Progress Towards Meeting Internationally Agreed Goals

8/2/2019 Progress Towards Meeting Internationally Agreed Goals

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MDG 7

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Cartegena ProtocolBasel Convention

Rio Earth Summit Stockholm Convention

RAMSAR Convention

C I T I E S

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UNCLOS

Bali Strategic Plan

CBDJPOI

Nusa Dua Declaration

Agenda 21

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PROGRESS TOWARDS MEETINGINTERNATIONALLY AGREED GOALS(Findings from GEO-5 Draft 2 as at 26 September 2011)

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P R O G R E S S T O W A R D S M E E T I N G I N T E R N A T I O N A L L Y A G R E E D G O A L S

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INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

1 SUMMARY OF GAPS AND PROGRESS TOWARDS MEETING INTERNATIONALLY AGREED GOALS

1 1 Atmosphere

1 2 Land

1 3 Water

1 4 Biodiversity 1 5 Chemicals and waste

2 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTED RESPONSE OPTION

ANNEX A: Atmosphere

ANNEX B: Land ANNEX C: Water

ANNEX D: Biodiversity

ANNEX E: Chemicals and Waste

CONTENTS


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INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

UNEPs Fi th Global Environment Outlook (GEO-5) aims to provide an assessment o the state and trends o the globalenvironment using internationally agreed goals as a re erence point Through this analysis, GEO-5 provides a betterunderstanding o the gaps in, and progress towards, meeting these goals

This document is based on some early ndings rom GEO-5 (Dra t 2) on selected goals, gaps and progress towards theirachievement as well as some relevant policy conclusions The goals relate to the thematic areas o atmosphere, land, water,biodiversity and chemicals and waste GEO-5 has a strong emphasis on regional issues, related to selected environmentalchallenges and internationally agreed goals and includes an analysis o promising policy options using a wide range ocase studies GEO-5 will also provide sustainability scenarios showing projections and possible pathways to a sustainable

uture

The GEO-5 Assessment Report will be published in May 2012 Its Summary or Policy Makers will be available in February2012

Scope and methodology

The internationally agreed goals analysed in GEO were selected by a High Level Intergovernmental Panel established toguide the GEO process The Panel selected the most appropriate internationally agreed goals rom both legally binding andnon-legally binding instruments as well as rom instruments agreed at the highest possible intergovernmental level taken intoconsideration their policy relevance

The GEO-5 assessment used key indicators and time series data sets to establish trends and evaluate per ormance againstmeeting selected internationally agreed goals The goals with quanti able targets and available data could be assessed witha greater level o certainty than qualitative goals which lacked targets, indicators and supporting data The availability odata or many o the indicators was ound to be lacking or non-existent

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tools and technology already exist, progress could be morerapid than in Europe, North America and Japan, but thespeed will depend upon allocation or access to resources toreduce emissions

Climate change is an example o a complexproblem, where there is mixed concern, and

where low carbon alternatives are consideredcostly. Progress in reducing the carbon intensityo consumption and production is beingoutstripped by increased levels o consumption. Although low carbon economy paths are being promoted insome countries, the greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrationscontinue to increase at levels that will not allow achievingthe 2oC target Widespread application o current

technology and existing policy would help to reducethe risks posed by climate change, but the magnitude opossible reductions is inadequate

Addressing short-lived climate orcers (blackcarbon, methane and tropospheric ozone) willreduce the rate o temperature increase in thenear-term and is expected to simultaneously achievelarge public health bene ts

See Annex A or more detailed in ormation

1.2 LAND

O the nine globally agreed goals relevant to land use thatwere examined, three were ound to show some progress,including the MDG 1 to Eradicate extreme poverty andhunger Food per capita is increasing overall, but a largegap between regions remains; the number o people inhunger while increasing overall is ound to be decreasingas a proportion o population Goals related to soil ertility,rate o soil loss, land use and land cover change are notshowing signi cant progress Overall, competing demands

or land make conservation increasingly di cult, with

de orestation rates still dangerously high (mostly in thetropics) despite a slight decrease or even orest regrowthin the northern hemisphere The analysis o land relatedgoals against the backdrop o priority land issues reveals

1.1 ATMOSPHERE

O the nine globally agreed goals relevant to atmospherethat were examined, two goals are ound to be showingsigni cant progress, ve showing some progress andtwo with little or no progress The Montreal Protocol onSubstances that Deplete the Ozone Layer to the ViennaConvention or the Protection o the Ozone Layer (MontrealProtocol) has success ully led countries to eliminate theconsumption o chlorofuorocarbons (CFCs), the chemicalscontributing to depleting the stratospheric ozone layerIt has resulted in an almost 100% reduction in theconsumption o CFCs globally and greater protection orthe stratospheric ozone layer The Cancun Agreements o2010 recognized the need or emission reductions that

will hold the increase in global temperature below 2C equated by scientists to a concentration level o 450 ppm(parts per million) o carbon dioxide in the atmosphereHowever, under the current levels o ambition, a gap o atleast 5 GtCO2e will be le t by 2020, compared with wherewe would need to be to stay below 2C increase in globalaverage temperature a gap equal to the total emissionso the worlds cars, buses and trucks in 2005

A ew atmospheric issues have been solvedat the global scale. The phase-out o lead inpetrol and ban on ozone depleting substances

are two examples o success ul achievement ointernationally agreed goals.

The reduction o indoor and outdoor particulate matter(PM) and emissions o sulphur and nitrogen compoundshas met with considerable success in the developed worldCurrent levels o most pollutants lie close to or within WHOguidelines However, reducing PM took about our decadesto implement and more remains to be doneIn parts o

Asia, A rica and Latin America, where urbanPM levels remain ar in excess o guidelines,the concern is high and tools that could solve

remaining problems exist, but solutions arerelatively costly and the time it will take toachieve targets will depend on the relativepriority given to addressing PM. Given that policy

SUMMARY OF GAPS ANDPROGRESS TOWARDS MEETING

INTERNATIONALLY AGREED GOAL

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that a number o important issues are not refected in thecurrent landscape o international goals For example, thereare no land-related goals or targets that refect the uniquevulnerabilities and challenges that exist in polar areasIssues o capacity building and stakeholder participationare also inadequately represented in international goals Atthe same time, several o the land-related goals that do exist

lack quanti able targets, complicating the task o assessingprogress towards their achievement

The progress in promoting ood security has beentempered by the increase in demand in ood.While the proportion o malnourished people is decreasing,the absolute number is increasing In addition, ood percapita is increasing overall, but large gaps remain betweenand within regions, particularly in rural poor householdswho now spend more than hal o their income on oodOne-third o ood produced or human consumption is lostor wasted Land and ood price volatility infuenced by

rising demands or bio uels among other economic orces.Agricultural yields are generally increasing but large gapsremains between regions

Some progress is observed in reversing loss oenvironmental resources. There is slight slowing ode orestation in temperate areas, but global de orestationrates, particularly in the tropics remains high Net orestloss in Latin America and the Caribbean and A ricaremains close to 7 million ha per year

Little progress has been made in reducing theloss o wetlands. There is continued conversiono wetlands or agriculture, aquaculture, and humanin rastructure

Some progress has been made in the integrationo land use planning and management intonational policies and programmes. United NationsConvention to Combat Deserti cation (UNCCD) a ectedcountries are establishing mechanisms to ensure synergybetween conventions on deserti cation, biodiversityand climate change, but ew countries have integratedinvestment rameworks

There continues to be little progress in therecognition, maintenance and development omultiple benefts o ecosystem services, e.g.to biodiversity, cultural, scientifc, recreational

value. Ecosystem services are overall still largelyexternalized despite some examples o valuing theirmultiple bene ts

Potential exists to create more sustainable landsystems. To solve these complex problems, it is critical tounderstand how diverse social and ecological drivers a ectland systems at various scales

See Annex B or more detailed in ormation

1.3 WATER O the twenty environmental goals examined in relation towater, GEO-5 identi es two goals with signi cant progress,

ourteen goals or which there is some progress, and sixgoals or which there is insu cient or no progress Theworld is on track to reach the MDG target o providing

87% o the global population with access to an improvedwater supply by 2015 Despite this achievement, more than1 in 10 people (800 million) will still be without access toimproved water sources in 2015 and 3 5 million peoplestill die each year rom water-related diseases Over 2 5billion people still lack access to improved sanitation,and the MDG goal or improved sanitation may not bemet by 2015 Much remains to be done in vulnerablerural communities, especially in A rica and South Asia,which may require di erent solutions rom those or urbancommunities, including increased use o ecosystems orwater puri cation It is estimated that $72 billion is requiredin developing countries annually to meet the MDG target onwater supply and sanitation Some progress has been made towards meetingthe water e fciency goals Water demands arealready greater than the sustainable supply in manyregions, hampering development, degrading ecosystems,and orcing many regions to rely on desalinizationThe situation is expected to get worse with populationincreases, development, and climate change Aqui ers areincreasingly at risk, and are o ten poorly monitored

Progress towards goals related to the recognitiono and protection o the ecosystem services upon

which humanity depends is hard to measure dueto a lack o clear objectives and data. There is aneed to better de ne and develop practical measures ore cient and equitable allocation o water among users,including the environment Without ull implementationo legally-binding agreements and a shi t in customaryarrangements, most actions to manage water systems orsustainable use cannot reach their ull potential

Water quality goals remain o concern. Globallyvery little progress has been made in attaining the goal oreduction and control o marine pollution Someprogress has been made with marine litter although therehave been no statistically-signi cant changes in the quantityo beach or coastal litter; moreover there is lack o data ormost regions There were no global level reshwater qualitydatasets available to assess trends

The world is on track to reach the MDG on watersupply ; however, 800 million people will still not haveaccess to improved water supply by 2015 Over 2 5 billionpeople still lack access to improved sanitation, andtheMDG or improved sanitation may not be met.

See Annex C or more detailed in ormation


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1.4 BIODIVERSITY

O the eleven biodiversity related goals evaluated in theGEO-5 assessment, two clusters show signi cant progressThere has been an increase in responses to the loss anddegradation o biodiversity, although these have ailedto reduce the overall loss and degradation Success ul

responses include: increases in the designation o protectedareas (now covering nearly 13% o land area, but lessthan 1 5% o marine area) and increasing recognitiono indigenous community managed areas; adoption opolicies and actions or managing invasive alien speciesand Genetically Modi ed Organisms (GMO), regulatingsustainable harvesting, and reducing pollution; success ulspecies recoveries and habitat restoration; and someprogress towards enhancing the equitable access andbene t sharing o genetic resources

There has been very little to no progress in

reducing the direct pressures on biodiversity.Increasing pressures rom agriculture and in rastructuredevelopment on terrestrial, inland water and marineecosystems are resulting in direct habitat loss Pressure isalso increasing on utilized species due to unsustainableexploitation which is resulting in declining populations,where known

Some progress has been made in some areasregarding trends in the spread and impact oinvasive alien species with little or no progressin other areas The numbers and extent o invasivealien species are increasing where quanti ed this trendis expected to continue, with local exceptions Whereprogress is being made the impacts are mitigated throughsuccess ul programmes o eradication or control andin some cases the spread is limited through proactivemanagement

There has been very little to no progress inreducing the impact o climate change onbiodiversity with increasing impacts on phenology,species abundance, distribution and communitycomposition in all ecosystems

Direct pressure on biodiversity rom pollutantshas been increasing as well as the impact.Generally, pressures arising rom sources o pollutants havebeen increasing - with the exception o the levelling o onitrogen deposition since the 1990s

Very little progress has been made to improvethe status o biodiversity loss when evaluatedagainst trends in population abundance ospecies and it is too soon to assess the goalrelated to genetic diversity o wild speciesPopulations are declining at a global scale, most rapidlyin the tropics, reshwater habitats and or utilized marinespecies There are some exceptions where e ective

conservation actions have occurred, or example, in thecase o the North America waterbirds

There has been some progress in strengtheningresponses to sa eguard biodiversity. Community-based land, water, and resource governance andmanagement approaches exist largely without state

recognition and in some areas are newly developing Thedevelopment o REDD+ and Payment or Ecosystem Services(PES schemes) are increasing An increasing proportiono countries have relevant legislation but implementationand transboundary cooperation is poor There arenumerous local examples o success ul conservationprogrammes preventing extinctions, restoring habitats andconserving sites; however, the scale o these e orts remainsinadequate Agreement o Nagoya Protocol on ABS is asigni cant step orward, with the number o signatoriesincreasing, as is the number o countries with relevantlegislation and regulations

See Annex D or more detailed in ormation

1.5 CHEMICALS AND WASTE

O the twenty ve goals related to chemicals and wasteanalyzed in the GEO-5 assessment, signi cant progresswas made in the achievement o only one goal; namely, theresearch in order to prevent, eliminate and reduce pollutiono the marine environment; thirteen goals or which someprogress has been observed; and two goals or whichthere is insu cient or no progress The remaining ninegoals could not be properly assessed due to insu cientin ormation Where better management o toxic and otherhazardous chemicals is needed, the lack o in ormation iso paramount concern While there is an extensive bodyo scienti c knowledge on the impacts o chemicals andwastes on humans and the environment this knowledgeis incomplete and in some cases seriously lacking dueto limited data and in ormation on uses, emissions,exposure pathways and e ects o chemicals mixturesThe results suggest that long-term monitoring programs

or hazardous substances such as Persistent OrganicPollutants (POPs) in environmental media and humantissue need to be maintained and expanded, in particularin the southern hemisphere These initiatives are essential

or a better understanding o the time trends o globalchemical pollution and or the e ectiveness evaluationo the Stockholm Convention In addition to scienti cknowledge gaps, sound chemicals and waste managementis also hampered by the lack o resources, capacity, andcompliance monitoring, as well as the lack o educationand training limit appropriate management o chemicalsand wastes in many developing countries Furthermore,increased trade resulting rom ree trade agreements iscomplicating this picture as they may well exert even morepressure on emerging economies with respect to regulatingor restricting chemical use


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Some progress has been made in relation tosound management o chemicals and wastethroughout their li e cycle. Seventeen multilateralagreements relevant to chemicals are in place and overthree hundred activities conducted under the SAICMGlobal Plan o Action However objective standards oenvironmentally sound management o waste are not

optimal and practices vary widely according to norms andlocal conditions.

The protection o human health and theenvironment rom persistent organic pollutantsis progressing although it is still too early toevaluate the progress towards the goal basedon the indicators. Long-term measurement seriesshow decrease o Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)concentrations in air during the 1980s and 1990s, but timetrends have levelled o since 2000 Recent investigationshave shown that in urban regions in Western industrializedcountries Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) emissions are stillon-going and are in the order o 0 11 g total PCBs perperson and year

There has been very little progress in theintegration o the resource e fciency concept ande fcient ways o trans orming waste into energyapplicable in developing countries.

Global plastic consumption is now well over 500 billionplastic bags per year or almost 1 million per minute Plasticis the major component in marine litter ouling beachesand posing threat to biodiversity and eco-tourism A plasticbag or micro plastic in coastal and marine waters may beswallowed by marine animals such as turtles and birds, andcause them to su ocate (UNEP 2011) On a global levelplastics can be vectors o transport o chemicals such asPOPs and also o invasive species

There is insu fcient data to evaluate progress in waste prevention and minimisation Many initiativesand some regional and national programmes exist theseinclude 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle), EU ProducerResponsibility Directives, Basel Mobile Phone Partnership,Basel Partnership Action on Computer Equipment Data

rom national reporting to Basel Convention Secretariat issparse and di cult to interpret and reporting by Parties isdeclining

There has been some progress made in thereduction o the risks posed by heavy metals,particularly in developed countries where controlson production and use have resulted in less requentoccurrence o acute toxicity However, exposure still occursat industrial sites and legacy contaminated sites Signi cantgaps remain in developing countries, where heavy metalsare o ten mined, processed, used and recycled with limitedenvironmental control and regulation

Some progress has been made in the import andexport o heavy metals, and waste containingheavy metals The rapid turnover o e-products, and thehigh cost o eliminating hazardous substances containedwithin the products, has led to an increase in trade andmovement o e-waste to developing countries due to theirlower cost labour and lower health and environmental

standards Much controlled disposal occurs in developedcountries, but work is still needed in many developingcountries to improved disposal ollowing mining, smelting,battery and e-waste recycling to reduce exposures opopulation

Recent studies have revealed that by 2016 developingcountries will generate twice as much e-waste as developedcountries Hence, e-waste has become a growingenvironmental and public health issue, threatening theattainment o the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)in developing countries and countries with economies intransition

There is insu fcient data to assess trans-boundary movements o hazardous waste andnational decision making processes on the importand export o hazardous chemicals. There is alack o data and e ective mechanisms or the retrieval anddissemination o in ormation about chemicals characteristicsat the national, regional and international level In ormationexchange among government agencies is poor whichmakes in ormed decision at the national level di cult

There is a need or the development o adequatemonitoring systems (at national, regional andglobal levels). The Global Monitoring Plan is inplace or monitoring o POPs There are still insu cientbio-monitoring programs in most countries and lack oin ormation on human exposure or a wide range oadditional chemicals Hazardous waste reporting systemsare available or Basel Convention Parties but are not ullytaken up or reported Impacts o waste due to unsounddisposal are di cult to quanti y

There is very little to no progress in relation tocapacity development or the sound managemento chemicals and hazardous wastes. In spite o thee orts by international agencies, capacity developmentin developing countries or the sound management ochemicals and wastes is still underdeveloped The BaselConvention Regional Centres and Stockholm ConventionRegional Centres have been established to enhance thecapacity o governments and stakeholders in developingcountries but adequate nancing mechanisms are not yet inplace

See Annex E or more detailed in ormation


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CONCLUSIONSAND SUGGESTED

RESPONSE OPTION(from Draft 2 ofGEO-5 Chapter 16 on Global Responses)

through agricultural expansion directly compromises theprotection o orests, wetlands and other ecosystems Thus,an integrated perspective on goal achievement is bothnecessary but complex

Governments could acilitate the development ointernationally agreed metrics to measure progress inachieving internally agreed goals These metrics shouldtake into consideration the role o science and scienti cknowledge In addition, impact indicators and metrics tomeasure outcomes related to sustainable development couldalso be developed The data collected and utilized via themonitoring o indicators could be maintained and sharedthrough collaborative databases or stakeholders to easilyaccess

Ecosystem health and integrity are undamental tosustaining human well-being (MA 2005; GEO-4; Stern2006; TEEB 2010) The global community has set commongoals through international environmental agreements tosa eguard environmental quality However, the commoninternational goals in many environmental domainseither have not been met or are unlikely to be achievedMoreover, uni orm goals are insu cient as ecosystemsin di erent regions may have di erent vulnerabilityto environmental stressors The GEO-5 report, in turn,showed the diversity o approaches and instruments thatcountries and regions have employed in their attempt todeliver the agreed goals despite the constraints aced bymany governments and other stakeholders Even thoughtackling the drivers o environmental change and the socio-economic constraints demand a global response, it iscritical to acknowledge that there is no global panacea, nosingle solution to the multitude o global problems Rather,what is necessary is matching the spatial and temporalscale o responses to the current problems through fexibleand adaptive governance approaches to attain e ective,e cient, and equitable outcomes

Per ormance in ormation is critical to the ability to assessprogress and make any needed adjustments (FAO 2010;UNDG 2010) The GEO-5 analysis suggests that it isexceedingly di cult to assess the progress o many goalsdue to lack o veri able indicators and quanti able targets,especially regarding biodiversity, chemicals and hazardouswastes and a number o goals that govern land use andterrestrial conservation Without such clear metrics ormeasuring progress in the planetary context, the goal osustainability remains elusive The assessment also identi edthat reliable baseline data and robust monitoring systemsthat can collect data at regular intervals are missing Thetask o assessing progress is urther complicated by the actthat most goals should not be considered in isolation Dueto tensions and synergies between them, progress towardsone goal must be viewed in light o implications or other

goals For example, the analysis on goals related to priorityissues on land highlights riction between the MillenniumDevelopment Goal (MDG) 1, on reducing hunger, andMDG 7 on environmental sustainability Food production

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AtmosphereKey goal themes and issues Summary o State and Trends Using

Indicators rom Chapter A = Signifcant progressB = Some progressC = Very little to no progressD = Negative progress

X = Too soon to assess goal? = Insu fcient data to evaluate

progress

Outlook(i available)

Gaps(Data, Policy, and GoalGaps)

1. Stabilization o GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerousanthropogenic inter erence with the climate system

ClimateChangeKeeptemperaturerise below 2Cduring 21st Century

CO2 andother GHGemissions andconcentrations

Temperaturechange

C Increasing CO2 and other GHGemissions and concentrations

e ciency improvementsand some progress to Kyototargetsmost likely breaching the 2Ctarget

Financial and technicalsupport to developingcountries

Integration o climatechange and otheratmospheric issues

Improvement inmonitoring andreporting o pledgedactions

2. Protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary measures to control equitably total global production andconsumption o substances that deplete it, with the ultimate objective o their elimination

StratosphericOzoneDepletionZeroproduction andconsumption oozone depletingsubstances

ODSconsumption

AtmosphericODSConcentrations

Antarctic ozone

hole (area)

A Over 95% achievement in CFCproduction and consumption

Decreasing atmospheric ODSconcentrations

Stabilization o Antarctic ozone hole

Continued decreasein atmospheric ODSconcentrations

Recovery o ozone layer inmid-century

(Capture ODSs inold equipment anddestruction o ODSbanks

3. Reduce respiratory diseases and other health impacts resulting rom air pollution, with particular attention to women and children

ParticulateMatter(urban/outdoor)WHOguidelines

National targets

Outdoor PMConcentrations

B PM concentrations in most partsEurope and North America arewithin WHO guidelines

PM concentrations in A rica and Asiaremain high

Slow progress in developingcountries in Asia and A ricaas any e ciencies are mostlikely to be o set by increasedconsumption

Lack o monitoring inmany countries (mainlydeveloping countries)

Some developingcountries lack PMstandards

PROGRESS IN ACHIEVINGGOALS AND TARGETS FOR


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Key goal themes and issues Summary o State and Trends UsingIndicators rom Chapter A = Signifcant progressB = Some progressC = Very little to no progressD = Negative progress


progress



3. Reduce respiratory diseases and other health impacts resulting rom air pollution, with particular attention to women and childrenParticulateMatter(indoor)householdscooking usingbiomass

Access tocleanercookstoves

C Indoor PM is very high in poor ruralareas o the world, or examplein parts o Asia and A rica Largehealth impacts especially or womenand children

Continued poverty and otherbarriers will prevent thetransition to modern uelsor use o improved cooking

acilities

Lack o monitoring inmany countries (mainlydeveloping countries)

TroposphericOzoneWHOguidelines orhealth

Troposphericozoneconcentrations

B Decreasing in Europe and NAmerica except or ozone hotspots

Further reductions in in Europeand N America will lead todecreased ozone, but therewill be increases in precursorsand ozone elsewhere

Need or moreozone and precursormonitoring indeveloping countries

4. Enhanced cooperation at the international, regional and national levels to reduce air pollution, including

transboundary air pollution, acid depositionOzone LRTAP goals

precursor(NOx, VOCs,CH4 and CO),and ground O3

B Decreasing in Europe and NAmerica except or ozone hotspots

Improvements in someregions are being o set byan increase in backgroundozone

Improve technology tominimize emissions oozone precursors

SulphurdioxideWHOguidelines

LRTAP targets

SO2 concentrations

SO2 emissiontargets

B SO2 emissions and concentrationshave been signi cantly reduced inEurope and North America

Overall sulphur emissionswill decrease due to globaldesulphurization butincreasing emissions areexpected in some rapidlydeveloping countries in Asia

Further sulphurreductions are required,esp in Asia

NitrogenWHOguidelines

LRTAP targets

NO2 concentrations

N emissiontargets

B NO2 globally remained constantdue to balance between reductionin North America and Europe but

slight increases in developing world Asia, A rica and Latin America

In Asia, A rica and LatinAmerica where N emissionsare not high priority, increases

in both NOX and ammoniaemissions are expectedespecially rom agricultureand motorization

Improve technology tominimize emissions onitrogen

5. Prevention o childrens exposure to leadLeadEliminatelead in petrol

A Lead phased out in gasolineglobally except in 6 countriesChildren blood lead level has gonedown

Lead rom other sources, suchas paint, has to be tackledglobally

Policies and studieson Lead in paint romdeveloping countries

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progress


Gaps(Data, Policy, andGoal Gaps)

1. Promote ood securityReduce proportion o people

who su er rom hungerB Proportion o malnourished people

decreasing, but absolute numberincreasing

Depends on upcoming policydecisions and interventions

See below

Improve household economicaccess to ood

C Food per capita increasing overall,but large gap remains betweenand within regions, particularly

or rural poor households whonow spend more than hal o theirincome on ood; one-third o oodproduced or human consumptionis lost or wasted; land and oodprice volatility infuenced by risingdemands or bio uels among othereconomic orces

Drivers remain in place orland and ood price volatility tocontinue; without interventions,gap in ood per capita likelyto persist

Interventions toreduce post-harvest

ood waste; stimulatesmallholder armer-centered agriculturalgrowth promotinga ordable accessto land, water andtenure rights or poorhouseholds; coordinatedomestic and regionalbio uel policies to avoidworsening global oodinsecurity

Increase ood production C Agricultural yields generallyincreasing but large gap remainsbetween regions

Yields unlikely to improve muchmore in developed countries;e orts ocusing on decreasingthe yield gap in developingcountries Much depends onhow this is accomplished

Location speci capproaches to increase

yields and achievesustainable land use(e g smallholder

armer-centered

agricultural growth;increase nutrient-usee ciency; improvedtemporal and spatialmatching o nutrientsupply with plantdemand)

2. Reverse loss o environmental resourcesReduce de orestation rateand increase orest coverage

B Slight slowing o de orestationbut rate still high; de orestationconcentrated in tropics; temperateareas experiencing some orestregrowth

Demand or timber andber likely to grow; clearingor agricultural expansion

(including bio uels) likely tocontinue without a change inpolicies

Improvedunderstanding o orestdegradation; regionalpolicy coordinationto avoid leakage(shi ting de orestation

rom regulated tounregulated areas)

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progress


Gaps(Data, Policy, andGoal Gaps)

2. Reverse loss o environmental resourcesHalt the destruction otropical orests

B De orestation rate has slowedin some tropical countries, butnet orest loss in LAC and A ricaremains close to 7 million ha per

year

Area under REDD+ and PESschemes likely to increase,providing new incentive toprotect tropical orests andtheir ecosystems services

Data and monitoringon carbon stocks/ fux,number and area ocommunity managedREDD+ areas, nationaladaptation strategieswith ecosystem-basedcomponents

Stem the loss o wetlands C/D

Continued conversion o wetlandsor agriculture, aquaculture, and

human in rastructure

Pressures on wetlands likely toremain or increase as demand

or agricultural land and urbanexpansion continues

Improved inventory andmonitoring o globalwetlands; renewedcommitment to RamsarConvention at thenational level

Combat desertifcationand mitigate the e ects odrought

C Net primary productivity decreasingin drylands

Pressures on drylands likely tocontinue

Improved inventory andmonitoring o globaldrylands

3. Practice integrated land use planning and managementIntegrate principles osustainable developmentinto country policies andprograms

B Good progress in UNCCD-a ected countries in establishingmechanisms to ensure synergybetween conventions ondeserti cation, biodiversity andclimate change, but ew countrieshave integrated investment

rameworks


Greater integration /collaboration betweensectors

Recognize, maintain anddevelop multiple beneftso ecosystem services, e.g.to biodiversity, cultural,scientifc, recreational value(in addition to economic

value)

C Some examples o valuing multiplebene ts o ecosystem services, butoverall still largely externalized


Improved non-marketvaulation techniques;capacity building toinclude multiple andlocal values in land usedecision making

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progress



1. EcosystemProtect and restore

reshwater ecosystems andtheir services

C?

49% o countries reported signi cantprogress towards developing andimplementing integrated waterresources management plans It isunclear how many o these refectimproved management o reshwaterecosystems Many medium andlarge scale dams have beenconstructed since 1990 especiallyin developing countries disruptingthe hydrologic regime integral to

reshwater ecosystem unction

Pressure to build more damsand irrigation in rastructurewill continue especially indeveloping countries as thedemand or energy and oodincreases

Data Gap: Poorglobal data on state o

reshwater ecosystemsGoal Gap: Quanti abletargets or ecosystempreservation andrestoration rom acuteand chronic impacts

Protect and restore marineecosystems and theirservices

B/?

Ocean warming and acidi cationis accelerating and stressing coralree systems There are 18 RegionalSeas Conventions and action plansinvolving 143 countries which aimto improve ecosystem health, amongother goals 64 Large MarineEcosystems cover the worlds coastsSome are e ectively managed,others lack unding and commitmento participating countries, resultingin slow progress

Tropical coral ree s couldrapidly contract by 2050 dueto ocean acidi cation andwarming Other signi cantthreats to marine ecosystemsinclude land-based pollutionand lack o governance ohigh seas

Goal Gap: Target pH orthe oceans

Conserve and improvemanagement o wetlands

See land and biodiversity chapters

Ensure environmental waterneeds

D Proportion o renewable waterwithdrawn in approximately 15water-stressed countries is over75%, leaving little water or theenvironment

Expected to get worse aswater demands increase asa result o population growthand economic growth

Data Gaps: Flowsrequired to maintainecosystem servicesPolicy Gap: Legalrecognition oenvironmental waterneeds

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2. Human well-beingReduce water-related humanhealth hazards

B Increased access to improvedwater supply and sanitation hasreduced water-related humanhealth hazards Reported choleracases reduced by two thirds rom1990 to 2009 3 5 million peoplestill die each year rom water-related diseases Another successstory is the reduced occurrence oonchocerciasis In 2008, diarrhoeaand malaria were responsible or15% and 8%, respectively, o childmortality There were more than

ve times the reported outbreaks

o paralytic shell sh poisoning in2009 than 1970, a consequence oeutrophication

Projected to continueimproving with increasingaccess to water supply andsanitation

Data Gap: Water-related disease since2004

Ensure equitable access toimproved drinking watersupply

A/B

Population without access toimproved drinking water supply hasbeen reduced to 13% in 2008 rom23% in 1990 More improvementhas been made in urban thanrural communities, leaving largeinequities in access 883 millionpeople (1 in 8) were without accessto improved water sources in 2008

The world is on track to reachthe MDG target o providing87% o the global populationwith access to an improvedwater supply by 2015

Secure adequate andsustainable reshwatersupply

C Global water withdrawals havetripled over the last 50 years to meetdemands o growing populationwith increasing consumption 80%o people live in areas with highlevels o threats to water security,including 3 4 billion people in themost severe threat category Inequitybetween urban and rural areas

More people likely toexperience more severe waterstresses in coming decades,with climate change impactsand population growth

Data Gaps: De nitivewater stress metrictracked over time;groundwater availabilityand withdrawal; virtualwater trendsGoal Gap: Agreedde nition o equitable

Develop programmes ormitigating e ects o extreme

water-related events

B/C

30% o World Bank water projectsincluded mitigation and adaptationmeasures or climate changebetween 2006 and 2008 No datawere available to assess overallmitigation and adaptation e orts atthe global scale

Increased mitigation andadaptation projected asawareness increases

Data Gap: Reasonsbehind reduceddamages associatedwith foods and droughtssince 1990s (refectiveo increased capacityand planning or changein event magnitude and

requency)Mitigate and adapt toadverse e ects o climatechange on the waterenvironment

B/C

The number o people a ectedby foods and droughts, and totaldamages, has increased sincethe 1980s, although both metricspeaked in the 1990s Floods anddroughts caused $11 to $47 billiono damage per year between 2005and 2010

Climate change is expectedto accentuate extreme water-related events Climatechange adaptation costs orwater sector and sea level risewill be at least $35 to $100billion/year

Data gaps: Reportingo mitigation andadaptation e orts;monitoring and earlywarning or water-related climate extremesLong-term hydrologicobservatories tomonitoring changes tohydrologic cycle as aresult o climate change


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3. Water e fciencyImprove the e fcient use o

water resourcesB Signi cant advances in water

e ciency in some regions, althoughe ciency gains outstripped byincreased demands globallyIrrigation e ciency poor in manyregions

Rate o implementation owater e ciency likely notto keep pace with rate oincreased demand

Data Gap: Waterresource e ciency bysector and country;water ootprintGoal Gap: Quantitativee ciency targets

4. Water qualityReduce and control marinepollution

C Nutrients (C/D): 415 coastalareas with serious eutrophicationGlobal nutrient runo increased by13% to 18% since 1970Marine litter (C): No statistically-signi cant changes in the quantityo beach or coastal litter, althoughdata are not available or mostregionsContaminants (B): Reduction omany contaminants in sh tissueNotable recent contamination eventsinclude Fukushima nuclear crisis in

Japan and Deep Horizon oil spill inGul o Mexico

Nitrogen loads to oceans areprojected to increase rom43 2 Tg/yr in 2000 to 45 5Tg/yr in 2030

Data Gap: Global waterquality trend data

Reduce and controlreshwater pollution

? The gross productivity o algae andmacrophytes in lakes has increasedby 74% globally No global level

reshwater quality datasets wereavailable to assess trends Faecalcoli orms in at least parts o mostmajor river systems exceed WHOstandards or drinking

No outlook data available Data Gaps: Emergingcontaminants; globalwater quality trend dataGoal Gaps: Waterquality standards andtargets or emergingcontaminants

Improve sewage collection,treatment, and disposal

B/C

Population with access to improvedsanitation has increased rom54% to 61% rom 1990 to 2008Improvements are bypassing poorestand most rural communities 2 6billion people (1 in 2 5) withoutaccess to improved water sourcesin 2008

World not on track to meetMDG target or halving theproportion o people withoutaccess to improved sanitation

Data Gaps: Proportiono sewage treatedGoal Gap: Ensureadequate treatment anddisposal is added tocollection targets

5. Institutional and LegalRecognize the economic

value o water? The estimated annual economic

value o 63 million ha o globalwetlands is US$ 3 4 billion (WWF)Economic value o ecosystemservices is increasingly refected inthe academic literature In addition,there are several examples o waterpricing schemes and market-basedsolutions to water issues that refectthe value o water and aquaticecosystems (Chapters 10, 11, and12 o Part 2)

No outlook data available Data Gaps: Scope,magnitude, and value owater-related ecosystemservices, including therole o wetlands asbu ers against extremeeventsGoal Gaps: Goals andtargets recognizing,protecting and valuingecosystem services

or human andenvironmental healthand well-being


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5. Institutional and LegalStrengthen institutionalcoordination mechanisms

B Two thirds o transboundary water-related events are cooperative295 international water agreementshave been signed since 1948 Lessthan 20% o the 106 basins withwater institutions have multilateralagreements in e ect 143 countriesparticipate in 13 Regional SeasProgrammes, and the Large MarineEcosystem approach has delineated64 management units globally

No outlook data available Data Gaps: Metricso coordinatione ectiveness

Develop and en orce legalrameworks and regulations

B UNCLOS rati ed by 160 countriesGlobal Programme o Action(GPA) adopted by 108 countries

Legal rameworks or industrialand municipal wastewaterdischarge exist in most developedcountries although nonpointsource regulations lag behindGovernance o areas beyondnational boundaries is weak and

ragmented

No outlook data available

Policy Gaps: Capacityto e ectively assess andregulate environmental

impacts beyond nationaljurisdictions

6. Water Resources ManagementDevelop and implementintegrated managementstrategies and plans

B There has been an increasedrecognition o the need orintegrated approaches or

reshwater and marine systemmanagement Although 49%countries have made signi cantprogress towards developing andimplementing integrated approachesto water resources managementand water e ciency, the 2002WSSD target is ar rom beingmet Implementation is slowed by

nancial, legal, and/or capacitybarriers

Developing countriesparticularly will acedi culties implementingintegrated water resourcesmanagement approachesdue to lack o unding andcapacity

Data Gap: Reportingmechanism andmeaning ul governanceindicators orcountries progresstowards integratedwater resourcesmanagement, includingthe e ectiveness ointegrated approaches

Develop adequatemonitoring systems(national, regional andglobal)

C/D

Data is generally ragmented, lackscomplete global coverage, or is notregularly updated Although marinemonitoring and remote sensing dataacquisition has increased, global

reshwater monitoring has declined

and is now inadequate Modellingis replacing monitoring in manyinstances

Comprehensive monitoringsystems will continue to belimited by nancing andcapacity

Goal Gap: Need oragreed quantitativetargets oncomprehensivemonitoring andreporting systems

Data Gap: Metadata onexisting data

Improve stakeholderparticipation andmainstream gender in watermanagement

B No quantitative global dataavailable to assess this goalStakeholder engagement andgender mainstreaming is becomingmore common globally, but stilllacking in many regions

No outlook data available Data Gap: Data toassess stakeholderparticipation, includingrole o womenPolicy gaps: Meaning ulstakeholder participation

Improve groundwatermanagement

C/??

Arsenic and nitrates threatenaqui ers in many countries Manyaqui ers are being drawn down atunsustainable rates Transboundarygroundwater systems have beenlargely ignored due largely toinsu cient data

No outlook data available Data Gaps: Globallevel data setson groundwatercontamination,availability, andabstraction


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1. Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity 4,6,7,13, CBD Targets 5-10

Trends in driverso habitat loss anddegradation

C Continuing increases in pressures romagriculture, in rastructure developmentetc in terrestrial, inland water and marinesystems

Increasing pressure expected Quanti cation o trendsin habitat extent andcondition driven bydi erent drivers

Trends in levels oexploitation

C Signi cant proportion o exploitedspecies threatened by unsustainableexploitation, with population trends inutilized species declining where knownLegal international trade success ullymanaged or a small number o species

Increasing pressure expected More systematicmeasures o levels oexploitation, particularlyat local/national scale,and including illegaltrade

Trends in spread andimpact o invasive alienspecies

B-C

Numbers and extent o invasive alienspecies are increasing where quanti edImpacts mitigated through success uleradication or control, and spreadlimited through proactive management insome cases

Continuing spread and impacto IAS expected, with localexceptions

Trends in numbers andimpact in developingcountries; trends inpolicy implementationand e ectiveness atlocal/national scale

Trends in pressure rompollutants

B Generally increasing pressures rompollution rom most sources, but potentiallevelling o o nitrogen deposition since1990s

Increasing pressure expected,with exceptions or certainpollutants in some regions

Trends in levels opollutants other thanNitrogen

Trends in impact oclimate change

C Increasing impacts on phenology,abundance, distribution and communitycomposition in all ecosystems

Increasing pressure expected Impacts on populationtrends and interactionswith other threats

2. Improve the status o biodiversity 1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12 , CBD Targets11-13Trends in generic

biodiversity? Trends in genetic diversity o wild

species are un-quanti ed but likely to bedeclining Genetic diversity o cultivatedcrops and domesticated animals hasdeclined

Continuing decline expected Data collection ongenetic diversity o wildpopulations

Trends in populationabundance o species

C Declining at global scale, most rapidlyin tropics, reshwater habitats and orutilized marine species Some exceptionswhere e ective conservation actionshave occurred e g or N Americanwaterbirds

Continuing decline expected Trends or plants andinvertebrates Tropicalcoverage is patchySystematic monitoringlargely con ned to birdsin developed countries

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2. Improve the status o biodiversity 1,2,3,4,7,8,9,11,12 , CBD Targets11-13

Trends in extinction risko species

C 13-63 per cent o species in di erentgroups threatened with extinction; trendswhere known are declining (most rapidly

or corals)

Continuing decline expected Trends or plants,invertebrates andremaining vertebrateclasses (reptiles and

sh) National scaleextinction risk trends

Trends in extent,condition and integrityo biomes, habitats andecosystems

C Trends in global extent and conditiondeclining in all natural habitats withknown trends, e g orest, mangroves,seagrasses, coral ree s Someexceptions and national and localscales (e g re orestation in sometemperate countries, recent reduction inde orestation rates in Amazonian Brazil)

Continuing decline expected Consistent and repeatedremote sensingmeasures, including

or non- orest areasMetrics o condition and

ragmentation

3. Enhance the sustainable benefts (ecosystem services) rom biodiversity 1,2,3,4,9,11,12, CBD Targets 14-16Trends in the status ospecies harvested or

ood and medicine

C Extinction risk trends are worse orspecies harvested or ood and medicinethan or other species

Bene ts currently unsustainableand likely to decline in uture

Trends or plantsand invertebratesand all data to bedisaggregated or small-scale subsistence usevs large-scale and/orcommercial use

Trends in equitable useo natural resourcesindicated by the ratioo per capita ecological

ootprint to li eexpectancy

C For some countries the ratio is high and/or increasing indicating ine ciency ando ten un-sustainability in resource use

There is potential or theglobal ecological ootprint tobe reduced while enhancinghuman wellbeing, but thisimplies major adjustments inbene t sharing

Expanded andenhanced data andanalysis or ootprintcalculation includinghigh spatial andtemporal resolution data

on the intensity andmagnitude o naturalresource use globally

4. Strengthen responses to sa eguard biodiversity 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,12,13, CBD Targets 1-20

Trends in the extent,biodiversity coverageand integrity o protectedareas

B Terrestrial coverage has reached nearly13 per cent but marine coverage is lessthan 1 5 per cent o the ocean areaWhilst representativeness at the scale oecoregions is airly high, the per cent okey sites or biodiversity ully protectedis low

Protected area extent is likelyto increase i governments

ull l their commitmentsbut these need to be morecare ully located and betterresourced and managedto adequately protectbiodiversity Jurisdictionaluncertainties and confictsneed resolution

Data on trends inthe e ectiveness oprotected areas

Data needs on Jurisdictionaluncertainties andconfict

Trends in the extent,biodiversity coverageand integrity o ICCAs,SNSs and CBNRM areas

B Community-based land, water, andresource governance and managementapproaches exist largely without staterecognition and in some areas arenewly developing External drivers obiodiversity loss and actors such as lacko secure tenure undermine capacity oICCAs, SNSs, and CBNRM areas toconserve biodiversity

Likely to be o increasingimportance Empowerment oall sectors o local communitiesin decision making is needed,plus greater awarenessamongst government protectedarea o cials

Data on the location,extent, legal status, ande ectiveness o theseareas or biodiversityconservation Possible

orms and modeso appropriate staterecognition andsupport


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4. Strengthen responses to sa eguard biodiversity 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,12,13, CBD Targets 1-20

Trends in areas oREDD+ schemes andothers measuressuch as PES schemes

whereby biodiversity issupporting mitigationo , and adaptation toclimate change andNumber o nationaladaptation strategies

with ecosystem-basedcomponents

B The development o REDD+ and PESschemes is increasing

Area under REDD+ and PESschemes is likely to increaseand provides opportunitiesand potentially threats orbiodiversity conservation

Potential indicatorssuch as number andarea o communitymanaged REDD+ areasor number o nationaladaptation strategieswith ecosystem-basedcomponents, datacollection will beneeded

Trends in the proportiono production landscapes

and seascapessustainably managed

C The area certi ed as sustainablymanaged is increasing or orests,

agricultural land and sheries isincreasing, but the proportion in eachcase remains minimal and their globaldistribution remains uneven

Area o certi ed productionis increasing especially in the

developed countries

E ectivenessor biodiversity

conservationImpacts o theseapproaches in non-certi ed areas

Trends in policyresponses addressinginvasive alien species

B An increasing proportion o countrieshave relevant legislation butimplementation and transboundarycooperation is poor

Policy responses areincreasing but willremain ine ective withoutconsiderably improvedimplementation

More data needed onimplementation ande ectiveness

Trends in actions orspecies recovery, sitesa eguarding andhabitat restoration

B There are numerous local examples osuccess ul conservation programmespreventing extinctions, restoring habitatsand conserving sites The scale o thesee orts remains inadequate

Better co-ordinated integratede orts will be required, buton their own will remaininsu cient

More data onspecies recovery, andrestoration needed

Trends in number ocountries with nationalmechanisms addressingaccess and beneftsharing

B Agreement o Nagoya Protocol on ABSis a signi cant step orward, with thenumber o signatories increasing; as isthe number o countries with relevantlegislation and regulations

Implementation o the NagoyaProtocol will be critical toaddress this issue e ectively

Data required onnumber o ABSagreements and on thenumber o bene ciariesand the nature andextent o bene tsand sustainability ocommercial use ogenetic resources

Trends in the number olanguages and speakersas a proxy or traditionalknowledge supportingsustainable resource useand conservation

C The number o languages and speakersis declining suggesting los o traditionalknowledge supporting sustainable useand conservation

Decline in traditionalknowledge can be halted byhaving appropriate incentivemechanisms and recognition,including support orcustomary sustainable use o

biodiversity and secure tenure

Indicators to captureintergenerationaltrans er o traditionalknowledge, andprovision o incentives

or this For example

data is needed on (a)status and trends in thepractice o traditionaloccupations and (b)changes in land useand land tenure interritories o indigenousand local communitiesas complementaryindicators on theretention o traditionalto assess social-ecological resilience

11 Ramsar, art 3;12 ITPGRFA, art 1, para 1 1;13 Cartagena Protocol on Biosa ety, art 1

6 CBD COP 7, decision VII/30, annex II7 Agenda 21, Chap 17, para 86

8 CMS, 1979, preamble9 CITES, 1973, preamble10 ICPP, art 1

1 CBD, art 12 CBD, art 63 CBD, art 8j4 CBD, art 105 CBD COP 7, decision VII/28, para 1 2 3


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1. Provide sound management o chemicals throughout their li e cycle and o wasteSound management ochemicals

B 17 multilateral agreements arein place, over 300 activitiesconducted under the SAICMGlobal Plan o Action 23 countrieshave a unctioning nationalchemical register, and a globallyharmonized system o classi cationand labelling o chemicals hasbeen established

The number o developingcountries implementing asound chemicals managementis increasing

Li e cycle approachhas to be strengthenedA more integratedglobal ramework orthe risk assessmentand risk managemento chemicals would bebene cialSound chemicalsmanagement plans arerequired, most notably

or developing countriesheavily involved inthe production, tradeand use o chemicals,particularly in AsiaPaci c and LatinAmerica

Sound management o waste

B Objective standard oenvironmentally soundmanagement o waste are notoptimal Practices vary widelyaccording to norms and localconditions UN Habitat reportexempli es problems aced bycities Illegal tra c in wasteremains a constant threat

Waste production willincrease according to currentconsumption and trade trends

Improve resource e fciency C E cient ways o trans ormingwaste into energy applicable indeveloping countries are lacking

Prevent and minimize waste and maximizereuse, recycling and use oenvironmentally riendlyalternative materials

? Many initiatives and some regionaland national programmes exist these include 3Rs, EU ProducerResponsibility Directives, BaselMobile Phone Partnership, BaselPartnership Action on ComputerEquipment

No global measurementmethodology or data onwaste minimization isavailable Reliable dataand trend in ormation islacking

Protect, by strict control,generation and managemento hazardous waste andother wastes

? Data rom national reporting toBasel Convention Secretariat issparse and di cult to interpretDeclining trend o reporting byParties

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2. Protect human health and the environment rom persistent organic pollutantsEliminate production and useo POPs

B Some progress made (it is stilltoo early to evaluate the progresstowards the goal based on theindicators)Long-term measurement series showdecrease o POPs concentrationsin air during 1980s and 1990s,but time trends have levelled osince 2000 Recent investigationshave shown that in urban regionsin Western industrialized countriesPCB emissions are still ongoing andare on the order o 0 11 g totalPCBs per person and year

Continuing exposure to POPsin all parts o the worldis likely Climate changemay even increase thistrend because o increasedmobilization or POPs

Developing countriesrequire support or theirnational implementationplans o the StockholmConvention

Eliminate import and exporto POPs

B DDT exposure rommalaria controland exposure topolybrominateddiphenyl ethers (amongother chemicals) rome-waste handling arehot spots that deserverparticular attention

Restrict production and useo POPs

B

3. Reduction o the risks posed by heavy metalsRestrict production and useo heavy metals

B Progress made in developedcountries where controls onproduction and use have resultedin less requent occurrence oacute toxicity However, exposurestill occurs at industrial sitesand legacy contaminated sitesFurthermore, there is increasingconcern regarding the potential

or subtle developmental e ectsresulting rom chronic, low levels oexposure Signi cant gaps remainsin developing countries, whereheavy metals are o ten mined,processed, used and recycled withlimited environmental control andregulation, and where most caseso acute toxicity (poisoning) occur,particularly or lead, mercury andarsenic Exposure to toxic levelso arsenic via drinking water isa major concern or 130 millionpeople worldwide

Global negotiations regardingmercury are a positive stepThe inclusion o new heavymetals to internationallyagreed instruments is required(Pb, Cd, As)

Additional research intoalternative, more benignchemicals or use inconsumer goods couldhelp reduce the heavymetal burden to theenvironmentMore stringentoccupational,human health andenvironmental standardsneeded or heavymetals

Restrict import and exporto heavy metals, and wastecontaining heavy metals

BB The rapid turnover o e-products,and the high cost o eliminatinghazardous substances containedwithin the products, has led to anincrease in trade and movement

o e-waste to developing countriesdue to their lower cost labour andlower health and environmentalstandards E-waste has been shownto contain several heavy metals,and individuals in the in ormalrecycling sectors o developingcountries are subsequently exposedto high incidents o heavy metals

EU Directive on the restrictiono certain hazardoussubstances in e-waste is apositive step Global initiativesrequired

Global initiatives similarto the EU Directivewould be bene cial

Improve waste disposaltechniques or wastecontaining heavy metals

Much controlled disposal occursin developed countries, but workstill needed in many developingcountries to improved disposal

ollowing mining, smelting, batteryand e-waste recycling to reduceexposures o population

Internationally agreed goalsor lead, mercury and possibly

other heavy metals exist or arein development Further e ortsrequired

More stringentoccupational,human health andenvironmental standardsneeded or heavymetals More stringentregulations surroundingdisposal required


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4. Promote shared responsibility and cooperative e orts among Parties in the international trade o certainhazardous chemicals

National decision makingprocess on import andexport o hazardouschemicals

Many developing countries lackpolicies on sound chemicalsmanagement, with weak institutionaland regulatory rameworks andweak en orcement o existing lawsThere is no coherent approach ornational decision-making processwith multiplicity o governmentagencies having mandates orhazardous chemicals importand export causing jurisdictionalconfict This has weakened thenational decision making process

on the problem o dumping ohazardous chemicals and humanexposure to the chemicals

Foreseeable improvement ithe rate o noti cations underthe Rotterdam Conventioncontinues or is enhanced

Need or improvemento mechanisms,governance andregulatory ramework

or e ective decision-making at the regionaland national levelsincluding promotionsynergy in theimplementation ochemical and wasteMEAs

Facilitate in ormationexchange aboutcharacteristics

? There is a lack o databasesand e ective mechanisms orthe retrieval and disseminationo in ormation about chemicalscharacteristics with national,regional and internationalstakeholders In ormation exchangeamong government agencies at thenational level is poor which makesin ormed decision at the nationallevel di cult

Development andimplementation o

unctional international,regional and nationalnetworks on in ormationexchange aboutcharacteristics ohazardous chemicalsand wastes

Control o trans-boundarymovements o hazardous

waste

? Control system available via theBasel Conventions Prior In ormedConsent noti cation process Canwork very well when ully utilizedThe process is vulnerable tocircumvention and illegal tra c

Transposition into nationallaw and implementation oBasel Convention and SAICMwith adequate capacity wouldalleviate the problem

Improve capacitybuilding and undingmechanisms to sustainimplementation andsupport competentcapability to en orcecompliance with BaselConvention Build onchemicals conventionssynergies initiativesat the regional andnational levelsImprove cooperationamong international,regional and nationalnetworks or the controlo transboundarymovement o hazardouswaste Improvedcooperation needede g European IMPELand global INECEnetworks to improvecompliance anden orcement togetherwith Interpol PollutionCrimes Working Groupinitiatives Furthermore,there is a need or betterreporting as well asactive collaboration andcooperation with BaselConvention ocal pointsin developing countries


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5. Use transparent science-based risk assessment procedures and science-based risk management proceduresFor sound management ochemicals throughout theirli ecycle

? Risk assessment procedures arebeing used at the international levelto assess chemicals (i e StockholmConvention), however the adoptiono such principles in developingcountries is constrained by the lacko data on exposure and e ectscaused by chemicals and wastes,and also by capacity constraintsUnder the Montreal Protocol,training has been provided orozone o cers to detect illegalshipmentsThe Globally Harmonized System

(GHS) or labelling o chemicalsin the workplace is hazard-basedand can be used as input to riskassessmentThere is uncertainty about both thehazardousness o certain chemicalsand the risk they poseChemicals in articles are o ten notidenti ed, sometimes or reasons ocommercial con dentiality

The situation mayimprove through activitieso Convention reviewcommittees, intergovernmentalprocess on mercury, EUREACH and nationalreassessments o chemicals

The inclusion ochildrens vulnerabilityto chemical risk shouldbe considered Theaverage risk assessmentprocedures only useaverage adult dataTraining in chemicalsidenti cation and riskmanagement shouldbe delivered under theauspices o SAICMDisclosure o productcomposition should be

encouraged or required

Encourage research in orderto prevent, eliminate andreduce pollution o themarine environment

A Historically, investment in marinepollution research has been moreactive in the northern hemisphereMore recently important e orts arebeing conducted in the developingworld aimed to protect marineresources - o ten an importantsource o ood - rom pollution

6. Develop adequate monitoring systems (national, regional and global)To develop sound science-based monitoring programs

? For POPs, the Global MonitoringPlan is in place For a widerange o additional chemicals,biomonitoring programs are notsu cient in most countries andhuman exposure is incompletelydocumentedHazardous waste reporting systemsare available or Basel ConventionParties but are not ully taken up

or reported Impacts o waste dueto unsound disposal are di cult toquanti y

Global monitoring programsinvolving chemicals are beingdeveloped, it is expected thatharmonization and a globalcoverage is reached in the

orthcoming years

Comprehensive regionaland global monitoringprograms aimed to buildspatial and temporaltrends or key chemicalsand wastes, as well asdata sets and indicatorsto enable monitoring ochange are needed

Encourage research in orderto prevent, eliminate andreduce pollution o themarine environment

A Historically, investment in marinepollution research has been moreactive in the northern hemisphereMore recently important e orts arebeing conducted in the developingworld aimed to protect marineresources - o ten an importantsource o ood - rom pollution


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7. Capacity developmentFor the sound managemento chemicals and hazardous

wastes

C In spite o the e orts by internationalagencies, capacity development indeveloping countries or the soundmanagement o chemicals andwastes is still underdevelopedBasel Convention Regional Centresand Stockholm Convention RegionalCentres have been establishedto enhance the capacity ogovernments and stakeholders indeveloping countries but adequate

nancing mechanisms do not yet inplace

Situation likely to improvei Stockholm and BaselConventions, SAICM andthe GHS can be supportedthrough innovative nancingmechanisms

Adequate nancingmechanismIn ormation andknowledge sharingbetween north andsouth

To improve resource

e fciency

B Waste disposal rather than

integrated waste management ispracticed without resource andmaterials recovery National wastepolicy and legislations on integratedwaste management as well asin rastructure or collection areinadequate Crude and resourceine cient recycling exists in thein ormal economy

Environmentally sound

management o waste insteado indiscriminate wastedisposal in land, water anduncontrolled open burningwith threat o degradation oland, water and air

Promote regional and

national initiatives onwaste to energy, wasteto organic ertilizersPromote wasterecycling and materialsrecovery through pilot/demonstration projects

Control o trans-boundarymovements o hazardous

waste

? Control system available via theBasel Conventions Prior In ormedConsent noti cation process Canwork very well when ully utilizedThe process is vulnerable tocircumvention and illegal tra c

Domestication andimplementation o BaselConvention and SAICM withadequate capacity wouldalleviate the problem

Improve capacitybuilding and undingmechanisms to sustainimplementation andsupport competentcapability to en orcecompliance with BaselConvention Build onchemicals conventionssynergies initiativesat the regional andnational levelsImprove cooperationamong international,regional and nationalnetworks or the controlo transboundarymovement o hazardouswaste Improvedcooperation needede g European IMPELand global INECEnetworks to improvecompliance anden orcement togetherwith Interpol PollutionCrimes Working Groupinitiatives Furthermore,there is a need or betterreporting as well asactive collaboration andcooperation with BaselConvention ocal pointsin developing countries


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8. Protect and preserve the marine environment rom all sources o pollutionPollution rom ships B Progress has been made ollowing

MARPOL conventions (150countries have rati ed), althoughmany countries have not yet madeand implemented MARPOL Thegreenhouse gas emissions rominternational shipping control,and a dra t o the actual reductionmechanisms themselves are or

urther consideration by IMOsMarine Environment ProtectionCommittee (MEPC)

Likely to improve withthe development o newmechanisms under MEPC

Development andimplementation o

unctional internationalnetworks on ship controlincluding waste disposal

acilities in ports

To protect the marineenvironment

X Protection o the marineenvironment has not been given

priority in governance institutionalarrangements as well as inenvironmental protection regulationsin developing countries UNEPRegional Seas Conventions onthe protection o the marineenvironment in the regions andmember states have not beentransposed and implemented Manycountries have not rati ed andimplemented MARPOL conventionsThe level o coastal and marinepollution continues to increasewith lack o control o land basedsources o pollution at the regionaland national levels Unsustainableexploitation o marine resourcesand use o marine environmentabound

London Convention 1972 andMARPOL Conventions have

not been rati ed by manydeveloping countries andthose that have rati ed needto transpose the conventionsinto national law Land basedsources o marine pollutionhave not been prioritized

Problem is exacerbated bynon- transposition o chemicalsand waste MEAs into nationallaw

International action topromote the rati cation,

transposition intonational law andimplementation oMARPOL, RegionalSeas and London 1972Conventions at theregional and nationallevels as well asChemicals and WasteMEAs

9. Radioactive waste management and sa etyEnsure that radioactive

wastes are sa ely managed,transported, stored anddisposed.

B Radioactive waste rom regularoperation o nuclear acilities anduses o radioactive material inmedicine, industry and researchare generally controlled accordingto international standards andreported at meetings o the JointConvention

Some legacy sites remain to beremediated rom nuclear weaponsproduction and testing

Some uranium mining legacy sitesremain to be remediated in A ricaand Central Asia

Radioactive waste willcontinue to be generated romthe nuclear industry, medicaland industrial uses and

rom mining and exploitingminerals with elevatedlevels o naturally occurringradionuclides Managementand disposal acilities will be

needed in the oreseeableuture

The Joint Conventionremains an importantinstrument in radioactivewaste managementworldwide andassuring sa ety A closerlinkage with the otherinternational instrumentson hazardous materials

could give rise tobene cial synergies andshould be explored

International e orts toassist with remediationo uranium mininglegacy sites should besupported


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9. Radioactive waste management and sa etyPrevent accidents withradiological consequencesand mitigate consequenceso accidental releases.

B The Fukushima accident illustratesthat nuclear accidents can stilloccur despite improvements madesince the Chernobyl accident TheConvention on Nuclear Sa ety(As sister convention to the JointConvention) is intended to ensurecountries maintain a high level osa etyThe containment structure put inplace over the damaged Chernobylreactor is being replaced witha acility that will stay in place

or several decades to come

within which time it is expectedthe damaged reactor will bedismantled The 30 km exclusionzone around the reactors is stillin place Some parts o the zoneare being investigated or re-entrySome areas will have to remainin place or decades into the

uture Contamination around theFukushima is still being investigatedand decisions on reducing theexclusion zone will be taken ascircumstances become betterunderstood The investigations willtake months to carry out

A number o countries havedecided to phase out theirnuclear programmes ollowingthe Fukushima accidentOthers will continue todevelop their programmesIt is too early to say whatthe overall impact will be on

uture developments in thisregard

More emphasis isneeded to ensurethe objectives othe Convention onNuclear Sa ety and the

Joint Convention areachieved

C r e

d i t : C

h r i s t

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United Nations Environment ProgrammeP.O. Box 30552 - 00100 Nairobi, Kenya

Tel.: +254 20 762 1234Fax: +254 20 762 3927

e-mail: [email protected]

www.unep.org

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Progress Towards Meeting Internationally Agreed Goals

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