Progressives

1. The expansion of the United States in the late 1800s differed from that of earlier decades in that it involved A) all of the answers below B) islands, rather than areas adjacent to existing U.S. territory C) densely populated areas not suitable for massive new

settlement D) possessions that few Americans expected to become states E) an increasing importance on foreign trade

2. In arguing for their policies, the new American expansionists of the late 1800s offered all of the following economic and social reasons except A) the United States would soon need to find new sources for

the natural resources that it was rapidly using up B) the United States needed to acquire new overseas markets

for its products C) the United States needed to find new sources of immigrants

who would work in its factories for low wages D) the United States needed an aggressive foreign policy to take

people’s minds off internal problems and frustrations E) the United States needed to expand due to the “closing of the

frontier.”

3. To justify their policies, the new American expansionists of the late 1800s offered all of the following reasons except A) strong nations were destined by natural law to dominate

weak ones B) the United States had a duty to spread its superior institutions

to less civilized people C) the United States should try to create a community of nations

to guarantee world peace D) a strong navy was the key to becoming a great nation, and

colonies would serve as bases for such a navy E) selling goods in foreign nations would bolster the economy

4. The ablest and most effective apostle of imperialism was A) William Jennings Bryan B) Charles Darwin C) Alfred Thayer Mahan D) Frederick Jackson Turner E) Andrew Carnegie

5. In 1900, the nation that had the third largest naval force was A) Great Britain B) France C) Italy D) Germany E) the United States

6. The Pan-American Congress of 1889 resulted in the A) all of the answers below B) creation of an inter-American customs union C) establishment of arbitration procedures to resolve

hemispheric disputes D) creation of an agency that distributed information to member

American nations E) peaceful resolution of imperial claims in Cuba

7. In the mid-1890s, U.S. involvement in a boundary dispute between British Guiana and Venezuela led to the A) United States protesting British actions in the area, but

refusing to take any other actions B) president threatening war before Britain agreed to arbitrate

the dispute C) United States providing financial aid to Venezuela during a

short border war with Britain D) president sending marines to help Venezuela force Britain

out of the disputed territory E) United States expressing full support for Britain’s policy in

Venezuela

8. The United States acquired the Hawaiian islands as a result of all the following factors except A) American citizens developed a sugar industry in the islands

B) the U.S. government built a naval station there C) Americans staged a revolution to depose the native rulers D) President Cleveland sent marines to ensure that nothing

stopped annexation from taking place E) the domination of the Hawaiian economy by American

settlers

9. The United States took control of part of the Samoan islands after a long dispute with A) Great Britain and Germany B) Germany and France C) France and Spain D) Spain and Great Britain E) Germany and Spain

10. In the 1890s, Spain and the United States gradually moved toward war over Cuba for all of the following reasons except A) a change in U.S. tariff policy hurt the Cuban economy and

made the Cuban people ready for revolt B) when the Cuban revolt broke out, the American press printed

sensational, one-sided stories about it C) during the Cuban revolt, the Spanish committed numerous

atrocities, whereas the Cubans usually behaved humanely D) Cubans living in the United States popularized their side of

the revolt with the American people E) sensationalized press coverage stirred a fervor for war

11. The United States was finally pushed into war with Spain by all of the following developments except A) the American press printed a private letter of the Spanish

ambassador that insulted the U.S. president B) an American battleship blew up in the harbor of Havana,

Cuba C) Spain refused to negotiate with the Cuban rebels D) Cubans living in America stirred up support for a war E) Spain ignored U.S. diplomatic requests in regard to Cuba

Answer: E Page: 561–563 Difficulty: Medium

12. The U.S. president who asked for a declaration of war against Spain in 1898 was A) William McKinley B) Grover Cleveland C) Benjamin Harrison D) Theodore Roosevelt E) William Howard Taft

Answer: A Page: 563 Difficulty: Easy

13. The U.S. war effort in Cuba suffered from all of the following problems exceptA) a shortage of modern rifles and ammunition B) heavy, cold-weather uniforms in a hot climate C) inadequate medicine and food D) lack of popular support E) poor racial relations in the U.S. Army

Answer: D Page: 563 Difficulty: Medium

14. During the fighting of the Spanish-American War, A) American troops had experienced commanders B) more American fighting men died of disease than were killed

in action C) regular army units did more of the fighting than did National

Guard units D) the U.S. Army conducted a competent and efficient

mobilization E) Spain won many battles to prolong the war

Answer: B Page: 563 Difficulty: Hard

15. The black soldiers who fought in the Spanish-American War faced all of the following problems except A) the U.S. Army kept them in segregated units B) the people of the South treated them poorly while the troops

were training there C) they experienced difficulties in combat because most of them

had never been under fire before

D) the fully integrated Cuban rebel forces that they fought beside reinforced their sense of racial injustice

E) strict segregation of facilities when the soldiers trained in the South

Answer: C Page: 563–564 Difficulty: Hard

16. Theodore Roosevelt as assistant secretary of the navy, ordered an attack on the Philippines for all of the following reasons except A) he was an ardent imperialist B) he did not regard the military chain of command of any great

importance C) he was an active proponent of war D) he wanted Filipino independence E) he wanted to strike against the Spanish Empire


17. The first major victory for the United States in the Spanish-American War occurred A) in Havana Harbor, Cuba B) in Manila Bay, the Philippines C) near Santiago, Cuba D) near San Juan, Puerto Rico E) at Guantanomo Bay

Answer: B Page: 564 Difficulty: Easy

18. Americans won the struggle for Cuba during the Spanish-American War because A) the Spanish forces quit after putting up a stiff but brief fight B) the American forces used incredible brutality and terror

tactics to overwhelm the Spanish C) the American forces displayed both high efficiency and great

military genius during the campaign D) the Spanish forces had already surrendered to Cuban

revolutionaries before the Americans arrived E) the Spanish suffered from having neither a navy nor a trained

army


19. The Rough Riders were A) all of the answers below B) commanded by Arthur MacArthur C) involved in bold, reckless charges during the fighting in

Cuba D) a cavalry regiment in the regular army E) Cuban-Americans who supported a free Cuba

Answer: C Page: 565 Difficulty: Medium

20. After the Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico experienced all of the following developments except A) Puerto Ricans became more dependent on imported food B) the island became an American colony C) the island’s sugar industry grew rapidly D) Americans acquired control of much of the island’s economy E) the island’s inhabitants generally accepted the American

presence without protest

Answer: E Page: 567 Difficulty: Medium

21. On the question of annexing the Philippines, President McKinley thought that A) all of the answers below B) returning the Philippines to Spain would be “cowardly” C) the United States could not turn the islands over to another

imperialist power D) the Filipinos were not ready for independence E) the United States needed to educate and uplift Filipino

culture

Answer: A Page: 567 Difficulty: Medium

22. The anti-imperialists of the 1890s opposed U.S. acquisition of an empire for all of the following reasons except A) the vast majority of Americans opposed such empire

building B) acquiring Pacific territories would bring “inferior” Asian

races into the nation as potential citizens C) an empire would require a large standing army and

entangling foreign alliances D) imperialism was simply immoral, a repudiation of America’s

commitment to human freedom E) imperialism contradicted the republican foundations of the

nation

Answer: A Page: 567 Difficulty: Hard

23. William Jennings Bryan wanted the U.S. Senate to ratify the peace treaty with Spain because A) the United States would be able to build naval bases in the

new territories B) he hoped to become governor of one of the territories C) the war would be over, and the Democrats could make

Republican imperialism a campaign issue D) he believed that the inhabitants of the territories would be

better off under U.S. protection E) the acquisition of sugar plantations would bolster the U.S.

economy


24. In the decade following its victory in the Spanish-American War, the United States gave partial independence to A) Cuba B) Puerto Rico C) Guam D) the Philippines E) Haiti


25. In the territories with large land areas that the United States acquired in the late 1800s, the federal government A) quickly gave the inhabitants full U.S. citizenship and

complete control over their local affairs B) slowly gave the inhabitants most of the rights of citizenship

and partial local control C) eventually gave the inhabitants partial citizenship and a

small amount of local control D) never gave the inhabitants any rights as citizens and no local

control E) put citizens under strict military rule


26. The Platt Amendment, incorporated into the Cuban constitution, gave Cuba A) full independence B) economic independence C) nominal political independence D) an American colonial government E) an equal partnership with American interests

Answer: C Page: 568 Difficulty: Easy

27. In the Philippine War of 1898 to 1902, the United States A) easily put down the insurrection of a small minority of

Filipino people B) with great difficulty suppressed a full-scale revolt that the

majority of the Filipino people supported C) defended the islands against the attempt of the former

Spanish rulers to retake them D) protected the inhabitants from the efforts of the Japanese to

take over the islands E) emerged as freedom fighters in the minds of most Filipinos

Answer: B Page: 568–570 Difficulty: Medium

28. The Philippine War of 1898 to 1902 saw the United States A) all of the answers below B) use only humane and moderate methods in response to the

guerrilla tactics of the enemy C) create a military government that ruled the country for many

years after the war was over D) achieve victory after capturing the enemy leader E) have the ability to organize bloodless overthrows of

governments

Answer: D Page: 568–570 Difficulty: Hard

29. Most of the territory that the United States acquired in the 1890s was in the A) Atlantic Ocean B) Pacific Ocean C) Caribbean Sea D) Gulf of Mexico E) Mediterranean Sea

Answer: B Page: 570–571 Difficulty: Easy

30. The United States suggested the Open Door policy for China to A) all of the answers below B) keep the great powers from completely destroying China by

dividing it among themselves C) allow U.S. merchants to trade in China without the

interference of foreign governments D) achieve a foreign policy victory without using military force E) promote the economic ideal of free markets

Answer: A Page: 570–571 Difficulty: Hard

31. The Boxer Rebellion of 1900 came to an end when A) the Chinese Army suppressed all secret societies, including

the Boxers B) all foreign powers agreed to stop interfering in internal

Chinese affairs C) a multinational armed force rescued the foreign diplomats

trapped in Peking by the Boxers D) the Japanese Army attacked China, and the Boxers joined

other Chinese in defending their country E) the United States expressed support for the Boxers


32. After the end of the Spanish-American War, the United States changed its military system by A) all of the answers below B) creating a general staff to act as advisors to the secretary of

war C) decreasing the size of the regular army D) reducing federal control over the National Guard E) placing less emphasis on foreign military actions

Answer: B Page: 571 Difficulty: Hard Practice Quiz on Progressivism

1. Although the progressives often differed about what progressivism meant, most agreed that A) all of the answers below B) it was a particular set of political reforms C) it was a group of moral and humanitarian goals D) government should play a role in correcting society’s ills E) “natural law” of the marketplace could stabilize society

Answer: D Page: 576 Difficulty: Hard

2. The progressive approach to reform was influenced by A) all of the answers below B) an opposition to monopolies in business C) a belief in the interdependence of the individual and society D) a rejection of party bosses in favor of organized and efficient

leaders E) a devotion to achieve social cohesion


3. The traditional view of progressivism described it as a movement by the “people” to curb the power of the A) all of the answers below B) special interests C) immigrants

D) middle class E) labor unions


4. The group of crusading journalists of the late 1800s and early 1900s who attacked corruption in business and government were called A) yellow journalists B) Wobblies C) muckrakers D) mugwumps E) scandal mongers


5. Gabriel Kolko argued in his 1963 book that progressivism was an attempt by A) labor leaders to use political power to force companies to

meet their demands B) the lower classes to seize part of the wealth in the hands of

the upper classes C) city bosses to use the reform movement to gain votes for

their corrupt political machines D) businessmen to use the power of the government to protect

themselves against competition E) big business to establish a laissez-faire economy


6. The favorite targets of the muckrakers included all of the following except A) the violence used against unions B) the excessive practices of the railroads C) the corruption of the business trusts D) the seamy side of boss rule E) the waste of natural resources

Answer: A Page: 576–577 Difficulty: Medium

7. According to historians writing in the 1970s and 1980s, the progressive movement resulted in A) the rise of both political parties and interest groups as the

vital players in public life B) the decline of interest groups and the rise of political parties C) the rise of political parties at the expense of special interest

groups D) the decline of political parties and the rise of interest groups E) the decline of both political parties and interest groups in

public life


8. In the late 1800s, a group of Christian reformers started a movement that acquired the name of the Social Gospel. One organization that originated as a result of this movement was the A) American Medical Association B) General Federation of Women’s Clubs C) Tammany Hall D) Salvation Army E) Knights of Labor


9. One of the most important members of the Social Gospel movement of the late 1800s was A) Andrew Carnegie B) Lincoln Steffens C) William Graham Sumner D) Walter Rauschenbusch E) Charles Evans Hughes

Answer: D Page: 577 Difficulty: Easy

10. Father John Ryan focused on A) protesting the massive violence of World War I B) alleviating imperialism in the Far East C) expanding the scope of welfare for the poor

D) registering immigrant voters in ethnic neighborhoods E) stopping legislation that would have legalized abortion


11. Hull House, a settlement house designed to aid immigrants, was started by A) Alice Paul B) Margaret Sanger C) Carrie Chapman-Catt D) Jane Addams E) Mary Elizabeth Lease


12. The new middle class of the early 1900s placed a high value on A) all of the answers below B) family background C) becoming involved in radical politics D) stature within the local community E) education and individual accomplishment


13. As a result of the increasing demands for reform in medicine by the progressives, the medical profession A) all of the answers below B) opened the field to all practitioners C) established the American Medical Association, to represent

the field as a whole D) fought against the passage of state and local laws requiring

the licensing of all physicians E) called for universal health care for American citizens


14. The growing demand for reform by the progressives in the newly developing professions was the result of their attempts to A) all of the answers below B) defend the professions from the untrained and the

incompetent C) protect those already in the professions from excessive

competition D) exclude blacks, women, immigrants, and other socalled

“undesirables” from their ranks E) lend prestige to middle-class professional status


15. As a result of their attempts to regulate the medical profession, doctors such as William H. Welch revolutionized the teaching of medicine by A) requiring students to join the American Medical Association B) moving students out of the classrooms and into laboratories

and clinics C) creating more rigorous standardized examinations D) building more medical schools to allow more people to enter

the medical profession E) excluding working-class participation in medical schools


16. The so-alled “women’s professions” of the progressive era included all of the following except A) nurse B) social worker C) teacher D) librarian E) secretary

Answer: E Page: 582–583 Difficulty: Easy

17. To be more actively involved in the progressive effort to remake American society, the great majority of American women A) took up professional careers B) organized within existing political parties C) joined women’s clubs D) abandoned their roles as wives and mothers

E) openly challenged the existing male-dominated order

Answer: C Page: 583–584 Difficulty: Medium

18. All of the following were women’s organizations of the progressive era except A) General Federation of Women’s Club B) National Association of Colored Women C) Women’s Trade Union League D) National Organization for Women E) National Woman’s party

Answer: D Page: 584–586 Difficulty: Medium

19. Most progressive reformers advocated suffrage for women because they thought it would A) make it easier for women to get a divorce B) strengthen the forces of reform C) preserve the natural order to society D) automatically lead to equal rights for men and women E) reinforce traditional gender roles

Answer: B Page: 586 Difficulty: Medium

20. The most radical and militant women’s suffrage leader who advocated both the vote for women and the Equal Rights Amendment was A) Alice Paul B) Carrie Chapman Catt C) Jane Addams D) Ida Tarbell E) Florence Kelly


21. Most progressives agreed that the only societal institution that could provide the regulation and control necessary to modern society was the A) corporation B) church C) government D) labor union E) corporation


22. The progressives attempted to challenge the dominance of the two major political parties through all of the following methods except A) supporting a third party B) introducing the secret ballot C) working with the urban political bosses D) increasing the number of nonpartisan, nonelective officials in

government office E) writing articles that attacked greed and corruption

Answer: C Page: 588 Difficulty: Hard

23. Most urban working people opposed the actions of the progressives against the party machines because A) the machines were a source of jobs and services B) the bosses tended to be of the same nationality as the

progressives C) they felt that the progressives were meddling, middle-class

snobs who did not understand their lives D) they had been threatened with violence by the bosses if they

supported the progressives E) they felt the progressives were dangerous anarchists


24. The progressive belief that government must remain untainted by the corrupting influence of politics led to the creation of the form of municipal government known as A) commission government B) mayor government C) elected trusts D) city manager government E) city machine government


25. Progressives introduced reforms that attempted to make government more responsive to the people. Those reforms included all of the following except A) recall B) party nominating conventions C) initiative and referendum D) direct primaries E) limiting corporate influence

Answer: B Page: 589–590 Difficulty: Easy

26. The progressive measure that gave voters the right to remove a public official from office through special election was A) initiative B) referendum C) direct primary D) recall E) commission

Answer: D Page: 589–590 Difficulty: Easy

27. Progressives came to regard one state as the center of reform and its governor as the leading progressive. The most progressive state and governor were A) New Jersey/Woodrow Wilson B) Wisconsin/Robert La Follette C) California/Hiram. Johnson D) New York/Charles Evans Hughes E) Ohio/William McKinley


28. During the progressive era, New York’s Tammany Hall was an example of A) all of the answers below B) a city political machine C) a vehicle for social welfare D) corrupt and incompetent municipal government E) using political power to gain reforms


29. The death toll in the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire was much higher than it should have been because A) an arsonist had deliberately set the fire to start at the worst

possible time of the day B) union organizers started the fire in the exits in an attempt to

take revenge against scab workers C) the management of the company had locked the emergency

exits so that employees could not sneak away from work D) the company stored gasoline on the same floors as the

working areas of the factory E) management refused to call the New York City fire

department


30. Western progressives wanted the federal government to help their states by A) all of the answers below B) settling conflicts between states over water rights C) building federal dams and water projects D) subsidizing the construction of roads and highways E) lobbying for subsidies from the federal government


31. The black leader who became the chief spokesman for the new civil rights movement and who helped to found the Niagara movement and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was A) Booker T. Washington B) Frederick Douglass C) Alain Locke D) W. E. B. Du Bois

E) George Washington Carver


32. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People approach to obtaining civil rights for black Americans included A) all of the answers below B) using the federal courts to gain equal tights C) seeking immediate restoration of civil rights as opposed to

waiting for them D) advocating university education, rather than trade or

agricultural education, for blacks E) urging blacks to aspire to the professions


33. Although many progressives felt that the elimination of alcohol from American life was a necessary step in remaking American society, the primary group in society who pushed for prohibition was A) religious leaders B) immigrants C) women D) the working class E) labor unions

Answer: C Page: 594 Difficulty: Easy 34. In the progressive push to adopt the Eighteenth Amendment in

1917, only Connecticut and Rhode Island refused to ratify it because A) the liquor trusts had significant influence there B) they had primarily Catholic immigrant populations C) they had few progressives; D) they wanted a stricter prohibition law E) they felt the law was unconstitutional


35. In adopting the Eighteenth Amendment, progressives felt the federal government had taken a step toward the elimination of A) all of the answers below B) the liquor industry C) the saloon D) family violence E) poor work performance


36. Which statement would most likely have been said by a nativist? A) “American Indians should be allowed to return to their tribal

lands.” B) “Voting rights should be extended to all American citizens.” C) “American purity is being harmed by the immigration of

non-Anglo-Saxon people.” D) “Alcohol has brought great social problems to American

culture.” E) “Labor unions must pursue the right to organize and make

closer ties with the Socialist party.”


37. Progressives used all of the following reasons to justify immigration restriction except A) the introduction of immigrants was polluting the nation’s

racial stock B) newer immigrant groups had proven themselves less

adaptable to American society than earlier groups C) immigrants were a source of cheap labor and thus were

forcing down the wages of average Americans D) the flow of immigrants into urban areas was creating social

unrest E) there was a need to preserve the dominance of Anglo and

Nordic culture


38. The Dillingham Report concluded that A) lynchings had become a major social problem in America

B) newer immigrants were not efficient at assimilating to American culture

C) big business had become so corrupt that government regulation was needed

D) rural Americans were in need of economic assistance E) the International Workers of the World were not a

communist organization


39. In the early 1900s, the man who became famous as the leader of the Socialist party and who was its perennial presidential candidate was A) William “Big Bill” Haywood B) Henry Cabot Lodge C) Walter Lippman D) Lincoln Steffens E) Eugene V. Debs

Answer: E Page: 596 Difficulty: Easy 40. In the early 1900s, supporters of socialism argued that the main

problem of American society was not the abuse of the economic system by big business but the A) all of the answers below B) economic system as a whole C) abuses of the national government D) lack of equality among all classes E) apathy on the part of American voters


41. The Wobblies were a group of A) all of the answers below B) labor union members C) socialists D) radicals E) critics of capitalism


42. Louis D. Brandeis, who was a brilliant lawyer, Supreme Court justice, and author, was associated with the economic viewpoint that A) government should allow small-scale private enterprise to

thrive while nationalizing major industries B) government should not discourage economic concentration

because it enhanced efficiency; government should, however, guard against corruption and irresponsibility

C) government must control all businesses (large or small) to assure consumers of fair, stable prices

D) government must regulate competition in such a way as to ensure that large trusts did not emerge

E) government should take a “hands-off” approach to the national economy


43. Herbert Croly, whose 1909 book The Promise of American Life was one of the most influential progressive documents, expressed a “nationalist” position on the American economy. This nationalist policy called for A) breaking up large business combinations and enforcing a

balance between competition and the need for “bigness” B) guarding against abuses of power by large institutions by

distinguishing between “good trusts” and “bad trusts” C) endorsing the virtues of competition D) nationalizing all major industries E) creating a partnership between the military and government


44. The president who became the most powerful symbol of the reform impulse at the national level was A) Woodrow Wilson B) William Howard Taft C) Theodore Roosevelt D) William McKinley E) Grover Cleveland


45. All progressives were in agreement that A) laissez-faire orthodoxy was inadequate for dealing with

social problems B) racism was the number one social problem in the United

States C) it was time for the Socialist party to become a major political

force D) Teddy Roosevelt should be impeached because he blocked

reforms E) farmers represented what was best in the American spirit


1. The Progressive movement switched emphasis from the state to the federal level because A) it encountered failure in tying to regulate business at the state

level B) it wanted to expand its success in reforming state

governments to the federal government C) the Supreme Court had overturned its state reforms D) the trusts had gained influence over Congress E) the federal government experienced a loss of power after

1900


2. The one branch of the U.S. government capable of providing leadership to the national reform movement of the early 1900s was the A) Supreme Court B) House of Representatives C) Senate D) presidency E) district courts


3. President Teddy Roosevelt’s philosophy is best described as A) Populism B) Socialism C) Social Darwinism D) conservative Progressivism E) radical Progressivism


4. President Roosevelt saw his reforms as a way to A) bring prosperity to the working class B) return America to the path intended by the Founding Fathers C) prevent radicalism from taking control in the future D) end corruption in government E) pass England as an economic power


5. President Teddy Roosevelt believed that corruption in big business could be controlled by A) destroying corporate power completely B) applying the pressure of an informed public C) breaking up all trusts D) allowing market forces to function E) extending suffrage rights


6. At heart Teddy Roosevelt was a A) trust buster B) trust regulator C) trust builder D) trust monopolist E) trust killer


7. President Teddy Roosevelt’s economic program was hampered in

his first term by A) conservatives in Congress B) accusations of accepting illegal payments C) his preoccupation with winning re-election D) a general strike in 1902 E) uncooperative state agencies


8. In the election of 1904, President Teddy Roosevelt won an overwhelming victory for all of the following reasons except A) he maintained the federal government’s policy of supporting

employer demands in labor strikes B) he had neutralized his opposition from within the Republican

party C) the Democrats fielded a weak candidate D) he pursued business reforms without antagonizing financial

leaders E) he argued that Americans had been provided a “square deal”


9. In the election of 1904, Teddy Roosevelt ran against A) William McKinley B) Mark Hanna C) William Jennings Bryan D) Alton B. Parker E) John Muir


10. President Teddy Roosevelt’s 1904 reform program was called the A) New Federalism B) Square Deal C) Fair Deal D) New Frontier E) New Deal


11. One reform that was passed during Teddy Roosevelt’s second term was A) the Emergency Banking Act B) the National Securities Act C) the Sheppard-Towner Act D) the National Recovery Act E) the Pure Food and Drug Act

Answer: E Page: 603 Difficulty: Medium 12.Support for the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 was generated by Upton Sinclair’s novel,

A) The Jungle B) Progress and PovertyC) The Shame of the Cities D) The Bitter Cry of Children E) How the Other Half Lives


13. In 1907, President Teddy Roosevelt proposed all of the following measures except A) eight-hour work days B) increased compensation for victims of industrial accidents C) deregulation of the stock market D) inheritance and income taxes E) broader compensation for injured workers


14. The reaction by Congress to President Teddy Roosevelt’s reform programs revealed A) the need for more drastic measures B) the impatience of people with the complex reform process C) a growing split in the Republican party D) the inability of Democrats to take the initiative E) a lack of any opposition to his policies


15. President Teddy Roosevelt’s conservation policy showed his desire to A) all of the answers below B) preserve all public lands in the United States C) side with conservatives in Congress D) halt construction of dams on western rivers E) put the government in charge of natural resource

management

Answer: E Page: 604 Difficulty: Hard

16. President Teddy Roosevelt’s conservation policies were influenced by A) J. P. Morgan B) William Howard Taft C) Upton Sinclair D) Robert La Follette E) Gifford Pinchot

Answer: E Page: 604 Difficulty: Easy

17. The Panic of 1907 showed A) the need for looser banking regulations B) the largely uncontrolled nature of banking and the stock

market C) the extent to which demand for American goods had

outstripped supply D) the weakness of a government-regulated economy E) the strength and consistency of the stock market

Answer: B Page: 608 Difficulty: Easy 18. For the election of 1908, William Howard Taft enjoyed the support

of all of the following except A) the Progressives B) the Conservatives C) William Jennings Bryan D) Teddy Roosevelt E) the Republican party


19. Taft differed from Teddy Roosevelt in all of the following ways except A) he was a passive man B) he was less dynamic C) he was an obese man D) he believed in following the letter of the law E) he believed in completely conservative principles


20. The main result of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff of 1909 was to A) end protective tariffs completely B) raise tariff rates significantly C) make little change in the tariff rates D) lower tariff rates substantially E) discourage further use of tariffs


21. During his first year in office, President Taft showed himself to be A) all of the answers below B) an aggressive reformer C) in tune with public opinion D) less progressive than some people had thought E) a charismatic and idealistic leader


22. President Taft fired Gifford Pinchot for A) turning over public lands to private developers B) leaking internal administration matters to the press C) refusing to release some forest land for development D) asking Teddy Roosevelt to intervene in an administration

matter E) accepting illegal campaign contributions


23. In 1910, Teddy Roosevelt reacted to Taft’s actions as president by A) traveling to Washington to confer with Taft B) supporting Taft for reelection C) switching to the Democratic party D) setting out on a speaking tour to announce his position E) urging La Follette to run against Taft


24.In 1912, Teddy Roosevelt reacted to President Taft’s actions by A) announcing his own candidacy B) supporting William La Follette C) supporting Woodrow Wilson D) supporting Taft for reelection E) announcing his conversion to socialism


25. The New Nationalism referred to the A) need for patriotism B) granting of more power to state governments C) need for an isolationist foreign policy D) need for federal work relief programs E) call for a strong federal government


26. In Teddy Roosevelt’s New Nationalism speech, he called for all of the following reforms except A) an end to all trusts B) an income tax C) workers’ compensation D) tariff revision E) regulation of child labor


27. The congressional elections of 1910 showed that the people A) all of the answers below B) wanted a return to reform C) supported Taft D) were unhappy with the Progressive insurgents E) rejected the ideals of progressivism

Answer: B Page: 609–610 Difficulty: Hard

28. Teddy Roosevelt opposed Taft’s handling of the antitrust suit against U.S. Steel because A) U.S. Steel was not a major violator B) breaking up U.S. Steel would hurt the economy C) it reflected badly on Roosevelt’s presidency D) Taft acted too slowly E) he believed trusts should be banned


29. In the election of 1912, Teddy Roosevelt A) lost the Republican nomination and supported Taft for re-

election B) lost the Republican nomination and supported the Democrat

for president C) lost the Republican nomination and ran as a third-party

candidate D) won the Republican nomination but lost to the Democrat in

the general election E) failed to gain any support as a third-party candidate


30.To progressives, the Republican party convention of 1912 symbolized the A) triumph of the progressive spirit in America B) lack of clear leadership within the party C) power of the common man in American politics D) downfall of Teddy Roosevelt E) the victory of party leaders over the rank and file


31. As a politician, Woodrow Wilson possessed all of the following characteristics except A) he was willing to compromise B) he was self-righteously moral C) he was energetic and firm D) he was a dynamic leader E) he was committed to reform


32. Woodrow Wilson’s program was called the A) New Nationalism B) New Freedom C) New Frontier D) Square Deal E) New Deal


33. Woodrow Wilson and Teddy Roosevelt differed fundamentally on the issue of A) antitrust laws B) income tax C) presidential power D) conservation E) a close alliance with England

Answer: A Page: 611–612 Difficulty: Easy

34. Wilson won the election of 1912 because A) America split along ideological lines B) he won all of the debates C) Teddy Roosevelt became involved in a scandal D) Teddy Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican vote E) Teddy Roosevelt withdrew from the race


35. President Wilson wielded his power in all of the following ways except A) he used the veto liberally B) he delegated little authority to others C) he used his position as head of the Democratic party to

influence Congress D) he held close control over his cabinet E) he aggressively pursued passage of reforms


36.In its first two years, the Wilson administration persuaded Congress to pass legislation that took all of the following actions except

A) creating an income tax B) regulating the banking industry C) establishing an agency to regulate trade D) lowering protective tariffs substantiallyE) instituting a series of new antitrust cases

Answer: E Page: 612–613 Difficulty: Hard

37. Woodrow Wilson’s most important piece of domestic legislation was the A) Federal Trade Commission Act B) Taft Labor Act C) Federal Reserve Act D) Underwood-Simmons Tariff E) Clayton Antitrust Act


38. The Federal Reserve System represented A) firm federal control over the banking industry B) an attempt to decentralize banking C) a compromise between public and private interests D) a means of instituting the subtreasury system E) an attempt to weaken the Bank of the United States


39. The Federal Trade Commission Act allowed business regulation through all of the following means except A) the seizure of corporations engaged in monopolistic

activities B) advising of corporations on whether their behavior was

acceptable to the government C) the investigation of corporate behavior D) the outlawing of “unfair trade practices” E) an increase in the government’s authority in business issues


40. After backing away from further reforms in late 1914, Wilson began pushing reforms again because A) the Supreme Court overturned some of his previous reform

measures B) a new round of major business scandals occurred C) the economy turned downward D) the United States entered World War I in 1914 E) Democrats lost heavily in the 1914 elections


41. President Teddy Roosevelt’s foreign policy was dominated by his belief that A) all peoples should be granted the right of self-determination B) it is the right and duty of civilized nations to intervene in the

affairs of uncivilized nations for the common good C) only free trade can ensure a stable world economy D) the United States’ support of Japan in its rise as an

industrialized world power would help ensure world peace E) isolation from foreign affairs would maintain prosperity at

home


42. In 1905, Teddy Roosevelt intervened to force a peace in a war between A) Russia and Japan B) Japan and China C) China and Britain D) Britain and Russia E) Russia and Germany


43. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine stated that A) European nations could use force to collect debts in Latin

America B) the United States would not allow any new European

investments in Latin America C) European ships would have to pay for the privilege of using

the Panama Canal D) the United States could intervene in the internal affairs of

Latin American nations to preserve stability E) free trade was no longer a major facet of American foreign

policy


44. The United States originally planned for its inter-ocean canal to go through the country of A) Colombia B) Nicaragua C) Mexico D) Guatemala E) El Salvador


45. President Teddy Roosevelt secured the Canal Zone in Panama by A) engineering a Panamanian revolt against Colombia B) threatening Panama with the use of force C) negotiating a treaty with Colombia D) invading the capital of Colombia E) urging the English navy to attack Panama


46. The term “Dollar Diplomacy” refers to the A) efforts of the Taft administration to gain the support of small

Latin American countries by paying off their debts B) paying of bribes to Latin American politicians C) policy of using investment to further U.S. economic interests

in Latin America D) spreading of goodwill by U.S. tourists in the Caribbean E) creation of heavily regulated markets in Asia


47. President Wilson used “morality” to justify intervention in all of the following nations except A) Haiti B) Guatemala C) Dominican Republic D) Nicaragua E) Mexico


48. During the period 1900–1915, the United States offered support to the Mexican leader A) all of the answers below B) Venustiano Carranza C) Pancho Villa D) Victoriano Huerta E) Porfirio Diaz


49. The work of George Marsh led Americans to fear that deforestation would cause all of the following environmental disasters except A) deforested land might become a desert B) deforested land might lose its topsoil C) streams on deforested land might dry up D) deforested land might cause global warming E) deforested land might lose its stabilizing influence on the

natural environment


1. In Europe, World War I had all of the following consequences except A) it forever shattered the century-old balance of power among

nations B) it introduced the concept of total war, involving entire

societies C) it destroyed a large portion of an entire generation of

European youth D) it brought fifty years of peace to the continent E) it severely damaged centuries of social and economic

traditions


2. Before World War I, the Triple Alliance consisted of A) Britain, France, and Russia B) Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy C) Britain, France, and Italy D) Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Ottoman

Empire E) France, Britain, and the United States


3. The immediate cause of World War I was A) an international rivalry between Britain and Germany B) a border dispute between France and Germany C) the Communist Revolution in Russia D) the bitter outcomes of the Russo-Japanese War E) an internal conflict between the Austro-Hungarian Empire

and Serbian nationalists


4. Although the United States proclaimed neutrality at the start of World War I, Americans were not completely impartial because A) exaggerated reports circulated about German atrocities in

Belgium B) Irish-Americans hated the Germans C) the United States and Germany had similar political ideals D) the German government threatened to cut off trade with the

United States E) American citizens in Turkey had been murdered


5. When President Wilson referred to “neutral rights,” he meant A) all of the answers below B) the right of any neutral nation to trade with any and all

nations involved in the war C) the right to inspect prisoner-of-war camps for Geneva

Convention violations D) the right to evacuate America citizens from war zones E) the right of America to remain loyal to its alliance with

Germany


6. Many Americans became outraged at Germany after it began to A) shell major cities like Paris B) use Russian prisoners of war as forced labor C) engage in submarine warfare D) imprison European Jews E) invade neutral countries like the Netherlands


7. The German government believed that the sinking of the Lusitania was a legitimate act because the ship was A) given ample warning B) sailing into German waters C) armed with deck guns D) trying to blockade German food supplies E) carrying munitions to Great Britain


8. In 1915, when the Germans began to use submarine warfare to “sink on sight” vessels carrying supplies to Britain, President Wilson responded by A) asking Congress to declare war on Germany B) declaring that the United States would hold Germany to

strict accountability for unlawful acts C) withdrawing diplomatic recognition from Germany D) forbidding U.S. ships to travel into enemy waters E) declaring an embargo on all foreign trade


9. In 1916, the German Navy temporarily suspended submarine warfare against U.S. ships because of A) British antisubmarine mines in the North Sea B) heavy losses caused by the introduction of sonar by the

Royal Navy C) the fear that it would lead to intervention by the United

States D) the defeat of the Royal Navy at Jutland, which made such

tactics unnecessary E) the skilled diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt


10. President Wilson’s actions during the first two years of the war showed that he was A) looking for an excuse to enter the war B) trying to provoke German aggression against the United

States C) trying not to upset either the peace faction or the war faction D) more concerned with his domestic reform program E) determined to stay out of the war no matter what the cost


11. The presidential election of 1916 was one of the closest in American history. All of the following factors helped Wilson win re-election except A) the Republican party split between pro-war Theodore

Roosevelt and pacifist Charles Evans Hughes B) the Democratic party portrayed Wilson as having kept the

United States out of war C) the war caused an economic boom in the United States D) Wilson promised peace and progressivism E) many voters believed his opponent would be more likely to

lead the nation into the war


12. Before he could ask for a Declaration of War against Germany in 1917, Wilson needed A) proof of German atrocities in Belgium B) a justification that would unify public opinion behind him C) a period of waiting while U.S. forces prepared for war D) a formal request for U.S. troops from the government of

France E) a recovery from the recession that plagued the United States


13. President Wilson asked for a Declaration of War in April, 1917, largely because of the A) all of the answers below B) public outcry after the release of the Zimmermann telegram C) overthrow of the Russian Czar D) torpedoing of three U.S. ships in March E) belief that progressive world order must prevail


14. The Zimmermann telegram stirred up anti-German sentiment in the United States because it revealed German plans to A) destroy the Panama Canal B) deploy submarines along the Atlantic coast of the United

States C) return to Mexico her lost provinces in the American

Southwest in exchange for a Mexican declaration of war on the United States

D) recruit German and Irish-Americans for use as spies and saboteurs in the United States

E) subvert the Open Door policy in the Far East


15. After entering World War I, the first actions of the U.S. military involved A) securing the U.S.-Mexico border against a possible attack B) aiding the British Navy in its efforts to end the submarine

threat to Allied shipping C) rounding up German and Irish-Americans suspected of being

disloyal D) deploying troops to Russia to prevent a Communist takeover E) reinforcing overmatched French forces in Turkey


16. Although Americans believed that only naval assistance would be required of the United States, the situation changed when A) the British and French summer offensives failed B) the Italian army suffered a series of defeats at the hands of

the Austrian army C) the Ottoman Empire declared war on Britain and France D) Russia pulled out of the war, allowing a large number of

German troops to be moved west E) the Germans invaded eastern Europe


17. The majority of the men who served in the American armed forces during World War I

A) were drafted B) volunteered C) accepted a bounty to serve D) were already in the army when war broke out E) were over thirty years old


18.The group that was allowed to enlist in the armed forces for the first time during World War I was A) blacks B) Hispanics C) women D) Indians E) Irish-Americans


19. During World War I, the status of African-Americans changed in all of the following ways except A) thousands moved from the rural South and found jobs in

Northern industrial cities B) thousands served in the armed forces, some in combat in

Europe C) the patriotism of wartime temporarily diminished the racism

that usually afflicted them D) tensions developed between rural blacks and urban blacks

over cultural differences E) they were able to see other societal models in places such as

France


20. The combat role of American troops in World War I A) was virtually nonexistent because the United States was

unable to get troops to Europe before the war ended B) was limited to small skirmishes because the United States

only got small numbers of troops there before fighting stopped

C) included major involvement in only the final month-long battle that ended the war

D) involved over six months of hard fighting to stop the final German offensives of the war

E) began immediately after the German invasion of France


21. In the last months of World War I, the Allies launched a 200-mile attack against the Germans in the Battle of A) the Somme River B) the Marne C) Gallipoli D) Chateau-Thierry E) the Argonne Forest


22. All of the following were new technologies in World War I except A) airplanes B) poisonous gas C) rifled artillery D) tanks E) flame throwers


23. The U.S. government used all of the following methods to finance the war effort except A) Liberty bonds B) higher income taxes C) a national sales tax D) taxes on excess corporate products E) loans from the American people


24. The war boards that ran the economy during World War I finally organized it on the basis of A) all of the answers below B) geographic region—the Southeast, Northeast, etc. C) economic function—railroads, fuel, etc. D) political division—Texas, California, etc. E) social division—race, class, etc.


25. The exceptionally well-run Food Administration Board brought into the national spotlight a future president by the name of A) Franklin D. Roosevelt B) Calvin Coolidge C) Herbert Hoover D) Warren G. Harding E) Dwight D. Eisenhower


26. The war economy exhibited all of the following characteristics except A) the war boards worked in partnership with industry to

increase corporate profits B) labor unions cooperated in the effort and received important

concessions in return C) some industries performed well, but many met only a small

fraction of wartime needs D) the head of the War Industries Board functioned as an all-

powerful czar of American industry E) the war boards revealed the strengths of a managed economy


27. Before 1917, the peace movement in the United States included many members of all the following groups except A) Socialists B) women activists C) Irish-Americans D) African-Americans E) Quakers


28. To unite public opinion behind the war effort, the Committee on Public Information used all of the following methods except A) pressuring newspapers into printing only positive accounts

of the war B) banning the distribution of foreign journals C) issuing innumerable patriotic posters D) producing and showing pro-war propaganda films E) asking citizens to report on neighbors that they suspected of

disloyalty


29. The government used the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act as an excuse to A) all of the answers below B) ban opposition groups from using the U.S. mail C) eliminate public criticism of the president D) crack down on the Socialist party and the I.W.W. E) arrest Socialist leader Eugene Debs


30. In response to the government’s calls for unity, many Americans A) formed volunteer groups to help large numbers of war

refugees to immigrate to the United States B) treated immigrants well, because they had chosen to be

Americans over their previous nationality C) joined the coast watchers to look for German submarines

operating near major ports D) joined peace parties that opposed internationalism E) started vigilante groups to punish citizens reported to be

disloyal


31. President Wilson’s Fourteen Points were an expression of A) conservatism B) internationalism C) isolationism D) rationalism E) existentialism


32. The Fourteen Points included A) self-determination for all peoples B) a world bank to help rebuild Europe C) a ban on the use of poison gas in warfare D) economic aid for former German colonies E) the creation of the United Nations


33. The Fourteen Points included all of the following provisions except A) the right of self-determination B) a league of nations C) impartial mediation of colonial claims D) reduction of arms E) the rights of the individual


34. The Fourteen Points were flawed by their failure to address sufficiently A) the rising power of Japan B) the need for an international currency C) the methods of implementing them D) the growing troubles in Palestine E) the existence of free trade


35. During World War I and its aftermath, President Wilson alienated the Republican party by A) all of the answers below B) asking the voters to defeat Republicans who had loyally

supported his war efforts C) making war aims the key issue in the mid-term elections of

1918 D) not appointing any important Republicans to his negotiating

team for the peace treaty E) refusing to yield to any of Senator Lodge’s reservations

about the peace treaty

Answer: A Page: 637, 639 Difficulty: Hard

36. Effects of the reparations payment after World War I included A) America’s firm commitment to internationalism B) the re-election of Woodrow Wilson C) the dominance of the French military on the European

continent D) Germany’s inability to make the full reparations payment E) America’s entry into the League of Nations


37. The main factor that doomed the Treaty of Versailles in the U.S. Senate was A) a loss of public interest in European affairs B) a Republican filibuster C) President Wilson’s refusal to compromise D) conflicts between the treaty and the Monroe Doctrine E) the breakdown of diplomatic relations with France


38. The only nation not to join the League of Nations was A) the United States B) France

C) Italy D) Germany E) Great Britain


39. The economic downturn in 1920 was caused by the A) all of the answers below B) rapid rise in prices after the war C) sudden cancellation of government contracts at the end of

the war D) abrupt ending of government controls on the economy E) decline in the gross national product


40. The labor unrest that followed the end of the war had all of the following causes except A) some employers reneged on promises they had made to labor

during the war B) high inflation had cut workers’ buying power C) union power had increased significantly during the war D) many people suffered bad working conditions and long hours E) the postwar recession caused unemployment to rise


41. Black workers who migrated north to find jobs A) found hostility in the North as bad as in the South B) made significant economic gains C) gradually became accepted D) found the North to be far less racist E) were able to quickly attain middle-class status


42. Upon returning home from the war, black veterans A) were welcomed as heroes by all Americans B) became disillusioned when they received no significant

opportunities for advancement C) were given jobs over nonveterans D) became the leaders of the black nationalism movement E) were awarded a special payment to offset their poor

treatment


43. The urban riots of the summer of 1919 differed from previous such occurrences in that A) they were the first based solely on racial tension B) blacks fought back in significant numbers for the first time C) the death toll was the highest it had ever been D) black nationalists incited some of the riots for the first time E) whites showed little aggression toward blacks


44. The Red scare began in 1919 as a response to A) all of the answers below B) the creation of the Comintern to export Communist

revolution from the Soviet Union to the West C) acts of violence against American businessmen and

politicians D) the bombing of U.S. Attorney General Palmer’s house E) the success of the Russian Revolution


45. The Red scare resulted in all of the following actions except A) the federal government arrested thousands for possession of

explosives and weapons B) the government summarily deported many radicals who were

not citizens C) mobs committed acts of violence against supposed radicals D) state governments arrested and jailed hundreds on sedition

charges

E) the government prosecuted anarchists such as Sacco and Vanzetti


46. The end of the progressive era occurred because A) the failure of the League of Nations caused many

progressive leaders to abandon the movement B) the addition of millions of women voters to the electorate

pushed the country in a conservative direction C) wartime repression drove reformers into retirement or exile D) the Republican party took over the leadership of what was

called “new progressivism” E) uncertainty and disillusionment made stability more

attractive than idealism

1. Between May 1928 and September 1929, the prices of the stocks of the major industries A) doubled in value B) rose 25 percent C) remained roughly the same D) lost about half of their value E) set record figures for low values


2. The steady rise in stock prices between the spring of 1928 and the fall of 1929 was caused by A) the easy credit policies of brokerage firms B) the vast increase in the earning power of corporations C) the withdrawal of the middle-income class from the stock

market D) the increase of interest rates by the Federal Reserve E) the production decline in major industries


3. The Great Depression was caused by all of the following factors except A) prosperity was dependent on a few basic industries B) too few Americans were able to purchase goods produced by

American industries C) some of the major banks did not have enough reserves to

withstand an economic downturn D) American industries and banks were not involved in the

European economy E) there was an overwhelming maldistribution of wealth


4. The collapse of the international credit structure in the early 1930s was fostered by the U.S. policy of A) granting a moratorium on European war debts B) refusing to repay loans to Germany and Austria C) lowering tariffs on European goods entering the United

States D) loaning less money to foreign countries E) subsidizing the German economy with large payments


5. The closing of over 9000 American banks between 1930 and 1933 resulted in A) a decrease in the money supply B) an increase in the price level C) a decrease in unemployment D) an increase in purchasing power E) a decrease in interest rates


6.According to a crude estimate, the unemployment rate in 1932 at the height of the Depression was

A) 15 percent B) 20 percent C) 25 percent D) 30 percent E) 40 percent

Answer: C Page: 679–681 Difficulty: Easy

7. During the Depression, people who lived in the industrial Northeast and Midwest experienced A) unemployment rates considerably lower than in rural areas B) no problems affording food for themselves and their families C) the collapse of city and state relief systems D) an influx of “Okies” who took jobs from professional

workers E) an increase in private charity sufficient to meet their needs


8. Between 1929 and 1932, farmers in the Dust Bowl of the South and Midwest experienced all of the following problems except A) high temperatures B) a decline in rainfall C) rapidly rising prices D) overproduction in agriculture E) losses of land to foreclosures


9. During the Depression, black Americans suffered special hardships, which were caused by A) all of the answers below B) unemployed whites seeking positions formerly held by

blacks C) the sharecropping system becoming unprofitable D) blacks not receiving their fair share of relief benefits E) continuing racial prejudice in the nation


10. In the Scottsboro case of the 1930s, all of the following events occurred except A) the youths eventually were acquitted by one of the juries that

heard the case B) eight young blacks were sentenced to death C) an organization associated with the Communist party came

to the aid of the youths D) all of the youths eventually gained their freedom E) the Supreme Court overturned the original convictions


11. During the Depression, the cause of equal rights for blacks was advanced when A) blacks were permitted to share public accommodations with

whites B) many blacks were allowed to join labor unions C) the Supreme Court ruled that separate educational facilities

were unequal D) Congress became more sensitive to the plight of minorities E) a voting rights act ensured the right to vote in the South

Answer: B Page: 685 Difficulty: Hard 12.Although blacks and Hispanics suffered similar hardships during the Depression, the Hispanics encountered the additional problem of

A) receiving less relief than whites B) suffering social discrimination C) having little access to public schools and hospitals D) being the last hired and first fired E) unequal allocation of New Deal funds


13. One of the goals of the Japanese-Americans Citizen League was to A) seek college loans for high-achieving Nisei B) form a union for Japanese-American railway workers C) encourage Nisei to become more assimilated to American

culture D) protest government favoritism toward African-Americans E) support a Nisei candidate for governor of California


14. All of the following statements about women in the Depression are true except A) a higher percentage of women were working by the end of

the Depression B) there was a general belief that women should not work if

their husbands had jobs C) black women in the South experienced massive

unemployment due to a great reduction in domestic service jobs

D) unemployment for women who were sales clerks and stenographers was generally lower than it was for male industrial workers

E) women experienced a significant increase in gaining opportunities for jobs in professional fields of work


15. During the Depression, women in the workforce experienced a change in their situation, in that A) more women were entering the professions B) 30 percent more women were working C) men were taking over traditional nonprofessional women’s

jobs D) the National Woman’s party served as women’s labor union E) the percentage of black women who worked dropped below

that of whites


16. By the end of the 1930s, the American feminist movement had A) made significant gains in obtaining equal rights legislation B) gained support from the idea that women should be

economically and professionally independent C) achieved some success in obtaining “protective” legislation D) managed to gain the election of three women to the U.S.

Senate E) reached its lowest point in nearly a century


17. In response to the Depression, American social values A) became radical in nature B) suffered from the extreme economic deprivations C) began to reflect radical socialism D) seemed to change relatively little E) began, once again, to reflect the Victorian Age


18. A sociological study of Muncie, Indiana, in the mid-1930s found that A) the independence of many Americans had been undermined

by the availability of federal relief B) Americans still remained committed to the traditional value

of individualism C) Americans believed that conformity to the old standards of

society was no longer effective in achieving success D) most Americans were so distressed by the failure of the

democratic process that they were willing to listen to leftist propaganda

E) individualism had been replaced by dependence on “economic royalists”


19. During the Depression, many Americans reacted by A) all of the answers below B) accusing corporate moguls and international bankers of

causing much of the distress C) blaming themselves for their economic difficulties D) looking to the government for assistance in a situation that

was essentially society’s problem E) showing shame over their inability to find work


20. Dale Carnegie’s 1936 best seller, How to Win Friends and Influence People promoted the principle that

A) individualism and self-integrity are the keys to financial success

B) nonconformity is the vehicle to self-esteem C) adaptability to one’s environment and making others feel

important are the more effective routes to success D) aggressiveness and individual initiative are harmful to

society E) the old American work ethic must be replaced by

cooperative sharing of wealth


21. During the Depression, intellectual writers, popular writers, and photographers portrayed the distress of certain groups of Americans. The primary group addressed by these efforts was the A) small businessmen B) Southern tenant farmers and sharecroppers C) urban immigrants D) blacks and Hispanics of the Southwest E) Native Americans


22. Literary works of the 1930s that addressed the social problems of the Depression included all of the following novels except A) Harvey Allen’s Anthony Adverse B) John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath C) John Dos Passos’s U.S.A. trilogy D) Clifford Odet’s Waiting for Lefty E) Erskine Caldwell’s Tobacco Road


23. Commercial films of the 1930s were A) realistic depictions of life during the Depression B) usually based on classical literature C) militaristic in tone D) experiencing a large drop off in attendance E) often deliberately and explicitly escapist


24. The most popular radio shows, movies, and literature of the Depression reflected America’s desire to A) learn about the social difficulties of the country B) conform to traditional American values C) analyze growing tensions in Europe D) receive political and economic information E) escape the economic problems of the day


25. The American Communist party of the 1930s was engaged in promoting all of the following activities except A) the formation of the Lincoln Brigade B) a challenge to the Soviet policies of Stalin C) the Washington, D.C., hunger march of 1931 D) an alliance of anti-fascist groups E) the support of Republicans in the Spanish Civil War


26. During the 1930s, the Socialist party of America was led by A) H. L. Mitchell B) John L. Lewis C) John Dos Passos D) Eugene V. Debs E) Norman Thomas


27. Herbert Hoover’s early response to the Depression included all of the following actions except A) trying to persuade businessmen not to cut production or lay

off workers B) asking Congress for an increase in spending on public works

programs C) creating a federal program to help farmers raise agricultural

prices D) lowering tariffs in order to encourage foreigners to buy

American products E) promoting voluntarism as a way of easing economic woes


28. The Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929 failed to improve conditions for farmers because A) the government refused to fund the program sufficiently B) farmers ignored government recommendations to increase

production C) the program relied on voluntary cooperation rather than on

federal control D) foreign agricultural products continued to pour into the

country E) farmers had voted overwhelmingly for Al Smith in 1928


29. During 1930 and 1931, Hoover’s situation deteriorated even further because A) all of the answers below B) the Republicans lost heavily in the 1930 elections C) many Americans were holding him personally responsible

for the crisis D) the banking structure in Europe collapsed E) Americans began using the term “Hoovervilles” to describe

shanty towns of the unemployed


30. Following the 1931 collapse of the largest bank in Austria, European nations reacted by A) returning to the gold standard B) purchasing shares in American companies C) increasing the value of their currency D) withdrawing their gold from American banks E) refusing to engage in deficit spending


31. Hoover responded to the domestic crisis in 1931 by asking Congress to A) establish the Federal Emergency Relief Administration B) authorize loaning federal funds to small businessmen C) increase funding for financial institutions to prevent

mortgage foreclosure D) pass legislation providing strong regulation of the banks E) create work relief programs for urban Americans


32. The purpose of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was to A) provide funding for the construction of federal buildings B) create schools to retrain the unemployed C) purchase the stocks of failing institutions D) provide federal loans to troubled banks, railroads, and other

big businesses E) encourage a massive construction program for public works


33. One of the Hoover administration’s major failings in dealing with the Depression was its A) inability to win the support of Congress B) lack of concern for the troubles of the American people C) reluctance to spend large amounts of federal funds D) dedication to the principle of not interfering in the economy E) refusal to recognize the Depression’s effects in rural areas


34. During 1932, the bad conditions produced by the Depression caused some farmers to engage in all of the following actions except A) lobbying Congress for a guaranteed return on their crops B) destroying their crops in an attempt to limit production

C) organizing a strike in an effort to keep their crops from market

D) staging public protests in the nation’s capital E) forming an organization to support their rights


35.The purpose of the “Bonus Army” march into Washington, D.C., in 1932 was to

A) gain crop subsidies for Midwestern farmers B) seek recruits for the antifascist forces in Spain C) demand that the government admit to profiteering during

World War I D) persuade Congress to approve the early payment of bonuses

due to World War I veterans E) lobby Congress for increased medical and retirement

benefits for war veterans


36. The final outcome of the “Bonus Army” march was that Congress gave the marchers A) everything they wanted, and they held a giant celebration

before going home B) part of what they wanted, and they went home peacefully C) nothing, but they went home peacefully anyway D) nothing, and the president authorized the use of military

force to make them leave E) immediate payment of the bonus that was promised them


37. The election of 1932 saw all of the following events except A) the Democrats nominated Franklin D. Roosevelt in jubilant

anticipation of victory B) the Republicans dumped Herbert Hoover in a desperate

attempt to avoid defeat C) the Democrats captured control of both houses of Congress D) the victorious candidate narrowly escaped assassination just

before inauguration E) Franklin D. Roosevelt won in a landslide victory


38. During the election of 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt gained the public’s attention by emphasizing all of the following ideas except A) a definite plan for economic recovery B) a balanced budget C) progressive reform principles D) a jaunty, optimistic approach to life E) the importance of addressing economic distress


39. Between the election in late 1932 and the inauguration in early 1933, A) Hoover took decisive steps to ease the economic crisis B) the Depression began to ease somewhat C) the banking industry began to collapse D) Roosevelt assured the public that he would take no drastic

action E) war began to break out in Europe

Answer: C Page: 699 Difficulty: Easy 1. During World War II, the majority of Americans experienced

A) all of the answers below B) profound changes in the social and political structure of their

country C) massive destruction in many of the military installations in

the United States D) serious shortages of food, medicine, shelter, and other

necessities of life E) a continuance of job shortages and a struggling economy


2. After the attack on Pearl Harbor led to the U.S. entry into World War II,

A) Japan chose to wait almost a year before making another major military assault

B) the United States avoided any major military activity in the Pacific for over a year because it was too weak

C) Japan inflicted major defeats on U.S. forces in the next few months

D) the United States achieved several important victories over the Japanese in the next few months

E) the alliance of the United States and Great Britain nearly achieved victory in the Pacific


3. During World War II, the first important Allied victory in the Pacific occurred A) in the Philippines B) near Midway Island C) on Guadalcanal Island D) at the Battle of Coral Sea E) on the island of Okinawa


4. During 1942, the United States launched its first major effort against the Germans when it A) sent troops to prevent the Germans from using oil fields

inside the Soviet Union B) invaded Italy in an effort to open a second front in Europe C) worked with the British in launching a major offensive in

North Africa D) used political and economic pressure to persuade Spain to

withdraw from its alliance with Germany E) broke through German defenses surrounding the Soviet

Union


5. The Allied invasion of France was postponed until 1944 for all the following reasons except A) the British were opposed to an earlier invasion of France B) losses to the Japanese required diverting troops to the Pacific C) the North African campaign tied up large amounts of Allied

resources D) the invasion of Italy required so much time and effort that it

set the Allied timetable back a year E) Franklin Roosevelt knew the liberation of France would need

a great deal of planning


6.During 1942 and 1943, a major Allied defeat occurred A) at Kasserine Pass in Tunisia B) near the Egyptian city of El Alamein C) near the Soviet city of Stalingrad D) on the Italian island of Sicily E) at the Battle of the Bulge


7. When the Americans and the British inflicted major defeats on the Italian Army during 1943, the Italians responded by A) reorganizing their army and tying to regain the lost territory B) removing Mussolini from power and switching to the Allied

side C) asking the Germans to reinforce key positions in Italy D) allowing the Allies to occupy the rest of their country

without a fight E) invading France by attacking from Belgium


8. During the Nazi program of exterminating the Jews in Europe, American officials A) knew nothing about Hitler’s campaign against the Jews B) were more concerned with the larger goal of winning the war

than with the fate of the Jews C) were able to do nothing since Allied land and air forces were

not within reach of any of the death camps

D) increased the number of visas permitted by law to admit as many as possible of the Jewish refugees fleeing the horrors of Europe

E) convinced British officials to protect million of Jewish refugees


9. During World War II, changes to American domestic life included A) a continuation of the Great Depression B) a significant decrease in personal income C) a drop in pay for most workers D) a rapid industrialization of some of the western states E) a major decline in union membership


10. During World War II, the U.S. government used all the following means to control unions except A) getting unions to agree to a “no-strike” pledge B) limiting wage increases to 15 percent C) passing a law to give the president the power to seize a

struck war plant D) allowing the president to draft workers into government

service E) requiring unions to wait thirty days before striking


11. To keep prices from rising too much during World War II, the U.S. government A) all of the answers below B) imposed a system of rationing that tried to keep Americans

from buying too much of certain products C) established wage and price controls that set limits on

increases D) borrowed and taxed large sums from Americans, which left

them less money for buying goods E) created the office of Price Administration


12. By the beginning of 1944, the production of American industry for military needs was A) all of the answers below B) failing to meet allied needs C) under the complete control of a single government

superagency D) evenly divided between large corporations and small

businesses E) supplying more than the government needed


13. Allied advantages during World War II included A) all of the answers below B) American mass production techniques C) the improvement of radar technology D) the improvement of sonar technology E) the inability of the Axis Powers to bomb American weapons

factories


14. One area in which the Allies had superior technological quality was A) in the success of creating effective code-breaking technology B) in building better artillery guns than the Germans C) in designing fighter-bombers, a style of plane the Germans

did not possess D) in producing a more durable helmet for infantry men E) in building more powerful tanks than the Germans had


15. During American involvement in World War II, African-American leaders tried to end discrimination by A) all of the answers below

B) using black unions and threatening marches to apply pressure on companies with government contracts

C) forcing the government to organize a commission to investigate discrimination

D) mobilizing mass popular resistance in the form of sit-ins and demonstrations

E) organizing to demand integration in war-production industries


16. For African-Americans, World War II led to a significant decrease in A) factory jobs for those in Northern cities B) their numbers in the armed forces C) the number willing to accept a status of second-class citizen D) racial tensions in Northern cities E) segregation in the Deep South


17. World War II changed Native Americans (Indians) by A) all of the answers below B) bringing them into intimate contact with white society C) creating among them a taste for the material benefits of life

in capitalist America D) providing many of them with jobs in industry E) causing some to leave reservations for new opportunities


18. During World War II, Mexican Americans experienced A) a decrease in the number of farm jobs available to them B) the successful passage of civil rights bill C) the loss of a significant number of factory jobs D) a sudden shrinkage of their neighborhoods in some western

cities E) a small number of violent clashes between them and Anglo-

American residents of the West


19. The increase in the number of Mexican Americans employed in the United States during the early 1940s resulted from A) better relations between them and the Anglo-American

population B) wartime labor shortages C) better living conditions in the cities D) large-scale government programs to reduce discrimination E) a New Deal program targeted to aid Mexican Americans


20. Compared with women who worked outside the home before 1939, the new working women of World War II were more likely to be A) all of the answers below B) employed in rural areas C) single rather than married D) younger than in the past E) engaged in heavy industrial work


21. During World War II, women who worked outside the home concentrated in A) governmental jobs B) industrial jobs C) food preparation jobs D) military jobs E) educational jobs


22. In the United States, World War II brought a number of important social consequences, including a decrease in the number of A) children who stayed at home alone while their mothers

worked B) young people who became involved in criminal activities

C) high-school graduates who joined the military D) teenagers enrolled in high school E) people who got married and had children


23. Because of angry emotions stirred by World War II, Americans treated harshly immigrants to the United States from the enemy country of A) all of the answers below B) Japan C) Germany D) Italy E) Austria


24. The U.S. government interned many Japanese Americans in “relocation camps” because A) some of them had engaged in conspiracies on behalf of their

homeland B) many American military leaders unjustly regarded them as a

threat to the security of the West Coast C) they refused to serve in the U.S. armed forces D) they were mainly first-generation immigrants who were born

in Japan and retained Japanese culture E) many had helped pave the way to the attack on Pearl Harbor


25. In the case Korematsu v. U.S., the Supreme Court ruled that A) Hideki Tojo should be tried for war crimes B) labor unions could not enlist foreign-born workers C) women could work in war-industry positions of skilled labor D) the attack on Pearl Harbor should not have been a surprise E) the internment of Japanese Americans was constitutional


26. During World War II, the status of Chinese Americans in American society A) improved considerably B) remained roughly the same C) declined slightly D) declined significantly E) improved but declined after 1942


27. During the final years of World War II, the New Deal programs of the Roosevelt administration were A) strengthened B) left as they had been before the war C) partially eliminated D) completely dismantled E) increased at an unprecedented pace


28. During the election of 1944, all of the following events occurred except A) the Democrats retained control of the House and the Senate B) the Democrats nominated a moderate in place of the liberal

vice president C) the Republicans attempted to take advantage of the people’s

unhappiness with wartime regimentation D) the Democrats won the presidency and maintained control of

both houses of Congress E) the Republicans suggested that the president had done a poor

job of conducting the war


29. During 1944 and 1945, in an attempt to end the war in western Europe, Allied forces A) all of the answers below B) weakened the German airforce in large air battles C) destroyed German cities with massive bombing raids

D) invaded France with a gigantic naval, air, and land force E) attacked German forces in central Europe with large armies

of tanks and infantry


30. During the final days of World War II, German troops mounted their last serious resistance in western Europe at the Battle of A) Normandy B) Kasserine Pass C) the Bulge D) Remagen E) the Rhine


31. During World War II, the Allies split Europe into two theaters of operation, with A) the Americans and the British fighting in the eastern half and

the Soviets fighting in the northern half B) the Americans and the British fighting in the northern half

and the Soviets fighting in the southern half C) the Americans and the British fighting in the southern half

and the Soviets fighting in the northern half D) the Americans and the British fighting in the eastern half and

the Soviets fighting in the western half E) the Americans and the British fighting in the western half

and the Soviets fighting in the eastern half


32. During 1943 and 1944, the war on the Asian mainland saw all of the following developments except A) Allied troops established a land supply route between India

and China B) the allies were frustrated regarding Chiang Kai-Shek’s

strategic use of troops C) Japanese forces continued to drive deep into the Chinese

interior D) Allied forces drove the Japanese out of the outlying Chinese

province of Manchuria E) Chinese leaders devoted much of their efforts to fighting

Chinese communists instead of Japanese troops


33. In 1944, the Japanese lost their capacity to continue a serious naval war at the Battle of A) Guam B) Okinawa C) Iwo Jima D) Leyte Gulf E) Saipan


34. The United States began development of the atomic bomb because its leaders A) were afraid the Nazis would develop one first B) wanted a way to stop the Soviet Union from expanding after

the war C) saw the possibilities for punishing the Japanese for their

conduct during the war D) needed a weapon that could bring a quick end to the war E) were determined to show an example of American ingenuity


35. When the United States used the atomic bomb against Japan at the end of World War II, the president A) all of the answers below B) failed to warn the Japanese that utter devastation was about

to strike them C) apparently acted to end the war quickly without having to

invade Japan D) ignored the fact that the Japanese cabinet had already voted

unanimously to accept unconditional surrender. E) felt that he was saving up to one million American lives


36. During World War II, American forces A) all of the answers below B) helped liberate North Africa C) drove back the Japanese in the Pacific D) joined other Allied forces in the liberation of France E) helped liberate Italy from German occupation


1. Among the root causes of the hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II was A) all of the answers below B) the brutality of the Soviet government toward its own people C) the Soviet mistreatment of eastern Europeans during World

War II D) the United States refusal to deal with the Soviet Union

during the 1920s E) the fundamental difference between the nations’ vision of the

postwar world


2. The historians who analyzed the Cold War offered all of the following interpretations of its beginning except A) the Cold War resulted from the aggressive Soviet policies of

expansion B) the Cold War started because the ideologies of limited

government and unlimited government were fundamentally incompatible

C) the United States caused the Cold War by insisting that the whole world be open to American trade and influence

D) neither side was really to blame for the Cold War because the two most powerful nations in the world were bound to clash

E) both sides contributed to the basic causes of the Cold War


3. Over the years, some historians have argued that the Cold War was the result of A) all of the answers below B) Soviet communist expansionism C) American capitalist expansionism D) ignorance and misconception on the part of both the Soviets

and the Americans E) Soviet paranoia about the intentions of the West


4. Despite disagreement among historians concerning the origins of the Cold War, many of them have come to accept the post-revisionist interpretation that A) both countries helped to create an atmosphere of tension and

suspicion that touched off the Cold War B) the United States initiated the Cold War when it intervened

in the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 C) the Soviet Union was merely responding to the military

aggressiveness of the United States D) the Soviet Union’s demand for reparations from Germany at

the end of World War II was the most obvious origin of the Cold War

E) the creation of the Warsaw Pact was an unneeded act of Soviet aggression

Answer: A Page: 780–781 Difficulty: Hard 5. As the Allies entered the last year of World War II, all of the

principles outlined by the Atlantic Charter were strongly supported by A) all of the answers below B) Churchill C) Clemenceau D) Roosevelt E) Stalin


6. Despite a wartime alliance, postwar Soviet-American relations deteriorated for all of the following reasons except A) their disagreement about the political structure of postwar

Europe B) their mutual distrust of each other’s motives C) Roosevelt’s belief that the Soviet government was inflexible

and that Stalin was unreasonable D) Stalin’s determination to control central and eastern Europe E) their dispute about the nature of Poland’s postwar

government


7. The Atlantic Charter outlined a vision of the postwar world that would A) set up a system of military alliances and spheres of influence B) organize spheres of influence in international trade C) reestablish a system vaguely similar to the traditional

European balance of power D) set up an international organization serving as the arbiter of

disputes E) allow the Soviet Union to control central and eastern Europe

as a buffer against future invasions


8. At the meeting of the Allies at Casablanca in January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill A) decided to open an immediate second front in Europe to

relieve pressure on the Soviet front B) announced that they would accept nothing less than the

unconditional surrender of the Axis powers C) decided to invade Europe before North Africa D) refused to listen to Stalin’s views on matters E) chose to momentarily halt research and production of the

atomic bomb


9. Allied wartime diplomacy illustrated that A) Roosevelt and Stalin consistently joined forces against

Churchill B) the Big Three could not agree on the principle of a postwar

international peace organization C) Roosevelt and Churchill consistently joined forces against

Stalin D) a free and united Poland was a major goal for all three

nations E) the Big Three could not settle their basic disagreements


10. Roosevelt and Churchill had a major disagreement with Stalin at the Teheran Conference regarding A) possible use of atomic weapons to end the war B) the future status of Poland C) the creation of a second front against Germany in eastern

Europe D) invasions of Iwo Jima and Okinawa E) the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization


11.In deciding the issue of Poland at the Teheran Conference in November 1943, the Big Three decided to

A) refuse to allow the Soviets to annex any territory historically belonging to Poland

B) allow the Soviets to install a procommunist government in Poland

C) divide Poland into zones of occupation with a pro-communist government in the eastern half and a pro-western government in the western half

D) encourage a self-determination referendum for Polish voters E) leave the issues concerning Poland unresolved


12. At Yalta, the Big Three agreed on all of the following issues except A) Soviet entrance into the Pacific war after Germany had been

defeated B) creation of a democratic government in Poland with equal

representation of procommunist and pro-western Poles C) creation of a United Nations to preserve world peace after

the end of the war D) the division of Germany into four zones of occupation based

on the positions of troops at the end of the war E) the formation of the Security Council as a way of balancing

power


13. The final agreement at Yalta concerning the future of Germany was that Germany would be A) reconstructed and reunited but would remain under strict

supervision of the Allies B) divided in half, with East Germany controlled by the Soviets

and West Germany controlled by the United States C) allowed to hold a binding vote regarding its preference of

either capitalism or communism D) divided into four zones based on the position of troops at the

end of the war E) reunited and allowed to hold free elections to set up its own

government


14. When Harry Truman assumed the Presidency after Franklin Roosevelt’s death, he believed that A) Roosevelt had kept him well informed on international issues B) Stalin was essentially a good man who could be reasoned

with C) the Soviet Union was a backward nation that posed no threat

to the United States D) Stalin and the Soviet Union were fundamentally

untrustworthy E) the Soviet Union’s military weakness harmed its

commitment to expansion


15. In dealing with the Soviets during his first few months in office, President Truman A) rejected the notion of “getting tough” with the Soviet Union B) enjoyed great diplomatic leverage concerning eastern Europe C) consented to Soviet demands for reparation payments from

all zones of Germany D) agreed to let Stalin determine the political makeup of

Germany E) chastised the Soviets for violating the Yalta agreements


16.During the struggle in China between nationalists and communists after World War II, the United States

A) continued to support Chiang Kaishek with money and weapons even when it became clear his cause was lost

B) supported the communist leader Mao Zedong, hoping that a communist China friendly to the United States would help stop Soviet aggression

C) supported Ho Chi Minh, a compromise leader D) intervened militarily to put an end to the struggle E) tool a “hands off” approach by encouraging China to solve

its own problems


17. Truman’s policy of “containment” called for the United States to A) use aggressive military action to overthrow communist

governments in eastern Europe B) support free people who were resisting communist expansion C) return to the isolationism of the 1920s and 1930s D) do as little as possible to maintain the fragile peace E) cut off all foreign aid to nations outside western Europe


18. Above all other reasons, policy makers supported the Marshall Plan because they A) had a humanitarian concern for the European people B) feared that Europe would remain an economic drain on the

United States if not quickly rebuilt C) desired a strong European market for American goods D) feared that the shaky pro-American governments in western

Europe might fall under communist control E) worried that a revitalized Japan would threaten American

trade


19. The Marshall Plan adopted policies toward communist countries that A) excluded the Soviet Union from assistance B) excluded the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellites

from assistance C) offered assistance to the Soviet Union and its eastern

European satellites, but they refused D) offered assistance to the Soviet Union and its eastern

European’ satellites, and they eagerly accepted E) included financial aid for Japan but not the Soviet Union


20. The Economic Cooperation Administration was also known as the A) Truman Doctrine B) United Nations C) Marshall Plan D) North Atlantic Treaty Organization E) Security Council


21.The Marshall Plan accomplished all of the following except A) caused a few successful pro-western coups B) weakened communist support in member states C) increased European industrial production D) revived opportunities for American trade E) sparked an economic revival in western Europe


22. The National Security Act of 1947 contained all of the following provisions except A) creating the Atomic Energy Commission to oversee and

speed atomic research B) combining the functions of the War and Navy Departments

into a new Department of Defense C) creating the Central Intelligence Agency D) expanding the president’s power to pursue the nation’s

international goals E) establishing a new Department of Defense


23. In 1948, Stalin initiated the Berlin Blockade in response to A) the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization B) allegations that Alger Hiss was stealing and sending

diplomatic secrets to the Soviet Union C) the launching of the Marshall Plan D) the buildup of the American military in Japan E) the merging of the American, British, and French zones of

Germany to create a new West German Republic


24. The history of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization involved all of the following events except A) the members declared that an armed attack against one

member would be considered an attack on all B) the United States Senate did not ratify the charter until a

decade after the organization was formed C) the crisis in Berlin accelerated the formation of the

organization

D) the Soviet Union responded to its formation with the creation of the Warsaw Pact

E) the members agreed to maintain a standing military force in Europe


25. The National Security Council report resulted from all of the following events except A) the invasion of South Korea by communist North Korean

forces B) the fleeing of Chiang Kai-shek and his followers to Taiwan

(Formosa) C) the victory of Mao Zedong and his communist forces in

China D) the detonation of an atomic bomb by the Soviet Union E) the general belief by the United States that the communists

were expansionist


26. The National Security Council report represented A) an abandonment of America’s containment policy B) a relaxation of America’s containment policy C) an affirmation of America’s containment policy D) a strengthening of America’s containment policy E) a return to pre-World War II isolationism

Answer: D Page: 785 Difficulty: Easy 27. Post–World War II America exhibited all of the following

economic characteristics except A) a continuation of economic growth in the first year after the

war B) a depression after the effects of wartime spending wore off C) several years of serious inflation D) labor unrest and a reshuffling of the labor force E) the rejection of Harry Truman’s first Fair Deal


28. The strikes by the United Mine Workers and the nation’s railroads in 1946 were settled when A) Truman invited the disagreeing parties to the White House

and mediated the dispute B) Truman either ordered or threatened government control C) management agreed to the demands of labor D) management called in strikebreakers E) unions agreed to surrender collective bargaining rights


29. After the end of World War II and the return of demobilized forces to the workforce, women A) all of the answers below B) left the workforce in large numbers C) shifted to jobs in other areas of the economy D) wanted to remain in their wartime positions E) faced exclusion from industrial jobs


30. One major purpose of the Taft-Hartley Act was to A) promote human rights abroad B) place an embargo on trade with communist nations C) limit the power of labor unions D) provide reforms of the campaign finance system E) urge an end to the Korean War


31. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 was supported by A) most workers and union leaders B) President Truman C) liberal Democrats in Congress D) conservative Republicans in Congress E) civil rights activists


32. In the election of 1948, Southern conservatives bolted the Democratic party because A) they objected to Truman’s slow and ineffective domestic

policies B) they wanted to nominate Dwight D. Eisenhower to be the

Democratic candidate instead of Truman. C) they resented Truman’s confrontational stand against the

Soviet Union D) they rejected the New Deal philosophies of the Fair Deal E) they disapproved of Truman’s proposed civil rights bill


33. In the election of 1948, Truman employed all of the following political tactics except

A) becoming more aggressive in attacking his opponent B) telling the public that the Republicans had abandoned the

common people C) keeping a low profile once he gained a large lead in the polls D) recreating much of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal coalition E) assailing the Republican Congress for its economic failures


34. In the election of 1948, Truman A) did little campaigning, because he believed he could not win

once some Democrats deserted to form their own parties B) defeated Republican candidate Dwight D. Eisenhower by a

narrow but decisive margin C) refused to attack the flaws of the opposition party D) won the presidency, but Republicans retained control of both

houses of Congress E) won the presidency, and the Democrats also won both

houses of Congress


35. In the late 1940s, Truman managed to push through Congress all of the following Fair Deal legislation except A) a new minimum wage law to increase the rates B) a national health insurance plan to provide medical care to

the poor C) an expansion of the Social Security system D) a National Housing Act to provide construction of low-

income housing E) an extension of Social Security benefits to more Americans


36. On the issue of racial discrimination, Truman managed to A) begin dismantling segregation within the armed forces B) make lynching a federal crime C) abolish the poll tax D) establish a new Fair Employment Practices Commission to

reduce racial discrimination in hiring E) get passage of a comprehensive civil rights bill


37. The film style of film noir emphasized A) musical themes that encouraged optimism B) personal biographies that edified traditional American values C) rejection of American political goals in third-world countries D) comedy as a way of causing Americans to forget their

troubles E) the alienation of individuals in an impersonal world


38. The Korean War began when A) Japanese forces invaded South Korea B) Soviet troops invaded South Korea C) Chinese troops invaded South Korea D) North Korean forces invaded South Korea E) Vietnamese forces invaded South Korea


39. President Truman relieved Douglas MacArthur from command because MacArthur A) failed to stabilize the front in Korea B) ordered the bombing of communist forces massing north of

the Chinese border C) publicly indicated his dissatisfaction with Truman’s policy

on Korea D) invaded North Korea despite Truman’s orders to halt at the

38th parallel E) did not share Truman’s desire to invade China


40. The Korean War resulted in all of the following developments except A) a boost to American economic growth at a point when many

believed it was about to decline B) an increased confidence in America’s position as a world

power dedicated to stopping the spread of communism C) the creation of the office of Defense Mobilization to fight

inflation, hold down prices, and discourage union wage demands

D) a military stalemate that dragged on until 1953 E) the death or wounding of over 100,000 Americans


41. In the early 1950s, the campaign against domestic communism in the United States resulted from all of the following developments except A) the stalemate in Korea B) the death of Mao Zedong C) the Soviet deployment of the atomic bomb D) the fall of China to communism E) the despotic image of Joseph Stalin


42. The conviction of Alger Hiss resulted in all of the following developments except A) linking liberal Democrats with communist subversion B) elevating Richard Nixon to national prominence C) repealing the statute of limitations for espionage so that Hiss

could be tried D) encouraging the public’s fear that communists had infiltrated

the government E) leading to other investigations of communist infiltration


43. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, accused of transferring atomic secrets to the Soviets, were A) convicted and deported to the Soviet Union B) convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment C) convicted, sentenced to death, and executed, despite two

years of appeals and public protests D) convicted and sentenced to death, but released after two

years of appeals and public protests E) convicted but released when key witnesses admitted to lying


44. The nation’s most prominent leader of the crusade against domestic subversion was A) J. Edgar Hoover B) Whittaker Chambers C) Joseph McCarthy D) Richard M. Nixon E) Robert F. Kennedy

Answer: C Page: 794 Difficulty: Easy 45. In his crusade against domestic subversion, Joseph McCarthy used

all of the following means except A) boldly claiming to have a list of known communists working

in the American State Department B) intimidating most of the people opposing him C) claiming that the Democrats had been responsible for

“twenty years of treason”

D) producing conclusive evidence that several federal employees had communist ties

E) badgering witnesses and ruining established careers


46. The Republican candidate, Dwight Eisenhower, won the presidential election of 1952 because much of the public A) was satisfied with the military conduct of the Korean War B) no longer feared communist subversion C) liked the geniality and statesmanlike quality of Eisenhower D) perceived the Democratic candidate as too conservative E) felt that the Democrats had lacked leadership on civil rights


1. The major candidates for president in 1960 were A) Lyndon Johnson and Dwight Eisenhower B) Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy C) Richard Nixon and Harry Truman D) John Kennedy and Richard Nixon E) Richard Nixon and Lyndon Johnson


2. Kennedy’s election to the presidency was notable because of his A) all of the answers below B) religion C) youth D) narrow plurality in the popular vote E) appealing public image


3. Kennedy encountered difficulty getting his legislative proposals passed by Congress because A) Republicans controlled both houses of Congress B) he had lost the support of the western liberals C) Southern conservatives tended to vote against them D) his programs were too conservative for the Democratic party E) of the unpopularity of the Vietnam War


4. The Warren Commission reviewed the Kennedy assassination and concluded that A) Kennedy was killed on orders from Castro B) Lee Harvey Oswald was the assassin and acted alone C) the Soviet Union financed the assassination plot D) the CIA participated in the plot to kill Kennedy E) the assassination was planned by organized crime


5. The reform program of Lyndon Johnson became known as the A) Square Deal B) Fair Deal C) New Frontier D) New Federalism E) Great Society


6. Unlike Kennedy, Johnson was successful in getting Congress to approve his legislative proposals because A) all of the answers below B) he was an effective lobbyist C) his party had huge majorities in both houses of Congress D) he capitalized upon the emotional aftershock of the Kennedy

assassination E) he possessed great abilities as a coalition builder


7. Johnson’s domestic program centered upon the issues of A) government efficiency and decreasing the national debt B) economic strength and reducing the federal bureaucracy

C) social welfare and economic strength D) social reform and balanced budgets E) judicial reform and fiscal conservatism


8. In 1965, the twenty-year debate over national health care culminated in the passage of Medicare, whose recipients were to be A) welfare clients of all ages B) children who lived in rural poverty C) those who had served in the armed services or defense

industries during World War II and the Korean War D) elderly Americans who were poor E) all elderly Americans regardless of need


9. President Johnson’s job-training program, administered by the Office of Economic Opportunity, A) was one of the most effective programs of the Great Society B) was very successful in the ghettos of large cities C) fell short of eliminating poverty because of program

weaknesses and the lack of funds D) was essentially unsuccessful in achieving its goals E) failed to encourage community participation


10. The domestic programs of President John Kennedy and Lyndon Johnson A) all of the answers below B) were often weak from an administration viewpoint C) resulted in significant increases in federal spending D) delegated authority extensively to community leaders E) addressed often-ignored social ills


11. As a result of the assault on poverty during the 1960s, A) local governments became supporters of community action B) poverty levels remained unchanged C) the level of poverty increased D) many minority leaders received valuable training and

experience E) the government eliminated De facto segregation


12. Federal aid to schools provided in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 was A) available only to public schools B) based upon the economic conditions of the students, not the

schools C) equally distributed between public and private schools D) based on levels of local property taxes E) proportionally distributed among the states


13. The reforms of the Immigration Act of 1965 included a provision requiring that A) the “national origins” system be eliminated B) immigration must continually decrease on a yearly basis C) all immigrants must pass an English literacy test D) immigration be based on a proportion of the number of

immigrants from that country already in the U.S. population E) restrictions be maintained only on immigration from

northern and western Europe


14. One of the legacies of the Great Society was very high budget deficits that were caused by A) decreased tax revenues and an unfavorable balance of trade B) rapidly rising government expenditures C) American dependence upon foreign manufactured and

agricultural goods

D) the decreasing rate of economic growth E) the refusal to implement a tax cut


15. The “sit-in” movement of racial protest in the early 1960s resulted in A) all of the answers below B) the creation of the Black Panthers C) the demise of student activist organizations D) the integration of some public eating facilities E) the sending of federal marshals to some Southern restaurants


16. “Freedom riders” in the early 1960s aimed at A) the integration of public schools B) the desegregation of bus stations C) an end to discrimination in employment D) the promotion of voting rights for all E) the injustice of lynchings


17. Prominent officials who resisted efforts to end discrimination against blacks in the South included all of the following men except A) Ross Barnett B) Eugene Connor C) Jim Clark D) George Wallace E) Medgar Evers


18. Following the racial violence in Alabama and Mississippi in 1962 and 1963, President Kennedy A) resisted making a commitment to reform B) issued an executive order that ended segregation in the

armed forces C) ordered that public schools be desegregated D) introduced legislation to end segregation in public

accommodations E) decided to rely on the judicial system to enforce civil rights


19. The high-water mark of peaceful interracial civil rights demonstrations was the A) 1961 “sit-in” in North Carolina B) Albany Movement of 1962 C) Selma March of 1965 D) August 1963 March on Washington, D.C. E) 1964 Freedom Summer


20. Events of the Freedom Summer included A) an antiwar march of over 100,000 protestors in Washington,

D.C. B) Martin Luther King’s antisegregation march on Birmingham C) the brutal murder of three young civil rights activists D) violent riots in Watts; Detroit; and Newark, New Jersey E) thousands of young people streaming into the Haight-

Ashburydistrict of San Francisco


21. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was designed to A) all of the answers below B) ensure the voting rights of blacks C) provide blacks equal access to public accommodations D) end discrimination in employment E) install voluntary voting codes in the South


22. De facto segregation resulted from A) state and federal laws B) residential housing patterns C) judicial decisions D) presidential orders E) ineffective immigration laws


23. “Affirmative action” is best described as the legal requirement that A) employers abandon practices that deny employment to

blacks B) employers be forced to obey federal and state laws that

protect the civil rights of all C) employers take positive measures to recruit minorities to

compensate for past injustices D) employers establish racial quotas for their workforce E) employers hire workers who belong to Community Action

organizations


24. During the 1960s, major race riots erupted in all of the following cities except A) New York B) Los Angeles C) Kansas City D) Detroit E) Chicago


25. The Commission on Civil Disorders issued a report in 1968 that recommended A) increased law enforcement in the ghettos B) an end to the war on poverty C) federal legislation to protect urban dwellers D) more coercive measures to halt violence E) massive spending to improve conditions in the ghettos


26. The tenets of the philosophy of “black power” led to all of the following developments except A) the fostering of racial pride B) the attempt to exclude sympathetic whites from the

movement C) the emergence of the Black Panthers D) the consolidation of civil rights organizations E) the increase in young people choosing radical alternatives


27. Black power advocates included all of the following activists exceptA) Martin Luther King, Jr. B) Huey Newton C) Bobby Seale D) Malcolm X E) Elijah Muhammed


28. Kennedy believed that the future struggle against communism would occur mainly in the A) industrialized nations of western Europe B) wealthy nations of Asia C) Soviet satellites of eastern Europe D) developing countries of the Third World E) trade zones of China and Japan


29. President Kennedy’s proposals calling for an “Alliance for Progress” reflected his desire to A) all of the answers below B) expand American influence through peaceful means C) counter Communist aggression through an atomic weapons

program D) use American volunteers to destabilize Latin America E) promote violent overthrows of communist regimes


30. Success for the 1961 American-aided invasion of Cuba depended on A) an anti-Castro uprising in Cuba B) the destruction of Russian missile sites C) support from the United States Navy D) American air support E) the cooperation of the British Navy


31. The Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved when A) the United States launched an air attack on Cuba B) Kennedy accepted Khrushchev’s offer to remove the

missiles from Cuba in exchange for Kennedy’s pledge not to invade the island

C) the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missile bases from Cuba in exchange for an agreement on arms limitation

D) the U.S. Senate refused to sanction the blockade and Kennedy had to remove the “quarantine”

E) the United States invaded Cuba with a force of Cuban exiles.


32. A positive effect of the Cuban Missile Crisis was A) the negotiation of a treaty to ban atmospheric nuclear

weapons testing B) Khrushchev’s replacement by a more reform-minded leader C) the slower development of nuclear weapons by the Soviets D) the destruction of the Berlin Wall E) Johnson’s reduction of defense spending


33. The First Indochina War resulted from A) the French decision to move back into Vietnam after World

War II B) the British effort to recapture their former colony during the

early 1950s C) the Chinese attempt to seize the area immediately following

China’s fall to the Communists D) the American move toward preventing a Communist

takeover in the early 1950s E) the German’s refusal to open free trade in Manchuria


34. North Vietnam and South Vietnam differed from one another in that A) the North was a newly settled area, while the South was

much older B) the North was underpopulated, while the South was

overpopulated C) the North was extremely nationalistic, while the South was

much less so D) the North essentially had a factionalized culture, while the

South was much more homogeneous E) the North was highly industrialized, while the South relied

on large commercial farming


35. The Viet Cong were A) North Vietnamese guerrillas who attacked South Vietnam B) North Vietnamese army regulars who attacked South

Vietnam C) South Vietnamese guerrillas who attacked their own

government D) South Vietnamese army regulars who staged a coup against

their own government E) South Vietnamese guerrillas who opposed the Viet Minh


36. Kennedy decided to remove Diem from the presidency of South Vietnam when A) Diem massacred a large number of Viet Cong B) Diem launched attacks on the country’s Buddhists C) Diem refused to allow American soldiers to engage in

combat D) Diem had his own brother shot for treason E) Diem announced he would no longer accept American aid


37. Since the fall of Vietnam in 1975, historians have offered all of the following explanations for U.S. involvement there except A) the United States was tying to save Vietnam from the evils

of communism B) the United States was selflessly attempting to save its friends

from foreign aggression C) the United States wanted to preserve its own economic

interests by keeping Vietnamese natural resources available to American industries

D) the United States wanted to impose its own political and economic system on the Vietnamese

E) the United States involved as a logical step in its vision of containment


38. The American commitment in Vietnam increased substantially when A) President Eisenhower sent military forces into combat to aid

Diem B) President Johnson asked for and Congress approved the Gulf

of Tonkin Resolution C) President Nixon initiated “Vietnamization” D) President Kennedy sent the Special Forces into Vietnam E) President Truman ordered an attack of North Vietnam


39. Escalation of the Vietnam War in the 1960s included all of the following steps except A) American soldiers began playing an active combat role B) American planes began bombing targets in North Vietnam C) American forces began increasing rapidly in number D) American officials began governing the country in place of

the Vietnamese E) American generals began ordering more aggressive actions

against the Viet Cong


40. One of the primary reasons that the United States could not fully win the Vietnam War was A) the United States employed conventional warfare techniques

in an unconventional war B) American military forces were inexperienced and

understaffed C) Congress would not allocate sufficient funds to finance the

war D) the United States refused to bomb North Vietnam E) American forces won few of the major battles


41. The United States tried all of the following war strategies in Vietnam except A) attrition B) pacification C) detente D) relocation E) bombing


42. One of the earliest and most powerful opponents of the Vietnam War was A) J. William Fulbright

B) Robert McNamara C) McGeorge Bundy D) Dean Rusk E) William Westmoreland


43. Public opinion turned radically against the Vietnam War after the A) United States began to bomb North Vietnam B) Communists captured the capital of South Vietnam C) American troops invaded North Vietnam D) Viet Cong launched the 1968 Tet Offensive E) Diem regime collapsed due to corruption


44. The massive racial unrest and rioting that erupted in more than sixty American cities in 1968 occurred as a result of the assassination of A) Robert Kennedy B) Malcolm X C) John F. Kennedy D) Martin Luther King, Jr. E) Medgar Evers


45. All of the following are true about the assassination of Robert Kennedy except A) his death was a shattering experience for many idealistic

Americans B) it came at a time when he, more than John, had come to

shape the “Kennedy legacy” C) he was murdered by a Palestinian who was angry with

Kennedy’s pro-Israeli stance D) it occurred at a time when Kennedy’s momentum in the

presidential campaign was faltering E) it brought sorrow to many blacks, Hispanics, and Native

Americans who had come to identify with Kennedy’s ideals


46. The violence outside the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago resulted from A) a race riot in the Southside of Chicago B) demonstrations against the Vietnam War C) the nomination of George Wallace D) the acceptance of the Kennedy and McCarthy war planks in

the party platform E) the refusal of Johnson to drop out of the race


47. The presidential campaign of George Wallace promoted A) fewer social welfare programs and a halt to the forced busing

of students B) increased federal aid for social programs and a pullout from

the Vietnam War C) desegregation of public schools and the reform of the

criminal justice system D) an expansion of the Vietnam War and increased federal aid

to schools E) racial equality and a commitment to ending poverty


48. Richard M. Nixon was able to win the presidency in 1968 because A) all of the answers below B) he mobilized the “silent majority” of middle America C) of the unpleasant, violent spectacle of the Democratic

Convention D) of the attractiveness of his plans for stability, law and order,

government retrenchment and “peace with honor” E) of his reluctance to continue the pursuit of vast social change


49. The election of Richard Nixon to the presidency in 1968 indicated

that the American people wanted to A) pursue social reform B) correct the ills of society C) maintain the status quo D) restore stability and law and order E) improve a struggling economy


50. All of the following events took place in 1968 except A) the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. B) violence at the Democratic Convention in Chicago C) the combined attack of the Viet Cong and the Viet Minh in

the Tet Offensive D) the killing of four students at Kent State University E) the assassination of Robert Kennedy


1.In the 1970s, Americans experienced the “age of limits,” a period of lowered expectations characterized by all of the following problems except A) economic decay B) defeat in Vietnam C) the Watergate crisis D) loss of hope E) loss of governmental credibility


2. Among the major accomplishments of the Ford administration was A) all of the answers below B) a significant decline in the inflation rate C) the signing of an arms control agreement with the Soviet

Union D) the prosecution of former President Nixon for crimes

committed while in office E) an impressive restoration of antipoverty programs


3. One of the major contributing factors to the rising inflation of the Ford administration during the 1970s was A) dependence on foreign oil supplies B) a major cut in tax rates C) a sharp drop in interest rates D) a significant decrease in federal spending E) the decreasing importance of the national bank


4. Contenders for the presidency in 1976 included all of the following except A) Jimmy Carter B) Ronald Reagan C) Eugene McCarthy D) John Anderson E) Gerald Ford


5. By the end of the Carter administration, the economy was plagued by all of the following economic conditions exceptA) unemployment in excess of 10 percent B) inflation running at over 10 percent C) interest rates near 20 percent D) a major fuel shortage E) high prices imposed by OPEC


6.In his “malaise” speech, Jimmy Carter said that A) federal spending for public works should be reduced and

taxes increased B) the United States should denounce the Salt II agreements and

seek peace between Egypt and Israel C) America was experiencing a “crisis of confidence” and

needed to decrease its dependence on foreign oil D) civil rights a war on poverty were the major issues of his

administration E) America should give foreign aid to the Arab countries and

attempt to form political alliances with the oil-producing countries


7. President Carter’s diplomatic efforts in relieving the tensions between Egypt and Israel resulted in A) the return of the West Bank to the Palestinian Arabs B) an initial movement toward peace but an inability to

formulate a final peace treaty C) the Egyptian occupations of the Golan Heights D) an agreement to reduce tensions by placing U.S. troops on

the West Bank E) a formal peace treaty between Egypt and Israel


8. The Salt II arms control agreement met with opposition from conservatives in the Senate because A) the Senate had not been consulted on the formulation of the

treaty B) they were hoping that the agreement would halt all

production of nuclear weapons C) it would take control of defense spending away from

Congress D) of a lingering and fundamental distrust of the Soviet Union E) there was no limit on the number of long-range missiles,

bombers, or nuclear warheads that the Soviets could have


9. From the 1950s until the 1970s, U.S. policy toward Iran emphasized A) military assistance to the Islamic clergy in an effort to

overthrow the Shah B) military and financial support of democratic forces

attempting to overthrow the government C) political and military support of the Shah D) support of anticommunist guerrillas fighting in Iran’s

mountainous regions E) refusal to recognize the Iranian government


10. In response to the Iranian hostage crisis, President Carter took the action of A) sending a Marine division to the capital of Iran B) returning the Shah of Iran to Iran in exchange for the

hostages C) negotiating the release of the hostages after more than a year

of captivity D) getting the Soviet Union to intervene in Iran on behalf of the

hostages E) ordering air strikes against Tehran


11.The conservative populists of the Southeast and Southwest that rose to prominence in the late 1970s and early 1980s supported all of the following political concepts except

A) opposition to the growth of government B) commitment to the protection of minority rights C) resentment of the proliferating environmental laws D) support of the virtues of the rugged individual E) rejection of regulations on land use


12. The conservative resurgence of the late 1970s was strongest in the state of A) New York B) Michigan C) Massachusetts D) California

E) Illinois


13. Well-known evangelical Christians of the 1970s and 1980s included all of the following men exceptA) Billy Graham B) Oral Roberts C) Jerry Falwell D) Jimmy Carter E) Edward Kennedy


14. The “Christian right” of the late 1970s and early 1980s opposed all of the following ideas except A) the teaching of evolution B) the censorship of pornography C) the right of abortion D) the growth of feminism E) the development of secular humanism


15. As the New Right developed in the 1970s and 1980s, it opposed the activities of men such as A) Gerald Ford B) Barry Goldwater C) Ronald Reagan D) Jesse Helms E) Richard Viguerie


16. In the battle over Proposition 13 during the late 1970s, California conservatives discovered the effective new political tactic of attacking A) Social Security B) taxes C) welfare programs D) environmentalism E) civil rights


17. During the presidential campaign of 1980, Ronald Reagan took advantage of A) all of the answers below B) the spreading tax revolt C) President Carter’s uninspired campaigning D) his ability to appear amiable on television E) President Carter’s inability to solve the Iran hostage crisis


18. The election of Ronald Reagan to the presidency in 1980 signaled a change in American politics that was also evident in A) a shift in rural voters from the Republican to the Democratic

party B) a Democratic majority in Congress C) the African-American shift away from the Democratic party D) the highest voter turnout since 1936 E) Republican control of the Senate


19. The Reagan coalition of the early 1980s included a group of A) all of the answers below B) wealthy Americans who opposed antibusiness government

regulation C) neoconservative intellectuals who opposed destructive

radicalism D) populist right-wingers who opposed centralized government

power E) powerful elite who believed that markets cured economic ills


20. During his years as president, Ronald Reagan exhibited all of the following traits except A) a well-informed administrator who knew his policies and

programs in great detail B) a vigorous and resilient person who bounced back quickly

from disease and injury C) an excellent public speaker who was a master of television D) an overall leader who decided general policy, but stayed out

of the day-to-day operations of government E) a spokesman for wealthy and conservative Americans


21. “Reaganomics,” or “supplyside” economics, operated from the assumption that the woes of the American economy were largely the result of A) interest rates B) foreign causes C) corporate welfare D) excessive taxation E) inadequate government spending


22. Economic recovery during 1983 was a result of all of the following developments except A) a decrease in the rate of inflation B) increased interest rates by the Federal Reserve Board C) a sharp drop in oil prices D) federal budget deficits E) the tight money policies of the Federal Reserve Board


23. President Reagan sought to achieve deficit reduction by lowering “discretionary” domestic spending A) on military and defense programs B) for food stamps and federal subsidies for low-income

housing C) for Social Security and Medicare benefits D) on interest payments for the national debt E) on subsidies for large corporations


24. During the Reagan administration, relations between the United States and the Soviet Union were marked by A) all of the answers below B) a series of military conflicts between both nations C) aggressive American efforts to reduce tensions at all costs D) ratification of the Salt II arms control agreement E) American efforts to link armament reduction with Soviet

behavior on other issues


25. The Reagan doctrine of American activism in the Third World was most particularly exercised in A) Grenada and Nicaragua B) the Philippines and South Africa C) Iran and Saudi Arabia D) Venezuela and the Dominican Republic E) Korea and Vietnam


26. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the dominant factor in foreign affairs was A) the ending of the Cold War between the United States and

the Soviet Union B) a lessening of the tensions between the United States and

China C) a substantial increase in terrorist activity in the world D) renewed diplomatic clashes between the United States and

the Soviet Union E) new missile crisis in Eastern Europe


27. The new “glasnost” and “perestroika” policies in the Soviet Union introduced A) the concept of individual rights plus freedom of the press B) a new state-controlled economy and increased government

repression of free speech C) the abolition of all collectives along with the opening of all

secret records D) the right to oppose government policy and moved the

country toward economic reform E) a hard-line interpretation of Marxist doctrine


28. The demonstrations in Beijing on June 3, 1989, resulted in A) an expansion of democracy in China and the lessening of

tensions between China and the Soviet Union B) reunification of the Chinese Democratic Republic and the

People’s Republic of China C) hardline Chinese Communists being overthrown and the

installation of a free market economy D) the democratic movement being crushed and a renewed

period of repression E) free elections being held to determine China’s status as a

communist nation


29. A 1991 attempted coup by Communists in the Soviet Union led to A) all of the answers below B) the collapse of the coup C) the breakup of the Soviet Union D) the outlawing of the Communist party E) the declaring of independence by some republics


30. Negotiations between the Reagan administration and the Gorbachev regime resulted in A) all of the answers below B) a 50 percent reduction in U.S. and Soviet nuclear arsenals C) the elimination of American and Soviet intermediate-range

nuclear forces from Europe D) the re-election of Gorbachev as leader of the Soviet Union E) the removal of American and Soviet troops from Germany


31. During the 1980s, Congress cooperated with the Reagan administration by A) eliminating regulations on national banks so that easy credit

would enhance business expansion B) reducing regulatory controls over troubled savings and loan

banks C) keeping the same level of regulations to keep from

disrupting a secure savings and loan industry D) enacting stiff new banking regulations to control the

activities of the national banks E) supporting strict regulations of financial markets and

banking


32. The Iran-contra scandal seriously damaged the Reagan administration’s reputation when it revealed that the United States A) sent funds to Iranian terrorists to finance their attacks on the

Muslim government B) sent funds to Iraq to support the country in its war with Iran C) used the money from the sale of arms to Iran to aid the

contras in Nicaragua D) used government funds to purchase arms for the rebels in

Iran E) was involved in supporting the communist revolution in

Nicaragua


33. George Bush defeated Michael Dukakis in the 1988 presidential

election by identifying him with A) outlandish increases in military expenditures B) all of the unpopular social and cultural stances Americans

identified with liberals C) an inability to deal with pressing social problems D) an aggressive and warlike stand on foreign policy E) the conservative racial stances of the Democratic party


34. During the presidential campaign of 1988, George Bush A) had a big lead at the start of the campaign and kept it all the

way to win a big victory B) had a big lead at the start but lost most of it as the campaign

progressed and won by only a small margin C) was far behind at the start of the campaign but came on

strong at the end to achieve a substantial victory D) was far behind at the start but recovered sufficiently by the

end of the campaign to win a close contest E) was able to maintain a close margin of victory throughout

the campaign


35. The most serious domestic problem that faced the Bush administration, causing the erosion of its popularity before the 1992 election, was the A) administration’s failure to provide adequate funding for

AIDS research B) involvement of the vice president in the Iran-contra scandal C) failure to bring an end to the 1990 recession D) allegation that the president had used the influence of his

wealthy family to avoid military service E) belief that the president meant to overturn the Voting Rights

Act


36. During the Gulf War, the United States and its allies fought the forces of A) Iraq B) Iran C) Saudia Arabia D) Kuwait E) Syria


37. U.S. involvement in the Gulf War A) all of the answers below B) produced remarkably few allied and American casualties C) was sanctioned by the U.S. Congress and the United Nations D) featured the largest use ever of highly sophisticated military

technology E) resulted in the withdrawal of Saddam Hussein’s troops from

Kuwait


38. In the 1992 presidential election A) George Bush became the first incumbent president to be

defeated by a challenger B) Ross Perot finished second behind Bill Clinton C) Ross Perot became the first third-party candidate to receive

any electoral votes D) Ross Perot had the best showing of any third-party or

independent candidate since Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 E) George Bush won the popular vote, but lost the electoral

vote


1.Effects of the events on September 11, 2001, include A) all of the answers below B) the deaths of about 3000 Americans C) the recognition that anti-American terrorism was possible

within the United States

D) the illustration of how far militants would go in the name of “jihad”

E) the revelation of the complex implications for the United States in a new age of globalism


2. The Clinton administration experienced early problems in all of the following areas except A) gays in the military B) high-level appointments C) personal banking ventures D) failure to pass health care reformE) tax increases


3. The Clinton administration experienced early successes in getting Congress to pass all of the following measures except A) tax credits for low-income families B) unpaid leaves for employees of private companies C) the North American Free Trade Agreement D) substantial Social Security benefit increases E) approval of a budget unlike those of Bush and Reagan


4. America sent peacekeeping troops to Bosnia because A) Russian troops threatened American interests in the region B) Serbia threatened to use nuclear weapons against Croatia C) Serbs and Muslims were involved in a bloody civil war D) French peacekeeping troops were pinned down behind

Serbian lines E) Afghani and Albanian refugees were pouring into the region


5. In response to the 1994 elections, Bill Clinton shifted his political position to A) all of the answers below B) the left to accommodate feminists C) the right with emphasis on law and order D) a radical stance on health care reform E) to the center calling for tax cuts and a balanced budget


6.Bill Clinton’s greatest strength in his first term was A) his definitive foreign policy B) his high ethical standards and personal morality C) the Democrats’ success at retaining control of Congress D) the success of the economy and reduced federal budget E) the active use of Vice President Al Gore in the war against

drugs


7. By forging an issue-based coalition with congressional Republicans, Bill Clinton was able to A) reduce the federal budget deficit to its lowest point in thirty

years B) provide universal health care for all legal citizens C) eliminate cost overruns in military spending D) provide a constitutional amendment guaranteeing term limits E) promote civil rights as a main priority


8. Bill Clinton became the first two-term Democratic president since A) Woodrow Wilson B) Franklin Roosevelt C) Jimmy Carter D) Dwight D. Eisenhower E) John F. Kennedy


9. The midterm elections of 1998 resulted in

A) a show of disapproval for an embattled President Clinton B) a huge gain for the Republicans in the House C) a huge defeat for the Democrats in the Senate D) a gain of seats in the House for the Democrats E) a deadlock of 50–50 in both the House and Senate


10. The presidential scandal surrounding President Clinton showed that A) most Americans supported his impeachment B) personal lives were now seen by the media as political

stories C) the Republican party would win midterm elections for years

to come D) partisan politics was no longer a major factor in American

politics E) the role of the independent counsel was weak and ineffective


11. In 1999 world opinion was aroused by A) terrorist attacks on American embassies in South America B) the contradictions that emerged in the outcome of the

American presidential election C) NATO’s refusal to discuss violent conflicts in the world D) a series of attacks on Israel by Syria and Egypt E) the gruesome nature of the civil war in Kosovo

Answer: E Page: 924 Difficulty: Easy 12. All of the following are true about the presidential election of 2000

except A) Al Gore won the popular vote by over 500,000 votes B) Some television networks originally expressed that Al Gore

would win the state of Florida C) the third-party candidacy of Ralph Nader had an impact on

some closely contested states D) both candidates were seen as unthreatening but bland by

many voters E) Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris immediately

called for a quick recount


13. One outcome of the election of 2000 was A) the defeat of Hillary Rodham Clinton in the New York

senatorial race B) the Republican party lost control of the House of

Representatives C) the validity of electoral technology was called into question D) the overwhelming support for the fairness of the electoral

college E) the belief that the outcome was not really very controversial


14. In the presidential election of 2000, the vote count in Florida was ultimately decided by A) a new round of voting by the citizens of Florida B) a handshake deal that was struck between supporters of Gore

and Bush C) Katherine Harris’s personal supervision of a thorough

recount D) a vote by the members of the Florida state legislature E) the U.S. Supreme Court in a very close decision


15. One of George W. Bush’s first moves as president was to push for A) civil rights B) a tax cut C) a return to social programs like those of the Great Society D) an increase in federal funding of public education E) equal rights for women


16. New business practices of the 1990s and early twenty-first century

included all of the following except A) a new resistance to seek corporate mergers B) heavy investment in technology C) businesses seeking to reduce labor costs D) businesses taking a harder line against unions E) many companies moving their operations to poor nations


17. The decline of the Enron Corporation A) indicated that the Bush administration was hostile to big

business B) cast a harsh light on the aggressive business practices of the

previous decade C) occurred at a time when the company’s stock prices were

rising D) led to a severe recession E) caused Americans to have faith in the ethics and practices of

large corporations


18.By 1995, the average salary of high school graduates versus the average salary of college graduates showed

A) little difference between the two groups B) that high school graduates actually earned higher starting

salaries C) little change when compared with the figures of earlier

decades D) that advanced degrees in science and technology were of

little value E) that college graduates were earning increasingly higher

salaries


19. From 1971 to 2000, the trade balance of the United States A) has consistently favored the United States B) is no longer viewed as an economic indicator C) has only favored the United States in two years D) caused American presidents to abandon support for fee trade E) has been the major issue in many presidential elections


20. The NAFTA and GATT treaties showed political support for A) the reduction of nuclear arms B) a fresh commitment for civil rights in Africa C) promoting free trade and open markets D) an equal rights amendment for homosexuals E) environmental regulations across the globe


21. In the 1990s, a virtual monopoly on computer-operating systems was achieved by A) Apple B) Compaq C) J. C. R. Licklider D) Microsoft E) Pentium


22. The invention and development of the personal computer has had all of the following effects except A) revolutionizing bookkeeping B) replacing typewriters across the nation C) showing a quick presence in schools and homes D) narrowing the economic gap between the poor and wealthy E) creating enormous corporate wealth in northern California


23. By the turn of the century, the use of the Internet in the United States A) had dropped off from a high point in the mid-1990s B) caused the downfall of over half of America’s magazines

C) exhibited minimal impact on middle-class American culture D) was a part of life for over 100 million Americans E) was not accompanied by an increase in personal Web sites


24.In 1997, scientists in Scotland announced that they had A) transplanted a heart from one species of mammal to another B) cloned a sheep from one cell of an adult ewe C) discovered a cure for bipolar syndrome and psychotic

depression D) decided not to further their study of human genetics E) created a lens that will eventually end blindness


25. The Human Genome Project set out to A) send a manned mission to Mars by the year 2010 B) invent a home computer that will be linked to one universal

network C) identify over 100,000 human genes D) find a cure for AIDS by using biofeedback E) protest the ethics of new trends in scientific research


26. The effects of stem-cell research A) all of the answers below B) may lead to a cure for Alzheimer’s disease C) utilizes the stem cells from fetuses that would otherwise be

discarded D) causes some scientists to believe that there may be a cure for

ALS E) included being an issue in the presidential election of 2000


27. A new demographic profile of the American population emerged during the 1970s and 1980s as the A) death rate increased B) proportion of elderly citizens grew markedly C) amount of immigrants from central Europe reached an all-

time high D) total population declined E) population less than age 21 increased substantially


28. The most striking change in the immigration patterns of the 1970s and 1980s was A) the increase in the numbers of Hispanics and Asians B) the growing presence of white European immigrants C) the declining number of illegal immigrants D) the rapid increase in the number of African immigrants E) the dramatic drop in the total number of immigrants


29. In the 1980s, Asian immigrants to the United States were likely to A) move to the Northeast B) place a high value on education C) become welfare recipients D) be political refugees from Japan E) settle in rural areas


30.By the end of the twentieth century, the black population of the United States

A) all of the answers below B) experienced more of its members attending college C) had about one third of its number living in poverty D) saw less than half of its students graduate from urban high

schools E) had about one-half of its number living in the middle class


31. The worst urban violence in the 1900s occurred in the A) 1944 Zoot-suit riots B) 1965 Watts race riots C) 1968 reaction to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. D) 1970 antiwar demonstration on the campus of Kent State

University E) 1992 south central Los Angeles rioting


32. One aspect of the O. J. Simpson trial was A) the common public belief that there was not enough

evidence to indictSimpson

B) the reinforcement of the belief that Hollywood stars and the wealthy are treated unfairly

C) Simpson’s open admission that he had committed the murders, but in self-defense

D) the public’s disagreement about the trial was clearly divided along racial lines

E) that the American public was uninterested in watching legal proceedings on television


33. During the 1980s, the use of illegal drugs A) rose sharply among the rich B) decreased significantly among the urban poor C) increased among the middle class D) virtually ended on college campuses E) helped to spread the new disease of AIDS


34. As a result of AIDS research, A) scientists have also discovered a cure for Parkinson’s disease B) the use of drugs is no longer needed to treat the disease C) scientists believe that the disease originated in the United

States D) the amount of new cases in the United States has dropped E) scientists believe they will never find a cure for the disease


35. Beginning in the early 1990s, crime in America A) was not a concern among American voters B) began to drop for the first time in decades C) rose dramatically in cities, but fell overall D) experienced a rise in serious crimes E) was affected by a sharp rise in unemployment


36. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, those members of the New Right who campaigned against abortion called themselves A) pro-choice activists B) the right-to-life movement C) the anti-murder crusade D) the moral majority E) the Christian Coalition


37. In 1989, the Supreme Court ruled that a state may prohibit any institution receiving state funds from performing abortions in the case of A) Roe v. Wade B) Plessy v. Ferguson C) Planned Parenthood v. Casey D) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services E) Massachusetts General v. Kelley


38. Both the achievements and the limits of the progress of women on

the issue of sexual harassment were evident in the sensational controversy in 1991 over a Supreme Court nominee named A) Ruth Bader Ginsberg B) Robert Bork C) William Rehnquist D) Clarence Thomas E) Sandra Day O’Connor


39. In the 1980s, the New Left of the 1960s and 1970s did not disappear, but it did fade, because A) all of the answers below B) its radical leaders became disillusioned C) many of the students who had fought its battles grew up, left

school, and entered conventional careers D) Marxist social criticism seemed dated and irrelevant,

particularly as Marxist regimes collapsed in disrepute E) many of the activists decided to “work within the system”


40. The influence of the New Left was present in the 1980s and 1990s in A) radical voting tendencies in local elections B) the major rebirth of a nationwide civil rights movement C) an enormous growth of nonskilled labor unions D) the great resurgence of grassroots organizations E) a rise in fundamentalism in Protestant sects

Answer: D Page: 943 Difficulty: Medium 41. Environmental activists in the last twenty-five years of the

twentieth century focused on all of the following issues except A) blocking the construction of new roads and airports B) establishing nuclear energy policy as a major issue C) promoting protection of endangered species D) exposing global warming as a myth promoted by big

business E) protesting the destruction of rain forests


42. The new advertising technique of the 1990s that sought to create product identification within particular groups was known as A) segmentingB) generating C) targeting D) marketing E) sampling


43. Effects of multiculturalism have included A) all of the answers below B) the institutionalization of the European foundations of

American culture C) controversial challenges to traditional academic curricula D) a consensus between liberals and conservatives on

interpretations of American culture E) a decline in the cultural awareness of non-white Americans


44. Critics of the Gulf War contended that A) America was using war to pursue its economic interests B) Saddam Hussein was a democratically elected leader C) the American military had masterminded the Iraqi invasion

of Kuwait D) there was no support for the war on the home front

E) George Bush falsely believed that Saddam Hussein was a communist


45. Violence at the meeting of the World Bank in Genoa, Italy, in 2001 revealed that A) protestors believed Italy was to blame for Europe’s recession B) the creation of the Eurodollar was not popular with

conservative Europeans C) a movement against free trade and globalization was

emerging D) the antiwar movement had no support in western Europe E) protestors welcomed large corporations bringing their

factories to Third-World nations


46. Islamic fundamentalism is rooted in A) all of the answers below B) an orthodox commitment to conservative Islamic doctrine C) a belief that Western cultural norms had invaded traditional

societies D) anger over Western support for despotic regimes in some

Islamic nations E) contempt for America’s consistent support for Israel


47. Before September 11, 2001, most Americans thought that terrorism A) was no longer a factor in the Middle East B) had been crushed by effective American security measures

abroad C) would cease to exist before the end of the decade D) was restricted to Israel and the rest of the Middle East E) was a problem that mainly plagued other nations


48. Early in the war against terrorism, American and anti-Taliban forces A) failed to penetrate into Taliban territory B) crossed the Iraqi border to keep an eye on Saddam Hussein’s

forces C) did not receive the support of the Afghani government D) scored a quick victory that drove the Taliban from Kabul E) angered Russian officials by coming too close to their border


49. In his first State of the Union address, President Bush identified the “axis of evil” as including all of the following except A) the Communist party in Russia B) Iraq C) all nations with anti-American regimes D) North Korea E) all new nations trying to acquire nuclear weapons


50. The concerns and fears of September 11 were accented by A) President Bush’s lack of public appearances B) an American economy that had weakened even before the

incident C) double-digit unemployment D) the reemergence of mass violence in American cities E) a lack of support for sending troops to Afghanistan


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