1
Progress on Sustainable Consumption and Production in the Arab Region –
Summary of Baseline Assessment Report1
1. Introduction Unsustainable patterns of consumption and production are a primary cause of climate change, land
degradation, resource depletion, and air and water pollution. Evidence of these challenges are
readily available in the Arab region and elsewhere, and include growing water scarcity, increased
energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, declining vegetation cover,
expanding land degradation and desertification, escalating food and energy import bills, increasing
waste generation and vehicle congestion. With urban populations rapidly expanding, governments
face increasing pressure to provide basic services such as energy, water and sanitation while
managing environmental impacts, resource depletion and pollution. In the face of these challenges,
sustainable consumption and production (SCP) is promoted as one of the key responses to protect
the environment, improve human well-being and achieve sustainable development.
At the global level, the Ten-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and
Production (10YFP) provides the framework for action to accelerate the shift towards SCP in both
developed and developing countries. However, it does not include specific numerical targets and
indicators for SCP and recommends that these should be set at regional and national scales. The
2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted
by countries in 2015 include a standalone goal on SCP (SDG12) as SCP-related targets across 11 other
goals. The clearer targets and indicators of the SDGs provide a complementary evidence-based
framework for the 10YFP which promotes target-setting and monitoring of progress on SCP
indicators.
At the regional level, a key milestone was the adoption in 2009 of the Arab Regional Strategy for
Sustainable Consumption and Production (ARSSCP). The strategy identifies priority areas for SCP in
the region (e.g. energy, water, waste and rural development and eradication of poverty) along with
policy objectives and measures. Importantly, the strategy signals the importance of indicator-based
monitoring of progress on SCP in the region and provides a list of 42 indicators. However, the
strategy does not set out specific target values for the region to aim towards and there has not been
any previous assessments of progress for the Arab region across these SCP indicators.
In September 2017, the Council of Arab Ministers Responsible for the Environment adopted the
Guiding Framework for the Environmental Dimension of the SDGs for the Arab Region (the ‘Guiding
Framework’), which sets out a framework of 43 environmental SDG targets and 56 indicators for the
Arab region. It also provides potential target values and supporting information and analysis to
facilitate implementation. This provides a useful framework to align the ARSSCP and national SCP
plans and development strategies with the SDGs, and to promote coherent action on SCP in the
region.
At the national level in the Arab region, clear progress is evident in terms of national planning for
SCP. Arab countries are taking SCP objectives seriously, seven countries have adopted national SCP
action plans2, and several countries have mainstreamed SCP-related targets and indicators into their
national development strategies. The setting of clear objectives and targets is crucial to the success
1 This document provides a brief summary of a more comprehensive baseline assessment undertaken on SCP in the Arab region. Refer to the full report for more detailed charts, figures and analysis. Allen, C (2017) Progress on Sustainable Consumption and Production in the Arab Region – Comprehensive baseline assessment of regional, sub-regional and national progress and challenges for achieving SCP and the SDGs. Report prepared for UNESCWA November 2017. 2 Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Palestine and Tunisia.
2
of any national SCP plan or program. The SDGs provide the opportunity for better formulation of
numerical SCP targets and for mainstreaming of these targets into national action plans and
overarching development strategies and visions. There is evidence that this is occurring in the Arab
region. For example, both Egypt and Jordan have relatively good coverage of SCP targets in their
national vision documents, including targets on water, energy, waste and pollution. This is
promising progress in the region and these national efforts should be commended.
2. Summary of Results from the SCP Baseline Assessment The baseline assessment of progress on SCP in the Arab region focused on four thematic areas
(energy, water, waste and materials, and poverty and livelihoods) and a set of 21 SCP-related
indicators which aligned with both the ARSSCP and the SDGs. The regional baseline assessment
reviewed progress and trends at the Arab regional level as well as for each of the four Arab sub-
regions3. Progress on each indicator was benchmarked against global averages and the favourability
of trends were also assessed using available timeseries data. However, methA national-scale
baseline assessment for each of the 22 Arab countries was also completed for a sub-set of 11
indicators which had more comprehensive data coverage. In the national assessment, clear
numerical target values were used to assess national progress towards SCP and the SDGs, and to
highlight gaps and challenges. The full results from the regional assessment, including detailed
analysis, charts and figures are available in the comprehensive baseline assessment report (annexed
to this document).
2.1 Arab regional and sub-regional baseline assessment of SCP trends and progress The regional baseline assessment explored progress and trends across 21 SCP indicators and
identified areas with good regional progress as well as where progress was lagging behind. The
results of the assessment are compiled and summarised in Table 1. The assessment included an
analysis of the favourability of historic trends as well as a comparison of current baseline values
against global average benchmarks. These two factors were then combined to provide an overall
assessment of progress on each indicator, with each indicator allocated into one of four categories:
1. Going backwards Baseline worse than benchmark and unfavourable trend
+ (↗, ↘)
2. Requires attention Baseline worse than benchmark or unfavourable trend
or (↗, ↘)
3. Good progress but
needs data
Baseline better than benchmark with no trend available
(no trend)
4. Good progress and
on track
Baseline better than benchmark and favourable trend
+ (↗, ↘)
At the Arab regional level, key areas where progress is on track and trending well include access to
electricity with over 88% coverage (7.1.1), development assistance for water and sanitation (6.a.1),
the proportion of population with municipal waste collection which stands at over 75% for those
countries with data (11.6.1.ALT), and the proportion of population below the international poverty
line which has fallen below 5% in the region (1.1.1) (see Table 1; dark green). For each of these
indicators, the region has experienced a favourable historic trend and the most recent baseline value
was better than the global benchmark. In addition, the indicator for mortality associated with water
3 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC): Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates; Least Developed Countries (LDCs): the Comoros, Djibouti, Mauritania, Somalia, the Sudan and Yemen; Maghreb: Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia; and Mashreq: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine and the Syrian Arab Republic.
3
and sanitation also performed better than the global benchmark, however no trend data was
available to complete the assessment.
Most of these indicators where good progress is being made relate to improvements in the supply of
important services to the Arab population and this reflects the good progress that the region has
made in the provision of these services. Based on this assessment, the region is making good
progress on these indicators and could be considered on track for progressing towards related SDG
targets. Efforts in these areas are proving effective and should be continued. However, overall, this
corresponded to only around 20% of the total number of SCP indicators reviewed.
Table 1 also shows that the increased provision of these critical services to the population has come
at an environmental cost for the region. Key indicators experiencing little or no progress in the
region and which are currently going backwards include exposure to air pollution (11.6.2.ALT), per
capita CO2 emissions (13.2.ADD-2), level of water stress (6.4.2), and per capita municipal waste
(11.6.ADD). For these indicators, the region has experienced an unfavourable historic trend and the
current baseline value was worse than the global benchmark (dark red in Table 1). For these
indicators, the region has made little progress and is going backwards, and breakthroughs are
needed to turn the situation around.
Overall, the majority of SCP indicators showed mixed progress in the region (approximately 60%)
and require further attention (Figure 1). Four indicators had baseline values that were worse than
the global benchmark but which were improving with a favourable trend, namely renewable energy
(7.2.1), carbon emissions per unit value added (9.4.1), domestic water consumption (6.4.ADD), and
access to safe drinking water (6.1.1). For these indicators, the region is moving in the right direction
and efforts should be made to accelerate progress.
Figure 1: Proportion of indicators in each category – Arab region and four sub-regions.
Indicators that had baseline values that were better than the global benchmark but had an
unfavourable trend included energy intensity (7.3.1), energy consumption (7.3.ADD), carbon
emissions per unit of GDP (13.2.ADD-1), material footprint (8.4.1), and municipal waste (11.6.ADD).
The assessment highlights that for these indicators, the region is currently performing better than
the global average. However, the negative trend in these areas shows that the region is currently
moving in the wrong direction. Policies and programs that decouple the worsening trends in
resource and energy consumption from development efforts are needed to turn these trends
around and ensure that the region doesn’t slip backwards in these areas.
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Arab region Mashreq Maghreb GCC LDCs
1. Going backwards - breakthrough needed 2. Requires attention
3. On track but need data 4. On track and trending well
4
Table 1: Summary of the baseline assessment of SCP indicators for the Arab region and four sub-regions4. SCP THEMES & INDICATORS BENCHMARKS ARAB REGION MASHREQ MAGHREB GCC LDCs
Indicator Number
Short Description of Indicator
UN
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Ass
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Bas
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Stat
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Tre
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Bas
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Ass
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Stat
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Tre
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Ass
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Bas
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Stat
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Tre
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Ass
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ENERGY
7.1.1# Access to electricity % 22 85.3 99.9 88.7 38.2 88.2 ↗ 99.0 ↗ 96.8 ↗ 100 ↗ 49.9 ↗
7.2.1# Share of renewable energy (final demand) % 22 18.9 11.8 22.3 73.8 4.0 ↗ 4.2 ↗ 4.2 ↗ 0.0 ↔ 50.6 ↗
7.3.1# Energy intensity MJ/USD 22 5.4 4.7 5.8 5.8 5.1 ↗ 3.8 ↗ 4.2 ↔ 5.8 ↗ 5.3 ↘
7.3.ADD Per capita energy consumption Kgoe 19 1920.7 4145.4 1396.4 364.7 1813.2 ↗ 930.2 ↗ 1099.9 ↗ 7785.8 ↗ 353.1 ↗
9.4.1^ CO2 emissions per unit value add Kg 17 0.77 0.39 0.96 0.61 1.4 ↘ 1.1 ↘ 0.91 ↗ 1.6 ↘ 2.7 ↘
11.6.2.ALT Exposure to PM2.5 air pollution ug/m3 21 44.0 15.2 52 49.0 62.3 ↗ 76.6 ↗ 35.1 ↗ 90.0 ↗ 48.3 ↘
12.c.1.ALT^ Energy subsidies as % of GDP % 18 6.6 1.9 N/A 4.0 8.3 - 6.7 - 6.8 - 10.0 - 1.7 -
13.2.ADD-1# CO2 emissions per GDP Kg/USD 20 0.34 0.25 0.39 0.13 0.31 ↗ 0.27 ↗ 0.29 ↘ 0.34 ↔ 0.24 ↗
13.2.ADD-2# CO2 emission per capita Kg/pc 22 5.0 9.7 3.9 0.3 5.1 ↗ 2.9 ↗ 3.1 ↗ 19.8 ↗ 0.7 ↗
WATER
6.4.2# Level of water stress % 21 9.3 10.1 9.7 4.3 312.3 ↗ 129.3 ↗ 142.7 ↗ 1311.9 ↗ 227.7 ↗
6.4.ADD Per capita domestic water consumption 1000 m3 22 6.30 12.58 5.55 1.57 6.64 ↘ 9.5 ↗ 5.82 ↘ 7.08 ↘ 1.62 ↘
6.a.1** ODA: water & sanitation USD mil 18 47.8 N/A 76.3 46.7 80.6 ↗ 105.3 ↗ 120.5 ↔ - - - 27.0 ↗
WASTE & MATERIALS
8.4.1/12.2.1 Per capita material footprint Tonne pc 20 10.1 20.4 7.8 1.8 6.6 ↗ 5.4 ↗ 3.7 ↗ 19.4 ↗ 2.2 ↔
11.6.1.ALT % population with municipal waste collection % 13 65.2 96 n/a 39.3 76.92 ↗ 76.75 ↗ 80.46 ↗ 100 ↔ 67.18 ↘
11.6.ADD Per capita municipal waste collected Kg/pc/day 14 1.19 2.15 n/a 0.6 1.88 ↗ 2.97 ↗ 0.72 ↘ 3.68 ↘ 0.15 ↗
12.3.1 Global food security index – food loss score 14 85.1 92.9 81 70.5 84.8 ↗ 82.1 ↗ 82.3 ↗ 89.0 ↗ 89.8 ↗
POVERTY & LIVELIHOODS
1.1.1 % population below intern’l poverty line % 14 10.7 0 45.5 4.83 ↘ 1.57 ↘ 5.68 ↘ 0 ↔ 15.97 ↗
2.1.2 Food insecurity experience scale % 18 18.6 5.7 28.1 47.3 28.4 - 31.1 - 16.8 - 17.3 - 43.0 -
3.9.2 Mortality rate: water & sanitation p.100,000 21 12.4 0.4 15.0 69.4 9.1 - 2.0 - 2.5 - 0.2 - 36.0 -
6.1.1 Access to safe drinking water % 21 91.1 99.2 89.3 69.4 84.0 ↗ 94.0 ↗ 86.2 ↗ 97.6 ↗ 53.2 ↘
11.1.1.ALT# Urban population living in slums % 14 N/A N/A 27.1 62.7 34.8 - 21.4 - 11.8 - 18 - 78.5 -
4 Sources for all of the data used in the analysis are provided in the footnotes for the charts and figures in the thematic review in Section 3.3.
5
Table 1 and Figure 1 also show that progress, challenges and priorities varies considerably between
the Arab region and the four Arab sub-regions. For the Mashreq sub-region, the results are similar
but slightly better than the Arab region as a whole. Good progress has been made in most countries
on the social indicators relating to access to electricity (7.1.1), drinking water (6.1.1) and sanitation
(3.9.2). Per capita material footprint (8.4.1), energy intensity (7.3.1) and CO2 emissions (13.2.ADD-1)
are also comparatively low for most countries, however further efforts would be needed in these
areas to achieve 2030 target levels. However, progress is going backwards in some additional areas,
namely per capita water consumption (6.4.ADD) and per capita municipal waste (11.6.ADD). Limited
progress has also been made across the sub-region in increasing the share of renewable energy
(7.2.1). These areas would require urgent attention in the Mashreq region to achieve 2030 target
levels. The worsening trend in water consumption in the sub-region is possibly linked to the good
progress in terms of access to safe drinking water (95% coverage and improving trend). Similarly, the
sub-region has comparatively good population coverage for municipal waste collection which could
be linked to the high per capita municipal waste. This highlights the interlinkages between the
different SDG targets and indicators.
Overall, the countries in the Maghreb sub-region have made strong progress on SCP-related
indicators when compared with other sub-regions (except for Libya which is lagging behind) (Table 1
and Figure 1). Progress is well-balanced across the social and environmental SCP indicators. Access
to electricity is generally high in the sub-region, while mortality rates from water and sanitation are
low. The sub-region is also progressing well in CO2 emissions per GDP (13.2.ADD-1) as well as waste
generation (11.6.ADD), which are both on track and trending well. Baseline values for air pollution
(11.6.2.ALT) and CO2 emissions per capita (13.2.ADD-2) are both better than the global averages,
however the trend for both of these indicators is worsening and attention is needed to turn this
around. Morocco and Tunisia have made strong progress on increasing the share of renewable
energy in final demand (7.2.1), and these efforts should be accelerated to achieve 2030 targets.
However, access to drinking water remains a challenge for most countries in the sub-region, and
levels of water stress are also generally high.
The countries in the GCC sub-region have mixed results across the SCP indicators. The sub-region
has both the largest number of indicators that are going backwards and require a breakthrough, as
well as indicators that are showing good progress and are on track (Table 1 and Figure 1). Generally,
the sub-region has achieved very strong progress relating to social indicators for access to drinking
water (6.1.1) and electricity (7.1.1), and reducing mortality from water and sanitation (3.9.2).
However, performance is comparatively poor for indicators related to environmental impacts and
resource consumption. Levels of water stress (6.4.2) are generally very high, and the GCC countries
often have high per capita material footprint (8.4.1/12.2.2), high per capita CO2 emissions
(13.2.ADD-2), high per capita water consumption (6.4.ADD), and low levels of renewable energy
(7.2.1). It is interesting to note that four out of six of the indicators that are on track correspond to
increasing access to services and living standards, while all of the seven indicators that are going
backwards correspond to environmental and resource constraints. In addition to those priorities
identified at the regional level, indicators that require urgent attention include: increasing the share
of renewable energy (7.2.1), reducing energy intensity (7.3.1), reducing per capita energy
consumption (7.3.ADD), and reducing per capita material footprint (8.4.1).
Finally, the Arab LDC sub-region has comparatively poor progress on indicators relating to social
development outcomes such as poverty (1.1.1), access to safe drinking water (6.1.1), access to
electricity (7.1.1), population covered by municipal waste collection (11.6.1.ALT), and mortality
related to water and sanitation (3.9.2). However, lower levels of economic development,
6
infrastructure and access to services has also meant that the region has relatively low resource
consumption (8.4.1), CO2 emissions (13.2.ADD-1), and energy intensity (7.3.1), and a greater share
renewable energy resources as a proportion of the low final energy demand (7.2.1). Overall, the
Arab LDCs are often performing better than the global LDC average. For example, the proportion of
population below the international poverty line (1.1.1) is better than the global average for LDCs,
however the negative trend is concerning and requires attention. It is the only Arab sub-region
showing a negative trend in poverty over time. On the positive side, indicators relating to air
pollution (11.6.2.ALT) and energy intensity (7.3.1) are both on track and trending well in the sub-
region. Levels of water stress (6.4.2), per capita water consumption (6.4.ADD), and air pollution
(11.6.2.ALT) are also comparatively low compared with other Arab countries. However, this situation
is likely to change as countries seek much needed economic development and efforts could be made
to adopt more sustainable approaches and technologies to manage the environmental impacts often
associated with such development.
2.1 Highlights of Arab regional progress and trends on SCP thematic areas
2.1.1 Energy Figure. Proportion of population with access to electricity (7.1.1)5
Figure. Renewable energy consumption, % of total final energy consumption (7.2.1)6
Figure. Energy intensity measured in terms of primary energy and GDP (7.3.1)7
Figure. Energy consumption per capita (kilogram of oil equivalent) (7.3.ADD)8
5 Source: International Energy Agency and UN Statistics Division, World Development Indicators; accessed 5 July 2017. 6 Source: International Energy Agency and UN Statistics Division, World Development Indicators; accessed 5 July 2017. 7 Source: International Energy Agency and UN Statistics Division, World Development Indicators; accessed 6 July 2017. 8 Source: International Energy Agency and UN Statistics Division, World Development Indicators; accessed 5 July 2017.
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Arab region LDCs Mashreq Maghreb GCC
Pro
prt
ion
of
po
pu
lati
on
wit
h a
cces
s to
el
ectr
icit
y (%
)
1990 2014 World Average 2014
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Arab region LDCs* Mashreq** Maghreb GCC
Shar
e o
f re
new
able
s in
fin
al e
ner
gy
dem
and
(%
)
1990 2014 World average 2014
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Arab region LDCs Mashreq Maghreb GCC
Ener
gy in
ten
sity
mea
sure
d in
ter
ms
of
pri
mar
y en
ergy
an
d G
DP
(M
J/U
SD)
2000 2014 World Average 2014
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Arab region LDCs Mashreq Maghreb GCCEner
gy c
on
sum
pti
on
per
cap
ita
(KgO
E)
1990 2014 World Average 2014
7
Figure. CO2 emissions per unit of value added (9.4.1)9
Figure. PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (11.6.2.ALT)10
2.1.2 Water Figure. Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources (6.4.2)11
Figure. Domestic water consumption per capita (6.4.ADD)12
2.1.3 Materials and Waste Figure 22: Material footprint per capita (8.4.1 and 12.2.1)13
Figure 24: Proportion of the population serviced by municipal waste collection (11.6.1.ALT)14
9 Source: UN Statistics Division SDG Database, data from International Energy Agency and OECD; accessed on 20 May 2017. 10 Source: World Health Organisation data, World Development Indicators; access on 20 May 2017. 11 Source: UN Statistics Division SDG Database and World Development Indicators; accessed on 21 August 2017. 12 Source: World Development Indicators; accessed on 9 November 2017. Indicator calculated from data on total water consumption, % domestic consumption, and total population. 13 Source: UNEP live data from UN Statistics Division SDG Database; accessed on 20 May 2017. 14 Source: UN Statistics Division environmental statistics and UN-Habitat; accessed on 9 November 2017. World average from UN Statistics Division SDG Database data for 2017; accessed on 9 November 2017.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Arab region LDCs** Mashreq*** Maghreb GCCCO
2 e
mis
sio
ns
per
un
it o
f va
lue
add
ed (
Kg)
2000 2014 World Average 2014
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
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80
90
100
Arabregion
LDCs Mashreq Maghreb GCCPM
2.5
air
po
lluti
on
, m
ean
an
nu
al
exp
osu
re (
ug/
m3
)
2000 2015 World Average 2015
0
200
400
600
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1400
1600
Arabregion
LDCs Mashreq Maghreb GCC
An
nu
al f
resh
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5)
2002 2014 World Average 2013
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Arab region LDCs Mashreq Maghreb GCCDo
mes
tic
wat
er c
on
sum
pti
on
per
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(100
0 m
3/c
apit
a)
2002 2014 World average 2014
0
5
10
15
20
25
Arab region LDCs Mashreq Maghreb GCC
Per
cap
ita
mat
eria
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t (t
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1990 2010 World Average 2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Arab region LDCs Mashreq Maghreb GCCPro
po
rtio
n o
f p
op
ula
tio
n s
ervi
ced
by
mu
nic
ipal
was
te c
olle
ctio
n (
%)
2000s 2010s World Average 2014
8
Figure 25: Generation of municipal waste per capita (11.6.ADD)15
Figure 26: Global Food Security Index – Food Loss Score (12.3.1)16
2.1.4 Poverty and livelihoods Figure 27: Proportion of the population below the international poverty line (1.1.1)17
Figure 29: Access to safe drinking water (6.1.1)18
Figure 28: Food insecurity experience scale (2.1.2)19
Figure 30: Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (3.9.2)20
15 *Values for 2000s and 2010s were calculated based upon UN Statistics Division data on municipal waste collected (in thousands of tons) for each country from 2000 to 2015; accessed on 9 November 2017. This was then converted into municipal waste collected per capita per day and adjusted using data on the proportion of population covered by waste collection to account for the population not covered by waste collection. Regional and sub-regional averages are weighted by population. **Global average is from World Bank data for 2012 on the generation of municipal waste per capita per day. 16 Source: The Economist Global Food Security Index; accessed on 6 July 2017. Global Food Loss scores are from the ‘Food Loss’ indicator in the Index: score between 0 (complete loss) and 100 (no loss). 17 Source: World Development Indicators; accessed on 9 November 2017. 18 Source: WHO and UNICEF data from UN Statistics Division SDG Database; accessed on 6 July 2017. 19 Source: FAO data from the UN Statistics Division SDG Database; accessed on 20 May 2017. 20 Source: WHO data from the UN Statistics Division SDG Database; accessed on 20 May 2017.
0
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1.5
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4
4.5
Arabregion
LDCs Mashreq Maghreb GCCMu
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olle
cted
per
cap
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(kg/
cap
ita/
day
)
2000s adjusted* 2010 adjusted*
World average 2012**
0
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Arab Reg LDCs Mashreq Maghreb GCCGlo
bal
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core
(sc
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)
2012 2016 World Average 2016
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
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18
Arab region LDCs Mashreq Maghreb GCC
Pro
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n b
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w t
he
inte
rnat
ion
al p
ove
rty
line
($1.
95/d
ay)
(%)
2004 2014 World average 2014
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Arabregion
LDCs Mashreq Maghreb GCC
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f th
e p
op
ula
tio
n w
ith
ac
cess
to
imp
rove
d w
ater
so
urc
es (
%)
1990 2014 World Average 2014
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Arabregion
LDCs Mashreq Maghreb GCC
Foo
d in
secu
rity
exp
erie
nce
sca
le (
%)
2015 World Average 2015
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Arabregion
LDCs Mashreq Maghreb GCC
Mo
rtal
ity
rate
att
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ute
d t
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fe
wat
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anit
atio
n a
nd
lack
of
hyg
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)
2012 World Average 2012