Design Progress

Professor: Dr. Braham Barkat

Advisors: Dr. Lisa LamontDr. Nader Vahdati

Team Members: Ahmad Sh. Abdelrahman 920013393Basel H. H. Madi 920013426Hesham Osama Helal 920013769Solaiman Hosam Sowwan 920013649

Submission Date: Monday, December 19, 2011

Energy Harvesting From Vehicle Motion for Low Power Electronic Devices

Table of Contents

Page NumberTitle2Executive Summary3ntroductioIn3Background4Problem Statement5Project Specifications5Project Goals & Objectives6Project Team7Completed Work7Work in progress7Work Remaining8Testing and Validation8Project Schedule8Facilities and Equipment8Budget9Reporting. Documentation, Maintenance and upgrade

plans and documentation

9Deliverables9Summary10Refernces10Appendix

List of Figures:Page NumberTitle

10Fig[1]: Technology improvements as opposed to capacity.

10Fig[2]: Energy Harvesting Process.

11Fig[3]: Generic Model of direct-force generator.

11Fig[4]: Generic Model of inertial generator.

11Fig[5]: Generic Model for vibration energy harvester.

12Fig[6]: Objective Tree

List of Tables:Page NumberTitle

12Table 1: Summary of Maximum energy Densities for the three types of transducers.

6Table 2: Team members Background and Roles

7Table 3: Energy Harvesters Comparison9Table 4: Cost Analysis13Table5: Linear responsibility chart

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Executive summary:

In the 21st century, the demand of new energy sources to replace the current non-renewable ones is being studied and researched throughout the world. The UAE government has also been active in the process of future energy and energy harvesting techniques with world renowned examples such as Masdar, World Future Summit and Zayed Future Energy prize. From the various sources of energy harvesting, ambient motion harvesting have been an active ingredient for researchers all across the world.

The team was requested to design, build and test the device for energy harvesting from car motion in order to determine the effectiveness and efficiency for a motion harvester to power the low-power electronic devices in the car. The design should be easily mounted on the car without any modifications to the car. In addition to this, the device will provide maximum output efficiency depending on normal driving conditions in Abu-Dhabi city. Furthermore, the device materials will resist normal environmental effects such as humidity, wind and corrosiveness.

This progress report is to demonstrate the team interest, capability and understanding of the project. Additionally, it will show the team current progress in the design in terms of work finished, in progress and remaining. The team finished the preliminary theoretical and simulated design as proposed in the proposal in December 2011. Moreover, the device will be built, tested and modified accordingly by the 17 th of May 2012. Additionally, the team will provide a detailed report on the design and operation processed of the device. The initial team plan for the design is mainly divided into four parts. They are the motion harvester device, control and signal processing, power output rectification and stabilizing and the harvested power storage. This subdivisions designated to team members will help in keeping track of the work done, in process and left in each part.

The team design process involves taking into consideration the need to meet international standards in both electrical and mechanical systems and to keep a time frame for testing and validation of the design. Furthermore, the team will evaluate the different solution approaches based on their performance, economic tradeoffs and environmental effects. Additionally, the team will deliver monthly progress reports and presentations with mentors. In addition to that, the team will submit maintenance, upgrade and user manuals were applicable.

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1. Introduction:In the 20th and 21st centuries, rapid development in technologies and electronic devices was introduced.

Although these technologies have successfully reduced power consumption, yet, batteries have always been the main source of power for these devices where upgrades to its capacity were limited this can be seen in Fig [1]. Batteries problem is that they must be recharged/replaced and eventually disposed resulting in harming the environment and reducing operation time for electronic devices since batteries power gets depleted over time. In order to overcome this issue, researchers have been looking onto a continuous power supply for device based on ambient environmental conditions such as temperature and machinery motions such as vibration. The process by which energy is readily available from the environment is captured and converted into usable electrical energy is called energy harvesting [1].

Energy harvesting mainly consists of four different stages. The first stage is harvesting the energy using one of the viable harvesting methods such as piezoelectric, electrodynamics, photovoltaic, thermoelectric or kinetic [2]. Embedding an energy harvesting method with an electronic device doesn’t necessarily mean that the power harvested has to be enough to power the device itself; actually, the harvester power is usually used to charge a temporary storage system such as an ultra-capacitor or rechargeable batteries after being regulated and stabilized with a DC-DC converter. After the power has been stored and rectified, the power has to be delivered to the required electronic device using a MCU if needed. All this process can be summarized in Fig [2].

Energy harvesting has several industrial applications such as remote patient monitoring, efficient office energy control, surveillance and security, agricultural management, home automation, long range asset tracking, implantable sensors, structural monitoring, machinery/equipment monitoring [2].

One of the main growing fields in energy harvesting is powering wireless sensor networks (WSNs) since they require low power with vast application. One of the main wireless sensor applications is the wireless sensors in a car such as tire-pressure-monitoring systems (TPMS) and Keyless Go sensors. Although WSNs energy harvesting is being studied as the vibrating source is the sensor itself, the team aim is to provide a separate power source for the WSNs in the car using the motion vibrations of the car itself. In general, energy harvesting application can be any electronic device that has limited battery life and is not supplied with continuous power supply.

2. Background:As the conservation of energy law by Einstein states that “Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only

be changed from one form to another,” the energy harvester that will be designed will harvest energy from kinetic movements specifically vibrations. In order to understand the current motion harvesting systems, limitations, components and operation details, it was important to perform a background research. This section shows the current vibration harvesting systems and their performance limits.

Motion generators are generally of two types those that utilize direct application of force and those that make use of inertial forces acting on a proof mass. The operating principle of a direct-force generator is shown in Fig [3]. In this case, the driving force fdr(t) acts on a proof mass m supported on a suspension with spring constant k, with a damping element present to provide a force f(z) opposing the motion. If the damper is implemented using a suitable transduction mechanism, then in opposing the motion, energy is converted from mechanical to electrical form. Direct force generators must make mechanical contact with two structures that move relative to each other, and can thus apply a force on the damper. [3]

On the other hand, the operating principle of inertial micro generators is shown in Fig [4]. Again a proof mass is supported on a suspension, and its inertia results in a relative displacement z(t) when the frame with absolute displacement y(t) experiences acceleration. Inertial generators require only one point of attachment to a moving structure, which gives much more flexibility in mounting than direct-force devices and allows a greater degree of miniaturization. [3]

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In order to generate power, the damper will be implemented by a suitable electromechanical transducer.This will done using the following:i) Electromagnetic Transducer (inductive):

The electromagnetic transduction is generally based on Faradays law which states that “Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in the coil.” No matter how the change is produced, the voltage will be generated. The change could be produced by changing the magnetic field strength, moving a magnet toward or away from the coil, moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field, rotating the coil relative to the magnet. [4]. Electromagnetic power conversion results from the relative motion of an electrical conductor in a magnetic field. Typically the conductor is wound in a coil to make an inductor. The relative motion between the coil and magnetic field cause a current to flow in the coil. A device that employs this type of conversion is shown in Fig [5]. For one thing, a strong magnet has to be manually attached to the device. Additionally, just how much this magnet and its motion would affect electronics in extremely close proximity is an open question.

ii) Electrostatic (Capacitive):Electrostatic generation consists of two conductors separated by a dielectric (i.e. a capacitor), which move

relative to one another. As the conductors move the energy stored in the capacitor changes, thus providing the mechanism for mechanical to electrical energy conversion. The most significant advantage of electrostatic converters is their potential for integration with microelectronics. Silicon micro-machined electrostatic transducers are the backbone of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology. MEMS transducers use processes very similar to microelectronics. Therefore, because of the process compatibility, it is easier to integrate electrostatic converters based on MEMS technology than either electromagnetic or piezoelectric

converters. The primary disadvantage of electrostatic converters is that they require a separate voltage source to initiate the conversion process because the capacitor must be charged up to an initial voltage for the conversion process to start. [4]

iii) Piezoelectric:Piezoelectric materials are materials that physically deform in the presence of an electric field, or conversely,

produce an electrical charge when mechanically deformed. This effect is due to the spontaneous separation of charge within certain crystal structures under the right conditions producing an electric dipole. At the present time, polycrystalline ceramic is the most common piezoelectric material. Like electrostatic converters, one of the advantages of piezoelectric conversion is the direct generation of appropriate voltages. The single disadvantage up to this point of piezoelectric conversion is the difficulty of implementation on the micro-scale and integration with microelectronics. [4]

Based on data from [4] and shown in table [1], when comparing maximum energy densities of all 3 motions to electrical conversion methods, the team decided to use the electromagnetic generator method.3. Problem Statement: The Electricians team have read and analyzed the client statement carefully in order to be attentive of the

client’s objectives. The original client statement is:

Original client statement: “The UAE government is actively attempting to find different solutions to harvest energy from ambient available sources. The project aims to design and build a system that will be able harvest motion energy from the car, store it in a temporary storage device and synchronize the output power with a car sensor”.

With the consultation of our mentors, the team has understood the project’s main objectives, requirements and constraints. The revised and developed client statement is:

Revised client statement: The team has been requested to design, build and test a motion energy harvesting device based on vibrations from the mechanical movements of the car. The design should be able to withstand

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environmental conditions in the UAE such as wind, corrosion and sand with least maintenance possible. In addition to this, the design should be easily mounted on the car without any modifications to the car. In addition to this, the device will provide maximum output efficiency depending on normal driving conditions in Abu-Dhabi city. Additionally, the device should be easy to install by a moderate knowledge electrician. Moreover, the device should be able to operate with the lowest standby current to maximize storage of energy and consume least possible power when active. Also, the device should be operating as efficient as possible with least duty cycle of active vs. standby modes. Furthermore, the device should operate with least leakage current to maximize harvested energy. The team should use environmentally friendly materials where possible and meet FDA criteria for magnetic resonance devices. Finally, the device should be ready by the 17th of May 2012.

4. Project Specifications: The energy harvester electrical specifications includes: operating with the lowest standby current to maximize

storage of energy and consume least possible power when active. Also, the device should be operating as efficient as possible with least duty cycle of active vs. standby modes. Furthermore, the device should operate with least leakage current to maximize harvested energy. The design of the device should take into consideration environmental aspects such as humidity, wind and corrosion.

The device electrical circuitry should follow IEEE standards in designing, building and testing [6]. Furthermore, the device mechanical part will follow the ASME mechanical standards [7]. Moreover, if the electromagnetic approach was followed, the team will follow the FDA criteria’s for magnetic resonance devices and will not exceed the maximum magnet magnetic field set to be used in electronic devices.[8].

5. Project Goals and Objectives:The project aims to redesign current motion vibration energy harvesters that are used mainly for the micro-

scale engineering aspect and use them for the large industrial products as a car. The team will aim to maximize harvested power by maximizing the efficiency of the device and reducing the losses. The design will take into consideration adaptability with respect to different vibration amplitudes by matching both the input and device wc i.e. natural frequency in order to get best results where appropriate. After completing the project, the team will aim to provide the client a functioning prototype with less than 2% error in adaptability meeting the following objectives; refer to appendix for objective tree:

- Economic feasibility will be demonstrated in terms of device benefits against cost will be demonstrated.

- Durability of the device will be assured to withstand climate changes, humidity and high temperatures in order to achieve less maintenance with functioning time of at least 1 year without user interference.

- Safety of the device will be assured in both designing and final prototype in terms of following international electrical i.e. IEEE and mechanical i.e. ASME standards. Additionally, the device should meet with FDA standards of magnetic field limit used in any device build industrially.

- Power Efficiency in terms of maximizing harvested power with reduced losses. The device should be able to operate with lowest standby current to maximize storage of energy and consume least possible power when active. Also, the device should be operating as efficient as possible with least duty cycle of active vs. standby modes. Furthermore, the device should operate with least leakage current to maximize harvested energy.

- Originality of the design includes new ideas and approaches in building the device to attract users and spread the importance and usefulness of energy harvesting and its effect on the environment.

- Quantitative output power of at least 1mW/cm3 as a benchmark with other designed energy harvesting products.

- Integrity and ethics in designing the prototype and final design results by mentioning the actual output power got and exact specification listed rather than unethical ones.

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6. The Project Team:The project team consists of four undergraduate students studying electrical engineering at the Petroleum

institute, Abu Dhabi, UAE. The team had been working on a research in the field of energy harvesting with electrical and mechanical professors since spring 2011. In addition, one member had been working on a research regarding efficient storage techniques. Moreover, our team has won the Exxon Mobile best design award of the topic “Energy efficiency in buildings in the UAE" spring 2011. Hence, the team history demonstrates the ability and experience in project management to solve the client problem. Below is the background of the project team members as well as the main roles and responsibilities of each member. For detailed responsibility chart please refer to appendix.

Table 2: Team members Background and RolesTeam member Background Main Role

Ahmad Sh. Abdelrahman

Have previous experience in practical circuits implementation in courses like logic and digital design, electronic circuits and STPS2, Worked on two research topics: energy harvesting and efficient storage elements, Active member of the IEEE society, was part of the winning team of the Exxon Mobile best design award of “Energy efficiency in buildings in the UAE” spring 2011, participated in the 2nd Engineering Student Renewable Energy Competition 2011 at UAE university.

1. Design of the mechanical system.2. Microcontroller part of the system.

Basel HH Madi Have previous experience in implementing and soldering PCBs in courses like logic and digital design and STPS2, Worked on a research regarding energy harvesting, was part of the winning team of the Exxon Mobile best design award of “Energy efficiency in buildings in the UAE” spring 2011, participated in the 2nd Engineering Student Renewable Energy Competition 2011 at UAE university, Participated in the IEEE UAE student day 2011 at Khalifa university and achieved good results in the common design competition of a guiding device for the blind.

1. Simulation of the system on MATLAB AND/OR other applicable simulation software.

Solaiman Hossam

Solid background in practical work, have experience in designing electronic circuits for course projects in logic and digital design, electronic circuits and devices and STPS2, Worked on a research regarding energy harvesting, Active member of the IEEE society, great knowledge in project management and organization, excellent communication and presentation skills.

1. Matching the frequency of the system with the frequency of the speed bump.2. Storage element of the system.

Hesham Osama Solid teamwork skills demonstrated in previous courses like STPS2, experience in PCB implementation, Worked on a research regarding energy harvesting, was part of the winning team of the Exxon Mobile best design award of “Energy efficiency in buildings in the UAE” spring 2011, participated in the 2nd

Engineering Student Renewable Energy Competition 2011 at UAE university, Participated in the IEEE UAE student day 2011 at Khalifa university in the community service

1. Detecting the frequency of the speed bump.

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category and achieved the third place.

6. Completed Work:The progress report the design is mainly divided into three main parts; they are the completed work, work in

progress and remaining work.

i) Harvester DesignThe team has mainly finished with the conceptual design generation i.e. the preliminary design of the

prototype which is shown in appendix in Fig [6]. In addition to that, the team has made a CAD model of the design on Solid Works software which is shown in the appendix in Fig [7].

ii) Data CollectionAdditionally, the team has finished with the main data collection part. For the data collection, the team has

used the “slam stick” device. It is mainly a ceramic piezo electric accelerometer with USB data acquisition system.

The active element of the accelerometer is a piezoelectric material. One side of the piezoelectric material is connected to a rigid post at the sensor base. A so-called seismic mass is attached to the other side. When the accelerometer is subjected to vibration a force is generated which acts on the piezoelectric element. This force is equal to the product of the acceleration and the seismic mass. Due to the piezo-electric effect a charge output proportional to the applied force is generated. Since the seismic mass is constant the charge output signal is proportional to the acceleration of the mass. Over a wide frequency range both sensor base and seismic mass have the same acceleration magnitude hence the sensor measures the acceleration of the test object. [9]

The team has tried the device on both vehicles engine and chassis in order to determine where we get the best vibration amplitude that would be efficient for our harvester. Fig [8] shows the results of mounting the harvester on the chassis and motor of a Toyota Land Cruiser Car. Based on these results, we saw that we get a maximum of 0.023 Gee of amplitude for the accelerometer placed on the chassis while we get a maximum of 0.05 Gee of amplitude for the engine. Additionally, we concluded that the car chassis vibrations mainly depend on road unconformities while the car engine would mainly provide us with a constant vibration source.

The next step that the team has done was to test the device on several types of vehicles of different types and cylinders. We mainly divided those based on the 4, 6 and 8 cylinders cars. The results of one of each type are shown in the Appendix [B].

iii) Matlab Simulation:In order to get approximate figures of what output are we expecting to get, we simulated the data on Matlab

based on fundamentals of motion equations and vibrations mechanisms. The Matlab simulation output from each of the above mentioned types is shown in Appendix [C]

7. Work in Progress:The team is currently working on mainly two aspects. The first one is the Matlab simulation optimizing and

the second is the frequency tuning method. As for the Matlab Simulation, we fully understand that the output we got in the previous results is valid given that the harvester designed is given the length it needs to vibrate vertically and assuming ideal conditions i.e. friction of mass with surface is negligible. Due to that, we are trying to add these additional points to our simulation in order to match our real time results as much as possible.

Furthermore, in order to maximize the frequency output, we will need tune the frequency of the harvester to match the input frequency of the motor. This aspect is currently being looked at in terms of methods available and the accuracy of each.

8. Work Remaining:The team will be left with the prototype building, testing and modifications. After the harvester will be built,

the team will test the device on several cars and tune it in order to optimize its output.

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9. Testing and Validation Plan:

The team will test, validate and modify the system design in every stage to meet the requirements and objectives set. The modifications done will help in improving the quality and output of the harvester. The testing process will be generally divided into both software and hardware. The software testing is mainly simulation of the expected results using MATLAB software. After the software process, the team will move on to hardware testing were the harvester parts will be set and modified to test the matching between the practical and simulated results. The team will allocate about 2 months for the validation and modification process. The validation will ensure that each subsystem works accordingly along with the whole system works as a whole as expected. The hardware testing will be done using electrical components such as multi-meters, oscilloscope and breadboards.

10. Project Schedule:The project started on the 2nd of October 2011, and according to the team plan and schedule, a final working

whole unit to be submitted by the 17th of May 2012. Detailed dates and timeline of the project is shown in the Gantt chart in the Appendix.11. Facilities and Equipment’s needed:With the help of the facilities and equipment’s listed below, the team will finalize and design the vibration energy harvester.

Electrical Workshop access during normal working day, holidays and January period. Electrical Laboratory access during normal working day, holidays and January period. PCs in the workshop to work on the software parts of the project. Oscilloscope, soldering equipment, printed Circuit Board (PCB) development tools, Breadboards and

multi-meters. Mechanical Workshop for the mechanical part during normal working day. Mechanical Car (Minibaja) to test the device on it.

12. Budget:The team have listed the approximate budget requirement and cost analysis for the design of the energy

harvester.

ItemTotal Cost (AED)

Comments

Energy Harvester 3000 Strong magnet, voice coil, electrical circuitry, pieo-electric.

Storage Battery 500A battery will be used to store harvested energy along with the battery charging circuit.

Regulation and Stabilizing 500DC-DC converter with voltage regulation circuit with best efficiency available.

Mechanical case 1000Anti-corrosion metal folding to protect the harvester from any external damage.

Control Unit 1500A MCU, dsPIC microcontroller chip + development boards + development software

Modification 1000 Extra amount for any required modification done later.

Total labor per team member 6000-7500 Based on ADNOC grading salary and PI CGPA ratings

Total Cost 37500

Table 4: Cost Analysis

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13. Reporting. Documentation, Maintenance and upgrade plans and documentation:The Electrician’s team members will keep in touch with their mentors throughout the time frame allocated

through the following:

i) Monthly progress reports, presentations and minutes of meetings.ii) Weekly meetings between all team members, mentors and any required lab instructors to discuss any

limitations, problems or issues in the design process.iii) Documented task list and members responsibilities for the peer evaluation period.

As for the maintenance and upgrade plan, the team came up with the following:i) Harvester daily inspection for any maintenance or safety issues.ii) Weekly documented upgrades and changes to be done to meet the desired output level.iii) The team plans to upgrade the system to be able to detect holes or any major road conditions that will

effectively affect the vibrations and thus adapt its cutoff frequency to meet that input frequency.iv) Test the liability of the system and effect on usage on large vehicles such as trucks and what upgrades

this requires.

14. Deliverables:By the end the project, the team will deliver detailed report on the vibration energy harvester and results of the

testing mechanism on the car used.15. Summary:

The team was requested to design, build and test a device for energy harvesting from car motion in order to determine the effectiveness and efficiency for a motion harvester to power the low-power electronic devices in the car. The design should be easily mounted on the car without any modifications to the car. In addition to this, the device will provide maximum output efficiency depending on normal driving conditions in Abu-Dhabi city. Furthermore, the will mainly benefit users in terms of increasing efficiency of the car by producing a continuous supply to the car sensors.

The team progress demonstrates the team’s interest and ability to perform the project requested to be done, performed literature review and ability to perform and design the prototype in a systematical approach, the design starts with literature review on current systems on the same topic, thorough knowledge of the theory and practical knowledge. Additionally, the team will build the subsystems of the device and link them together to produce the initial working prototype. Finally, the team will perform several tests and modifications to the prototype to reach to the best design and meet most of the objectives listed. The team progress additionally show the team finished work, in progress work and remaining work which ensures that the team is still on track with the Gant Chart and timeline proposed in the beginning of the semester. The team will ensure that the final prototype meets the client requirement by conducting weekly meeting and monthly progress reports. Furthermore, the team will provide maintenance and upgrade plans along with a comprehensive user manual.

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14.References:[1] Texas Instruments, “Energy Harvesting”, Accessed on [2/11/2011] [http://www.ti.com/ww/en/apps/energy-harvesting/index.shtml/]

[2] F.Cottone, “Introduction to Vibration Energy Harvesting”, Marie Curie Research Institute, Accessed on [2/11/2011], [http://www.nipslab.org/]

[3] P. Mitcheson , E. Yeatman , G. Rao , A. Holmes and T. Green   "Energy harvesting from human and machine motion for wireless electronic devices", Proc. IEEE,  vol. 96,  no. 9,  pp.1457 - 1486 , 2008. 

[4] Shad Roundy. "Energy Scavenging for Wireless Sensor Nodes with a Focus on Vibration-to-Electricity Conversion". Talk or presentation, BWRC Winter 2003 Retreat, 13, January, 2003.

[5] IEEE, “IEEE Standards Online Collection”, Accessed on [2/11/2011] [http://www.ieee.org/go/standardsonline/]

[6] ASME, “ASME Standards & Certification in Energy-Related Products and Services”, Accessed on [2/11/2011] [http://files.asme.org/asmeorg/Codes/22061.pdf/]

[7] FDA, “Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff: Criteria for Significant Risk Investigations of Magnetic Resonance Diagnostic Devices”, Accessed on [2/11/2011] [http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/GuidanceDocuments/ucm072686.htm/]

[8] pewclimate,”Electric Energy Storage”, Accessed on [2/11/2011] [www.pewclimate.org][9] Metra Mess-und, “Piezoelectric Accelerometers”, 2001, Accessed on [2/11/2011]

15. Appendix:

Fig[1]: Technology improvements as opposed to capacity.

Fig[2]: Energy Harvesting Process.

Fig[3]: Generic Model of direct-force generator.

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Fig[4]: Generic Model of inertial generator.

Fig[5]: Generic Model for vibration energy harvester.

Table 1: Summary of Maximum energy Densities for the three types of transducers.

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Fig[6]: Model for Electromagnetic vibration energy harvester.

Fig[7]: CAD Model for Electromagnetic vibration energy harvester on Solidworks

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Fig [8]: Vibrations on Car Chassis and Car Motor Respectively.

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Appendix B: Vehicles Cylinders Vibrations

Fig [9]: Mercedes Benz C220 Engine Vibration Profile at 1000 RPM

Fig [10]: Toyota Land Cruiser Engine Vibration Profile at 1000 RPM

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Fig [11]: Mercedes o404 Bus Engine Vibration Profile at 1500 RPM

Appendix C: Vehicles Cylinders Voltage Output on Matlab

Fig [12]: Mercedes Benz C220 Engine Vibration Simulation at 2500 RPM

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Fig [13]: Toyota Land Cruiser Engine Vibration Simulation at 2500 RPM

Fig [14]: Mercedes o404 Bus Engine Vibration Simulation at 2500 RPM

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Fig[6]: Objective Tree

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Adaptie energy harvester

Efficient

Minimum power consumption

Automated and controled

Economical

Low long run cost

Availale materials

Durable equipments

Safe

Isolated circuits and wires

Enviromental friendly

User safety

Minimum maintenance

Battery charging control

Scalable

Durable

Long life time

Long operating time

Creative Attract users

Table5: Linear responsibility chart

Task Ahmad Sh Abdelrahman

Basel HH Madi

Hesham Helal Osama

Soliman Hosam Sowan

1.0 Project managing 1.1 Work breakdown 1 2 3 4 1.2 Prepare GANTT chart 4 1 3 22.0 Problem Definition 2.1 Review the client statement 1 4 2 3 2.2 Clarify Problem Statement 2 3 4 1 2.3 Conduct Research 1 3 2 4 2.4 Develop Objectives Tree 3 4 2 1 2.5 Develop design specifications 2 1 3 43.0 Project Proposal 3.1 Solution Approach 4 2 1 3 3.2 Analysis plan 3 2 4 1 3.3 Budget estimation 1 3 4 24.0 Design Progress report 4.1 Introduction 2 4 1 4 4.2 Background 3 1 3 2 4.3 Description 4 3 2 1 4.4 Designs evaluation and conclusion 2 2 3 35.0 Building the Design 5.1 Mechanical system 5.1.1 Voice coil and magnet interfacing 4 2 3 1 5.1.2 Welding 1 3 2 4 5.1.3 Mounting and tubing 2 3 4 2 5.2 Electronics and sensing subsystem 5.2.1 Bump detection sensors 2 1 4 3 5.2.2 Microcontroller control system 4 1 3 2 5.3 Power and energy storage element 5.3.1 AC-DC circuit 3 4 1 2 5.3.2 Battery charging control 4 3 2 16.0 Testing and verification 2 4 1 37.0 Final Report 7.1 Introduction 3 1 4 2 7.2 Background Information 4 2 1 3 7.3 Description 2 4 3 1 7.4 Conclusion 1 3 2 4 7.5 Final Presentation 2 1 3 4

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Appendix D: Gantt chart

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