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Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence · Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine...

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Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence Maher KaramHage, MD
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Page 1: Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence · Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence ... • The addictive characteristics of nicotine are believed to be a result

Project ECHONeurobiology of Nicotine

Dependence Maher Karam‐Hage, MD

Page 2: Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence · Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence ... • The addictive characteristics of nicotine are believed to be a result

Disclosure

• Have been co‐investigator and study physician on two multi‐site smoking cessation studies  2007 & 2014 by Pfizer, maker of: Chantix®, Zoloft® & Geodon®

• Have received medication Chantix from Pfizer for: • 2 NIH funded 2006‐2014 and • 2 MD Anderson & CPRIT funded smoking cessation trials 

2014‐2016

Page 3: Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence · Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence ... • The addictive characteristics of nicotine are believed to be a result

Outline

• The basic neurobiology of reward

• Addictive nature of nicotine and interplay with neuro‐psych pathways

• The higher addiction potential of airway administration

Page 4: Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence · Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence ... • The addictive characteristics of nicotine are believed to be a result

Outline

• The basic neurobiology of reward

Page 5: Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence · Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence ... • The addictive characteristics of nicotine are believed to be a result

The Reward Pathway 

and Addiction 

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Natural Rewards

• Food 

• Water

• Sex 

• Nurturing 

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Page 8: Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence · Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence ... • The addictive characteristics of nicotine are believed to be a result

Reward Pathway

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fMRI of Nicotine’s Effect on Blood Flow

Interplay of reward/appetitive system with behavioral control/executive system

Page 10: Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence · Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence ... • The addictive characteristics of nicotine are believed to be a result

Nicotine: Primary Psychoactive Substance in Cigarette Smoke

Page 11: Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence · Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence ... • The addictive characteristics of nicotine are believed to be a result

Nicotine & Nicotinic Receptors

Nicotine Molecule

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Nicotine & Nicotinic Receptors

Nicotine Receptor Structure

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Outline

• Addictive nature of nicotine and interplay with neuro‐psych pathways

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The Addictive Nature of Nicotine

• The addictive characteristics of nicotine are believed to be a result of its rapid, intense and short‐acting effects on dopamine release in the brain. More so when smoked.

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The Addictive Nature of Nicotine

Similar to addictions associated with cocaine, amphetamines and opiates, nicotine dependence (addiction) is  a chronic, relapsing medical condition and warrants clinical intervention 

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The Addictive Nature of Nicotine

Nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines and morphine act on different areas within the dopamine reward system that encompasses the mesolimbic portion of the brain.

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The Addictive Nature of Nicotine

Among users of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: Tobacco users were more likely to be nicotine dependent (28%) than alcohol (5.2%), cannabis (8.2%) or cocaine (11.6%) users 

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Nicotine stimulates dopamine, serotonin & norepinephrine release, which may help smokers modulate their mood. 

GABAergic and glutamatergic activity are intimately involved in the process

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http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/magazine/focal‐point/170822‐ngm‐focal‐

point‐addiction

National Geographic Video

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Outline

• The higher addiction potential of airway administration

Page 21: Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence · Project ECHO Neurobiology of Nicotine Dependence ... • The addictive characteristics of nicotine are believed to be a result
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The Addictive Nature of Nicotine

When inhaled, nicotine reaches the brain within 7‐10 seconds

Via oral mucosa nicotine reaches brain around 5‐10 min, transdermal 10‐15 min

Nicotine’s half‐life is approximately 2 hours 

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Nicotine Distribution in Blood After Smoking a Cigarette

Arterial Nicotine reaches the brain within 7‐10 seconds

Arterial

Venous

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Plasma Nicotine Concentrations for Nicotine-Containing Products

NRTs

Cigarette

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Bupropion and Varenicline

Bupropion:• A nicotine receptor antagonist within the first 1‐2 weeks of taking it

• Weak norepinephrine and dopamine re‐uptake inhibitor

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Bupropion and Varenicline

Varenicline:• A strong partial agonist on alpha4‐Beta2 nicotinic receptors, within days

• Very high affinity for the receptors that is not displaced by nicotine administration

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1. CDC. Surgeon General’s Report. The Health Consequences ofSmoking. 2004. 

2. Foulds J. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60:571‐576. 

3. Fiore MC et al. U.S. DHHS, U.S. Public Health Service, 2000. 

4. Changeux JP et al. Brain Research Reviews. 1998; 26:198‐216.

5. Kandel D et al. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1997;44:11‐29.

4. Henningfield et al. (1933). Drug Alcohol Depend 33:23‐29

References


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