballyhasdecreasedby271millionsince1990.Still,opendefectionispractisedby1.1billionpeople–15percentoftheglobalpopulation.

TheworldisunlikelytomeettheMDGsanitationtargetby2015.TheMDGdrinkingwatertargethasbeenreached.

UnitedNationsChildren’sFund3UNPlazaNewYork,NY10017USA

WorldHealthOrganizationAvenueAppia201211Geneva27,Switzerland


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