Project for Urban Master Plan of Dakar and Neighboring ... · Currency Equivalents (average...

Ministry of Urban Renewal, Housing and Living Environment Republic of Senegal

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Project for Urban Master Plan of Dakar and Neighboring Area for 2035

Final Report Volume. I

January 2016

Implemented by:

RECS International Inc. Oriental Consultants Global Co., Ltd.

PACET Corp. CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd.

Asia Air Survey Co., Ltd.

１６－００２

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ＥＩ

No.

Ministry of Urban Renewal, Housing and Living Environment Republic of Senegal

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Project for Urban Master Plan of Dakar and Neighboring Area for 2035

Final Report Volume. I

January 2016

Implemented by: RECS International Inc.

Oriental Consultants Global Co., Ltd. PACET Corp.

CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd. Asia Air Survey Co., Ltd.

Currency Equivalents (average Interbank rates between May and July, 2015) US$1.00= FCFA 594.04 €1.00= FCFA 659.95 Source: Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO) Rate

Project for Urban Master Plan of Dakar and Neighboring Area for 2035 Final Report: Volume. I

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Table of Contents

Volume. I

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................. 1-3 1.3 Study Area ............................................................................................................................. 1-3 1.4 Outputs of the Study ............................................................................................................. 1-6

1.4.1 Overall Schedule ................................................................................................... 1-6 1.4.2 Inception Activities and Progress Report .............................................................. 1-7 1.4.3 Interim Report ....................................................................................................... 1-8 1.4.4 Draft Final Report .................................................................................................. 1-9 1.4.5 Final Report ........................................................................................................... 1-9

CHAPTER 2 PRESENT CONDITION OF SENEGAL ................................................................... 2-1

2.1 Natural Conditions ................................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1.1 Topography ............................................................................................................ 2-1 2.1.2 Climate .................................................................................................................. 2-2 2.1.3 Soil ......................................................................................................................... 2-3 2.1.4 Agronomic Potential .............................................................................................. 2-4

2.2 Socioeconomic Factors ......................................................................................................... 2-5 2.2.1 Population .............................................................................................................. 2-5 2.2.2 Social Aspects ........................................................................................................ 2-6 2.2.3 Economy ................................................................................................................ 2-7 2.2.4 Socioeconomic Indicators in Senegal and West African Countries ....................... 2-7

2.3 Environment .......................................................................................................................... 2-9 2.3.1 Land Cover and Terrestrial Ecosystem .................................................................. 2-9 2.3.2 Flora ....................................................................................................................... 2-9 2.3.3 GHG Emissions and Climate Change Management ............................................ 2-10

2.4 Urban Development ............................................................................................................ 2-13 2.5 Regional Cooperation Initiatives and Development Plans at National and Regional Levels

............................................................................................................................................ 2-15 CHAPTER 3 PRESENT CONDITION OF THE STUDY AREA ................................................... 3-1

3.1 Urban Development .............................................................................................................. 3-1 3.1.1 Urbanization Trend ................................................................................................ 3-1 3.1.2 Urban Structure and Land Use .............................................................................. 3-4 3.1.3 Ongoing Master Plan for 2025 .............................................................................. 3-9 3.1.4 Major Urban Development Projects .................................................................... 3-12 3.1.5 Urban Planning and Management System in Senegal ......................................... 3-15 3.1.6 DUA and Related Organizations for Urban Planning and Management ............. 3-26 3.1.7 Land Tenure and Management ............................................................................ 3-30 3.1.8 Housing ............................................................................................................... 3-33

3.2 Natural Conditions .............................................................................................................. 3-35 3.2.1 Meteorology ........................................................................................................ 3-35 3.2.2 Geology ............................................................................................................... 3-36 3.2.3 Topography .......................................................................................................... 3-36 3.2.4 Soil Conditions .................................................................................................... 3-37

3.3 Environment ........................................................................................................................ 3-38 3.3.1 Fauna and Important Bird Areas (IBAs) .............................................................. 3-38 3.3.2 Natural Conservation Areas and Green Spaces ................................................... 3-42


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3.3.3 Aquatic Ecosystem Characteristics ..................................................................... 3-44 3.3.4 Threats to the Ecosystem and Ecosystem Management ...................................... 3-45 3.3.5 Air Quality ........................................................................................................... 3-46

3.4 Socioeconomic Factors ....................................................................................................... 3-47 3.4.1 Demography ........................................................................................................ 3-47 3.4.2 Economical Activities .......................................................................................... 3-50 3.4.3 Social Conditions ................................................................................................. 3-50

3.5 Economic Sector Development ........................................................................................... 3-52 3.5.1 Agriculture and Fishery ....................................................................................... 3-52 3.5.2 Industry and Services .......................................................................................... 3-57 3.5.3 Tourism ................................................................................................................ 3-64

3.6 Urban Infrastructures and Social Services .......................................................................... 3-67 3.6.1 Urban Transport ................................................................................................... 3-67 3.6.2 Logistic Infrastructure ......................................................................................... 3-84 3.6.3 Water Resources and Water Supply ..................................................................... 3-92 3.6.4 Sewage and Sanitation ....................................................................................... 3-113 3.6.5 Solid Waste Management .................................................................................. 3-123 3.6.6 Electricity and Renewable Energy..................................................................... 3-129 3.6.7 Social Services................................................................................................... 3-142

3.7 Urban Disaster Risk Reduction ......................................................................................... 3-147 3.7.1 Overall Situation of Disaster Risk Reduction .................................................... 3-147 3.7.2 Flood Hazard ..................................................................................................... 3-151 3.7.3 Coastal Hazard................................................................................................... 3-161 3.7.4 Potential Hazard ................................................................................................ 3-164

3.8 Organizations and Capacity Development for Urban Planning and Management ........... 3-168 3.8.1 Organizational Roles and Personnel .................................................................. 3-168 3.8.2 Capacity Assessment of DUA and Local Governments .................................... 3-170 3.8.3 Technical Transfer Program Implemented in the Study Period ......................... 3-174

CHAPTER 4 MAJOR DEVELOPMENT ISSUES .......................................................................... 4-1

4.1 Development Issues by Sector .............................................................................................. 4-1 4.1.1 Environment .......................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1.2 Urban Development ............................................................................................... 4-5 4.1.3 Economic Development ........................................................................................ 4-8 4.1.4 Urban Transport ................................................................................................... 4-11 4.1.5 Logistic Infrastructure ......................................................................................... 4-13 4.1.6 Water Resources and Water Supply ..................................................................... 4-15 4.1.7 Sewage and Sanitation ......................................................................................... 4-16 4.1.8 Solid Waste Management .................................................................................... 4-17 4.1.9 Electricity and Renewable Energy....................................................................... 4-18 4.1.10 Urban Disaster Risk Reduction ........................................................................... 4-21

4.2 Overall Development Issues ............................................................................................... 4-23 4.2.1 Stakeholder Meetings .......................................................................................... 4-23 4.2.2 SWOT Analysis ................................................................................................... 4-38 4.2.3 Problem Structure Analysis ................................................................................. 4-40 4.2.4 Capacity Development ........................................................................................ 4-41 4.2.5 Findings by Social Survey ................................................................................... 4-44

CHAPTER 5 SUSTAINABILITY DIAGNOSIS ............................................................................. 5-1

5.1 Objective and Framework ..................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 Sustainability Diagnosis........................................................................................................ 5-2 5.3 Sustainability of the Study Area ......................................................................................... 5-10

CHAPTER 6 MASTER PLAN FOR 2035 ....................................................................................... 6-1

6.1 Vision, Objectives and Targets .............................................................................................. 6-1


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6.1.1 Vision ..................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.1.2 Objectives and Targets ........................................................................................... 6-2

6.2 Sustainability Enhancement Strategy and Measures ............................................................ 6-9 6.3 Development Frameworks .................................................................................................. 6-16

6.3.1 Socioeconomic Framework ................................................................................. 6-16 6.3.2 Spatial Development Framework ........................................................................ 6-21

6.4 Envisaged Future Urban Structure ...................................................................................... 6-33 6.4.1 Overall Urban Structure ...................................................................................... 6-33 6.4.2 Urban Structure by Agglomeration...................................................................... 6-35

6.5 Land Use Plan for 2035 ...................................................................................................... 6-44 6.5.1 Strategies for Land Use Planning in the Study Area ........................................... 6-44 6.5.2 Formulation of Land Use Plan............................................................................. 6-48 6.5.3 Population Distribution by Agglomeration .......................................................... 6-57 6.5.4 Distribution of Social Public Facility .................................................................. 6-60

Volume. II

CHAPTER 7 SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PLANS FOR 2035 ....................................................... 7-1 7.1 Economic Development ........................................................................................................ 7-1

7.1.1 Agriculture and Fishery Development .................................................................. 7-1 7.1.2 Industrial Development ......................................................................................... 7-2 7.1.3 Tourism Development ........................................................................................... 7-8

7.2 Urban Transport .................................................................................................................. 7-14 7.2.1 Objectives and Development Strategies .............................................................. 7-14 7.2.2 Establishment of Development Target ................................................................. 7-17 7.2.3 Demand Forecast ................................................................................................. 7-18 7.2.4 Development Plan ............................................................................................... 7-19 7.2.5 Urban Transport Projects ..................................................................................... 7-29 7.2.6 Cost Estimate ....................................................................................................... 7-32

7.3 Logistic Infrastructure ......................................................................................................... 7-33 7.3.1 Objectives and Development Strategies .............................................................. 7-33 7.3.2 Establishment of Development Target ................................................................. 7-34 7.3.3 Demand Forecast and Needs for Development ................................................... 7-35 7.3.4 Development Plan ............................................................................................... 7-37 7.3.5 Cost Estimate ....................................................................................................... 7-41

7.4 Water Resources and Water Supply .................................................................................... 7-42 7.4.1 Objectives and Development Strategies .............................................................. 7-42 7.4.2 Establishment of Development Targets ............................................................... 7-43 7.4.3 Demand Forecasts ............................................................................................... 7-46 7.4.4 Development Plan ............................................................................................... 7-47 7.4.5 Cost Estimates ..................................................................................................... 7-51

7.5 Sewage and Sanitation ........................................................................................................ 7-51 7.5.1 Objectives and Development Strategies .............................................................. 7-51 7.5.2 Establishment of Development Target ................................................................. 7-52 7.5.3 Demand Forecast ................................................................................................. 7-55 7.5.4 Development Plan ............................................................................................... 7-57 7.5.5 Cost Estimate ....................................................................................................... 7-63

7.6 Solid Waste Management .................................................................................................... 7-63 7.6.1 Objectives and Development Strategies .............................................................. 7-63 7.6.2 Establishment of Development Target ................................................................. 7-64 7.6.3 Demand Forecast ................................................................................................. 7-65 7.6.4 Development Plan ............................................................................................... 7-66 7.6.5 Cost Estimate ....................................................................................................... 7-70

7.7 Electricity and Renewable Energy ...................................................................................... 7-72 7.7.1 Objectives and Development Strategies .............................................................. 7-72


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7.7.2 Establishment of Development Targets ............................................................... 7-73 7.7.3 Demand Forecast ................................................................................................. 7-75 7.7.4 Development Plan ............................................................................................... 7-80 7.7.5 Cost Estimate ....................................................................................................... 7-85

7.8 Urban Disaster Risk Reduction ........................................................................................... 7-87 7.8.1 Objective and Strategies ...................................................................................... 7-87 7.8.2 Development Target ............................................................................................. 7-87 7.8.3 Development Plan ............................................................................................... 7-88 7.8.4 Cost Estimate ..................................................................................................... 7-100

7.9 Investment Requirement ................................................................................................... 7-100 CHAPTER 8 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ................................................. 8-1

8.1 SEA Procedure ...................................................................................................................... 8-1 8.2 Evaluation and Comparison of Spatial Development Scenarios ........................................... 8-1 8.3 Evaluation and Comparison of PUD Candidate Sites ........................................................... 8-4 8.4 Evaluation of the Impacts of Development Strategies and Spatial Organization adopted by

the PDU ................................................................................................................................. 8-5 8.4.1 Overall Summary of the Results of the Impact Assessment .................................. 8-5 8.4.2 Evaluation of the Economic Development Strategy .............................................. 8-7 8.4.3 Evaluation of the Strategy and Spatial Organization of Infrastructure Development

............................................................................................................................... 8-8 8.4.4 Evaluation of the Strategy and Spatial Organization of Urban Development . 8-12 8.4.5 Evaluation of the Strategy for Environmental Management ............................... 8-14 8.4.6 Evaluation of the Strategy for Social Development ............................................ 8-15 8.4.7 Evaluation of the Risk Management Strategy Related to Urban Disasters ......... 8-16 8.4.8 Evaluation of the Cumulative Effects of the Implementation of All Strategies 8-17

8.5 Mitigation and Amplification Measures ............................................................................. 8-17 CHAPTER 9 DETAILED URBAN PLAN FOR DAGA KHOLPA ................................................. 9-1

9.1 Project Area Selection ........................................................................................................... 9-1 9.1.1 Objective of Detailed Urban Plan Preparation ...................................................... 9-1 9.1.2 Candidate Areas ..................................................................................................... 9-1 9.1.3 Selection and Criteria ............................................................................................ 9-2

9.2 Detailed Plan Preparation Process ........................................................................................ 9-4 9.3 Existing Conditions of Daga Kholpa .................................................................................... 9-5

9.3.1 The Project Area .................................................................................................... 9-5 9.3.2 Environmental Sensitivity Analysis....................................................................... 9-5 9.3.3 General Conditions ................................................................................................ 9-7

9.4 Existing Development Projects and Plans in Adjacent Area ............................................... 9-11 9.5 Development Concept for Daga Kholpa ............................................................................. 9-15 9.6 Development Frameworks .................................................................................................. 9-19 9.7 Detailed Plan for Daga Kholpa for 2035 ............................................................................ 9-20

9.7.1 Land Use Plan...................................................................................................... 9-20 9.7.2 General Provisions on Planning Applicable to All Areas .................................... 9-36 9.7.3 Special Provision on Planning Applicable to Specific Areas .............................. 9-38 9.7.4 Provision of Public Services ................................................................................ 9-45 9.7.5 Demands for Infrastructure Development ........................................................... 9-47 9.7.6 Magnitude of Investment ..................................................................................... 9-48 9.7.7 Phasing ................................................................................................................ 9-49 9.7.8 Institutional Set-up for Implementation .............................................................. 9-50

9.8 Strategic Environmental Assessment .................................................................................. 9-51 9.8.1 Comparison of Urban Structure Alternatives ...................................................... 9-51 9.8.2 Assessment of the Impacts of Spatial Organization ............................................ 9-52 9.8.3 Mitigation and Amplification Measures .............................................................. 9-54


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CHAPTER 10 URBAN PLANNING MANAGEMENT ................................................................. 10-1 10.1 Present Situation of Urban Planning Management ............................................................. 10-1 10.2 Directions to Improve the Urban Management System ...................................................... 10-7 10.3 Capacity Development Plan of DUA ................................................................................ 10-12

10.3.1 Objective and Strategies for Capacity Development ......................................... 10-12 10.3.2 Capacity Development at Institutional and Organizational Levels ................... 10-12 10.3.3 Capacity Development at Individual Level ....................................................... 10-17

CHAPTER 11 PRIORITY PROJECTS IDENTIFIED IN 2035 MASTER PLAN .......................... 11-1 11.1 Selection of Priority Projects .............................................................................................. 11-1 11.2 Selection of Priority Projects for Pre-Feasibility Study ...................................................... 11-6

CHAPTER 12 INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENT PROJECT ON VDN AND FRONT DE TERRE

.................................................................................................................................. 12-1 12.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 12-1 12.2 Current Situation ................................................................................................................. 12-2

12.2.1 Location Map....................................................................................................... 12-2 12.2.2 Directional Traffic Count Survey ........................................................................ 12-2 12.2.3 Signal Phasing Survey ......................................................................................... 12-3 12.2.4 Travel Speed Survey ............................................................................................ 12-4 12.2.5 Traffic Queue Length Survey .............................................................................. 12-5

12.3 Proposed Alternatives for Improvement ............................................................................. 12-5 12.4 Future Traffic Analysis ....................................................................................................... 12-7

12.4.1 Travel Demand Forecast ...................................................................................... 12-7 12.4.2 Traffic Analysis of the Sub-projects .................................................................... 12-8

12.5 Road and Structure Design Alternatives for Improvements ............................................. 12-13 12.6 Construction Plan .............................................................................................................. 12-47

12.6.1 Characteristics of the Sub-project Sites ............................................................. 12-47 12.6.2 New Construction Technology .......................................................................... 12-48

12.7 Project Cost Estimate ........................................................................................................ 12-54 12.7.1 Conditions of the Cost Estimate ........................................................................ 12-54 12.7.2 Unit Cost for the Pre-feasibility Study .............................................................. 12-55 12.7.3 Cost Estimate for the Preliminary Design ......................................................... 12-56 12.7.4 Maintenance Cost .............................................................................................. 12-67

12.8 Implementation Program .................................................................................................. 12-68 12.8.1 Possible Scheme ................................................................................................ 12-68 12.8.2 Implementation Schedule .................................................................................. 12-68 12.8.3 Comparison of Improvement Alternatives ........................................................ 12-69

12.9 Economic Analysis............................................................................................................ 12-70 12.9.1 Presumptions ..................................................................................................... 12-70 12.9.2 Cost .................................................................................................................... 12-70 12.9.3 Traffic Volume ................................................................................................... 12-71 12.9.4 Benefit ............................................................................................................... 12-71 12.9.5 Estimate of the Economic Internal Rate of Return ............................................ 12-72 12.9.6 Sensitivity Analysis ........................................................................................... 12-73

12.10 Environmental and Social Considerations ........................................................................ 12-74 12.10.1 Present Environmental and Social Conditions .................................................. 12-74 12.10.2 Related Laws and Regulations .......................................................................... 12-81 12.10.3 Studies on the Alternatives ................................................................................ 12-82 12.10.4 Scoping .............................................................................................................. 12-83 12.10.5 Anticipated Environmental Impact .................................................................... 12-85 12.10.6 Proposed Mitigation Measures .......................................................................... 12-88 12.10.7 Proposed Monitoring Plan ................................................................................. 12-90 12.10.8 Resettlement Policy Framework ........................................................................ 12-91 12.10.9 Consultation with Stakeholders ......................................................................... 12-94


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12.10.10 Further Steps ...................................................................................................... 12-95 12.11 Prioritization of Sub-projects ............................................................................................ 12-96

12.11.1 Evaluation Method ............................................................................................ 12-96 12.11.2 Multi-criteria Analysis ....................................................................................... 12-97 12.11.3 Evaluation Result ............................................................................................... 12-98

12.12 Conclusion and Recommendation .................................................................................... 12-99 CHAPTER 13 TRAFFIC IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS AROUND BAUX MARAÎCHERS BUS

TERMINAL.............................................................................................................. 13-1 13.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 13-1 13.2 Current Situation ................................................................................................................. 13-1

13.2.1 Location Map....................................................................................................... 13-1 13.2.2 Directional Traffic Count Survey ........................................................................ 13-3 13.2.3 Signal Phasing Survey ......................................................................................... 13-4 13.2.4 Travel Speed Survey ............................................................................................ 13-4 13.2.5 Traffic Queue Length Survey .............................................................................. 13-5 13.2.6 Vehicle Count and Vehicle OD Survey at Baux Maraîchers Bus Terminal ......... 13-5 13.2.7 Summary of Issues .............................................................................................. 13-6

13.3 Proposed Alternatives for Improvement ............................................................................. 13-7 13.4 Future Traffic Analysis ....................................................................................................... 13-9

13.4.1 Travel Demand Forecast ...................................................................................... 13-9 13.4.2 Traffic Analysis of the Sub-Projects .................................................................. 13-10

13.5 Road and Structure Design Alternatives for Improvements ............................................. 13-13 13.6 Construction Plan .............................................................................................................. 13-28

13.6.1 Characteristics of the Project Site ...................................................................... 13-28 13.6.2 New Construction Technology .......................................................................... 13-30

13.7 Project Cost Estimate ........................................................................................................ 13-31 13.7.1 Conditions of the Cost Estimate ........................................................................ 13-31 13.7.2 Unit Cost for the Pre-feasibility Study .............................................................. 13-31 13.7.3 Cost Estimate for the Preliminary Design ......................................................... 13-31 13.7.4 Maintenance Cost .............................................................................................. 13-41

13.8 Implementation Program .................................................................................................. 13-41 13.8.1 Possible Loan Assistance ................................................................................... 13-41 13.8.2 Implementation Schedule .................................................................................. 13-41

13.9 Economic Analysis............................................................................................................ 13-42 13.9.1 Presumptions ..................................................................................................... 13-42 13.9.2 Cost .................................................................................................................... 13-43 13.9.3 Traffic Volume ................................................................................................... 13-43 13.9.4 Benefits .............................................................................................................. 13-43 13.9.5 Estimate of the Economic Internal Rate of Return ............................................ 13-44 13.9.6 Sensitivity Analysis ........................................................................................... 13-45

13.10 Environmental and Social Considerations ........................................................................ 13-47 13.10.1 Present Environmental and Social Conditions .................................................. 13-47 13.10.2 Related Laws and Regulations .......................................................................... 13-48 13.10.3 Studies on Alternatives ...................................................................................... 13-48 13.10.4 Scoping .............................................................................................................. 13-49 13.10.5 Anticipated Environment Impact....................................................................... 13-51 13.10.6 Proposed Mitigation Measures .......................................................................... 13-54 13.10.7 Proposed Monitoring Plan ................................................................................. 13-56 13.10.8 Resettlement Policy Framework ........................................................................ 13-56 13.10.9 Consultation with Stakeholders ......................................................................... 13-58 13.10.10 Further Steps ...................................................................................................... 13-59

13.11 Prioritization of the Sub-projects ...................................................................................... 13-59 13.11.1 Evaluation Method ............................................................................................ 13-59 13.11.2 Multi-criteria Analysis ....................................................................................... 13-60


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13.11.3 Evaluation Result ............................................................................................... 13-61 13.12 Conclusion and Recommendation .................................................................................... 13-63

CHAPTER 14 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PROPER WASTE TREATMENT

ALTERNATIVES FOCUSING ON WASTE-TO-ENERGY SYSTEM................... 14-1 14.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 14-1 14.2 Outline of the Waste to Energy Facilities............................................................................ 14-2 14.3 Waste to Be Incinerated under the Waste to Energy System ............................................... 14-3

14.3.1 Total Amount of Municipal Waste ....................................................................... 14-3 14.3.2 Waste to Be Incinerated under the Waste to Energy System ............................... 14-3

14.4 Evaluation of the Waste to Energy System ......................................................................... 14-6 14.4.1 Evaluation Criteria ............................................................................................... 14-6 14.4.2 Pollution Control/ Sanitary Treatment ................................................................. 14-6 14.4.3 Final Disposal Amount ........................................................................................ 14-7 14.4.4 Greenhouse Gas Reduction (CO2 Emission) ....................................................... 14-7 14.4.5 Investment Efficiency .......................................................................................... 14-8 14.4.6 Necessity of Waste Segregation ........................................................................... 14-9 14.4.7 Operation and Maintenance of the Facilities ..................................................... 14-10

14.5 Remaining Issues to Be Solved ......................................................................................... 14-10 14.5.1 Criteria for Construction Candidate Sites .......................................................... 14-10 14.5.2 Environmental Impact Assessment and Related Legislation ............................. 14-11 14.5.3 Cooperation with Residents ............................................................................... 14-11 14.5.4 Coordination with Power Companies ................................................................ 14-11 14.5.5 Coordination with Stakeholders ........................................................................ 14-12 14.5.6 Risk Management of the System ....................................................................... 14-12

14.6 Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................................. 14-12 CHAPTER 15 POLICY PACKAGE AND ACTION PLAN FOR DUA ......................................... 15-1

15.1 Investment Requirement-Budget Balance .......................................................................... 15-1 15.2 Policy Package for the 2035 Master Plan ........................................................................... 15-1 15.3 Action Plan for DUA .......................................................................................................... 15-2

CHAPTER 16 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................... 16-1

16.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 16-1 16.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................... 16-3


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List of Tables

Table 1.3.1 Administrative Units in Study Area ............................................................................ 1-6 Table 2.2.1 Population Transitions in Senegal .............................................................................. 2-6 Table 2.2.2 Social Indicators ......................................................................................................... 2-7 Table 2.2.3 GDP and GDP per Capita in Senegal.......................................................................... 2-7 Table 2.2.4 Socioeconomic Indicators in Senegal and West African Countries in 2013 ............... 2-8 Table 2.3.1 Summary Breakdown of GHG Emissions for Senegal, 1990 to 2011 ...................... 2-11 Table 2.3.2 Annual CO2 Emissions Data for Senegal, 1990 and 2010 ........................................ 2-12 Table 2.4.1 Populations of Capital Cities, and Populations, Areas and Population Densities of

Each Region .............................................................................................................. 2-14 Table 2.5.1 Funding Status of the PSE ........................................................................................ 2-17 Table 2.5.2 Economic Growth to be Achieved by the PSE’s Implementation ............................ 2-19 Table 2.5.3 Population Framework Proposed in the DTM Plan .................................................. 2-19 Table 3.1.1 Land Area by Land Use Category .............................................................................. 3-5 Table 3.1.2 Dakar Master Plans 1946–2006 ................................................................................ 3-11 Table 3.1.3 Key Figures for Urban Poles in the 2025 Master Plan ............................................. 3-12 Table 3.1.4 List of Major Urban Development Projects and Urban Growth Poles in the Study Area

.................................................................................................................................. 3-14 Table 3.1.5 Composition of Urban Planning Documents ............................................................ 3-18 Table 3.1.6 Contents of the PDU and the PUD Stipulated in the Law and its Decree ................ 3-19 Table 3.1.7 Rules and Regulations to be Stipulated in the PDU and the PUD ............................ 3-20 Table 3.1.8 Examples: Regulations in the PDU and PUDs ......................................................... 3-20 Table 3.1.9 Current Statuses of PDUs for Communes in Senegal (2014) ................................... 3-21 Table 3.1.10 Current Status of PUDs Formulated in the Study Area ............................................ 3-22 Table 3.1.11 Current Statuses of Government Administrations in the Study Area ....................... 3-23 Table 3.1.12 Urban planning Process and Relevant Stakeholders ................................................. 3-25 Table 3.1.13 Urban Planning Bodies and Approval Process ......................................................... 3-25 Table 3.1.14 Authorization Processes for Development and Construction ................................... 3-28 Table 3.1.15 Number of ZAC Programs under DUA Supervision in 2012 ................................... 3-29 Table 3.1.16 Key National Organizations/Agencies and Tasks in Urban Developments .............. 3-30 Table 3.3.1 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in the Study Areas with Trigger Species 1) ................ 3-39 Table 3.3.2 IUCN Red List in Senegal ........................................................................................ 3-41 Table 3.3.3 Classified Forests in the Study Area ......................................................................... 3-42 Table 3.3.4 Natural Conservation Areas in the Study Area ......................................................... 3-42 Table 3.4.1 Population in Senegal, Dakar and Thiès ................................................................... 3-47 Table 3.4.2 Estimated Population in Part of Thiès Region within the Study Area ...................... 3-48 Table 3.4.3 Household Size in the Study Area ............................................................................ 3-49 Table 3.4.4 Age Structure of Dakar in 2013 ................................................................................ 3-49 Table 3.4.5 Poverty Indicators in Dakar and Senegal, 2001–2011 .............................................. 3-50 Table 3.4.6 Household Head’s Occupation ................................................................................. 3-51 Table 3.4.7 The Three Most Important Issues for People by Region .......................................... 3-51 Table 3.5.1 Farm Households by Urban and Rural Areas in Dakar, Thiès and Senegal ............. 3-52 Table 3.5.2 Paddy and Rice Production in Senegal ..................................................................... 3-52 Table 3.5.3 Production of Other Staple Food Crops and Peanuts in Dakar and Thiès Regions 3-53 Table 3.5.4 Vegetable Production in Dakar Region (2011) ......................................................... 3-53 Table 3.5.5 Livestock Production in Dakar, Thiès and Senegal (2012) ...................................... 3-54 Table 3.5.6 Government Organizations for Agriculture and Fishery Development .................... 3-54 Table 3.5.7 Current Conditions of Artisanal Fishing in Senegal, 2012 ....................................... 3-56 Table 3.5.8 Fishery Yield and Values by Type of Fishing in Senegal, 2012 ................................ 3-56 Table 3.5.9 GDP by Sector in Senegal: 2000–2012 .................................................................... 3-57 Table 3.5.10 Employment by Sector in Senegal, 2012 .................................................................. 3-57 Table 3.5.11 Government Organizations for Manufacturing and Services Development ............. 3-58 Table 3.5.12 Number of Industries Recorded in Centre Unique de Collecte de l'Information and

their Production Amounts in Dakar .......................................................................... 3-62


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Table 3.5.13 Number of Industries by Sector in Dakar, 2005 ....................................................... 3-63 Table 3.5.14 Distribution of SMEs Surveyed by Sector of Activity and Size ............................... 3-63 Table 3.5.15 Spatial Distribution of Markets and Business Centers ............................................. 3-64 Table 3.5.16 Key Tourism Resources and Destinations in Senegal ............................................... 3-65 Table 3.5.17 Tourist Sites within the Study Area .......................................................................... 3-65 Table 3.5.18 Accommodation Capacity in Senegal and the Dakar Metropolitan Area, 2007 ....... 3-66 Table 3.5.19 Integrated Tourism Development Program of the PSE (2014–18) ........................... 3-67 Table 3.5.20 Priority Tourism Development Programs in the Strategic Plan 2014–18 (MTAT) . 3-67 Table 3.6.1 Road Length by Major Category in Dakar Region and in Senegal .......................... 3-69 Table 3.6.2 Proposed Actions in the Theme of Transport and Mobility ...................................... 3-81 Table 3.6.3 Grand Road Projects by AGEROUTE ...................................................................... 3-82 Table 3.6.4 Characteristics of Ports in West Africa (1) ............................................................... 3-85 Table 3.6.5 Characteristics of Ports in West Africa (2) ............................................................... 3-85 Table 3.6.6 Cargo Throughputs at Dakar Port ............................................................................. 3-88 Table 3.6.7 Seasonal Variation of Spatially Averaged Precipitation, Air Temperature and PET for

the Whole of Senegal ................................................................................................ 3-94 Table 3.6.8 Water Resource Potential in Senegal ........................................................................ 3-94 Table 3.6.9 Seasonal Variation of Precipitation at Dakar-Yoff Station........................................ 3-96 Table 3.6.10 Estimated Water Resource Potential in Study Area .................................................. 3-97 Table 3.6.11 Water Source for Piped Water Supply by SONES .................................................... 3-98 Table 3.6.12 Small-Scale Reservoirs in Study Area ...................................................................... 3-99 Table 3.6.13 Laws and Regulations related to Water Resources and Water Supply .................... 3-101 Table 3.6.14 Existing Facilities of the Dakar Water Supply System (as of 2013) ....................... 3-103 Table 3.6.15 Present Access Rates to Water Supply Services ..................................................... 3-104 Table 3.6.16 Evolution of Unit Water Consumption Rates ......................................................... 3-104 Table 3.6.17 Evolution of NRW Rates ........................................................................................ 3-105 Table 3.6.18 SDE Water Tariff .................................................................................................... 3-106 Table 3.6.19 Indicators for Urban Water Supply Service ............................................................. 3-111 Table 3.6.20 National Development Plans for the Water Sector .................................................. 3-111 Table 3.6.21 Program/Projects under SNGDERST ..................................................................... 3-112 Table 3.6.22 Project Sites listed in PNDIL in Study Area ........................................................... 3-113 Table 3.6.23 Coverage Ratio of the Wastewater Treatment Facilities ......................................... 3-115 Table 3.6.24 List of Sewerage Facilities in Dakar and Thiès Regions ........................................ 3-115 Table 3.6.25 List of On-Site Sanitation Facilities ....................................................................... 3-115 Table 3.6.26 Daily Average Volume of Each STP ....................................................................... 3-116 Table 3.6.27 Performance of Water Quality Tests in 2014 .......................................................... 3-117 Table 3.6.28 Performance of the Sludge Transfer Record in 2014 .............................................. 3-117 Table 3.6.29 Coverage of the Operational Costs (12 Operations in Total) .................................. 3-118 Table 3.6.30 Components of the Existing Master Plan (Target: 2025) ........................................ 3-119 Table 3.6.31 Required Total Investment for All Components of the Master Plan (Target, 2025) 3-119 Table 3.6.32 Investment Costs of Priority Programs (Target, 2025) ........................................... 3-120 Table 3.6.33 Investment Schedule of Priority Programs ............................................................. 3-121 Table 3.6.34 Goal of Improved Sanitation for 2025 .................................................................... 3-122 Table 3.6.35 Wastewater Volume in the Pilot Project (50 ha) ..................................................... 3-123 Table 3.6.36 Institutions Involved in Solid Waste Management in Senegal ............................... 3-124 Table 3.6.37 Outline of Sindia Landfill ....................................................................................... 3-128 Table 3.6.38 Expected Outputs of the Strategic Plan (2013–2020) ............................................. 3-128 Table 3.6.39 Draft Activities of the Dakar Solid Waste Management Master Plan ..................... 3-129 Table 3.6.40 Trend of Electricity Demand and Supply in Senegal .............................................. 3-131 Table 3.6.41 Trend of Electricity Prices by SENELEC ............................................................... 3-131 Table 3.6.42 Power Plants connected to the Senegal National Grid ........................................... 3-132 Table 3.6.43 Recent Projects in the Senegal Electricity Sector ................................................... 3-139 Table 3.6.44 Comparison of Power Generation Costs ................................................................. 3-139 Table 3.6.45 Net Enrollment Rate of Primary School ................................................................. 3-143 Table 3.6.46 Net Enrollment Rate of Secondary School ............................................................. 3-143


x

Table 3.6.47 Educational Indicators of Primary School in 2009 ................................................. 3-144 Table 3.6.48 Educational Indicators of Secondary School in 2009 ............................................. 3-144 Table 3.6.49 International Cooperation in the Education Sector ................................................. 3-144 Table 3.6.50 Health Facilities and Population ............................................................................. 3-145 Table 3.6.51 Health Indicators in Senegal ................................................................................... 3-146 Table 3.6.52 Health Facilities in the Dakar and Thiès Regions ................................................... 3-146 Table 3.6.53 International Cooperation in the Health Sector ...................................................... 3-146 Table 3.7.1 Historical Disasters in Senegal (1900–2013) ......................................................... 3-147 Table 3.7.2 Past Disasters in the Study Area ............................................................................. 3-148 Table 3.7.3 Strategic Objectives and Actions on DRM in NSESD (2013–2017) ...................... 3-149 Table 3.7.4 Outline of the DRM Plan ........................................................................................ 3-150 Table 3.7.5 Monitoring Stations that Observe Precipitation in and around the Study Area 3-152 Table 3.7.6 Correlation Coefficients among the Observed Precipitation .................................. 3-153 Table 3.7.7 Annual Maximum Precipitation at Dakar-Yoff....................................................... 3-154 Table 3.7.8 Probable Precipitation at Dakar-Yoff ...................................................................... 3-155 Table 3.7.9 Return Periods of Precipitation Volume for 2005, 2009 and 2012 ......................... 3-156 Table 3.7.10 Outline of PROGEP ................................................................................................ 3-160 Table 3.7.11 Ten Priority Actions and Their Statuses ................................................................. 3-161 Table 3.7.12 Activities and Required Budget for the PDGI ........................................................ 3-161 Table 3.7.13 Situation of Coastal Erosion in the Study Area ...................................................... 3-162 Table 3.7.14 Projects Proposed by UEMOA ............................................................................... 3-163 Table 3.7.15 Projects Implemented by DEEC ............................................................................. 3-164 Table 3.8.1 Current DUA Personnel Conditions and Tasks by Division ................................... 3-169 Table 3.8.2 Average Number of Staff and Budgets of Villes and Communes in the Study Area

................................................................................................................................ 3-170 Table 3.8.3 Brief of Capacity Assessment Surveys for Organizations ...................................... 3-171 Table 3.8.4 Result of Capacity Assessment Surveys for Organizations .................................... 3-172 Table 3.8.5 PUD-Planning Capability of the PUD Planning Team (DUA) ............................... 3-173 Table 3.8.6 Three Most Important Actions for a Local Government’s Capacity to Solve Urban

Problem /Issues ....................................................................................................... 3-174 Table 3.8.7 Expected Comprehension Level for Main Subjects ............................................... 3-175 Table 3.8.8 Training Themes with Comprehension Level and Related Activities .................... 3-176 Table 3.8.9 Training Program in Japan ...................................................................................... 3-177 Table 4.2.1 Proposed Stakeholder Meetings ............................................................................... 4-23 Table 4.2.2 Modified Program for Stakeholder Meetings ........................................................... 4-24 Table 4.2.3 Training Program for Key Facilitators ...................................................................... 4-24 Table 4.2.4 Key Officers for the Facilitation of Stakeholder Meetings ....................................... 4-25 Table 4.2.5 First Stakeholder Meeting Dates and Number of Participants.................................. 4-25 Table 4.2.6 Agenda of the First Stakeholder Meetings ............................................................... 4-25 Table 4.2.7 Highlights of Stakeholder Meeting Results .............................................................. 4-27 Table 4.2.8 Schedule of Stakeholder Meetings (2) ...................................................................... 4-29 Table 4.2.9 Visions by Department ............................................................................................. 4-29 Table 4.2.10 Comments Made in the Stakeholder Meeting........................................................... 4-30 Table 4.2.11 Schedule of Stakeholder Meetings (3) ...................................................................... 4-31 Table 4.2.12 Comments Made in the Stakeholder Meeting........................................................... 4-32 Table 4.2.13 Schedule of the Fourth Stakeholder Meetings .......................................................... 4-35 Table 4.2.14 Comments Made in the Stakeholder Meeting........................................................... 4-36 Table 4.2.15 Results of the SWOT Analysis ................................................................................. 4-39 Table 4.2.16 Results of the Self-Evaluation of DUA Staffs’ Capabilities in Urban Planning ....... 4-43 Table 4.2.17 Areas for the Household Survey and the Number of Samples ................................. 4-44 Table 4.2.18 Necessary Sample Size by Different Margins of Error ............................................ 4-45 Table 5.2.1 Result of Sustainability Diagnosis .............................................................................. 5-2 Table 5.3.1 Sustainability of the Study Area ............................................................................... 5-10 Table 6.1.1 Targets for Envisioned and Enabling Objectives to Realize “City of Hospitality” .. 6-5 Table 6.3.1 Socioeconomic Framework for Senegal ................................................................... 6-17


xi

Table 6.3.2 Socioeconomic Framework for the Study Area ........................................................ 6-18 Table 6.3.3 GRDP by block in 2013, 2025 and 2035 .................................................................. 6-20 Table 6.3.4 Evaluation Criteria by Slope and Base Material of Soil ........................................... 6-21 Table 6.3.5 Evaluation Criteria by Soil Type .............................................................................. 6-21 Table 6.3.6 Combination of Evaluation Criteria for Urbanization Potential Analysis ................ 6-27 Table 6.3.7 Required Urban Promotion Area in 2035 ................................................................. 6-30 Table 6.5.1 Land Demand Estimate for Residential, Industry, and Service ................................ 6-46 Table 6.5.2 Roles and Characteristics of Land Use Plan by Type of Plan ................................... 6-49 Table 6.5.3 Conditions and Criteria for Assignment of Land Use ............................................... 6-51 Table 6.5.4 Composition of Proposed Land Use ......................................................................... 6-53 Table 6.5.5 Planned Population Density by Land Use Category and Agglomeration ................. 6-57 Table 6.5.6 Estimated Population Distribution by Agglomeration .............................................. 6-58 Table 6.5.7 Estimated Population by Administrative Unit .......................................................... 6-58 Table 6.5.8 Estimated Population Growth Rate by Administrative Unit ..................................... 6-59 Table 6.5.9 Estimated Number of Beds and Land Requirement for Hospital ............................. 6-60 Table 7.1.1 Economic Framework for Agriculture and Fishery .................................................... 7-1 Table 7.1.2 Economic Framework for Industries .......................................................................... 7-3 Table 7.1.3 Land Use Framework for Industries in 2035 .............................................................. 7-4 Table 7.1.4 Industrial Location Factors ......................................................................................... 7-7 Table 7.1.5 Target Future Visitor Arrivals to Senegal (2015-2035) .............................................. 7-9 Table 7.1.6 Target Accommodation Guests to Two Regions (2015-2035) .................................. 7-10 Table 7.1.7 Target Indicators for Estimating Target Guest Nights .............................................. 7-10 Table 7.1.8 Target Guest Nights and Additional Requirements for Accommodation as of 2035 in

Regions Relevant to the Study Area ......................................................................... 7-11 Table 7.1.9 Expected Tourism Receipt in Regions Relevant to the Study Area .......................... 7-11 Table 7.1.10 Accommodation Target Requirement in Regions Relevant to the Study Area ......... 7-12 Table 7.1.11 Additional Land Requirements for Accommodation Development in Dakar and Thiès

Regions ..................................................................................................................... 7-12 Table 7.1.12 Tourism Gateway Development in the Study Area................................................... 7-13 Table 7.1.13 Desirable Tourism Product Development and Destination Management in the Study

Area .......................................................................................................................... 7-14 Table 7.2.1 Performance Targets in Road Network and Traffic .................................................. 7-17 Table 7.2.2 Performance Targets in Urban Transportation .......................................................... 7-17 Table 7.2.3 List of Urban Transport Projects............................................................................... 7-31 Table 7.2.4 Urban Transport Master Plan Cost (2016-2035)....................................................... 7-33 Table 7.3.1 Cargo Volume Projection at Dakar Port .................................................................... 7-35 Table 7.3.2 Projection of Dry Bulk Cargo Throughput at Bargny Port ....................................... 7-39 Table 7.3.3 Major Project Components of Bargny Port .............................................................. 7-40 Table 7.3.4 Projection of Future Cargo Throughput at Kaolack Port .......................................... 7-40 Table 7.3.5 Implementation Schedule for Logistic Infrastructure Development (Tentative) ...... 7-42 Table 7.3.6 Project Cost............................................................................................................... 7-42 Table 7.4.1 Strategies for Sustainable Water Resources and Water Supply ................................ 7-43 Table 7.4.2 Proposal for Improvement in Water Supply Accessibility ........................................ 7-44 Table 7.4.3 Proposal to Improve Access Rates of House Connections ....................................... 7-44 Table 7.4.4 Proposal for Steady Improvement in Cost Recovery ................................................ 7-45 Table 7.4.5 Proposal for Restraining Unit Domestic Water Consumption Rates ........................ 7-46 Table 7.4.6 Proposal for Reduction of NRW Rates ..................................................................... 7-46 Table 7.4.7 Water Demand Forecasts .......................................................................................... 7-47 Table 7.4.8 Population Distribution Plan..................................................................................... 7-48 Table 7.4.9 Measures to Improve Water Distribution .................................................................. 7-49 Table 7.4.10 Water Demand Forecasts and Distribution Scheduling ............................................ 7-50 Table 7.4.11 Cost Estimates for Programs/Projects to Increase Water Production ....................... 7-51 Table 7.4.12 Estimated Cost for Programs/Projects to Improve Water Supply Services .............. 7-51 Table 7.5.1 Population in Planned Sewered Area and Other Areas by Department .................... 7-53 Table 7.5.2 Population Distribution in 2035 by Sewage Treatment Plants ................................. 7-53


xii

Table 7.5.3 Proposed Coverage Ratio in Planned Sewered Area ................................................ 7-54 Table 7.5.4 Target on Sewered Population and Coverage Ratio ................................................. 7-55 Table 7.5.5 Required STP Capacities for 100% Coverage of Sewerage System in Planned Sewered

Area .......................................................................................................................... 7-56 Table 7.5.6 Required Capacities for Sewerage Treatment considering Target on Coverage Ratio

.................................................................................................................................. 7-56 Table 7.5.7 Required Septage Treatment Capacity ...................................................................... 7-57 Table 7.5.8 Required Land Areas in New Sewerage System ...................................................... 7-58 Table 7.5.9 Development Scenario toward 2035 ......................................................................... 7-60 Table 7.5.10 Ongoing, Planned and Proposed Projects/Programs ................................................. 7-61 Table 7.5.11 Condition of Estimation of BOD5 Generation and its Reduction Rate .................... 7-62 Table 7.5.12 Estimated BOD5 Load .............................................................................................. 7-62 Table 7.5.13 Order of Magnitude of Required Investment for 2035 ............................................. 7-63 Table 7.6.1 Target Collection Rate in the Study Area ................................................................. 7-65 Table 7.6.2 Future Forecast of Waste Generation Amount in the Study Area ............................. 7-65 Table 7.6.3 Future Forecast of Waste Generation Amount by Department ................................. 7-66 Table 7.6.4 Future Forecast of Collection Rate by Department .................................................. 7-68 Table 7.6.5 Ongoing, Planned and Proposed Projects/Programs of Solid Waste Management Plan

.................................................................................................................................. 7-70 Table 7.6.6 Draft Cost Estimation of Solid Waste Management Plan in the Study Area ............ 7-71 Table 7.6.7 Operation and Maintenance Cost for Waste Collection in the Study Area ............... 7-71 Table 7.7.1 Development Plans and Strategies for the Electricity and Renewable Energy Sector

(Nationwide and Study Area) ................................................................................... 7-73 Table 7.7.2 Sustainable Development Target (Plan) of Electricity and Renewable Energy Sector

(Nationwide and Study Area) (*1) ............................................................................ 7-74 Table 7.7.3 Forecast Economic Growth Indexes in Senegal ....................................................... 7-77 Table 7.7.4 Electricity Demand Forecast for 2035 ...................................................................... 7-77 Table 7.7.5 Breakdown of Energy Source in 2035 ...................................................................... 7-78 Table 7.7.6 Real GRDP Forecast for Each Block in the Study Area ........................................... 7-79 Table 7.7.7 Electricity Demand Forecast for Each Block in the Study Area ............................... 7-79 Table 7.7.8 Electricity Demand and Additional Install Capacity Needed ................................... 7-86 Table 7.8.1 Strategies for Urban Disaster Risk Reduction .......................................................... 7-87 Table 7.8.2 Development Target on Urban Disaster Risk Reduction .......................................... 7-88 Table 7.8.3 Strategic Targets and Related Actions for Capacity Enhancement against Disaster Risk

.................................................................................................................................. 7-88 Table 7.8.4 Proposed Categorization of Stream and Flooding .................................................... 7-89 Table 7.8.5 Proposed Guiding Principles for Urban Drainage Scheme for New Urban Expansion

Area in Rufisque and Thiès (Draft) .......................................................................... 7-94 Table 7.8.6 Development Scenario for Urban Disaster Risk Reduction toward 2035 ................ 7-97 Table 7.8.7 Ongoing and Proposed Programs and Projects (Draft) ............................................. 7-99 Table 7.8.8 Order of Magnitude of Required Investment .......................................................... 7-100 Table 7.9.1 Investment Requirements for Master Plan 2035..................................................... 7-101 Table 8.2.1 Summary Table of Comparative Analysis of the 2025 Master Plan and the Proposed

Spatial Development Scenarios .................................................................................. 8-3 Table 8.3.1 Selection Criteria Results for Score with Environmental Evaluation ......................... 8-5 Table 8.4.1 Overall Summary of the Results of Impact Assessment of the PDU .......................... 8-6 Table 8.4.2 Detailed Assessment of the Impacts caused by the Economic Development Strategy

.................................................................................................................................... 8-8 Table 8.4.3 Detailed Assessment of the Impacts caused by the Strategy and the Spatial

Organization of Infrastructure Development ............................................................ 8-11 Table 8.4.4 Detailed Assessment of the Impacts caused by the Strategy and the Spatial

Organization of Urban Development. ....................................................................... 8-13 Table 8.4.5 Detailed Assessment of the Impacts caused by the Strategy for Environmental

Management ............................................................................................................. 8-15 Table 8.4.6 Detailed Assessment of the Impacts caused by the Strategy for Social Development


xiii

.................................................................................................................................. 8-16 Table 8.4.7 Detailed Assessment of the Impacts caused by the Risk Management Strategy related

to Urban Disasters .................................................................................................... 8-17 Table 8.5.1 Mitigation and the Amplification Measures for the Impacts of the Economic

Development Strategy .............................................................................................. 8-18 Table 8.5.2 Mitigation and the Amplification Measures for the Impacts of the Strategy and Spatial

Organization of Infrastructure Development ............................................................ 8-18 Table 8.5.3 Mitigation and the Amplification Measures for the Impacts of the Strategy and Spatial

Organization of Urban Development ........................................................................ 8-19 Table 8.5.4 Mitigation and the Amplification measures for the Impacts of the Strategy for Social

Development ............................................................................................................. 8-19 Table 8.5.5 Comparative Analysis of 2025 Master Plan and Master Plan Proposed for 2035: . 8-20 Table 9.1.1 Selection Criteria: Results of Scoring ......................................................................... 9-3 Table 9.3.1 Statistics of Diass Commune in 2013 ......................................................................... 9-9 Table 9.4.1 Breakdown of Allocation Zones and Areas .............................................................. 9-12 Table 9.6.1 Projected Population Distribution for 2035 .............................................................. 9-19 Table 9.7.1 Schedule of Drawing Sessions .................................................................................. 9-20 Table 9.7.2 Target Ratios of Land Use ........................................................................................ 9-22 Table 9.7.3 Proposed Land Use Ratio ......................................................................................... 9-26 Table 9.7.4 Population Density of the Residential Area .............................................................. 9-33 Table 9.7.5 Floor Area Requirements for Educational Facilities ................................................. 9-45 Table 9.7.6 Area Requirement for Parks and Playing Fields ....................................................... 9-47 Table 9.7.7 Infrastructure Demands in the Project Area .............................................................. 9-48 Table 9.7.8 Preliminary Cost Estimate and Price Benchmarking ................................................ 9-48 Table 9.8.1 Comparison of Urban Structure Alternatives............................................................ 9-52 Table 9.8.2 Results of Impact Assessment of Daga Kholpa PUD ............................................... 9-53 Table 9.8.3 Mitigation and Amplification Measures for the Impacts of the Economic Development

Strategy ..................................................................................................................... 9-54 Table 10.2.1 Action Plan for Urban Planning Management ........................................................ 10-11 Table 10.3.1 Desirable Technical Functions of DUA Headquarters in 2035 ............................... 10-16 Table 11.1.1 List of Priority Projects for Realization of the 2035 Master Plan............................. 11-1 Table 11.2.1 Selection of Projects for Pre-Feasibility Study ......................................................... 11-7 Table 12.2.1 Traffic Volume at the Sub-project Locations ............................................................ 12-3 Table 12.2.2 Average Cycle Length at the Sub-project Locations ................................................ 12-4 Table 12.2.3 Average Travel Speed at the Sub-project Locations ................................................. 12-4 Table 12.2.4 Average Queue Length at the Sub-project Locations ............................................... 12-5 Table 12.3.1 Proposed Alternatives for Improvement ................................................................... 12-7 Table 12.4.1 Traffic Demand Forecast at the Sub-project Locations ............................................ 12-7 Table 12.4.2 Improvement Alternatives for SDE .......................................................................... 12-8 Table 12.4.3 Results of the Traffic Analysis for the Improvement Alternatives at SDE ............... 12-9 Table 12.4.4 Improvement Alternatives for Cité Keur Gorgui .................................................... 12-10 Table 12.4.5 Results of the Traffic Analysis for the Improvement Alternatives at Cité Keur Gorgui

................................................................................................................................ 12-10 Table 12.4.6 Results of the Traffic Analysis for the Improvement Alternatives at Aimé Césaire 12-11 Table 12.4.7 Improvement Alternatives for Khar Yalla ............................................................... 12-12 Table 12.4.8 Results of the Traffic Analysis for the Improvement Alternatives at Khar Yalla .. 12-12 Table 12.4.9 Improvement Alternatives for Bourguiba ............................................................... 12-13 Table 12.4.10 Results of the Traffic Analysis for the Improvement Alternatives at Bourguiba .. 12-13 Table 12.5.1 An Abstract of the Alternative Comparisons .......................................................... 12-15 Table 12.5.2 Comparison of the Alternatives .............................................................................. 12-18 Table 12.5.3 Geometric Criteria .................................................................................................. 12-25 Table 12.6.1 New Construction Technology Methods and Their Application ............................ 12-54 Table 12.7.1 Exchange Rate ........................................................................................................ 12-54 Table 12.7.2 Unit Prices for the Intersection Improvement Project on VDN and Front de Terre 12-56 Table 12.7.3 Result of the Cost Estimation for the Intersection Improvement Project on VDN and


xiv

Front de Terre ......................................................................................................... 12-56 Table 12.7.4 Summary of the Estimated Cost for SDE Intersection ........................................... 12-57 Table 12.7.5 Result of the Cost Estimation for SDE Intersection ............................................... 12-58 Table 12.7.6 Summary of the Estimated Cost for Cité Keur Gorgui Intersection ....................... 12-60 Table 12.7.7 Result of the Cost Estimation for Cité Keur Gorgui Intersection ........................... 12-61 Table 12.7.8 Summary of the Estimated Cost for Aimé Césaire Intersection ............................. 12-62 Table 12.7.9 Result of the Cost Estimation for Aimé Césaire Intersection ................................. 12-63 Table 12.7.10 Summary of the Estimated Costs for Khar Yalla Intersection ................................ 12-64 Table 12.7.11 Result of the Cost Estimation for Khar Yalla Intersection ...................................... 12-65 Table 12.7.12 Summary of the Estimated Costs for Bourguiba Intersection ................................ 12-66 Table 12.7.13 Result of the Cost Estimation for Bourguiba Intersection ...................................... 12-66 Table 12.8.1 Possible Scheme ..................................................................................................... 12-68 Table 12.8.2 Implementation Schedule for the Intersection Improvement Project on VDN and Front

de Terre ................................................................................................................... 12-68 Table 12.8.3 Comparison of the Proposed Alternatives for Sub-projects .................................... 12-69 Table 12.9.1 Presumptions of the Economic Analysis ................................................................ 12-70 Table 12.9.2 Estimated Economic Cost ....................................................................................... 12-71 Table 12.9.3 Operation and Maintenance Cost and Renewal Cost for the Economic Analysis 12-71 Table 12.9.4 Vehicle Operating Costs by Travel Speed .............................................................. 12-72 Table 12.9.5 Travel Time Costs ................................................................................................... 12-72 Table 12.9.6 EIRR and ENPV by Intersection ............................................................................ 12-73 Table 12.9.7 Sensitivity Analysis of EIRR .................................................................................. 12-74 Table 12.10.1 Administrative Division of the Intersections .......................................................... 12-75 Table 12.10.2 Concentration of NOx and Sox at and near the Intersections ................................. 12-79 Table 12.10.3 Concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 at and near the Intersections .......................... 12-79 Table 12.10.4 Standards for the Key Pollutants ............................................................................ 12-80 Table 12.10.5 Noise and Vibration at and near the Intersections .................................................. 12-80 Table 12.10.6 Related Articles of the Environment Code ............................................................. 12-82 Table 12.10.7 Selected Alternatives and Their Characteristics ..................................................... 12-83 Table 12.10.8 Scoping Results ...................................................................................................... 12-84 Table 12.10.9 Summary of the Anticipated Impact ....................................................................... 12-87 Table 12.10.10 Monitoring Plan ...................................................................................................... 12-90 Table 12.10.11 Comparison of the Policies on the Resettlement .................................................... 12-92 Table 12.10.12 Entitlement Matrix .................................................................................................. 12-94 Table 12.10.13 Summary of Opinions of the Relevant Organizations ............................................ 12-95 Table 12.11.1 Criteria and Scoring Method .................................................................................. 12-98 Table 12.11.2 Evaluation Result: Intersection Improvement Project on VDN and Front de Terre 12-99 Table 13.2.1 Traffic Volume at the Sub-project Locations ............................................................ 13-4 Table 13.2.2 Average Cycle Length at the Sub-project Locations ................................................ 13-4 Table 13.2.3 Average Travel Speed at the Sub-project Locations ................................................. 13-5 Table 13.2.4 Average Queue Length at the Sub-project Locations ............................................... 13-5 Table 13.2.5 Summary of the Traffic Related Issues ..................................................................... 13-7 Table 13.3.1 Proposed Alternatives for Improvements ................................................................. 13-9 Table 13.4.1 Traffic Demand Forecast at the Sub-project Locations ............................................ 13-9 Table 13.4.2 Improvement Alternatives for the Intersection of NR1 .......................................... 13-10 Table 13.4.3 Results of the Traffic Analysis for Improvement Alternatives at the Intersection of

NR1 ......................................................................................................................... 13-11 Table 13.4.4 Results of the Traffic Analysis for the Improvement at the Intersection of Rufisque

Road ........................................................................................................................ 13-11 Table 13.4.5 Improvement Alternatives for the Access Road ..................................................... 13-13 Table 13.4.6 Alternatives for Direct Motorway On-ramp ........................................................... 13-13 Table 13.5.1 Comparison of Alternatives .................................................................................... 13-16 Table 13.6.1 New Construction Technology Method and Its Application ................................... 13-31 Table 13.7.1 Result of the Cost Estimation for the Traffic Improvement Project around Baux

Maraîchers Bus Terminal ........................................................................................ 13-32


xv

Table 13.7.2 Summary of the Estimated Cost for Improvement at Intersection of NR1 ............. 13-32 Table 13.7.3 Result of the Cost Estimation for the Improvement at the Intersection of NR1 . 13-33 Table 13.7.4 Summary of the Estimated Cost for the Improvement at the Intersection of Rufisque

Road and Improvement of the Access through PTB Station Entrance ................. 13-34 Table 13.7.5 Result of the Cost Estimation for the Improvement at the Intersection of Rufisque

Road and Improvement of the Access Through PTB Station Entrance .................. 13-35 Table 13.7.6 Summary of the Estimated Cost for Widening of the Access Road to Four Lanes 13-36 Table 13.7.7 Result of the Cost Estimation for the Widening of the Access Road to Four Lanes

................................................................................................................................ 13-37 Table 13.7.8 Summary of the Estimated Cost for the Direct Motorway Interchange ................. 13-39 Table 13.7.9 Result of the Cost Estimation for the Direct Motorway Interchange to the Terminal

................................................................................................................................ 13-40 Table 13.8.1 Possible Scheme ..................................................................................................... 13-41 Table 13.8.2 Implementation Schedule for the Improvement Project Around Baux Maraîchers Bus

Terminal .................................................................................................................. 13-42 Table 13.9.1 Presumptions of the Economic Analysis ................................................................ 13-43 Table 13.9.2 Estimated Economic Cost ....................................................................................... 13-43 Table 13.9.3 Operation and Maintenance Cost and Renewal Cost for Economic Analysis ........ 13-43 Table 13.9.4 Vehicle Operating Costs by Travel Speed .............................................................. 13-44 Table 13.9.5 Travel Time Costs ................................................................................................... 13-44 Table 13.9.6 EIRR and ENPV by the Alternatives ...................................................................... 13-45 Table 13.9.7 Sensitivity Analysis of EIRR .................................................................................. 13-46 Table 13.10.1 Concentration of NOx and SOx at and near the Bountou Pikine Intersection ........ 13-47 Table 13.10.2 Concentration of PM 2.5 and PM10 at and near the Intersections ......................... 13-48 Table 13.10.3 Standards for Key Pollutants .................................................................................. 13-48 Table 13.10.4 Noise and Vibration at and near the Intersections .................................................. 13-48 Table 13.10.5 Scoping Results ...................................................................................................... 13-50 Table 13.10.6 Summary of Anticipated Impacts ........................................................................... 13-53 Table 13.10.7 Monitoring Plan ...................................................................................................... 13-56 Table 13.10.8 Entitlement Matrix .................................................................................................. 13-58 Table 13.10.9 Summary of Opinions of the Relevant Organizations ............................................ 13-59 Table 13.11.1 Evaluation Result: Traffic Improvement Project Around Baux Maraîchers Bus

Terminal .................................................................................................................. 13-62 Table 14.3.1 Amount and Composition of Waste to Be Incinerated Under the Waste to Energy

System ...................................................................................................................... 14-4 Table 14.3.2 Three Components (the portion of Ash is assumed as 5%) ...................................... 14-5 Table 14.3.3 Estimation of the Calorific Value (by three components) ......................................... 14-5 Table 14.3.4 Estimation of Calorific Value (by waste composition) ............................................. 14-6 Table 14.4.1 Prerequisites for Evaluation ...................................................................................... 14-6 Table 14.4.2 Comparison of Final Disposal Amount .................................................................... 14-7 Table 14.4.3 Comparison of CO2 Emission Amounts ................................................................... 14-8 Table 14.4.4 Results of the Investment Efficiency Analysis ......................................................... 14-9 Table 14.6.1 Comparison of the Waste Management Systems in the Study Area ....................... 14-14 Table 15.1.1 Balance of Fund Requirement for 2035 Master Plan and Budget Availability ......... 15-1 Table 15.1.2 Budget of Senegalese Government ........................................................................... 15-1 Table 15.2.1 Policy Packages for 2035 Master Plan ..................................................................... 15-4


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List of Figures

Figure 1.1.1 Historical Change in the Built-up Area in Dakar ........................................................ 1-2 Figure 1.3.1 Location of Study Area ............................................................................................... 1-4 Figure 1.3.2 Administrative Boundaries of Study Area .................................................................. 1-5 Figure 1.4.1 Overall Schedule of the Study .................................................................................... 1-7 Figure 2.1.1 Topographic Conditions of Senegal ............................................................................ 2-1 Figure 2.1.2 Monthly Climate Average in the Main Cities ............................................................. 2-3 Figure 2.1.3 Soil Parameters in Senegal and Gambia ..................................................................... 2-4 Figure 2.1.4 Level of Soil Quality for Agricultural Development .................................................. 2-5 Figure 2.3.1 Major Land Use/Land-Cover Types in Senegal .......................................................... 2-9 Figure 2.4.1 Regional Capitals by Population Size ....................................................................... 2-13 Figure 2.5.1 West Africa and Trans-African Highways ................................................................ 2-16 Figure 2.5.2 Land Use Concept of the Dakar-Thiès-Mbour Region ............................................. 2-20 Figure 2.5.3 Human-Settlement Pattern of the Dakar-Thiès-Mbour Region ................................ 2-21 Figure 3.1.1 Historical Change in Urban Areas in Dakar until 1922 .............................................. 3-2 Figure 3.1.2 Historical Change in Urban Areas until 2013 ............................................................. 3-3 Figure 3.1.3 Typology of Built-up Areas in the Study Area ........................................................... 3-4 Figure 3.1.4 Existing Land Use Map for the Study Area ................................................................ 3-6 Figure 3.1.5 Population Sizes of Communes and Major Villages................................................... 3-7 Figure 3.1.6 Population Density by Commune in 2013 .................................................................. 3-8 Figure 3.1.7 Existing Urban Structure of the Study Area ............................................................... 3-9 Figure 3.1.8 Dakar Urban Development Master Plan and Urban Poles ....................................... 3-12 Figure 3.1.9 Urban Poles and Major Urban Development Projects in the Study Area ................. 3-15 Figure 3.1.10 National Development Planning Framework and Spatial Development Plan .......... 3-16 Figure 3.1.11 National Territorial Management Plan (PGAT) 1999 ............................................... 3-16 Figure 3.1.12 SDADT Covering the Regions of Dakar and Thies as One Specific SRAT ............. 3-17 Figure 3.1.13 Local Government Management System Before/After ACT-III ............................... 3-23 Figure 3.1.14 Organization of the Ministry of Urban Renewal, Housing and Living Environment

.................................................................................................................................. 3-26 Figure 3.1.15 Organization of DUA ............................................................................................... 3-27 Figure 3.2.1 Average Temperatures and Rainfall in Dakar, Thiès and Mbour .............................. 3-35 Figure 3.2.2 Mineral Deposits in Dakar Region and Thiès Region .............................................. 3-36 Figure 3.2.3 Topography in the Study Area .................................................................................. 3-37 Figure 3.2.4 Soil Conditions in the Study Area ............................................................................ 3-38 Figure 3.3.1 Location and Size of Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in Senegal ................................ 3-39 Figure 3.3.2 Location of the Main Natural Conservation Areas in the Study Area ...................... 3-43 Figure 3.3.3 Location of Green Spaces in the Study Area ............................................................ 3-44 Figure 3.3.4 Locations of Air Quality Monitoring Stations .......................................................... 3-46 Figure 3.3.5 Annual PM10 Concentrations at Four Stations in 2013 (Unit: μg/m3) .................... 3-47 Figure 3.4.1 Population Pyramid in Dakar in 2013 ...................................................................... 3-49 Figure 3.5.1 Location of Integrated Farms (Cattle and Poultry Integration) around Lac Rose 3-54 Figure 3.5.2 Linkage between Industrial and Service Subsectors in Senegal ............................... 3-60 Figure 3.5.3 Major Industrial Zones/Areas in Dakar .................................................................... 3-64 Figure 3.6.1 Modal Shares of Trips Made in Dakar Region ......................................................... 3-68 Figure 3.6.2 Road Network in Dakar Region ............................................................................... 3-70 Figure 3.6.3 Trend of the Number of Registered Vehicles in Senegal .......................................... 3-70 Figure 3.6.4 Annual Total Number of Accidents in Senegal by Road Category........................... 3-71 Figure 3.6.5 Conventional City Bus (DDD) Lines in Dakar ......................................................... 3-73 Figure 3.6.6 Car Rapide and AFTU Buses in Dakar ..................................................................... 3-73 Figure 3.6.7 AFTU Bus Lines in Dakar ........................................................................................ 3-75 Figure 3.6.8 PTB Railway Network and Stations ......................................................................... 3-77 Figure 3.6.9 Trend of the Annual Number of PTB Passengers ..................................................... 3-79 Figure 3.6.10 Total Cargo Throughputs at Ports in West Africa ..................................................... 3-86 Figure 3.6.11 Container Cargo Throughputs at Ports in West Africa.............................................. 3-86


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Figure 3.6.12 Ratio of Transit Cargo Throughputs at Major Ports in West Africa.......................... 3-87 Figure 3.6.13 Share of Transit Cargo Throughputs for Mali by Corridor Port ............................... 3-87 Figure 3.6.14 Cargo Throughputs at Dakar Port ............................................................................. 3-89 Figure 3.6.15 Share of Cargoes at Dakar Port (1) ........................................................................... 3-89 Figure 3.6.16 Share of Cargoes at Dakar Port (2) ........................................................................... 3-89 Figure 3.6.17 Transit Cargoes at Dakar Port ................................................................................... 3-89 Figure 3.6.18 Transit Cargoes excluding Mali at Dakar Port.......................................................... 3-89 Figure 3.6.19 Cargo Throughputs between Dakar and Bamako ..................................................... 3-90 Figure 3.6.20 Cargo Throughputs between Dakar and Bamako by Transportation Mode .............. 3-90 Figure 3.6.21 Cargo Throughputs at LSS Airport ........................................................................... 3-90 Figure 3.6.22 River Basins in Senegal ............................................................................................ 3-93 Figure 3.6.23 Long-term Trends of Spatially Averaged Annual Precipitation and PET for the Whole

of Senegal ................................................................................................................. 3-94 Figure 3.6.24 Delineated Catchment Areas around the Study Area ................................................ 3-96 Figure 3.6.25 Water Source for Piped Water Supply by SONES .................................................... 3-98 Figure 3.6.26 Conceptual Macro Water Balance in Study Area ................................................... 3-100 Figure 3.6.27 Summary Flow of the Existing Dakar Water Supply System ................................. 3-102 Figure 3.6.28 Tri-party Relationship for Efficient Water Supply Services ................................... 3-107 Figure 3.6.29 Organization Chart of MHA ................................................................................... 3-108 Figure 3.6.30 Organizational Chart of SONES ............................................................................. 3-109 Figure 3.6.31 Organizational Chart of SDE .................................................................................. 3-110 Figure 3.6.32 Existing Sewerage Area .......................................................................................... 3-115 Figure 3.6.33 Sewered Area in the Existing Master Plan.............................................................. 3-119 Figure 3.6.34 Location of the STP for the Pilot Project in the DISEZ (50 h) ............................... 3-122 Figure 3.6.35 Location of the Planned Site of an STP in Diamniadio .......................................... 3-123 Figure 3.6.36 Waste Composition in Dakar Region ...................................................................... 3-124 Figure 3.6.37 Current Waste Flow in Dakar Region ..................................................................... 3-125 Figure 3.6.38 Location Map of the Existing Waste Treatment Facilities ...................................... 3-127 Figure 3.6.39 Senegalese Agencies for Electricity Administration ............................................... 3-129 Figure 3.6.40 Senegal’s National Grid Map, Existing and Planned .............................................. 3-133 Figure 3.6.41 National Grid Map for Dakar’s Metropolitan Area ................................................ 3-134 Figure 3.6.42 Photos of Central Solaire de Diamnadio ................................................................ 3-136 Figure 3.7.1 Institutional Set-up for Disaster Risk Management in Senegal .............................. 3-149 Figure 3.7.2 Organizational Structure of DPC ............................................................................ 3-150 Figure 3.7.3 Existing Drainage System and Drainage Master Plan in the Study Area ............... 3-151 Figure 3.7.4 Location of Meteorological Observation Stations in Senegal ................................ 3-152 Figure 3.7.5 Location of Monitoring Stations that Observe Precipitation in and around the Study

Area ........................................................................................................................ 3-153 Figure 3.7.6 Rainfall IDF Curves ................................................................................................ 3-155 Figure 3.7.7 Flooded Area in the 2009 Flood ............................................................................. 3-156 Figure 3.7.8 Hyetograph at Dakar-Yoff in 2005 ......................................................................... 3-157 Figure 3.7.9 Hyetograph at Dakar-Yoff in 2009 ......................................................................... 3-157 Figure 3.7.10 Hyetograph at Dakar-Yoff in 2012 ......................................................................... 3-158 Figure 3.7.11 Total Precipitation in Rainy Season vs. Extreme Short-term Precipitation ............ 3-158 Figure 3.7.12 Assumed Flood Mechanism in Pikine and Guédiawaye Departments ................... 3-159 Figure 3.7.13 Flood Mitigation Measures Suggested by the PDD/PROGEP ............................... 3-160 Figure 3.7.14 Shore Current around the Study Area ..................................................................... 3-162 Figure 3.7.15 Rate of Coastal Erosion .......................................................................................... 3-162 Figure 3.7.16 Multiple Hazard Map for Dakar Region Prepared by the World Bank (2009) ....... 3-165 Figure 3.7.17 Probable Coastal Hazard Considering Future Climate Change .............................. 3-166 Figure 3.7.18 Possible Inundation Area by Coastal Inundation .................................................... 3-166 Figure 3.7.19 Possible Flooding Area in the New Urban Expansion Area ................................... 3-167 Figure 3.7.20 Factories Presenting Potential Hazards .................................................................. 3-167 Figure 3.8.1 DUA Organizational Chart with Key Departments in MRUHCV .......................... 3-168 Figure 3.8.2 DUA Capacity Development Needs-Assessment by Division Chiefs and Staff .... 3-173


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Figure 4.1.1 Map of the Major Environmental Issues of the Study Area........................................ 4-3 Figure 4.1.2 Planning Issues in the Study Area .............................................................................. 4-7 Figure 4.1.3 Senegal's Trade Facilitation Performance based on OECD Indicators ..................... 4-15 Figure 4.2.1 Vision Preparation Process ....................................................................................... 4-23 Figure 4.2.2 Problem Structure of the Study Area ........................................................................ 4-41 Figure 4.2.3 Current Situation and Existing Capacities ................................................................ 4-42 Figure 6.1.1 Desirable Future Image of Dakar Region Clarified by Social Survey........................ 6-2 Figure 6.1.2 Envisioned and Enabling Objectives to Achieve “City of Hospitality” ..................... 6-3 Figure 6.1.3 Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats and Vision Realization Process .. 6-4 Figure 6.3.1 Land Suitability Analysis for Vegetables and Fruit .................................................. 6-22 Figure 6.3.2 Location of Agricultural Areas to be Protected ........................................................ 6-22 Figure 6.3.3 Hazard Areas for Natural Disaster, Factories and Gas Pipeline ............................... 6-23 Figure 6.3.4 Natural Resources and Green Network in the Study Area ........................................ 6-24 Figure 6.3.5 Urban Expansion Matching the Regional Context indicated in DTM Plan .............. 6-25 Figure 6.3.6 Image of the 2025 Master Plan and Three Development Scenarios ......................... 6-26 Figure 6.3.7 Result of Land Suitability Analysis for Urbanization ............................................... 6-28 Figure 6.3.8 Urban Growth Boundary in the Study Area ............................................................. 6-30 Figure 6.3.9 Urban Area in Maturity ............................................................................................. 6-30 Figure 6.3.10 Location of Sub-Center Candidate Sites ................................................................... 6-31 Figure 6.3.11 Identified Links between Urban Centers .................................................................. 6-32 Figure 6.3.12 Comparison of Proposed Links with Existing Road Network and Transport Sector

Plan ........................................................................................................................... 6-33 Figure 6.4.1 Envisaged Overall Urban Structure .......................................................................... 6-34 Figure 6.4.2 Urban Structure for National Capital Center (Dakar) ............................................... 6-36 Figure 6.4.3 Urban Structure for Vibrant Sub-cities (Guédiawaye-Pikine) .................................. 6-39 Figure 6.4.4 Urban Structure for Sub-capital City and Green Urban Villages (Rufisque-

Diamniadio-Lac Rose-Bambilor) ............................................................................. 6-41 Figure 6.4.5 Urban Structure for Innovative Business Park City in Harmony with Urban Villages

(Daga Kholpa-Diass) ................................................................................................ 6-43 Figure 6.5.1 Industrial Areas to be Restructured ........................................................................... 6-47 Figure 6.5.2 Green Network Plan ................................................................................................. 6-48 Figure 6.5.3 Detailed Urban Plan Areas........................................................................................ 6-52 Figure 6.5.4 Obstacle Limitation Surface ..................................................................................... 6-53 Figure 6.5.5 Land Use Plan for Study Area in 2035 ..................................................................... 6-55 Figure 6.5.6 Agglomeration for Study Area.................................................................................. 6-57 Figure 6.5.7 High and Medium Population Density Areas ........................................................... 6-57 Figure 6.5.8 Indicative Layout of Hospitals.................................................................................. 6-60 Figure 6.5.9 Indicative Layout of Higher Education Facilities ..................................................... 6-61 Figure 6.5.10 Indicative Layout of Sport Complex ........................................................................ 6-61 Figure 7.1.1 Stages of Industrial Location ...................................................................................... 7-4 Figure 7.1.2 Image of Industrial Relocation ................................................................................... 7-4 Figure 7.1.3 Areas of Industries and Mixed Land Use with Industries Located in Residential Areas

.................................................................................................................................... 7-5 Figure 7.1.4 Layout Plan of DISEZ: Site 1 ..................................................................................... 7-6 Figure 7.1.5 Development Plan for DISEZ and its Surrounding Area ............................................ 7-6 Figure 7.2.1 Road Development Corridors in the Study Area ...................................................... 7-16 Figure 7.2.2 Proposed Land Use, Road Development Corridors and Major Road Projects ......... 7-19 Figure 7.2.3 Inter-regional Freight Transport Corridor Development .......................................... 7-21 Figure 7.2.4 Inter-regional Passenger Transport Corridor Development ...................................... 7-21 Figure 7.2.5 Eastern Strategic Transport Corridor Development .................................................. 7-22 Figure 7.2.6 Transportation Network Connecting Urban Centers in the Study Area .................... 7-23 Figure 7.2.7 Construction of Flyovers and Underpasses at Bottleneck Intersections ................... 7-24 Figure 7.2.8 Development of Major Public Transport Lines ........................................................ 7-27 Figure 7.2.9 Location of Road Development Projects under Planning and Implementation by the

Senegalese Government and Proposed by the JICA Study Team ............................. 7-30


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Figure 7.2.10 Location of Public Transport Development Projects under Planning and Implementation by the Senegalese Government and Proposed by the JICA Study Team .................................................................................................................................. 7-30

Figure 7.3.1 General Plan of AIBD ............................................................................................... 7-37 Figure 7.3.2 Development Plans for Logistic Infrastructure in the Study Area ............................ 7-38 Figure 7.3.3 Logistic Platform established by PAD ...................................................................... 7-39 Figure 7.3.4 Bargny Port Development ........................................................................................ 7-40 Figure 7.3.5 Kaolack Port Development ....................................................................................... 7-41 Figure 7.4.1 Water Distribution Program ...................................................................................... 7-50 Figure 7.5.1 Planned Sewered Area .............................................................................................. 7-53 Figure 7.5.2 Existing, Planned and Proposed Location of STP .................................................... 7-58 Figure 7.6.1 Population Growth and Domestic Waste Generation in the Study Area ................... 7-65 Figure 7.6.2 Waste Flow in the Study Area in 2025 and 2035 ...................................................... 7-67 Figure 7.6.3 Waste Collection Rate by Department ...................................................................... 7-68 Figure 7.7.1 Past Economic Growth Indexes in Japan .................................................................. 7-76 Figure 7.7.2 Block Layout in the Study Area ................................................................................ 7-80 Figure 7.7.3 Relation between Electricity Demand and Supply Capacity .................................... 7-81 Figure 7.7.4 A Preliminary Concept of Electricity Supply System in Daga Kholpa Area ............ 7-82 Figure 7.7.5 Image of the Public Utility Conduit Concept ........................................................... 7-83 Figure 7.7.6 Typical Low-Head Hydropower Plant (15.7 MW) in Japan ..................................... 7-85 Figure 7.8.1 Proposed Categorization of Stream and Flooding .................................................... 7-90 Figure 7.8.2 Flood Management Area........................................................................................... 7-90 Figure 7.8.3 Controlled Area for Flood Management ................................................................... 7-91 Figure 7.8.4 Relationship among Land Use Plan, Potential Hazard Area, Flood Management Area

and Controlled Area for Flood Management ............................................................ 7-91 Figure 7.8.5 Draft Flood Management Area ................................................................................. 7-92 Figure 7.8.6 Green Promotion and Management Area Allocated to Cover Flood Management Area

along Main Rivers .................................................................................................... 7-94 Figure 7.8.7 Trunk Channel and Buffer Zone ............................................................................... 7-94 Figure 7.8.8 Urbanization Area to be Covered by Main Drainage Facilities for Respective Drainage

Zones ........................................................................................................................ 7-95 Figure 7.8.9 Candidate Shoreline for Priority Sites to Apply Countermeasures ........................... 7-96 Figure 9.1.1 Candidate Areas for Detailed Plan Preparation .......................................................... 9-2 Figure 9.2.1 Planning Process of the Detailed Plan ........................................................................ 9-4 Figure 9.3.1 Location Map of the Target Area ................................................................................ 9-5 Figure 9.3.2 Land Cover of the Project Area .................................................................................. 9-8 Figure 9.4.1 Daga Kholpa-Yenne-AIBD-Kirène New Development Zone, Yenne Pole Development

.................................................................................................................................. 9-11 Figure 9.4.2 Daga Kholpa Schematic Zoning Concept ................................................................. 9-12 Figure 9.4.3 Development Plan of Diamniadio Urban Pole ......................................................... 9-13 Figure 9.4.4 View of the AIBD under construction ...................................................................... 9-14 Figure 9.4.5 Different Phases of the Highway Project .................................................................. 9-14 Figure 9.5.1 Development Concept of Daga Kholpa .................................................................... 9-15 Figure 9.5.2 Type of Urban Structure ........................................................................................... 9-18 Figure 9.6.1 Potential Land Demand for Development ................................................................ 9-19 Figure 9.7.1 Colored Topographical Map ..................................................................................... 9-20 Figure 9.7.2 Unsuitable Areas for Urbanization ........................................................................... 9-21 Figure 9.7.3 Hierarchy of Planning Components .......................................................................... 9-23 Figure 9.7.4 Buffer Zone around Tower........................................................................................ 9-24 Figure 9.7.5 Photo of the Champs-Élysées ................................................................................... 9-24 Figure 9.7.6 Proposed Land Use Plan 2035 .................................................................................. 9-25 Figure 9.7.7 Allocation of Public Facilities .................................................................................. 9-26 Figure 9.7.8 Road Network Plan ................................................................................................... 9-27 Figure 9.7.9 Road Section of Artery Road .................................................................................... 9-29 Figure 9.7.10 Road Section of Main Street ..................................................................................... 9-29


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Figure 9.7.11 Road Section of Circulation Road ............................................................................ 9-30 Figure 9.7.12 Road Section of Circulation Road with Transmission Line Tower .......................... 9-30 Figure 9.7.13 Image of the Pedestrian Road ................................................................................... 9-30 Figure 9.7.14 Detail of CBD 1 ........................................................................................................ 9-31 Figure 9.7.15 Detail of CBD 2 ........................................................................................................ 9-32 Figure 9.7.16 Image of the Green Park ........................................................................................... 9-32 Figure 9.7.17 Image of the Prestigious School ............................................................................... 9-32 Figure 9.7.18 Amenity Zone (example) .......................................................................................... 9-34 Figure 9.7.19 Example of the Neighborhood Unit .......................................................................... 9-34 Figure 9.7.20 Detail of the Community Zone ................................................................................. 9-35 Figure 9.7.21 Image of the Jogging Course .................................................................................... 9-36 Figure 9.7.22 Photo of Kholpa Village ........................................................................................... 9-36 Figure 9.7.23 Sample of preferred subdivision ............................................................................... 9-37 Figure 9.7.24 Development Phase .................................................................................................. 9-50 Figure 10.1.1 Problem Analysis of Urban Planning Management .................................................. 10-3 Figure 10.3.1 Conceptual Diagram for DUA Organization Development Roadmap ................... 10-12 Figure 10.3.2 Proposed Capacity Development Plan .................................................................... 10-17 Figure 11.1.1 Location of Priority Projects for Realization of the 2035 Master Plan ..................... 11-6 Figure 12.1.1 Location of VDN and Front de Terre Roads ............................................................. 12-1 Figure 12.2.1 Location Map of the Target Area .............................................................................. 12-2 Figure 12.2.2 Directional Traffic Volume at the Sub-project Locations ......................................... 12-3 Figure 12.4.1 Existing Directional Traffic Volume at SDE ............................................................ 12-8 Figure 12.4.2 Installation of Traffic Signals at SDE ....................................................................... 12-9 Figure 12.4.3 U-turn Lanes at SDE ................................................................................................. 12-9 Figure 12.4.4 Existing Directional Traffic Volume at Cité Keur Gorgui ...................................... 12-10 Figure 12.4.5 Existing Directional Traffic Volume at Aimé Césaire ............................................ 12-11 Figure 12.4.6 Existing Directional Traffic Volume at Khar Yalla ................................................. 12-12 Figure 12.4.7 Existing Directional Traffic Volume at Bourguiba ................................................. 12-13 Figure 12.5.1 Flyovers and Underpasses on Both Sides at SDE (I-01a, I-01b) ............................ 12-27 Figure 12.5.2 Typical Cross Section of Flyovers and Underpasses on Both Sides at SDE .......... 12-28 Figure 12.5.3 A Flyover and an Underpass in the Center at SDE (I-01c, I-01d) .......................... 12-29 Figure 12.5.4 Typical Cross Section of a Flyover and an Underpass in the Center at SDE ......... 12-30 Figure 12.5.5 At-grade Improvement with Traffic Signals at SDE (I-01e) .................................. 12-31 Figure 12.5.6 At-grade Improvement with U-turn Lanes at SDE (I-01e) ..................................... 12-32 Figure 12.5.7 Flyovers and Underpasses on Both Sides at Cité Keur Gorgui (I-02a, I-02b) ........ 12-35 Figure 12.5.8 Typical Cross Section of Flyovers and Underpasses on Both Sides at Cité Keur Gorgui

................................................................................................................................ 12-36 Figure 12.5.9 A Flyover and an Underpass in the Center at Cité Keur Gorgui (I-02c, I-02d) .. 12-37 Figure 12.5.10 Typical Cross Section of a Flyover and an Underpass in the Center at Cité Keur

Gorgui ..................................................................................................................... 12-38 Figure 12.5.11 At-grade Improvement with Traffic Signals at Cité Keur Gorgui (I-02e) ............ 12-39 Figure 12.5.12 At-grade Improvement with U-turn Lanes at Cité Keur Gorgui (I-02f) ................. 12-40 Figure 12.5.13 An Underpass at Aimé Césaire (I-03) ..................................................................... 12-41 Figure 12.5.14 An “S Curve” Underpass at Aimé Césaire (for Reference) .................................. 12-42 Figure 12.5.15 Typical Cross Section of an Underpass at Aimé Césaire ........................................ 12-43 Figure 12.5.16 A Flyover and an Underpass at Khar Yalla (I-04a, I-04b) ...................................... 12-43 Figure 12.5.17 Typical Cross Section of a Flyover and an Underpass at Khar Yalla ..................... 12-44 Figure 12.5.18 East-West Flyover and Underpass at Bourguiba (I-05a, I-05b) .............................. 12-45 Figure 12.5.19 Typical Cross Section of the East-West Flyover and Underpass at Bourguiba ...... 12-45 Figure 12.5.20 East-South Flyover at Bourguiba (I-05c) ................................................................ 12-46 Figure 12.5.21 Typical Cross Section of the East-South Flyover at Bourguiba.............................. 12-46 Figure 12.6.1 Situation of SDE (I-01) and Cité Keur Gorgui (I-02) ............................................. 12-47 Figure 12.6.2 Situation of Aimé Césaire (I-03), Khar Yalla (I-04) and Bourguiba (I-05) ............ 12-48 Figure 12.6.3 Steel Pipe Press Pile Method .................................................................................. 12-49 Figure 12.6.4 Construction Procedure of the Steel Pipe Sheet Pile Press Method ....................... 12-50


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Figure 12.6.5 Construction Example of the Steel Pipe Sheet Pile Press Method ......................... 12-51 Figure 12.6.6 Comparison of the Steel Girder Bridge and Panel Bridge ...................................... 12-52 Figure 12.6.7 Panel Bridge Member Configuration Image ........................................................... 12-52 Figure 12.6.8 Construction Examples of an H-shaped Steel Bridge ............................................. 12-53 Figure 12.6.9 Underpass Structure at an Intersection - Four-Lane ............................................... 12-53 Figure 12.6.10 Erection Procedure of a Steel Rectangular Slab Bridge ......................................... 12-54 Figure 12.10.1 Present Conditions Around Station SDE ................................................................ 12-76 Figure 12.10.2 Present Conditions Around Cité Keur Gorgui Intersection .................................... 12-77 Figure 12.10.3 Present Conditions Around Aimé Césaire Intersection ........................................... 12-77 Figure 12.10.4 Present Conditions Around Khar Yalla Intersection ............................................... 12-78 Figure 12.10.5 Present Conditions Around Bourguiba Intersection ............................................... 12-78 Figure 12.10.6 Ground Water Quality in the Study Area ................................................................ 12-81 Figure 12.12.1 Main Water Facilities Around SDE Intersection .................................................. 12-100 Figure 12.12.2 Option of an Elevated Road on VDN ................................................................... 12-101 Figure 13.2.1 Location Map of the Target Area and the Facilities Inside the Terminal .................. 13-3 Figure 13.2.2 Directional Traffic Volume at the Sub-project Locations ......................................... 13-4 Figure 13.2.3 Directional Traffic Volume of Vehicles Using the Bus Terminal .............................. 13-6 Figure 13.2.4 Share of Vehicle by Turning Direction ..................................................................... 13-6 Figure 13.2.5 Share of Vehicle by Motorway Usage ...................................................................... 13-6 Figure 13.2.6 Distribution by Destination of Vehicles Leaving the Bus Terminal ......................... 13-6 Figure 13.4.1 Existing Directional Traffic Volume at Intersection of NR1 .................................. 13-10 Figure 13.4.2 Existing Directional Traffic Volume at the Intersection of Rufisque Road ............ 13-11 Figure 13.5.1 A Flyover and Underpass at Intersection of NR1 (I-06a, I-06b) ............................ 13-20 Figure 13.5.2 Typical Cross Section of the Flyover and Underpass at Intersection of NR1......... 13-21 Figure 13.5.3 Installation of a Traffic Signal at Intersection of NR1 (I-06c) ................................ 13-21 Figure 13.5.4 Improvement at the Intersection of Rufisque Road (I-07(1))) ................................ 13-22 Figure 13.5.5 Bus Stops and Parking Lot at PTB Station Entrance (I-07(2)) ............................... 13-23 Figure 13.5.6 Widening of the Access Road to Four Lanes (I-08a, I-08b, I-08c) ......................... 13-26 Figure 13.5.7 Direct Motorway On-ramp from the Terminal (I-09(1)a, I-09(1)b) ....................... 13-27 Figure 13.5.8 Direct Motorway Off-ramp to the Terminal (I-09(2)) ............................................ 13-28 Figure 13.6.1 Situation of the Intersection of NR-1 (I-06) ........................................................... 13-29 Figure 13.6.2 Situation of the Access Road (I-08) ........................................................................ 13-29 Figure 13.6.3 Situation of Other Sub-Project Locations ............................................................... 13-30 Figure 13.6.4 Large Block Erection Method by a Large Crane .................................................... 13-31 Figure 13.10.1 Rough Sketch of the Intersection ............................................................................ 13-57 Figure 14.1.1 Flow of the Waste to Energy System (Example) ...................................................... 14-2 Figure 14.2.1 Typical System of Waste to Energy Plant ................................................................. 14-3 Figure 14.3.1 Breakdown of the Waste Amount in the Study Area ................................................ 14-4 Figure 14.3.2 Composition of Waste to Be Incinerated by the Waste to Energy System................ 14-5 Figure 14.4.1 Patterns of Cost Recovery ........................................................................................ 14-9 Figure 14.6.1 Comparison of Investment Efficiency .................................................................... 14-13


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Abbreviations

Organization ADEPME Development Agency and Supervision of Small

and Medium Enterprises ADEPME Agence de Développement et d'Encadrement des

Petites et Moyennes Entreprises ADIE Agency for Information Technology ADIE Agence de l’Informatique de l’Etat ADM Agency for Municipal Development ADM Agence de Développement Municipal ADS Senegal Airports Agency ADS Agence des Aéroports du Sénégal AEME Agency for Energy, Efficiency and Pricing AEME L'Agence sénégalaise pour l'Economie et la

Maîtrise de l'Energie AFD French Development Agency AFD Agence Française de Développement AfDB African Development Bank AfDB Groupe de la Banque Africaine de Développement AFTU Association for Funding Urban Transportation

Professionals AFTU Association de Financement des professionnels du

Transport Urbain AGEROUTE

Agency for Road Construction and Management AGEROUTE

Agence des Travaux et de Gestion des Routes

AGETIP Executing Agency of Public Interest Works AGETIP Agence d’Exécution des Travaux d’Intérêt Public AIBD Blaise Diagne International Airport AIBD Aéroport International Blaise Diagne ANACIM National Civil Aviation and Meteorological

Agency of Senegal ANACIM Agence Nationale de l'Aviation Civile du Sénégal

ANAM National Agency of Maritime Affairs ANAM Agence Nationale des Affaires Maritimes ANAT National Agency for Regional Development ANAT Agence Nationale de l’Aménagement du

Territoire ANCF National Agency of Railways ANCF Agence Nationale des Chemins de Fer ANER National Agency for Renewable Energies ANER Agence Nationale pour les Energies

Renouvelables ANIDA National Agency for Agricultural Development

and Integration ANIDA Agence Nationale d'Insertion et de

Développement Agricole ANSD National Agency for Statistics and Demography ANSD Agence Nationale de la Statistique et de la

Démographie APIX National Agency in charge of Investment

Promotion and Major Works APIX Agence Nationale Chargée de la Promotion de

l'Investissement et des Grands Travaux APROSI Agency for Industrial Promotion and Land

Development APROSI Agence d’Aménagement et de Promotion de Sites

Industriels ASEPEX National Agency for Export Promotion ASEPEX Agence Sénégalaise de Promotion des

Exportations ASER Senegal Agency for Rural Electrification ASER Agence Sénégalaise d’Electrification Rurale ASTP Tourism Promotion Agency of Senegal ASTP Agence Senegalaise de Promotion Touristique AU African Union AU Union Africaine AWWA American Water Works Association AWWA American Water Works Association BNCP National Fire Brigade BNSP Brigade Nationale de Sapeurs-Pompiers CADAK-CAR

Community of Dakar and Rufisque Agglomerations

CADAK-CAR

Communauté des Agglomérations de Rufisque et de Dakar

CETUD Executive Council of Urban Transport in Dakar CETUD Conseil Exécutif des Transports Urbains de Dakar COMESSA

Community for Sahel-Saharan States (Africa) COMESSA

Communauté des Etats du Sahel-Sahara (Afrique)

COSEC Senegalese Shippers Council COSEC Conseil Senegalais des Chargeurs CSE Ecological Monitoring Center CSE Centre de Suivi Ecologique DA Department of Sanitation DA Direction de l’Assainissement DARZI Directorate of Development and Reconstruction of

Inundated Areas, Ministry of Urban Renewal, Housing and Living Environment

DARZI Direction de l’Aménagement et de la Restructuration des Zones d’Inondation

DBRLA Department of Catchment Basins and Artificial Lakes

DBRLA Direction des Bassins de Rétention et des Lacs Artificiels

DCCI Dakar Chamber of Commerce and Industry DCCI Chambre De Commerce Et D’Industrie De Dakar DCSU Urban Cartography and Statistics Division DCSU Division de la Cartographie et des Statistiques

Urbaines DDD Dakar Dem Dik DDD Dakar Dem Dik DEEC Department of Environment and Classified

Establishments DEEC Direction de l'Environnement et des

Établissements Classés DGID Directorate General of Tax and Domains DGID Direction Générale des Impôts et des Domaines DGPRE Department of Water Resource Planning and

Management DGPRE Direction de la Gestion et de la Planification des

Ressources en Eau DGPU General Delegation for Diamniadio and Lac Rose

Urban Poles DGPU Délégation Générale à la Promotion des Pôles

Urbains DOA Division of Operation and Management DOA Division des Opérations d’Aménagement DPC Civil Defence Directorate DPC Direction de la Protection Civile DPEE Direction of the Forecast and Economic Studies DPEE Direction de la Prévision et des Etudes

Economiques DPN Department of National Park DPN Direction des Parcs Nationaux DPUR Division of Urban Planning and Regulation DPUR Division de la Planification Urbaine et le

Règlement DRUL Regional Division of Urbanization and Housing DRUL Division Régionale de l'Urbanisation et de

http://www.afd.fr/Jahia/site/afd/AFD

http://www.au-senegal.com/agence-senegalaise-de-promotion-des-exportations-asepex,2602.html

http://www.au-senegal.com/agence-senegalaise-de-promotion-des-exportations-asepex,2602.html


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Logement DSCOS Department of Surveillance and Control of Land

Use DSCOS Direction de la Surveillance, Contrôle et

Occupation des Sols DSDU Urban Development and Strategies Division DSDU Division de la Stratégie et du Développement

Urbain DTGC Department of Geography and Cartography DTGC Direction des Travaux Géographiques et

Cartographiques DUA Department of Urbanization and Architecture DUA Direction de l’Urbanisme et de l’Architecture ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States CEDEAO Communauté Economique des Etats de l'Afrique

de l'Ouest EIB European Investment Bank EIB Banque Européenne d'Investissement ENEA National School of Applied Economics ENEA Ecole Nationale d'Economie Appliquée EMASE Warehouses Malians in Senegal EMASE Entrepôts Maliens au Sénégal EU European Union UE Union Européenne FAE African Water Facility FAE Facilité Africaine de l'eau FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations FAO Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Agriculture

et l'Alimentation GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and

Recovery GFDRR Facilité Mondiale pour la Réduction des

Catastrophes et de Relèvement IAGU African Institute of Urban Management IAGU Institut Africain de Gestion Urbaine IGN National Geographic Institute IGN Institut Géographique National IMF International Monetary Fund FMI Fonds Monétaire International ISRIC World Soil Information ISRIC Centre International de Référence et d'Information

Pédologiques IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la

Nature JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JICA Agence Japonaise de Coopération Internationale KEPCO Korean Electric Power Company KEPCO Korean Electric Power Company LGF Local Government Forum LGF Assemblée des Collectivités Locales MAER Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Euipment MAER Ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'équipement

Rural MATCL Ministry of Land Planning and Local Authorities MATCL Ministère de l’Aménagement du Territoire et des

Collectivités Locales MEDD Ministry of Environment and Sustainable

Development MEDD Ministère de l’Environnement et du

Développement Durable MEDER Ministry of Energy and Renewable Energy

Development MEDER Ministère de l’Energie et du Développement des

Energies Renouvelables MEFP Ministry of Economy, Finance, and Planning MEFP Ministère de l’Economie des Finances et du Plan MEPN Ministry of Environment and Natural Protection MEPN Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Protection

de la Nature MFASA Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Senegalese Aboard MFASA Ministère des Affaires étrangères et des

Sénégalais de l'Extérieur MFME Ministry of Fisheries and Maritime Economy MPEM Ministère de la Pêche et de l’Economie Maritime MGLDAT Ministry of Local Governance and Territorial

Development Management MGLDAT Ministère de la Gouvernance Locale du

Développement et de l’Aménagement du Territoire

MIS Ministry of Internal Affairs MIS Ministère de l’Intérieur de Sénégal MITTD Ministry of Infrastructure, Land Transport and

Improvement of Accessibility MITTD Ministère des Infrastructures, des

Transports et du Désenclavement MOC Ministry of Commerce, the Informal Sector,

Consumption, Promotion of local products and SMEs

MCSCPP Ministère du Commerce, Secteur informel, de la Consommation, de la Promotion des Produits locaux et des PME

MOIM Ministry of Industry and Mines MOIM Ministère de l’Industrie et Des Mines MOT Ministry of Transport MITTD Ministère des Infrastructures, des Transports

Terrestres et du Desenclavement MPIPDTE Ministry of Investment Promotion, partnerships

and the development of the state Teleservices MPIPDTE Ministère de la Promotion des Investissements,

des Partenariats et du Développement des Téléservices de l’Etat

MPT Ministry of Post and telecommunication MPT Ministère des Postes et des Télécommunications MRAZI Ministry of Reconstruction and Development of

Flooding Zone MRAZI Ministère de la Restructuration, de

l’Aménagement des Zones d’Inondation MRUHCV Ministry of Urban Renewal, Housing and Living

Environment MRUHCV Ministère du Renouveau Urbain, de l’Habitat et du

Cadre de Vie MSAS Ministry of Health and Social Actions MSAS Ministere de la Sante et de l'Action sociale MSL Mean Sea Level NMM Niveau Moyen de la Mer MTTA Ministry of Tourism and Air Transportation MTTA Ministère du Tourisme et du Transport Aérien MWFC Ministry of Women, Family and Children MWFC Ministère de la Femme, de la Famille et de

l'Enfance OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development OCDE Organisation de Coopération et de

Développement Economiques OMVG Gambia River Basin Development Organization OMVG Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du fleuve

Gambie OMVS Senegal River Basin Development Organization OMVS Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du fleuve

Sénégal ONAS National Office for Sanitation in Senegal ONAS Office National de l’Assainissement du Sénégal PAD Dakar Port Authority PAD Port Autonome de Dakar


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SAPCO The Society of Planning and Promotion of Tourist Coasts and areas of Senegal

SAPCO Société d’Aménagement et de Promotion des Côtes et Zones Touristiques du Sénégal

SAR African Refining Company SAR Société Africaine de Raffinage SDE Senegalese Water Company SDE Sénégalaise des Eaux SDU Department of Urbanization Service SDU Département de Service Urbanisation SENELEC National Electricity Corporation of Senegal SENELEC Société Nationale d’Electricité du Sénégal SICAP Housing Development Company in Dakar SICAP Société Immobilière du Cap Vert SNDES National Strategy for Economic and Social

Development SNDES Stratégie Nationale De Développement

Economique et Social SNHLM National Middle-Class Income Housing

Development SNHLM Société Nationale des Habitations à Loyers

Modérés. SONES National Water Company of Senegal SONES Société Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal TCC Technical Coordination Committee TCC Comité de Coordination Technique UAE United Arab Emirates UAE Emirats Arabes Unis UEMOA West African Economic and Monetary Union UEMOA Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine UHSLC University of Hawaii Sea Level Center UHSLC Centre sur le niveau de la mer de l'Université de

Hawaii UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa UNECA Commission Economique des Nations Unies pour

l'Afrique UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and

Cultural Organization UNESCO Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Education,

la Science et la Culture UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNICEF Fonds des Nations unies pour l'enfance UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization OMT Organisation Mondiale du Tourisme USAID United States Agency for International

Development USAID Agence Américaine pour le Développement

International WB World Bank BM Banque Mondiale WHO World Health Organization WHO Organisation Mondiale de la Santé

General term AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome SIDA Syndrome d'Immunodéficience Acquise ALOS Advanced Land Observing Satellite ALOS Satellites de pointes pour l'Observation des Terres

Avancées ATC Area Traffic Control CTR Contrôle du Trafic Régional BCR Building Coverage Ratio COS Coefficient d'Occupation des Sols BHLS Bus with High Level of Service BHNS Bus à Haut Niveau de Service BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD Demande Biochimique d'Oxygène BRT Bus Rapid Transit BRT BRT (Service Rapide par Bus) CAD Computer Assisted Drawing DAO Dessin Assisté par Ordinateur CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBD Convention sur la Diversité Biologique CCTV Closed-Circuit Television CCTV Télévision en Circuit Fermé CCPZ Management Unit for Cooperative Development

Zone CCPZ Unité de Gestion de la Zone de Développement

Coopératif CD Capacity Development CD Développement des Capacités CET Sanitary Landfill CET Centre d'Enfousissement Technique COD Chemical Oxygen Demand COD Demande Chimique en Oxygène CPTED Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design PCAC Prévention du Crime par l'Aménagement du Cadre DEM Digital Elevation Model MNT Modèle Numérique de Terrain DISEZ Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone DISEZ Zone Economique Spéciale Intégrée de Dakar DRM Disaster Risk Management DRM Gestion des Risques de Catastrophes DSM Digital Surface Model DSM Modèle Numérique de Surface DTM Dakar-Thies-Mbour DTM Dakar-Thiès-Mbour EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIA Etude d’Impact Environnemental EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return TRIE Taux de Rentabilité Interne Economique

ENPME National Survey of Small and Medium Enterprises ENPME Enquete Nationale sur les Petites et Moyennes

Entreprises FIT Feed-in-Tariff FIT Tarif Subventionné FP Flagship Project FP Projet Phare FR Final Report FR Rapport Final FS Feasibility Study FS Etude de Faisabilité GCP Ground Control Point GCP Point Côté GDP Gross Domestic Product GDP Produit Intérieur Brut GEF Global Environment Facility FEM Fonds pour l’Environnement Mondial GHG Green House Gas GES Emissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre GIRE Integrated Water Resources Management GIRE Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau GIRMaC Integrated Management Program of Marine and

Coastal Resources GIRMaC Programme de Gestion Intégrée des Ressources

Marines et Côtières GIS Geographic Information System SIG Système d'Information Géographique GPS Global Positioning System GPS Système Mondial de Localisation GRDP Gross Regional Domestic Product GRDP Produit Intérieur Brut Régional HD Hard Disc HD Disque Dur HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus VIH Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine ICD Inland Container Depot DIC Dépôt Intérieur de Conteneurs ICT Information and Communications Technology TIC Technologie de l'Information et de la

Communication IEC Information and Education Campaign CIE Campagne d’Information et d’Education


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IEE Initial Environmental Examination EEI Evaluation Environnementale Initiale IPP Independent Power Producer IPP Producteur d’Electricité Indépendant ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems ITS Système de Transport Intelligent KMS Keur Momar Sarr KMS Keur Momar Sarr LOASP Law of Agricultural and Livestock Development LOASP Loi d’Orientation Agro-Sylvo-Pastorale LPDS-2 Policy Letter for the Development of The Energy

Sector-2 LPDS-2 Lettre de Politique de Développement de

l’Energie-2 LPDSE Policy Paper for Energy Sector Development LPDSE Lettre de Politique de Développement du Secteur

de l’Energie LPI Logistic Performance Index LPI Indice de Performance Logistique LSS Dakar International Airport LSS Aéroport Léopold Sédar Senghor MDG Millennium Development Goal MDG Objectif du Millénaire pour le Développement MHA Ministry of Hydraulic and Sanitation MHA Ministère de l’Hydraulique et de l’Assainissement MHSA Ministry of Health and Social Action MSAS Ministère de la Santé et de l’Action Sociale MICE Meetings, Incentives, Conferencing and

Exhibitions MICE Tourisme d’affaire

MINP Madeleines Island National Park MINP Parc National des Iles de la Madeleine NAS Network-Attached Storage NAS Périphérique de Stockage en Réseau (NAS) NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NBSAP Stratégie Nationale sur la Biodiversité et Plan

d’Action NEPAD New Partnership for Africa's Development NEPAD Nouveau Partenariat pour le Développement de

l'Afrique NGO Non-Governmental Organization ONG Organisation Non Gouvernementale NRW Non-Revenue Water NRW Eaux non facturées NSDI National Spatial Data Initiative NSDI Initiative Nationale sur les Données Spatiales NSESD National Strategy for Economic and Social

Development NSESD Stratégie Nationale pour le Développement

Economique et Social OJT On the Job Training OJT Formation sur le Tas

PAMU Urban Mobility Improvement Program PAMU Programme d'Amelioration de la Mobilite Urbaine

PAP Priority Action Program PAP Programme d’Actions Prioritaires

PATMUR Project for Supporting Transport and Urban Mobility PATMUR Projet d'Appui au Transport et a la Mobilite

Urbaine PCTI Integrated Climate Plan PCTI Plan Climat Territorial Intégré PCM Project Cycle Management GCP Gestion du Cycle de Projet PCU Passenger Car Units UVP Unité de Voiture Particulière PDA Drainage and Sewerage Master Plan for Dakar PDA Plan Directeur d’Assainissement Liquide de

Dakar PDD Drainage Master Plan for Pikine and Guédiawaye

departments PDD Plan Directeur de Drainage des Eaux Pluviales de

la Region Periurbaine de Dakar PDD Drainage Master Plan PDD Plan Directeur de Drainage PDGI 10-year Flood Management Program PDGI Programme Décennal de Gestion des Inondations PDNA Post-Disaster Needs Assessment PCEB Post-Catastrophe Evaluation des Besoins PDU Urban Planning Master Plan PDU Plan Directeur d’Urbanisme PDUD Dakar Agglomeration Urban Displacement Plan PDUD Plan de déplacements urbains de Dakar PEPAM Millennium Programme for Drinking Water and

Sanitation PAPEM Programme d’Eau Potable et d’Assainissement du

Millénaire PET Potential Evapotranspiration ETP Evapotranspiration Potentielle PFI Private Finance Initiative PFI Initiative de Financement Privé PNAT General Plan for National Territory PNAT Plan Général d’Aménagement du Territoire PNGD National Program on Waste Management PNGD Programme National de Gestion des Déchets PNIA National Agricultural Investment Program PNIA Programme National d’Investissement Agricole PPP Public Private Partnership PPP Partenariat Public Privé PR Progress Report PR Rapport d'Avancement: PRACAS Acceleration Program of the Agriculture in

Senegalese PRACAS Programme de Relance et d'Accélération de

l'Agriculture Sénégalaise PROGEP Storm Water Management and Climate Change

Adaptation Project PROGEP Projet de Gestion des Eaux Pluvialeset

d’adaptation au changement climatique PSE Senegal Emergence Plan PSE Plan Sénégal Emergent PSE-BOS Senegal Emergence Plan-Operational Monitoring

Office PSE-BOS Bureau Opérationnel de Suivi du plan Senagal

Émergent PTB Petit Train de Banlieue PTB Petit Train de Banlieue PUD Detailed Urban Plan PUD Plans d’Urbanisme de Détails PV Photovoltaic Generation PV Photovoltaïque QGIS Quantum GIS QGIS Quantum GIS R Restructuring R Restructuration RAP Resettlement Action Plan RAP Plan d'Action de Recasement RD Record of Discussion RD Compte Rendu de discussions RE Renewable Energy RE Energies Renouvelables RE Land Consolidation RE Remembrement ROW Right-of-Way ROW Emprise RU Urban Renewal RU Rénovation Urbaine SC Steering Committee SC Comité de Pilotage SCS Soil Conservation Service SCF Service de la Conservation Foncière SDAU Master Plan for Urban Planning and Development SDAU Schéma Directeur d’Aménagement et

d’Urbanisme


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SDF Skills Development Fund FDC Fonds de Développement des Compétences SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment EES Évaluation Environnementale Stratégique SEZ Special Economic Zone ZES Zone Economique Spéciale SHM Stakeholder Meetings SHM Réunions des Acteurs SNH National Hygiene Service SNH Service National de l'Hygiene SPC Specific Power Company SPC Specific Power Company SRA Regional Service of Sanitation SRA Service Régional de l’Assainissement SRAT Regional Territorial Management Scheme SRAT Schéma Régional d’Aménagement duTerritoire SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SS Suspended Solid SS Solides en Suspension SSA Sub-Saharan African Countries SSA Pays Africains au Sud du Sahara STP Sewage Treatment Plant STP Station de Traitement des Eaux Usées SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats FFOM Forces, Faiblesses, Opportunités, Menaces TAH Trans-African Highway TAH Autorité de la Route Transafricaine TCM Technical Coordination Meetings TCM Réunions de Coordination Technique TCM Poor Flush Toilet TCM Toilette à Chasse Manuelle TCM Transportation Control Measures MCT Mesures de Contrôle du Transport TCO Waste Collection Tax TCO Taxe sur la Collecte des Ordures TER Regional Express Train TER Train Express Régional TOD Transit-Oriented Development DATP Développement Axé sur le Transport Public TOR Terms of Reference TOR Termes De Référence TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training EFTP Enseignement et Formation Techniques et

Professionnels UCA Urban Control Area ZCU Zone de Contrôle Urbain UGB Urban Growth Boundary LCU Limite de Croissance Urbaine UPA Urban Promotion Area ZPU Zone de Croissance Urbaine UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply UPS Alimentation Sans Coupure VDN North Bypass Road VDN Voie de Dégagement Nord VIP Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine VIP Latrine à Fosse Améliorée ZAC Cooperative Development Zone ZAC Zones d’Aménagement Concerté


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Unit of Measurement

Area Time m2 square meter sec, s second km2 square kilometer min minute ha hectare (= 10,000 m2) h, hr hour d day Length y year mm millimeter cm centimeter Energy m meter W watt km kilometer kW kilowatt kWh kilowatt-hour Weight MW megawatt µg micro gram GWh gigawatt-hour mg milligram cal calorie kg kilogram J joules (=4,18 cal) t ton (=1,000 kg) kj kilo Joules MT metric ton kt kilo ton Other % percent Volume ppm parts per million l liter degree degree Celsius m3 cubic meter (= 1,000 liter) cap capita MCM million cubic meter dB decibel BCM billion cubic meter mil. million TEU Twenty-Foot Equivalent

Unit

Currency

JPY Japanese Yen FCFA CFA Franc € Euro US$ United States Dollar Intl$ International dollar


S-1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Objectives and the Study Area

The Project for Urban Master Plan of Dakar and Neighboring Area for 2035 (“the Study”) was undertaken from August 2014 to January 2016 with the following objectives.

(a) To prepare an urban development master plan for Dakar Region and the neighboring area for the target year of 2035 (“2035 Master Plan” hereafter).

(b) To prepare a detailed plan for at least one selected area as a tool to realize the 2035 Master Plan.

(c) To conduct pre-feasibility studies on the priority projects to be selected as a tool to realize the 2035 Master Plan.

(d) To undertake the capacity development of the Department of Urbanization and Architecture (DUA) and related ministries, organizations and local governments, strengthening their staff capabilities so that they will be able to properly manage urban development.

The Study Area is Dakar Region and the area surrounding the Blaise Diagne International Airport in Thies Region, with an area of about 820 km2, as shown in Figure S-1.

2. Development Issues and Sustainability Diagnosis

Development Issues

The environment of the Study Area is deteriorating with a decrease in green areas, farmlands and wetlands and an increase in pollution of the air, water and soil.

The mono-polar structure of the Study Area, with an excessive concentration of business and commercial activities in Plateau, results in chronic traffic congestion and an overburden of urban infrastructures. Meanwhile, uncontrolled urban development in the suburbs, which is caused by the inadequate control of urban development and limited supply of affordable and formal housing, are increasing the risks of disaster and aggravating the living conditions. The disparity among areas in the access to urban services is also expanding.

Economic activities in agriculture, fishery, industry and tourism sectors are low due to low productivity, decreasing land and marine resources and a lack of supporting infrastructures.

Efficiency in mobility in the Study Area is low due to inadequate public transportation services with high quality and sufficient capacity, and delays in expanding the road capacity.

The logistic infrastructures are inefficient with the limited capacities and inefficient operation of the Dakar Port, the Dakar-Bamako railway and the road system in the hinterland.

Source: JICA Study Team

Figure S-1 Study Area


S-2

The Study Area is vulnerable in terms of its dependence on the external water source, which causes the discharge of wastewater beyond the natural receiving capacity of the land and results in the degradation of ground water quality. This is exacerbated by the inadequate coverage of the sewerage system and sanitary toilets.

The unsanitary conditions are exacerbated by the illegal dumping of domestic and construction waste, limited coverage of a waste collection system and unsanitary dumping of waste at the Mbeubeuss dumping site.

The unstable electricity supply, which is caused by outdated facilities, inadequate supply capacity and high electricity price, are constraining economic activities and the improvement of living conditions. The support measures for renewable energy use are inadequate.

There are residual risks of floods in Pikine and Guediawye and flood risk in the newly urbanized areas, unless advanced measures are taken.

Sustainability Diagnosis

The sustainability of the Study Area was assessed in a comprehensive manner, applying the methodology that was proposed by JICA. The following six aspects were analyzed:

Management of various risks brought about by rapid changes (environment, natural disasters, economy and society)

Inclusiveness (poverty reduction, slum areas and socially vulnerable people) Attractiveness (greenery, amenity, scenery, historical and tourism resources) Urban management capability and urban infrastructures (planning and implementing

capabilities, land management, urban planning system, human resource development, finance and service level of urban infrastructures)

Participation (traditional practices and official systems at planning and implementation stages)

Broad perspective beyond administrative and national boundaries (competitiveness) The diagnosis found out that the Study Area’s sustainability is low, as the number of factors indicating low sustainability at 22, surpassing those showing a high sustainability at 6. The development of the Study Area could be built on the high sustainability factors such as a peaceful society and people with a long tradition of participation.

3. Master Plan for 2035

Vision and Objectives

A “City of Hospitality (Teranga in Wolf)” is proposed as the vision for the Study Area in 2035. It is a city with a favorable living environment, easy communication and innovative creation. It will be an inclusive, sustainable, competitive and supportive city.

A “City of Hospitality”

A City of Hospitality is characterized by: Comfortable living environment, Easy communication, and Innovative creation.

It will be inclusive, sustainable, competitive and supportive.


S-3

The vision of a “City of Hospitality” will be achieved by fulfilling the three envisioned objectives and four enabling objectives, as follows:

Envisioned objectives: Comfortable environment objective Easy communication objective Innovative creation objective

Enabling objectives: Urban development management objective Environmental management objective Inclusiveness enhancement objective Broad view application objective


Figure S-2 Envisioned and Enabling Objectives to Achieve the “City of Hospitality”

The targets, strategies and actions for these seven objectives are established as shown in Table S-2. They are grouped into policy packages as listed in Section 9 of this executive summary.

Socio-economic Framework

The following socio-economic framework is established for the Study Area, as follows.

Table S-1 Socio-Economic Framework for the Study Area Item Unit 2013 2025 2035 Average Growth Rate

2013-2035, %/Year Population 1,000 3,206 4,705 6,084 3.0

GRDP (factor price at 1999) FCFA Billion 3,295 7,937 17,136 7.8

GRDP per capita (real) US$ 2,056 3,373 5,632 4.7 Source: JICA Study Team

Land Use Plan for 2035

The introduction of an urban growth boundary (UGB) is assumed. This aims to demarcate the

Enabling Objectives


S-4

administration area into two areas: i) the urban promotion area and ii) the urban control area. The future urban area is to be encouraged and planned inside the UGB, while urbanization is to be controlled or discouraged outside the UGB. Figure S-3 shows a conceptual drawing of the UGB. Following the direction specified in the master plan for the territorial development of the Dakar-Thiès-Mbour area by the National Agency for Regional Development, and based on the analyses of the alternatives for spatial development scenarios, a future urban structure is elaborated to show the envisaged urbanization pattern, as shown in Figure S-4.


Figure S-3 Urban Growth Boundary in the Study Area


Figure S-4 Envisaged Overall Urban Structure


S-5

The land use plan in the 2035 Master Plan is shown in Figure S-5. It shows the division of the Study Area into the Urban Promotion Area - UPA and Urban Control Area – UCA; land classification into residential, business and commercial and industrial uses; and the locations and delineations of the major urban facilities.


Figure S-5 Land Use Plan for Study Area in 2035

4. Development Plans by Sector for 2035 and the Magnitude of Investment

Sector Plans

The development objectives and targets are presented below. The demand forecasts and plans for each sector are presented in the main text.


S-6

Table S-2 Objectives and Strategies of Sectors Sector Objective Strategy

Agriculture and Fishery

To promote an urban-based farming system that focuses on fruits, flowers and vegetable production

Conservation and protection of agricultural land

To increase high value-added products in fishery

Introduction of effective management system for reduction of risks, support for marketing and environmental sustainability

Enhancement of fishery-related facilities for the increase of high value-added products

Promotion of horticulture in Niaye Industry To be a booster of

Senegal’s economic development through improving the investment environment

Development of industrial sites or zones for the relocation of existing industries, which may cause environmental damage

Rehabilitation of the infrastructure in the existing industrial sites and zones Development of new industrial zones with integration of SEZs Formulation of rules and regulations to promote quality management and provide

incentives on foreign direct investment and development of industrial zones and SEZs

SME development by enhancement of linkages among SMEs and craft industries and formalization of SME and informal sector

Human resource development by enhancement of technical and vocational education and training (TVET)

Tourism To enhance historical and cultural attractiveness

Establishing a key tourism destination image

To contribute to the protection of the natural environment

Strengthening international gateway function for Senegal tourism

To contribute to the protection of the natural environment

Developing and promoting various tourism products Formulation of attractive destination environment in association with urban

development Urban Transportation

To enhance national and regional economic competitiveness

To increase road capacity through the development and improvement of road networks

To make the most of the existing capacity through traffic control and information systems

To prepare an urban transport plan that is supported by efficient and sound financing

To avoid excessive traffic concentration (i.e., economic loss of travel time) and to balance the travel demand and the transportation infrastructure supply or capacity through traffic demand management and development control

To decrease excessive vehicular traffic demand through transportation demand management and diverting private vehicle users to public transport

To facilitate easier and better mobility for people

To improve the level of service of the existing public transport system To develop new mass transit systems To keep public transport fares affordable

To contribute to the sustainable development of the region

To enhance inter-modality through development and improvement of transfer facilities

To apply transit-oriented development (TOD) for major public transport corridors including sub-centers

To provide better quality of life

To decrease air pollution and noise by enforcing the regulations To enhance traffic safety through law enforcement, public campaigns, training and

education To provide user-friendly transportation facilities

Logistic Infrastructure

To contribute to the sustainable development of economic activities in Senegal through the development of logistics infrastructure

To strengthen the function of Dakar Port through its expansion, rehabilitation and restructuring together with improvement access to the Dakar Port

To make Senegal a logistical hub in the region (West Africa) by strengthening the competitiveness of the logistics infrastructure

To develop alternative or secondary port(s) to reduce the degree of overconcentration in Dakar Port for risk aversion

To facilitate the supporting infrastructures for easy access to AIBD To overcome various crucial problems of the road system in terms of physical

infrastructure, raised by concerned organizations and users To strengthen the function and increase the capacity and efficiency of the

Dakar-Bamako corridor, especially the railway To develop a logistic platform/distribution center and trucking terminal to remove

the existing problems and improve efficiency Water Resources and Water Supply

To develop alternative water sources

Water resources development of seawater by desalination with careful consideration for their feasibilities and sustainability

To improve effectiveness and efficiency of water distribution system

Improvement of water distribution system by reducing leakages in pipelines and malfunctioning of pumps

To restrain water demand Improvement of water quality of groundwater to be used for drinking and


S-7

as much as possible non-drinking purposes such as industrial and agricultural uses To use precious water resources in a sustainable and well-coordinated manner

Water saving and recycling to enhance the efficient use of water Implementation of integrated water resources management plan to protect the

environment with consideration on social and economic aspects Need for a multiple distribution system to reduce the risk of the whole system

practically failing in an emergency Sewerage and Sanitation

To upgrade the living environment with appropriate sanitation for all the people

To upgrade the sanitary environment with hygienic toilets to reduce water contamination in groundwater

To decrease the pollution load to mitigate environmental impact

To strategically expand the coverage area of the sewerage system in the urban area in an affordable manner

To appropriately manage the septage generated from on-site sanitation facilities in the non-sewered areas at septage treatment facilities to reduce pollution load

To utilize sewerage as the resources for biomass energy and reclaimed water Solid Waste Management

To create an environmentally sound living condition for the people

To promote waste reduction and separation at source

To enhance the sustainability of solid waste management

To increase the service coverage area of waste collection and transportation To introduce a proper waste intermediate treatment system To safely close Mbeubeuss landfill and open a sanitary landfill including reopening

the Sindia landfill To place higher priority on public involvement and consultations in all the processes

of waste management To strengthen institutions and legislations through adequately securing financial and

human resources to ensure a long-term strategic approach and organizing legislations on such issues as environmental standards and illegal dumping control

Electricity and Renewable Energy

To ensure access to reliable and stable electricity supply for the entire population in the Study Area.

To enhance the electricity supply capacity and improve supply reliability To reduce high electricity prices To expand the electricity distribution capacity in built-up areas in Dakar city To develop electricity supply infrastructures in new development areas To promote organization reform of SENELEC with chronic deficits To increase renewable energy use such as PV, hydro-power generation and

waste-to-energy system Urban Disaster Risk Reduction

To minimize disaster risk to create a comfortable environment and promote sustainability of urban development

To enhance the capacity against disaster risk by promoting a culture of disaster risk reduction, preparation and implementation of contingency plans, and development of an information sharing system for disasters

To identify the potential hazard areas and reflect them in the land use plan for the urban expansion area, in order to minimize the future investment for hazard mitigation

To designate flood management areas where flood hazard is expected to be severe and regulate new development there to prevent further increase of disaster risk

To cope with flood disaster risk by non-structural measures such as hazard mapping and early warning.

To mitigate flood hazard in urbanization area, except the flood management area, up to a certain safety level by structural measures by utilizing the effect of natural/artificial detention as much as possible

To strengthen coordination among urban development sectors and coastal management bodies in order to promote regulation of development along the shoreline and optimum countermeasures against coastal hazards considering environmental conservation


Magnitude of Investment

The magnitude of the total investment requirement to realize the 2035 Master Plan is estimated to be 7,255 billion FCFA in total, comprising FCFA 4,670 billion to be financed by the private sector and 2,555 billion FCFA to be provided by the government.

5. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)

A strategic environmental assessment (SEA) for the 2035 Master Plan was conducted by a Senegalese consultant, based on the terms of reference of the SEA. The SEA was officially submitted to and validated by the Department of Environment and Classified Establishments (DEEC), which is the official procedure stipulated in the Senegalese law.


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The following conclusions were drawn: (a) Scenario B, which retains an urban structure model based on three poles but insists on the

preservation of environment and farmland, and offers real levers to stop the urbanization frontier moving towards these protected areas, is assessed to be most desirable from an environmental perspective.

(b) Based on the assessment of the impacts of the Master Plan 2035, the following mitigation and amplification measures are proposed for the factors that might generate some adverse impacts on the environment.

i) Economic Development Strategy To strictly oblige industries to follow the Sanitation Law in industrial wastewater

quality to mitigate pollution of the soil and groundwater To promote the reuse of treated wastewater for agriculture To implement a policy to limit the emission of smoke from factories To allocate sufficient space for natural green spaces to preserve biodiversity

ii) Infrastructure Development Strategy To allocate natural and reforestation area around the new solid waste disposal site

iii) Urban Development Strategy To preserve a watershed area in a natural condition to ensure the continued charging

of surface water and groundwater To allocate natural area in the new urban area to preserve biodiversity

iv) Social Development Strategy To provide natural space and amenities around university and hospital planned in

Diamniadio To preserve agriculture areas

(c) The SEA process was added to the selection of a detailed plan area. The total score for Daga Kholpa was 14 (originally 12), exceeding that of Rufisque at 13 (originally 10) and Pikine and Yenne at 12 (originally 8 and 11 respectively). Daga Kholpa, therefore, is recommended for the detailed plan preparation.

6. Detailed Plan for Daga Kholpa

The general vision and future role of Daga-Kholpa development area are set out within the framework of the vision for the 2035 Master Plan, as follows:

To help balance the growth of the city of Dakar To complement AIBD activities To support the growth of the Diamniadio urban pole

The land use plan for Daga Kholpa for 2035, which is presented later, was prepared based on the following major assumptions and considerations:

The estimated populations of 78 thousand in 2025 and 184 thousand in 2035 are assumed. The areas for development are planned in the areas that are suitable for development. Those

that are unsuitable for development are avoided such as flood prone areas, the existing settlements and surrounding areas for future expansion and along the existing high voltage power transmission lines and their right of ways (22 meters on both sides).

A land use plan for Daga Kholpa in 2035 is proposed, as presented in Figure S-6 below. The land use ratios are shown in Table S-3.


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Figure S-6 Proposed Land Use Plan for Daga Kholpa in 2035

Table S-3 Proposed Land Use Ratio Category Land Use Area (ha) Ratio (%)

Residential area 1,265 49 Publicly used facilities Open space/ green area 319 13

Public buildings and services 128 5

Commercial and business 176 7 Road 439 17 Logistics 238 9 Sub Total 2,565 100

Restructured area

Reorganization of the land uses and improvement of the infrastructures in the existing villages and surrounding areas including farm lands

916 -

Other areas Cemetery, reserved area for future development 410 - Total (Project area) 3,891 -

7. Pre-feasibility Study

The following three projects are selected as the subject of a pre-feasibility study. This is because they are evaluated to be of high urgency and expected to contribute to the realization of the Master Plan 2035:

Intersection improvement project on VDN and Front de Terre Road Traffic improvement project around Baux Maraichers Bus Terminal


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Comparative analysis of proper waste treatment alternatives focusing on the waste-to-energy system

Intersection Improvement Project on VDN and Front de Terre Road

Table S-4 presents the most desirable solutions, costs, EIRR and priority scores for each component, based on analyses on the technical, economic and multi-factor aspects.

Table S-4 Proposed Solutions, Costs, EIRR and Priority Score Intersection Proposed Solution Cost

(Million FCFA) Economic Internal

Rate of Return (%)* Priority Score

SDE At-grade improvement 1,229 90.6 88

Cite Keur Gorgi Grade separation by flyover in the middle of VDN 14,881 21.6 68

Aime Cesar Grade separation by underpass 28,805 19.6 68 Khar Yalla Grade separation by flyover 12,715 18.1 48

Bourguiba Grade separation by flyover in east-south direction 13,990 17.4 66

Total 71,218 Source: JICA Study Team

The improvement of the SDE intersection on VDN was found to be the highest priority. This sub-project is proposed to be implemented by the Senegalese government in consideration of its lower investment cost. It is proposed that the other four sub-projects are promoted to the next stage of preparation, assuming international cooperation in consideration of their higher investments costs.

Traffic Improvement Project around Baux Maraichers Bus Terminal

Table S-5 presents the most desirable solutions, costs, EIRR and priority scores for each component, based on analyses on the technical, economic and multi-factor aspects.

Table S-5 Proposed Solutions, Costs and EIRR Sub-project Proposed Solution Cost

(Million FCFA) Economic Internal

Rate of Return (%)* Priority Score

N-1/access road intersection improvement

East-west flyover along N-1 10,141 17.4 92

Rufisque road intersection improvement At-grade improvement 371 49.9 73

Improvement of access for buses to Baux Maraichers Bus Terminal

Establishment of a bus stop at PTB station 295 34.2 63

Access road widening

Expansion of the access road from two lanes to four lanes and the bridge to be expanded on one side

4,586 26.3 65

Direct access of buses to motorway

Construction of an on-ramp to the motorway from the northern part of Baux Maraichers Bus terminal

361 42.7 86

Direct descent of buses from motorway Baux Maraichers Bus terminal

Construction of an off-ramp to the motorway from the Baux Maraichers Bus terminal

14,061 Negative 58

Total 29,815 Source: JICA Study Team


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The improvement of the N-1/access road intersection is judged to be the highest priority. A multiplier effect could be expected if this component is combined with the sub-project of widening the access road to four lanes, which was given fifth priority. The investment costs of these two sub-projects are higher and, therefore, international cooperation would be desirable. Since the investment costs of the three sub-projects of Rufisque road intersection improvement, improvement access to the Baux Maraichers bus terminal for buses and the on-ramp construction to ensure direct access to the motorway for buses are lower, they could be financed by the Senegalese government. An option would be to integrate these three sub-projects with the N-1/access road intersection improvement and the access road widening into a package as the means to upgrade the function of the Baux Maraichers bus terminal in an integrated manner. The off-ramp construction sub-project is not recommended since its economic return is negative, meaning the costs exceed the benefits even without discounting future values to present values.

Comparative Analysis of Solid Waste Disposal System Focusing on a Waste-to-energy System

This project was selected to address the issue of solid waste management, which is one of the Study Area’s most serious environmental concerns. In particular, the difficulty in identifying an appropriate dumping site to replace the existing Mbeubeus landfill site is a big issue. In consideration of the need and effectiveness of reducing the amount of waste in tackling this issue, a comparative analysis of a solid waste disposal system focusing on a waste-to-energy system was formulated. It was rather a study on analyzing the possibility of introducing the waste-to-energy system to the Study Area than a pre-feasibility study on a specific infrastructure. The waste-to-energy system, or incinerations, has been widely adopted as an intermediate treatment, prior to the final disposal. The main advantages of the incineration are listed as follows:

Final disposal can be conducted in a more sanitary way. Significant reduction of waste volume can be attained. The lifespan of landfill sites can be

prolonged significantly because the waste can be reduced to 10% in weight and approximately 5% in volume by incineration.

Under the process of incineration, flue gas with a large amount of thermal energy is produced. The waste-to-energy system is a method of producing electricity (and available heat) for the livelihood of municipal residents by the efficient recovery of the generated thermal energy in the gas in incineration plants. Power generation would contribute to the reduction in fuel import and CO2 generation. It is recommended that, based on the results of this analysis, a feasibility study on the waste-to-energy system should be conducted with the collaboration of a plant manufacturer. The possibility of introducing the waste-to-energy system to West Africa, where neighboring countries are facing the similar problem, could be analyzed as part of this study.

8. Urban Planning Management

Urban Planning Management

The policy directions for improving the existing urban management plan are identified as shown in Table S-6, based on the findings of the problem analysis workshop with the DUA and the subsequent analysis, as shown below.


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Table S-6 Policy Directions for Improving Urban Planning Management Direction Expected

Condition Actions

Enhancing people’s recognition of the master plan

The master plan is known well by the population and private sector

Promotion of the participatory planning approach to reflect the views of stakeholders in the master plan

Dissemination of information on the master plan and development controls to the people and the private sector by various means

Improvement of accessibility to the information on the master plan for the public The master plan is prepared properly

Enhancement of capacity of the officials in charge Improvement of information database for a land use map which includes land use,

building size, building structure, built year, etc. The master plan is prepared timely

Securing of an annual budget to prepare the master plan in a timely manner Allocation of an annual budget for the detailed urban plan for local governments

Enhancing the supporting tools for the master plan

Land administration is working well

Reinforcement of the hierarchy of urban plans and urban development projects. Encouragement of population to obtain plots in suitable areas through extending

the grace period for tax exemption Strengthening the formalization of the land tenure system by shortening and

simplifying the land registration process

Building control is working well

Enhancement of monitoring on miss-uses of land and illegal construction Enhancement of the capacity in building permission management Enhancement of the capacity in land development permission management Enhancement of penalties on illegal constructions

Enhancing recognition of the master plan in central government organizations and local governments

The local government follows the master plan

Enhanced involvement of local government to prepare the master plan and the detailed urban plan.

Reinforcement of hierarchy of urban plans and urban development projects as specified in means for Direction 2.

Enhanced ownership of population on the master plan

Ministries and agencies follow the master plan

Enhancement of cooperation between related central government ministries, departments and organizations by information dissemination and sharing. Updating of sector master plans according to the 2035 master plan.

Authentication of the master plan including the legislation of an urban growth boundary and the issuance of the Presidential Decree with regulations to enforce the master plan.

Assignment of an organization exclusively responsible for the development and management of urban poles that stretches over more than one administrative unit


DUA’s Capacity Development

The DUA’s roles and functions will be gradually shifted from the direct involvement in the plan preparation, management and development control towards the policy and strategy preparation and support of local governments. The following are the measures that can be taken to strengthen the organizational capacity of the DUA in stages.

Short-term (2016-2018): development of a medium stratum of staff, preparation of job descriptions, creation of a system to support self-learning, securing budget for scholarship, development of curriculum on urban planning in cooperation with educational institutions and improving the internship system to a more strategic one.

Mid-term (2019-2025): promotion of an inter-organizational personnel transfer mechanism, formulation of specialist groups, such as GIS section, increase of staff with a permanent status.

Long-term (2026-2035): establishment of an urban planning training center, establishment of a professional certification system.

First, the individual capacities of the DAU officers will be strengthened in the short-term by creating an internal training system, capitalizing on the knowledge and experiences of senior and retired DUA officers. In the medium term, the DUA will begin to apply its know-how in upgrading the capacities of its staff to capacity development of local governments. In the long-run, an urban planning training


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center will be created, where the DUA staff, local government staff and those from other organizations will be able to receive trainings on urban planning systematically.

9. Policy Packages and Recommendations

Investment Requirement-fund Availability Balance

The requirement for public funds for realizing the 2035 Master Plan on an annual basis is estimated to be FCFA128 billion, which is equivalent to 13% of the government capital expenditure in 2015 at FCFA 962 billion. This level of requirement for public funds is broadly judged to be within an affordable range of the government capital expenditure budget. For private investment, the Senegalese government needs to ensure the conditions of investment required by the private sector, maintaining an appropriate balance with serving the public interest.

Policy Packages

The measures proposed in each sector are packaged into the following eight policy packages: Comfortable environment creation policy Easy communication policy Innovative creation policy Urban development management policy Environmental management policy Inclusiveness enhancement policy Broad view application policy Technical foundation building policy

It is recommended that each organization and ministry that are mentioned align the actions under each policy package in their own development plans and programs, and take actions towards implementation.

Recommendations

It is recommended that the DUA takes swift action towards the realization of the 2035 Master Plan. The following are the key actions:

Formalization of 2035 Master Plan and Daga Kholpa detailed plan. Promotion of the transportation projects, for which pre-feasibility studies were conducted, to

the next stage, either a more detailed study or directly to implementation. Promotion of a detailed study on the waste-to-energy solution on a regional basis including

Senegal and neighboring countries suffering from the same problem of solid waste management.

Establishment of a capacity development system within the DUA according to the proposed capacity development plan.

Creation of a platform for sharing and disseminating the 2035 Master Plan with and to relevant government ministries, organizations and local governments, especially to align their activities within the framework of the 2035 Master Plan and promote sustainability enhancement initiative.


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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Dakar became the capital of French West Africa, comprising eight regions (viz., Senegal, Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, Côte d’Ivoire, Niger, Burkina Faso and Benin), in 1902. Dakar initially served as a military base, a commercial port to support groundnut production and exports, and the administrative center from which to govern the French colony. Dakar was the symbol of the empire, taking advantage of its geographical location. Even after the breakup of the empire and reduction of its role, Dakar retains an international influence, which far exceeds its current territorial limits. Nowadays, Dakar continues to play an important role in West Africa, hosting the UEMOA Central Bank headquarters and acting as a nodal point in the international corridors’ system, including TAH-1, TAH-5 and TAH-7, as well as the Autonomous Port of Dakar, Léopold Sedar Senghor International Airport and Dakar-Bamako railways. Culturally and politically, Dakar has become not only a cosmopolitan city, a symbol of Africa, a tourist destination and a melting pot of all the cultures in Africa and throughout the world, but also a strategic town on the political and geopolitical fields. The urban space of the Dakar agglomeration reflects the plural and complex nature of problems posed by the cumulative effects of very different phenomena and situations. Historically, Dakar has been continuously expanding eastwards, as shown in Figure 1.1.1, receiving population influxes from the rural areas. The rate of growth was especially rapid after Senegal became an independent state in 1960. A series of droughts resulted in the massive migration of rural people into Dakar, especially into its lowland areas, which originally were not inhabitable. The flood in 2009 affected about 360,000 people with an estimated economic loss of about 100 million US$. Uncontrolled urban sprawl has created an unbalanced urban structure with a concentration of business and commercial functions in downtown Dakar, resulting in heavy traffic congestion in the morning and evening peak hours. The development of infrastructures and public facilities is not fast enough to catch up with the rapid urbanization. The natural condition of Dakar surrounded by the sea on three sides has limited the effects of the government’s efforts to solve this problem. As a result, the lag has led to the deterioration of people’s living environments and has caused huge disparities in the social services and urban services.


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(1) Ca. 1900（pop at 100,000） (2) Ca. 1967（pop at 500,000）

(3) Ca. 1986（pop at 1.25 mil.） (4) 2009（pop at 2.5 mil.）

(5) 2013（pop at 3 mil.）

Source: Images obtained from the Global Crisis Atlas and Google Maps, processed by the JICA Study Team Figure 1.1.1 Historical Change in the Built-up Area in Dakar

The Government of Senegal has been making an effort to control urban growth by preparing Urban Development Master Plans (in 1948, 1967, 1980 and 2000). They defined the broad outlines of the Dakar agglomeration’s physical development in consideration of each period’s needs. Those successive plans, however, have failed to control urban growth fully due to non-compliance with the land use guidelines set forth, especially in the suburbs where the development of large irregular settlements took place on flood areas, mainly in the Niayes area. The Dakar Urban Development Master Plan by the Horizon 2025 (“the 2025 Master Plan” hereafter) was prepared in 2001 and approved in 2009. It had the ambition of rebalancing the regional structure by creating new urban poles outside the existing Dakar agglomeration. A number of projects that are based on the 2025 Master Plan are currently under implementation and planning. They include the Blaise Diagne International Airport, the extension of the Dakar-Diamniadio Highway, the extension of the VDN, the development of the urban pole of Diamniadio, the SEZ development and the Sendou New Port development. The 2025 Master Plan has not been effective because it is not based on an accurate understanding of local conditions, lacking the sharing of information with all the grass-roots stakeholders. Furthermore, the lack of participation on the part of local governments and the people in the planning process was an obstacle to a thorough understanding of the 2025 Master Plan and its acceptability by the stakeholders that were responsible for its implementation. Moreover, the Government of Senegal has been promoting its policy of transferring the responsibility for urban planning to local governments since 1996, after which the development of master plans for the urban environment (SDAU, PDU and PUD) fell under the responsibility of each local government


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in its jurisdiction. In case of the Dakar agglomeration, however, the central government has intervened in the preparation of PDUs in order to ensure coherence and meet the public interest in consideration of the special characteristics of the area as the national capital and its fragmentation into multiple local governments. The Act III of Decentralization, which was put into effect in 2013, stipulates the full transfer of responsibilities to communes and villes (towns) and the creation of sections responsible for urban planning in each local government. In this context, the Government of Senegal requested that the Government of Japan extend its technical cooperation for revision of the 2025 Master Plan. After a series of discussions, the JICA, the executive arm of the Japanese government for technical and financial cooperation, and the Government of Senegal agreed and signed the RD on the Project for Upgrading the Dakar Urban Development Master Plan by the Horizon 2025 (“the Study” hereafter), on May 5, 2014, in Dakar. JICA selected a consortium of consultants headed by RECS International Inc. to execute the Study (“the JICA Study Team” hereafter). After the initiation of the Study, it was confirmed by DUA, JICA and the JICA Study Team that the title of the project “Project for Urban Master Plan of Dakar and the Neighboring Area for 2035” be used as the common title to clearly indicate the target year of 2035. The Study has been conducted within the framework of the PSE, which defines Senegal's development pillars. Dakar and its adjacent areas are expected to play an important role in achieving the objectives of the PSE, as the national capital, international gateway and center of economic activities in Senegal.

1.2 Objectives

The objectives of the Study are as follows: (a) To prepare an Urban Development Master Plan for Dakar and its neighboring area for the

target year of 2035 (“the 2035 Master Plan” hereafter). (b) To prepare a Detailed Urban Plan for at least one selected area as a tool to realize the 2035

Master Plan. (c) To conduct pre-feasibility studies on priority projects to be selected, as a tool to realize the

2035 Master Plan. (d) To undertake capacity development of the DUA, related ministries, organizations and local

governments, strengthening their staffs’ capabilities so that they will become able to manage urban development properly.

1.3 Study Area

The Study’s target area (“the Study Area” hereafter) is Dakar Region and the area surrounding the Blaise Diagne International Airport in Thiès Region, with an area of about 820 km2, as shown in Figure 1.3.1.


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Figure 1.3.1 Location of Study Area

Figure 1.3.2 below shows the administrative boundaries of regions, departments and communes in the Study Area. Although the administrative setting was modified following the amendment of the decentralization law in 2014, the administrative boundaries have not yet been updated. The figure is based on the latest available map of administrative boundaries. Table 1.3.1 shows the list of administrative units with codes for each commune.


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Source: DTGC Note: Administrative boundaries of communes have not been updated to be consistent with the latest

administrative conditions in Rufisque Department. Figure 1.3.2 Administrative Boundaries of Study Area


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Table 1.3.1 Administrative Units in Study Area Region Department Ville Commune Code Region Department Ville Commune Code Dakar Dakar Dakar Biscuiterie D01 Dakar Pikine Pikine Thiaroye Gare P03 Cambérène D02 Thiaroye-sur-

Mer P04

Dakar Plateau D03 Tivaoune Diacksao

P05

Dieuppeul-Derklé

D04 Daliford P06

Fann-Point-E-Amitié

D05 Djidah Thiaroye Kaw

P07

Grand Dakar D06 Guinaw Rail Nord

P08

Grand Yoff D07 Guinaw Rail Sud

P09

Gueule Tapée, Fass-Colobane

D08 Keur Massar P10

Hann-Bel Air D09 Malika P11 HLM D10 Pikine Est P12 Medina D11 Pikine Nord P13 Mermoz

Sacré-Coeur D12 Pikine Ouest P14

Ngor D13 Yeumbeul Nord P15 Ouakam D14 Yeumbeul Sud P16 Parcelles

Assainies D15 Rufisque Rufisque Rufisque Est R01

Patte d'Oie D16 Rufisque Nord R02 Sicap-Liberté D17 Rufisque Ouest R03 Yoff D18 Sangalkam R04 Guédiawaye Guédiawaye Golf Sud G01 Yenne-sur-Mer R05 Medina

Gounass G02 Thiès Thiès Diender Guedj T01

Ndiarème Limamoulaye

G03 Keur Moussa T02

Sam Notaire G04 Noto T03 Wakhinane

Nimzatt G05 Mbour Diass M01

Pikine Pikine Diamaguène Sicap Mbao

P01 Sindia M02

Mbao P02 Source: DTGC Note: Administrative boundaries of communes have not been updated to be consistent with the latest

administrative conditions in Rufisque Department.

1.4 Outputs of the Study

1.4.1 Overall Schedule

The Study was initiated in August 2014 and completed in January 2016. Figure 1.4.1 shows an overall schedule of the Study.


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Source: JICA Study Team Note: (1) Simple topographic survey for the Study Area, topographic survey and interview survey for flood

mitigation, environmental baseline survey, (2) Training in Japan, (3) GIS training, (4) Land use planning workshops.

Figure 1.4.1 Overall Schedule of the Study

The activities in each phase are presented below.

1.4.2 Inception Activities and Progress Report

The initial activities included discussion on the draft Inception Report with DUA, the setting up of a project office arranged by DUA and the initiation of data collection. The JICA Study Team experts started data collection in their respective areas towards the end of August. The areas covered by the Study are: regional development, sustainability analysis, land use, urban planning, capacity development, institution/organization, flood mitigation, water resources, detailed plan preparation, socioeconomic analysis, economic development/industrial development, transportation, logistical infrastructure, water supply, sewerage/sanitation, solid waste management, electricity/renewable energy, urban disaster, hydrology and hydraulics, the environment, public consultation, economic and financial analysis, topographic mapping and the GIS database. A total of 30 experts have been assigned. A launch seminar was held on September 22, aiming to present the scope of the Study to the SC members and the TCC members. The participants, more than 120 in total, actively exchanged views based on the presentations made by the DUA’s Director and the JICA Study Team Leader. A number of surveys have been conducted on a subcontractual basis by Senegalese companies from September 2014 to January 2015. They include a topographic survey for the Master Plan (1/20,000), a cross-sectional survey for a flood simulation model, a hearing survey on the inundation situation and a baseline survey on environmental and social conditions for the creation of the 2035 Master Plan and the GIS database. The first round of stakeholder meetings (SHMs) were held in September and October 2014 in five places: Dakar, Pikine, Guediawaye, Rufisque and Diass. They aimed at presenting an outline of the Study to the participants, who included local administration officers, the people’s representatives and the private sector, and obtained feedback from them, especially the problems they face and their visions of the future.

20168 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1

1st Phase- Discussions on Inception Report-Various surveys-Analysis of present condition-Disucussions on Progress Report2nd Phase-Topo map preparation for Daga Kholpa-Preparation of Daga Kholpa detail plan-Preparation of draft master plan 2035-Discussions on Interim Report3rd Phase-Pre F/S on priority projects-Improvement of 2035 master plan-Discussions on Draft Final Report4th Phase-Preparation & submission of Final Report-Detail plan guideline

Capacity Development

2014 2015Work Items

(2) (3) (3) (4)

(1)


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A training session in Japan was conducted December 6–21, 2014 for the Senegalese counterparts. Five counterparts in total, three from DUA and one each from Guédiawaye Department and Diass Commune, participated in the training held in Tokyo, Yokohama, Chiba and Kitakyushu City, on a number of urban development subjects. Regular meetings have been held every Wednesday morning in order to share information on the progress of the Study, obtain feedback from the DUA counterparts and promote capacity development for the DUA counterparts. The second TCC meeting and the second SC meeting were convened on March 3 and March 5, respectively, in order to discuss the interim results of the Study. A summary of the Progress Report was distributed in both meetings. Thereafter, the full version of the Progress Report was submitted to the SC and TCC’s members in late March. The Progress Report presented the interim results of the Study up to the middle of February 2015, broadly including the following subjects:

Present condition of the Study Area, Preliminary sustainability assessment, Strategic environmental assessment, Vision, policies, strategies and scenarios, Development frameworks, Selection of an area for the Detailed Urban Plan, Long list of candidate projects for a pre-feasibility study.

1.4.3 Interim Report

The JICA Study Team and DUA continued to convene regular meetings for sharing the progress of the project’s activities and promoting the capacity development. The second round of SHMs was held with representatives of communes and related organizations in the departments of Dakar, Guédiawaye, Pikine, Rufisque, Mbour and Thiès in April and May 2015. The alternative development scenarios for the Study Area were discussed in the SHM meetings. The Senegalese company conducted a strategic environmental assessment (SEA) and created the website based on the subcontract with the JICA Study Team. Following the direction specified in the selected development scenario and the recommendations provided in the SEA, a future land use plan was formulated. The sector development plans were also prepared to cover socioeconomic development and infrastructure development for the target year of 2035. Daga Kholpa was selected as the target area for the preparation of a Detailed Urban Plan. A topographic map was prepared to cover the target area of approximately 3,891 ha at a scale of 1/5,000. The JICA Study Team and DUA established a working group for the Detailed Urban Plan’s preparatory work. They conducted a preliminary analysis of the existing conditions and prepared a future layout. The priority projects for the pre-feasibility study were evaluated with a set of selection criteria. The Interim Report presented the interim results of the Study, focusing on the outcomes after the middle of February until July 2015. The Interim Report broadly covered the following subjects:

Main development issues in the Study Area, Sustainability assessment, Strategic environmental assessment (draft), Vision, objectives, strategies and policy packages,


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Development frameworks, Land use plan, Sector development plans, Preliminary results of the Detailed Urban Plan’s preparation, Selection of priority projects for a pre-feasibility study.

The third TCC meeting and the third SC meeting were convened on August 6 and August 11, respectively, in order to discuss the Interim Report, which was distributed to the TCC and SC members in advance. A series of comments and questions were raised in the TCC and SC meetings, which were later analyzed and integrated into the Draft Final Report when deemed necessary.

1.4.4 Draft Final Report

The Draft Final Report presented all the findings from the beginning of the Study in August 2014 until November 2015. The new elements presented in the Draft Final Report included a Draft Detailed Urban Plan for Daga Kholpa and the results of the pre-feasibility study. The Draft Final Report was structured as follows:

Volume I: Master Plan and Detailed Urban Plan Part 1: Existing conditions Part 2: Master Plan and Detailed Urban Plan for Daga Kholpa

Volume II: Pre-feasibility Study for Priority Projects Intersection improvement project on the VDN and Fronte de Terre Traffic improvement project around the Baux Maraichers Bus Terminal Comparative analysis of solid-waste disposal systems

The Draft Final Report was presented and discussed by the TCC on November 26 and by the SC on November 27 in 2015. The comments presented therein, as well as those submitted later in a written form, were analyzed and integrated into the Final Report where it was deemed necessary.

1.4.5 Final Report

The Final Report presents all the findings and proposals of the Study. It is structured in basically the same way as the Draft Final Report, as follows:

Volume I: Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Present condition of Senegal Chapter 3: Present condition of the Study Area Chapter 4: Major development issues Chapter 5: Sustainability diagnosis Chapter 6: Master Plan for 2035

Volume II: Chapter 7: Sector development plans for 2035 Chapter 8: Strategic environmental assessment Chapter 9: Detailed Urban Plan for Daga Kholpa Chapter 10: Urban planning management Chapter 11: Priority projects identified in 2035 Master Plan Chapter 12: Intersection improvement project on VDN and Fronte de Terre (Pre FS)


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Chapter 13: Traffic improvement projects around Baux Maraichers Bus Terminal (Pre FS) Chapter 14: Comparative analysis of proper waste-treatment alternatives focusing on

waste-to-energy system (preliminary study) Chapter 15: Policy package and action plan for DUA Chapter 16: Conclusions and recommendations

Volume III: (in CD) Appendices, including surveys and supporting data

The following documents were prepared and submitted separately: A guideline for the Detailed Urban Plan, Pamphlet summarizing the results of the Study.


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CHAPTER 2 PRESENT CONDITION OF SENEGAL

2.1 Natural Conditions

2.1.1 Topography

Senegal has a national territory of 196,722 km2. The national territory is bordered to the west by the Atlantic Ocean. On land, the northern border is delineated along the Senegal River with Mauritania. To the east, the border faces Mali. Guinea is to the southeast and Guinea-Bissau is to the south-southwest. Both borders run along the Casamance River. Senegal has a near enclave within its borders. The small nation of the Gambia occupies the interior, which has a 740 km border with Senegal. The Gambia penetrates from the Atlantic Ocean to the center of Senegal along the Gambia River, which bisects Senegal’s territory. Figure 2.1.1 shows the location of the Senegalese national territory and its topographic conditions.

Source: DEM, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, Water bodies, AGEROUTE.

Figure 2.1.1 Topographic Conditions of Senegal

The country is the westernmost part of a savanna extending across the Sahel. The northern part of the Senegal coast has dunes from Cap-Vert to Saint-Louis, but to the south are muddy estuaries. A sandy plain is situated behind the coast. The sandy plain extends north to the Senegal River. Casamance Region in the south, isolated from the rest of Senegal by the Gambia, is low, while to the southeast lie the Tamgué foothills, which rise to a maximum altitude of 581 m. Most of the northwest of Senegal is semi-desert, but the center and most of the south (except for the forest of Casamance) are open


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savanna country. The major rivers are the Senegal, the Saloum, the Gambia and the Casamance. Those rivers flow from east to west.

2.1.2 Climate

Senegal’s climate is generally characterized as tropical with a pleasant heat throughout the year, and possessing well-defined dry and rainy seasons. The dry season (November to May) is dominated by the Harmattan wind that brings hot and dry weather from the northeast into the Sahara. The rainy season (June to October) is caused by the southwest wind from the Gulf of Guinea. However, the weather does vary in different parts of the country, broadly falling into three main zones, as follows:

Coastal region: The Atlantic coastal strip is cooler than inland, partly due to onshore winds. The average high temperatures range from 25 to 35 degrees throughout the year in Dakar and Saint-Louis. The annual rainfall is below 400 mm.

Sahel Region: The northern half of the country falls within the ‘Sahel area’, a region of semi-arid land that covers the African continent. Inland cities experience hot climate conditions. Here, temperatures are cool at night, but the average high temperature exceeds 40 degrees in Kaolack and Tambacounda. Annual rainfall is below 700 mm.

Southern region: The southern half of the country is hot and humid, with average high temperatures above 30 degrees throughout the year. Rainfall is over 1,000 mm in Ziguinchor.

Figure 2.1.2 shows the monthly climate average in the main cities, such as Dakar, Thiès, Saint-Louis, Kaolack, Tambacounda and Ziguinchor.


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Dakar Thiès

Saint-Louis Kaolack

Tambacounda Ziguinchor

Source: Climate average from 2000 to 2012, World Weather Online Figure 2.1.2 Monthly Climate Average in the Main Cities

2.1.3 Soil

World Soil Information gives its estimates for the soil parameters in Senegal and the Gambia. Figure 2.1.3 shows the distribution of the main soil formations in the two countries. The estimate classifies the soil according to the soil classification scheme as defined by the FAO. The soil map illustrates how Senegal has a typical soil formation that is observed commonly in the African continent. Arenosols dominate in the inland, central part of the country. This soil type is typical in lower rainfall areas and is unsuitable for cultivation. Livestock grazing is practiced in those areas. Acrisols are spread in humid areas in the south. This soil type has the disadvantage of weakness in maintaining nourishment. Leptosols are a typical type of soil in deserts and mountains in the northeast. Leptosols tend to be formed at a shallow soil depth that makes rooting difficult. Gleysols are identified in low flatlands that are suitable for agriculture in Cape Verde and areas along the Senegal River.

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Source: Soil parameter estimates for Senegal and the Gambia derived from SOTE and WISE, World Soil Information

Figure 2.1.3 Soil Parameters in Senegal and Gambia

2.1.4 Agronomic Potential

The CSE has evaluated the agronomic potential in Senegal. Figure 2.1.4 shows the estimated agronomic potential. The potential evaluation attempts to identify unfit and suitable lands for agriculture. Then, the identified suitable lands are classified according to levels of suitability, from Category A to Category D, as follows.

Category A: Highly suitable and irrigable land (21,462 km2). Category B: Suitable land without rainfall constraints (39,107 km2). Category C: Suitable land with water-stress options (45,168 km2). Category D: Marginally suitable land with rainfall constraints (18,398 km2).

The classification takes into account criteria consisting of climatic parameters, rainfall, surface-water availability and soil formation. The results reveal that the highly suitable lands for agriculture (Category A) are located in limited areas, specifically the areas around Dakar Region, the Senegal River, Ziguinchor City and Kédougou City.


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Source: CSE

Figure 2.1.4 Level of Soil Quality for Agricultural Development

2.2 Socioeconomic Factors

2.2.1 Population

(1) Population

The population transitions in Senegal are summarized in Table 2.2.1, below. The population of Senegal has increased continuously. The annual population growth rates from 1988 to 2002 and from 2002 to 2013 were 2.58% and 2.91%, respectively, indicating an acceleration of population growth. The annual growth rate of the urban population at 3.9% per year is much higher than that of the rural population at 2.2% per year, indicating migration from rural to urban areas. As a result, the proportion of the urban population rose from 39% in 1988 to 45% in 2013. There is an estimate by National Agency for Statistics and Demography (ANSD) indicating that the urbanization trend will continue and that the urbanization ratio will reach 53% in 2035.


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Table 2.2.1 Population Transitions in Senegal Item Unit 1988 2002 2013

Population Total person 6,896,808 9,855,338 13,508,715 Urban person 2,653,943 4,007,590 6,102,800 Rural person 4,242,865 5,847,748 7,405,915

Annual Growth Rate Total %/year - 2.58 2.91 Urban %/year - 2.99 3.90 Rural %/year - 2.32 2.17

Population Ratio Urban % 38.5 40.7 45.2 Rural % 61.5 59.3 54.8

Source: ANSD

Senegal is characterized by its youthful population structure, as well. The proportion of those under 20 years of age is 53%. As a result, the dependency ratio, which is the proportion of those both under 15 and over 65 to the total population, is as high as 45.6%, which is equivalent to 84 non-income-earning persons depending on 100 income-earning persons.

(2) Ethnic Groups

According to the CIA, ethnic groups in Senegal include the Wolof, the Pular, the Serer, the Jola, the Mandinka, the Soninke, Europeans, the Lebanese and others. The Wolof are the largest group, accounting for 43.3% of the population. They make up the majority in many regions, especially in the center, the north, the coast of Dakar and Saint Louis. The Pular (23.8%) live mainly along the Senegalese river valley and Ferlo Region in northern Senegal. The Serer people (14.7%) are engaged in agriculture and fishing, in the Sine-Saloub area in Fatik Region. The percentages of the remaining groups are the Jola (3.7%), the Mandinka (3%), the Soninke (1.1%), Europeans and the Lebanese (1%) and others (9.4%).

(3) Religions

More than 90% of the Senegalese population is Muslim, with the origin of this group dating back to the 11th century. Other people have faith in Christianity at 5% (mostly Roman Catholicism) and in indigenous beliefs at 1%. Christianity was introduced into Senegal in the early 18th century by the French. Although the percentage of believers is very low, indigenous beliefs are still present.

2.2.2 Social Aspects

The trend of social indicators in Senegal is summarized in Table 2.2.2, below. The life expectancy has increased steadily. Both birth rates and death rates have decreased. The fertility rates, for example, have continued to decline: 6.6 children per woman in 1986, 6.0 in 1992, 5.3 in 2005 and 5.0 in 2010–11. These facts indicate that Senegal is gradually transforming from a high birth-rate/low mortality-rate society to a low birth-rate/low mortality-rate society. The unemployment rate has remained steady at around 10%. Access to the basic infrastructure, such as electricity and water sources, has improved. Regarding access to the Internet, the number of Internet users has increased, but reached only 20% in 2012.


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Table 2.2.2 Social Indicators Item Unit 2000 2005 2010 2012

Life expectancy Year 57.8 60.5 62.8 63.2 Birth rate, crude per 1,000

persons 40.0 39.2 38.6 38.1

Death rate, crude per 1,000 persons 10.8 9.1 7.9 7.7

Unemployment (% of total labor force) % 10.2 10.1 10.2 10.3

Poverty head-count ratio at national poverty line % - 48.3 - - Access to electricity % 36.8 - 56.5 - Improved water sources % 66.4 69.5 72.8 74.1 Internet users per 100

persons 0.4 4.8 16.0 20.9

Expenditure per student, primary % of GDP per capita - 16.8 17.0 -

International tourism, number of arrivals person - 769,000 900,000 - Source: World Bank

2.2.3 Economy

GDP in Senegal has increased steadily at an average annual growth rate of 3.9% per year between 2000 and 2013. As shown in Table 2.2.3 below, the country’s GDP growth in 2014 was approximately 6%. Currently, the tertiary sector (such as construction) and the services sectors are the main drivers of economic growth. GDP by sector will be presented in more detail in Chapter 6.3.1 Socioeconomic Framework.

Table 2.2.3 GDP and GDP per Capita in Senegal Item Unit 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014

GDP CFA billion 2,889 3,593 4,342 4,732 5,012 Average annual growth rate (Period) %/year - (2000–05)

4.5 (2005–10)

3.9 (2010–13)

2.9 (2013–14)

5.9 GDP per capita (Nominal) US$ 474.5 772.5 998.6 1,046.6 1,078.6 Average annual growth rate (Period) %/year - (2000–05)

10.2 (2005–10)

5.3 (2010–13)

1.6 (2013–14)

3.1 Source: World Bank, DPEE

2.2.4 Socioeconomic Indicators in Senegal and West African Countries

A set of socioeconomic indicators for Senegal and West African countries are compared in Table 2.2.4 below. Senegal’s population, land area, population-growth rate and population density ranked in the middle range among West African countries. The scale of the economy and GDP per capita ranked fifth and sixth, respectively, indicating Senegal’s relatively high performance compared with its demographic features and scarce endowment of natural resources. Human-related indicators, such as the literacy rate, school enrollment and life expectancy, were relatively high. Senegal’s number of Internet users, though ranked in third place, is significantly higher than that of many other West African countries. It is judged from these facts that Senegal’s higher-quality human resources are the driving force of the country’s growth, led especially by its service sector, which takes third place in West Africa.


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1Table 2.2.4 Socioeconomic Indicators in Senegal and West African Countries in 2013 Unit Senegal Average UEMOA Guinea-B

issau Cote

d’Ivoire Togo Niger Burkina Faso Benin

Land area km2 192,530 378,979 433,286 28,120 318,000 54,390 1,266,700 273,600 112,760 Total population 1,000 13,508 20,664 12,842 1,704 20,316 6,817 17,831 16,935 10,323 Population growth % 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.4 2.4 2.6 3.9 2.8 2.7 Population density Person/km2 73.4 80.9 62.9 60.6 63.9 125.3 14.1 61.9 91.6 GDP/GRDP Million

USD 14,792 42,393 11,174 961 31,062 4,339 7,407 11,583 8,307

Growth rate %/Year 2.8 4.9 4.4 0.3 8.7 5.1 4.1 6.5 5.6

Primary Million USD

2,101 9,206 2,950 395 6,921 1,155 2,755 3,579 2,743

% 18 30 33 44 22 31 37 35 37

Secondary Million USD

2,882 9,338 2,222 124 6,917 584 1,440 2,653 1,052

% 24 21 20 14 22 16 19 26 14

Tertiary Million USD

7,008 22,880 5,085 386 17,224 2,017 3,212 3,897 3,715

% 58 49 47 43 56 54 43 39 50 GDP per capita Million

USD 1,046 1,140 799 564 1,528 636 415 684 805

Growth rate USD/Person 2.8 2.5 1.9 -2.1 6.2 2.4 0.2 3.5 2.8 Inflation rate (Consumer prices) %/Year 0.7 4.4 1.1 0.7 2.6 1.8 2.3 0.5 1.0 Life expectancy at birth % 63.2 57.7 56.8 56.7 50.4 56.2 58.0 55.9 59.1 Poverty head-count ratio % N/A 46.5 49.9 69.3 N/A 52.5 40.8 N/A 51.6 Literacy rate, adult total % 52.1 48.9 43.2 56.7 41.0 60.4 15.5 N/A N/A School enrollment, primary % net 73.3 72.3 72.7 69.8 N/A N/A 62.8 66.4 94.9 Maternal-mortality ratio /100,000 320 506 496 560 720 450 630 400 340 Pregnant woman receiving prenatal care

% 93.3 86.3 85.7 92.6 90.6 71.6 82.9 94.3 85.8

Mortality rate, infant /1,000 43.9 62.3 63.3 77.9 71.3 55.8 59.9 64.1 56.2 Improved water source % 74.1 72.2 70.7 73.6 80.2 60.0 52.3 81.7 76.1 Prevalence of HIV, total % 0.5 1.5 1.6 3.7 2.7 2.3 0.4 0.9 1.1 Internet users /100 21 10 6 3 3 5 2 4 5

Unit Mali Ghana Cabo

Verde Gambia Guinea Sierra Leone Nigeria Liberia Mauritani

a Land area km2 1,220,190 227,540 4,030 10,120 245,720 72,180 910,770 96,320 1,030,700 Total population 1,000 15,302 25,905 499 1,849 11,745 6,092 173,615 4,294 3,890 Population growth % 3.0 2.1 0.9 3.2 2.3 5.5 5.4 2.4 2.4 Population density Person/km2 12.5 114 124 183 48 84 191 45 4 GDP/GRDP Million

USD 10,943 48,137 1,879 903 6,144 4,136 521,803 1,734 4,158

Growth rate %/Year 2.1 7.6 0.5 4.8 2.3 5.5 5.4 10.2 6.7

Primary Million USD

3,948 10,240 142 195 1,185 2,358 108,319 673 585

% 42 22 8 22 20 60 21 39 16

Secondary Million USD

2,123 13,364 299 129 2,205 316 113,458 285 1,571

% 23 29 17 14 38 8 22 16 42

Tertiary Million USD

3,217 23,236 1,316 579 2,464 1,291 294,117 776 1,627

% 35 50 75 64 42 33 57 45 39 GDP per capita Million

USD 715 1,858 3,767 488 523 679 3,005 454 1,069

Growth rate USD/Person -0.8 5.4 -0.4 1.5 -0.3 3.6 2.5 8.6 4.1 Inflation rate (Consumer prices) %/Year -0.6 11.6 1.5 5.7 11.9 10.3 8.5 7.6 4.1 Life expectancy at birth % 54.6 60.9 74.5 58.6 55.8 45.3 52.1 60.2 61.4 Poverty head-count ratio % 50.6 24.2 N/A 48.4 40.9 52.9 46.0 N/A N/A Literacy rate, adult total % 33.6 71.5 85.3 52.0 25.3 44.5 N/A N/A N/A School enrollment, primary % net 68.7 87.1 97.2 70.9 74.4 N/A 63.9 40.6 69.6 Maternal mortality ratio /100,000 550 380 53 430 650 1,100 560 640 320 Pregnant woman receiving prenatal care

% 74.6 96.4 N/A 98.1 85.2 93.0 66.2 N/A 84.2

Mortality rate, infant /1,000 78 52 22 49 65 107 74 54 67 Improved water source % 67.2 87.2 89.3 90.1 74.8 60.1 64.0 74.6 49.6 Prevalence of HIV, total % 0.9 1.3 0.5 1.2 1.7 1.6 3.2 1.1 N/A Internet users /100 2 12 38 14 2 2 38 5 6

Source: World Bank, UEMOA 1 Data used are based on 2013. However, some of the data from 2012, 2011 and 2010 are also used due to a lack of data in 2013.


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2.3 Environment

2.3.1 Land Cover and Terrestrial Ecosystem

Senegal’s natural landscape offers a wide diversity of ecosystems, ranging from the Sahelian grasslands in the north, to mangrove swamps in the Lower Casamance Region and rainforests in the southern lowlands (USAID, 2005). The extreme dryness experienced by these ecosystems during the approximately eight-month-long dry season affects biomass production and renders natural vegetation highly susceptible to bushfires. Approximately 40% of the country’s surface area is burned each year (USAID, 2005). The Fifth CBD Report for Senegal (MEDD, 2014) shows that the majority of terrestrial ecosystems in Senegal have been heavily degraded by anthropogenic activities. Forest ecosystems have decreased significantly in size, from 9,348,000 hectares in 1990 to 8,473,000 hectares in 2010 (FAO 2010) — an average decrease of 43,750 hectares per year. The agricultural ecosystem is threatened by ecological and economic changes, especially due to population pressures and current farming practices. Terrestrial land use/land cover for Senegal has been classified into 31 major types by U.S. Geological Survey and Ecological Monitoring Center (CSE), as shown in Figure 2.3.1.

Source: U.S. Geological Survey and CSE

Figure 2.3.1 Major Land Use/Land-Cover Types in Senegal

2.3.2 Flora

The flora of Senegal is characterized by the Sahel-Sudanian flora. Approximately 3,500 plant species from 1,277 genera have been recorded in Senegal (MEPN, 1998). They are dominated by spermatophytes with about 1,000 genera and 2,500 species, and approximately 70% and 30% dicotyledon-to-monocotyledon ratios. There is a range of families present, including the Gramineae,


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Fabaceae, Cyperaceae, Rubiaceae, Composeae, Euphorbiaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosaceae, Convolvulaceae and Scrophulariaceae. Over 50% are herbaceous species. The dominant genera are Indigofera and Cyperus, each with 44 species; Ipomoea with 38 species; Crotalaria with 33 species; Ficus with 30 species; Tephrosia and Hibiscus with 22 species and Euphorbia with 20 species. The country can be divided into five distinct areas according to their vegetation. In St Louis Region and Louga Region, the habitat is dry, Sahelian thorn-bush savanna. Along the riverbanks, there were once important forests of Acacia nilotica (‘gonakiers’), but these have largely disappeared due to a combination of drought and human destruction for fuelwood and charcoal. In Louga Region, Thiès Region, Dakar Region, Fatick Region, the coastal zone is largely sandy and dominated by dunes. Behind the dunes between Dakar and Saint Louis, along a strip 150 km long and 5 km wide, lies a series of relict marshy depressions and permanent freshwater lakes, known as ‘Niayes’. These depressions are characterized by the oil palm Elaeis guineensis and are formed as a result of the water table lying close to the surface in this region, coupled with the influence of the moist, coastal Alizé winds. As a consequence, the vegetation in Niayes includes species typical of areas with much higher rainfall. Mangroves occur on all the major estuaries. In Diourbel Region, Kaolack Region and Tambacounda Region, the area is naturally covered by Sudan Savanna-zone vegetation. The zone covers two thirds of the country. The natural vegetation has been hugely modified by human cultivation. In some areas, large trees remain; in other areas, all large trees have been removed to make way for groundnuts and food crops. In Tambacounda Region, in the southeast, larger trees and a gallery forest are found, particularly along watercourses. Interspersed with the gallery forest are areas of open grassland and small wetlands, drier forest on the lateritic red soils and rocky outcrops in the Bassari hills. Ziguinchor Region and Kolda Region, known as Casamance, include the only area of Guinea forest vegetation in Senegal and also the most important areas of mangroves (an estimated 250,000 ha), on the northern bank of the Casamance River delta. The principal species of mangrove in this area, Rhizophora racemosa, is declining rapidly as a result of drought and human clearance. There are small patches of rainforest. Oil palms, Elaeis guineensis, are widespread in wetter areas. As explained above, Senegal still has rich biodiversity but, at the same time, the natural environment is disappearing partly due to human activities. The Niayes, included in the Study Area, is a unique area at the national level in geographic and environmental views; therefore, paying special attention to them is required during planning.

2.3.3 GHG Emissions and Climate Change Management

(1) GHG Emissions

The primary GHGs in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and ozone (O3). GHG data are available only at the national level. Table 2.3.1, a summary of aggregated data for the period 1990 to 2011, shows that methane is the predominant GHG in Senegal. As for sector-wise emissions, agriculture was the primary source of GHG emissions during the period 1990 to 2011, closely followed by the energy sector. However, the greatest sectorial increase in emissions was in the industrial processes sector, with an increase of 568% between 1990 and 2010. In comparison, land use change and forestry emissions actually decreased by 20% between 1990 and 2011. When the energy subsector is considered for the same period, ‘other fuel combustion’ (referring primarily to wood/charcoal combustion for cooking) was the most important source of GHGs, followed by electricity/heat and transportation. The largest subsector increase was for


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the manufacturing and construction subsector (300%).

Table 2.3.1 Summary Breakdown of GHG Emissions for Senegal, 1990 to 2011

GHG Emissions Total Unit Available Years Latest Value Per Capita

Absolute Change

from Earliest to

Latest Value Total GHG Emissions Excluding Land Use Change and Forestry MtCO₂e 1990–2011 21.30 1.60 tCO₂e 75.89%

Total GHG Emissions Including Land Use Change and Forestry MtCO₂e 1990–2011 27.16 2.04 tCO₂e 39.50%

GHG Emissions by Gas Total CO₂ (Excluding Land Use Change and Forestry) MtCO₂ 1990–2011 5.67 0.43 tCO₂ 139.80%

Total CH₄ MtCO₂e 1990–2011 8.37 0.63 tCO₂e 50.36% Total N₂O MtCO₂e 1990–2011 7.18 0.54 tCO₂e 71.81%

GHG Emissions by Sector** Agriculture MtCO₂e 1990–2011 9.99 0.75 tCO₂e 42.87% Energy MtCO₂e 1990–2011 8.41 0.63 tCO₂e 152.95% Land Use Change and Forestry MtCO₂ 1990–2011 5.87 0.44 tCO₂ -20.32% Waste MtCO₂e 1990–2011 2.81 0.21 tCO₂e 80.96% Industrial Processes MtCO₂e 1990–2010 1.57 0.12 tCO₂e 568.44% Bunker Fuels MtCO₂ 1990–2011 0.85 0.06 tCO₂ 51.79%

GHG Emissions — Energy Subsector Electricity/Heat MtCO₂ 1990–2011 2.12 0.16 tCO₂ 146.51% Manufacturing/Construction MtCO₂ 1990–2011 1.00 0.08 tCO₂ 300.00% Transportation MtCO₂ 1990–2011 2.09 0.16 tCO₂ 190.28% Other Fuel Combustion MtCO₂e 1990–2011 3.18 0.24 tCO₂e 112.67%

CO2 Emissions Totals Total CO₂ Emissions Excluding Land Use Change and Forestry MtCO₂ 1949–2011 5.67 0.43 tCO₂ 25,672.73%

CO2 Emissions — Energy Subsector** Electricity/Heat (CO₂) MtCO₂ 1971–2011 2.12 0.16 tCO₂ 443.59% Manufacturing/Construction (CO₂) MtCO₂ 1971–2011 1.00 0.08 tCO₂ 212.50% Transportation (CO₂) MtCO₂ 1971–2011 2.09 0.16 tCO₂ 386.05% Other Fuel Combustion (CO₂) MtCO₂ 1971–2011 0.46 0.03 tCO₂ 557.14%

Socioeconomic Data Unit Available Years Latest Value Per Capita

Absolute Change

from Earliest to

Latest Value Population People 1960–2011 13,330,737 n/a 319.50%

GDP-PPP Million Intl$* (2011) 1990–2011 28,838 2,163

Intl$ (2011) 106.73%

GDP-US$ Million US$ (2005) 1960–2011 10,580 794 Million

US$ (2005) 281.82%

Energy Use Thous. tons oil equiv. (ktoe) 1971–2011 3,515 264 ktoe 183.03%

Note: * An international dollar would buy a comparable amount of goods and services in Senegal that a US dollar would buy in the United States. ** The calculation approach for the national totals relies on a gas-aggregation method (i.e., the sum of CO2 emissions and non-CO2

emissions) to produce the estimated total emissions. This is due to the limited availability of sector-level emissions data for all countries. Thus, the sum of sectors might not coincide with the sum of gases for a particular country. More information on the calculation approach and limitations can be obtained from: http://cait2.wri.org/docs/CAIT2.0_CountryGHG_Methods.pdf

Source: World Resource Institute (http://cait2.wri.org/profile/Senegal)


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The total GHG emissions excluding land use change and forestry per capita is 1.60 tCO₂e in Senegal, as shown in Table 2.3.1. There are 185 countries in the world for which the GHG emissions data are available. Senegal’s figure is the 30th lowest out of 185 countries and 19th lowest out of 47 African countries. The average in the world is 6.29 tCO₂e, and that of African countries is 2.58 tCO₂e (excluding the value of Equatorial Guinea, which is extraordinarily high). The annual CO2 emission values in 1990 and 2010 are compared in Table 2.3.2.

Table 2.3.2 Annual CO2 Emissions Data for Senegal, 1990 and 2010 Year CO2 emissions

(kg per PPP $ of GDP) CO2 emissions

(kt) CO2 emissions

(metric tons per capita) 1990 0.353 3,182.956 0.424 2010 0.255 7,058.975 0.545

Rate of change (%) -27.8 121.8 28.5 Source: World Bank (http://databank.worldbank.org)/Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center,

Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States.

CO2 emissions per capita increased by 28.5% (from 0.424 to 0.545) during the 20 years from 1990 to 2010, while CO2 emissions per GDP decreased by 27.8% (from 0.353 to 0.255) in the same period. This indicates that economic growth was achieved at a rate higher than the increase of total CO2 emissions, while the population increased at a rate lower than the increase of CO2 emissions.

(2) Management of Climate Change

At the national level, the Second National Communique to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2010 (Deuxième Communication Nationale à la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques, 2010) was prepared to show Senegal’s commitment to climate change by the DEEC). It has analysis results of the present conditions, emission-mitigation strategy and other factors. The following three axes are presented as the strategy for adaption to climate change.

Axis 1: Development of knowledge on the effects of climate change and the transfer of appropriate technologies,

Axis 2: Strengthening prevention and the fight against climate shocks, and Axis 3: Promoting the sustainable management of natural resources.

In the level of Dakar Region, the PCTI was prepared in 2013 with the support of Ill de France (French local government, including Paris). The following 10 items are raised in the document as priority actions:

To protect the coastline and ensure access to the sea. To save water and reduce contamination. To establish a coherent network of green spaces as ecological corridors. To develop a peri-urban agricultural belt. To generate drafts in building areas to refresh the air, and fight against the ‘heat islands’

phenomenon. To create clean and efficient public transportation to reduce individual vehicle use. To reduce inorganic waste generated by massive imports of materials and equipment, and to

return organic matter to the soil. To change the framework of construction methods so as to adopt a lower carbon-footprint

system, through the use of renewable local materials, etc. To develop energy-generating facilities based on biogas, wind, tide and other energy sources,

and to reduce dependence on fossil fuels.


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To build a multipolar order in order to decentralize economic activities in the city center, reducing commuting and other pressures.

2.4 Urban Development

A recent trend of urbanization in Senegal is the dominance of Dakar Region as the primary city, with some regional urban centers scattered around that support each hinterland. Figure 2.4.1 below presents the national and regional capital cities, classified by the size of their populations.

Source: JICA Study Team (Population size is based on Census 2013, ANSD)

Figure 2.4.1 Regional Capitals by Population Size

Table 2.4.1 below presents the urban populations of the capital cities, and the populations, areas and population densities of each region.


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Table 2.4.1 Populations of Capital Cities, and Populations, Areas and Population Densities of Each Region

Regional Capital City (Department)

Population of Capital City Region

2008 2013 Rate of Change

(%/Year)

Population of Region

(103) Area (km2)

Population Density at Regional Level

(2013, person/km2) Dakar 990,019 1,146,056 3.0 3,137 547 5,735 Ziguinchor 314,310 248,264 -4.6 549 7,352 75 Diourbel 254,700 268,218 1.0 1,497 4,824 310 Saint-Louis 255,743 296,497 3.0 909 19,241 47 Tambacounda 250,812 299,161 3.6 681 42,364 16 Kaolack 377,407 488,767 5.3 961 5,357 179 Thies 571,733 668,880 3.2 1,789 6,670 268 Louga 336,981 373,213 2.1 874 24,889 35 Fatick 319,377 339,239 1.2 835 6,849 122 Kolda 214,557 245,991 2.8 714 13,771 52 Matam 260,376 272,620 0.9 563 29,445 19 Kaffrine 187,228 207,673 2.1 567 11,262 50 Kedougou 67,087 78,521 3.2 152 16,800 9 Sedhiou 157,781 151,326 -0.8 453 7,341 62 Total 4,558,111 5,084,426 2.2 13,682 196,712 70

Source: ANSD, Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Senegal)

Dakar Region, with a population of 3,137 thousand in 2013, is the outstanding urban pole in Senegal. It serves as the political and administrative capital of Senegal, as well as the international gateway for global trade and business activities. A group of secondary urban centers are scattered rather intensively behind Dakar, such as Thiès, Diourbel, Fatick and Kaolack and, towards the north, Saint-Louis and Louga. These urban centers in the western part of Senegal function as nodes providing various urban services to the hinterlands, and transferring agro-products from the hinterlands to other areas. The western part of Senegal is more suitable for agriculture with rich groundwater resources, and it therefore has a larger population-supporting capacity. Reflecting these characteristics, the four regions in the immediate hinterland of Dakar —Thiès, Diourbel, Fatick and Kaolack — are more densely populated in an area accounting for only 12% of Senegal, with a population equivalent to 37% of Senegal. Two large urban agglomerations are observed in the eastern part of Senegal: Tambacounda and Matam. Tambacounda is located in a highly strategic position, where the national roads N-1, N-6 and N-7 intersect. It is also located on the railroad route leading to Bamako in Mali. It is an important point on the inland route for the traffic to/from Casamance: the three regions cut off by the Gambia. Millet, sorghum, maize and cotton produced in the sparsely populated and dry hinterlands are processed in Tambacounda. Matam is located about 450 km from Dakar, to the northeast and close to both the Senegal River and the border with Mauritania. There is a potential phosphate mine located there. It provides various urban services to the rural areas in the northeastern part of Senegal. The national roads N-2 and N-3 meet in Matam. The urban centers, which showed high rates of population growth, were Kaolack (5.3%/year), Tambacounda (3.6%/year) and Thiès (3.2%/year), followed by Dakar (3.0%/year) and Saint-Louis (3.0%/year). These urban centers are aligned along the west-east transport axis leading to Bamako, Mali. Coupled with the rich agricultural potential in the hinterlands, these cities have the potential for


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growth resulting from the strengthening of this west-east axis. Agro-processing could be promoted first for import substitution, then for export promotion, not only to Europe and Asia through Dakar but also to the inland landlocked countries, such as Mali.

2.5 Regional Cooperation Initiatives and Development Plans at National and Regional Levels

(1) ECOWAS

The ECOWAS was founded in 1975. The ECOWAS has 15 member countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. Its primary mission was to promote economic integration of the member states in all fields of economic activities. It expanded its activities to security and conflict-management areas later. Regarding the economic aspects, the ECOWAS plans to introduce a unified currency system for the non-UEMOA member countries by 2015 and for all the member countries by 2020. Other activities include promotion of a free-trade program, establishment of a common court of justice and a parliament, issuance of a common passport and introduction of a common import-duty system. The ECOWAS introduced a conflict-management system under which a peace-monitoring group and a standby force were established. The ECOWAS has been proposing the development of TAH, which could accelerate the growth of the surrounding areas. Three routes, TAH-1 (Dakar-Rabat-Morocco), TAH-5 (Dakar-Bamako/Mali-Ndjamena/Chad) and TAH-7 (Dakar-Accra/Ghana-Lagos/Nigeria), originate in Dakar, extending to the northern, eastern and southern directions, as shown in Figure 2.5.1 below. Among the three routes, TAH-5 is considered the most important for Senegal, because it will connect Dakar with the inland areas of West Africa, creating opportunities for increased trade and production. This will benefit not only Senegal but also other West African countries through enhanced regional integration, matching the objective of the ECOWAS.


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Figure 2.5.1 West Africa and Trans-African Highways

(2) UEMOA

The UEMOA was established on January 14, 1994. The UEMOA has eight member countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. The UEMOA’s goals are (i) reinforcement of the economic and financial competitiveness of the member states; (ii) convergence of the performances and economic policies of the member states; (iii) creation of a common market through a common external tariff, a common trade policy, the free movement of people, goods, capitals and the right of establishment in the member countries; (iv) coordination of national sector policies and (v) harmonization of the member states’ legislations.

(3) PSE 2014–2018

The Senegal Emergence Plan was reported to the Consultative Meeting of international partners held in Paris in February 2014. The PSE envisages that Senegal in 2035 will be characterized by:

a competitive economy sustained by strong growth, with impacts better distributed over the whole territory,

an educated population, well trained and committed to local communities, a better quality of life, peace, stability, democracy and good governance and a dynamic and balanced development of territories.

It proposes strategies comprising three pillars for the intermediary stage by 2018: (i) structural transformation of the economy and growth; (ii) human resources, social welfare and sustainable development and (iii) governance, institutions, peace and security. Pillar 1, Structural Transformation of Economy and Growth, is to be achieved by the development of


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agriculture, fishery and agro-processing and high value-added industries, the construction of social housing and the development of the construction sector, transition of the informal economy to a formal economy and creation of employment, development of mining resources, an increased role as a West African regional logistical hub and, especially, Dakar becoming the tertiary regional platform. Pillar 2, Human Resources, Social Welfare and Sustainable Development, is to be promoted through reinforcement of education and vocational training; improvement of the health and nutrition sector; improvement in the water and sanitation sector; improvement of living environments through better space planning and management in urban and rural areas; the upgrading of social welfare for workers, retired people, vulnerable groups and the informal sector; prevention and management of risks and disasters and the promotion of sustainable development in consideration of the environment. Pillar 3, Governance, Institutions, Peace and Stability Strategy, will be realized by the strengthening of peace building, social cohesion and security forces; improved quality and effectiveness of and access to justice; acceleration of decentralization and local development by promoting development poles and local capacity building; enhanced viability of territories through land use planning; improved public-fund management and corruption and non-transparency control. The funding requirement for the PSE 2014–2018 is estimated at 9,685.6 billion FCFA, comprising 6,439.3 billion FCFA (67%) for the structural transformation of the economy and growth; 2,520.5 billion FCFA (26%) for human resources, social welfare and sustainable development and 726.0 billion FCFA (8%) for governance, institutions, peace and security. The funding status of the PSE is shown below.

Table 2.5.1 Funding Status of the PSE Unit: 109 FCFA

Fund source Funding acquired Fund to be raised Total State 3,218.6 984.0 4,202.6 International Partners 2,056.0 1,853.0 3,909.0 Private 463.0 1,111.0 1,574.0 Total 5,737.6 3,948.0 9,685.6 State 77% 23% 100% International Partners 53% 47% 100% Private 29% 71% 100% Total 59% 41% 100%

Source: Plan d’Actions Prioritaires 2014–2018, Plan Senegal Emergent, Ministry of Economy and Finance

The PSE proposes the following 27 flagship projects and 17 flagship reforms.

Flagship projects

The following 27 projects are either implemented or being planned. The projects with asterisks (*) are located in or related to Dakar.

FP1 Implementation of 100–150 aggregation projects aimed at the HVA and livestock branches FP2 Development of three cereal corridors FP3 Implementation of 150–200 micro-projects to support family agriculture FP4 Restructuring of the groundnut industry FP5 Accelerated aquaculture development

FP5 a Creation of three integrated agro-clusters * FP5 b Creation of three integrated industrial clusters for seafood processing * FP5 c Development of the national construction ecosystem

FP6 Social-housing acceleration program *


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FP7 Creation of 20 craft-development centers * FP8 Pilot sector plan: arts and crafts * FP9 Pilot sector plan: micro-tourism * FP10 Development of commercial infrastructures * FP11 Development of the phosphate/fertilizer industry FP12 Prelaunch of the integrated iron project - Faleme FP13 Accelerated start-up of gold extraction in Kedougou Region / a. supervision and

promotion of artisanal mining FP14 Accelerated start-up of zircon extraction FP15 Regional mining hub FP16 Integrated industrial platforms * FP17 High-stakes integrated industrial initiatives * FP18 Integrated logistics hub * FP19 Digital economy: turnkey export service zones * FP20 Business park for regional headquarters and residential areas FP21 Dakar Medical City * FP22 Dakar Regional Reference Campus * FP23 Integrated tourism developments * FP24 Regional air-hub relaunch plan FP25 Integrated electricity-rescue plan FP26 Hydrocarbon-supply strategy FP27 Universal energy-access service

Flagship reforms

FR1 Senegal Emergence Fund — to support the implementation of the PSE FR2 Reversal of Senegal’s attractiveness rankings FR3 Optimization of state companies and holdings FR4 Special economic zones and investor packages FR5 Accelerated land supply FR6 Incentive framework to develop real-estate promotion FR7 Maximization of the mining value captured by Senegal FR8 Access to social protection for the informal sector: a simplified regime for small

taxpayers FR9 Regulatory framework for road haulage FR10 Integrated national infrastructure-development plan FR11 Aligning higher education with the needs of the economy FR12 Accelerated development of technical and vocational training FR13 Organization and promotion of continuing training FR14 Spreading ICT across the economy: the “IT Board” FR15 Access to credit and finance for very small entities (VSEs) and small and medium

sized enterprises (SMEs) FR16 Housing loans FR17 Affordable banking for low-income households

Table 2.5.2 presents the levels of growth to be achieved by the implementation of the PSE and the 27 flagship projects.


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Table 2.5.2 Economic Growth to be Achieved by the PSE’s Implementation Category Indicator Value

Overall impact on the economy Economic growth (GDP) 7 to 8% per year GDP per capita 1.5 times

Contribution of 27 flagship projects GDP growth 50% addition Job creation 600,000 persons Exports Expansion by 2.5 times Investment 12,000 billion FCFA

Source: Senegal Emergence Plan, Ministry of Economy and Finance

(4) Master Plan for the Territorial Development of the Dakar-Thiès Mbour Area

The ANAT prepared the Master Plan for the Territorial Development for the Dakar-Thiès-Mbour Area (“DTM Plan” hereafter) in June 2014. This plan proposes a vision, strategic objectives and actions for the development of the triangular area encompassing Dakar Region, Thiès City and Mbour City. The DTM Plan defines the vision of the Dakar-Thiès-Mbour Region as “to make the Dakar-Thiès-Mbour Region a sustainable and competitive development pole, spearheading Senegal’s emergence.” The following five strategic directions for achieving the vision are indicated.

Sustainable environment management and preservation of ecosystems, Control of urbanization, Improvement of the population’s living environment, Strengthening transportation and improving mobility, Strengthening the economic structure.

The DTM Plan forecasts the populations of the three areas as shown in Table 2.5.3.

Table 2.5.3 Population Framework Proposed in the DTM Plan Unit: thousand

Region/City 2013 2030 Dakar Region 2,701 4,198 Thiès City 367 534 Mbour City 347 621

Source: Master Plan for the Territorial Development for the Dakar-Thiès-Mbour Area, ANAT

The DTM Plan presents the land use concept of the region as shown in Figure 2.5.2 below. This land use concept assumes that the development will be directed eastward and southeastward. The area stretching in the northeast direction will be conserved as the sensitive Niayes agricultural area. The vast area stretching from north to south to the west of Thiès City will be conserved as the classified zone. Urban development is planned in the southeast direction centering around Diamniadio, Daga Kholpa and Mbour-Saly areas and in the areas east of Thiès City.


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Figure 2.5.2 Land Use Concept of the Dakar-Thiès-Mbour Region

Figure 2.5.3 below presents the human-settlement pattern of the region. Dakar will be the international urban pole, and both Thiès City and Mbour City will be the urban poles to form a balanced development pattern in the Dakar-Thiès-Mbour Region. In the middle of the triangular area are Diamniadio and Diass (Daga Kholpa) as the urban and economic-expansion poles. There are 10 urban centers named as specialty poles: Bargny, Poponguine, Somone and Saly along the southern coast; Sangalkam, Lac Rose, Bayakh, Kayar and Noto Gouye Diama towards the northeast and Tasset in the south of Thiès City along the departmental road 701.


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Figure 2.5.3 Human-Settlement Pattern of the Dakar-Thiès-Mbour Region


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CHAPTER 3 PRESENT CONDITION OF THE STUDY AREA

3.1 Urban Development

3.1.1 Urbanization Trend

Dakar originates in the fishing villages in Cape Verde (Plateau, in present-day Dakar) and the French colonial bases in Gorée and Rufisque, established in 1857. The expansion of the original Dakar is shown in Figure 3.1.1. The first city plan of Dakar was prepared by Émile Pinet Laparde, French Governor of Senegal, in 1862. The construction of a deep seaport in the peninsula commenced in the same year. The seaport started its operation in 1866. The second city plan was formulated in 1901 to extend the limit of the city area in response to the population growth. Médina was created after a plague epidemic in order to separate the residential area for the indigenous population from the French cordon area. The Plateau-Médina area continued to play the role of a logistical hub linking Europe, Africa and South America. The population increased to 92,600 persons in 1936, strengthening the administrative, military and commercial activities. In preparing for population growth, the city plan was amended in 1946, 1953 and 1967. The 1967 city plan by Michel Ecochard was prepared to accommodate a population of 500,000 habitants, which was more than three times the population in 1945.


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Source: Dakar 2001 Urban Development Master Plan, DUA Figure 3.1.1 Historical Change in Urban Areas in Dakar until 1922

The Dakar Urban Development Master Plan and the land use map prepared by the World Bank for analyzing flood risks illustrate the historical trends of urbanization until 2001. In 1923, the built-up area was formed in Plateau and the villages in Ngor, Yoff, Quakam, Cambérène, Mbaw, Rufisque and Bargny along the coasts. The limits of the built-up areas were expanded mainly to Médina, Kolobane and Fas in the north of Plateau by 1953. Thereafter, the urban area was expanded to Fann, Grand Dakar, SICAP SA (Société Immobilière du Cap-Vert S.A.) and HLM to accommodate the housing areas for the immigrating population by 1967. These urban areas still function as the main city center of Dakar Region. The built-up areas matured within the area in the west of the Niayes road and Rufisque by 2001. Urbanization since then has accelerated toward Niayes, Yenne, Diamniadio and Sébikhotane in rural areas. Among those coming-up areas, Diamniadio has the advantage of a strategic location, interlinking the main routes to Saint Louis in the north and Mbour in the south. The JICA Study Team prepared a new topographic map based on the latest satellite imagery taken in

1857

1862 1922


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2013. The topographic map delineates the limits of the built-up area. It reveals that urbanization proceeds towards the villages of Sangalkam, Bambilor, Sébikhotane and Diamniadio in the agricultural areas. Figure 3.1.2 shows historical changes of urbanization in the Study Area in recent years.

Source: 1) Urbanized area until 2001: Dakar Urban Development Master Plan by the Horizon 2025, DUA

2) Urbanized area until 2009: Land use map based on SPOT satellite imagery in 2008, Preparing to Manage Natural Hazards and Climate Change Risks in Dakar, World Bank (WB), 2009 3) Urbanized area until 2013: Topographic map based on the satellite imagery in 2013, JICA Study Team, 2014

Figure 3.1.2 Historical Change in Urban Areas until 2013

Figure 3.1.3 shows a typology of the built-up areas in the Study Area. The figure classifies the built-up areas into a central quarter; an urban center; a mixed-use area; residential, village and a new urban area. The central quarter of Plateau includes the national and regional administration, the commercial sector, higher-education services, the higher medical service, finance, culture, manufacturing and logistics. This area is the national hub governing the whole country. Attempts were made to create urban centers and housing areas around the central quarter. The government attempted to relocate public facilities in Grand Dakar, Fann and Dieuseul for reducing the heavy concentration in the central quarter. After the opening of the Corniche road, the development of hotels, an amusement park and a shopping mall took place along the coastal area. These areas form a mass of urban activities in Dakar Region. In addition to the administrative and commercial functions, Dakar plays an important role as the logistics and manufacturing center. The logistics and manufacturing areas extend from Dakar Port to the northeast along the Hann Bay. Pikine and Guédiawaye accommodate a large number of residential areas. The residential areas extend to the west of a historical town, Rufisque. In the rural areas, villages are found in Niayes and the coastal areas, and along the national roads.


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Figure 3.1.3 Typology of Built-up Areas in the Study Area

3.1.2 Urban Structure and Land Use

(1) Existing Land Use

A new land use map was prepared, as shown in Figure 3.1.4, to present the existing land use pattern in the Study Area. The new land use map was prepared based on the interpretation of the following maps and information.

Topographic map prepared by the JICA Study Team based on the satellite images taken in 2013 and 2014. This topographic map covers the Study Area at a scale of 1/20,000.

Topographic map prepared by DTGC with technical support provided by the EU. This topographic map covers Dakar, Guédiawaye and Pikine at a scale of 1/2,000, using the satellite images of 2011.

Existing land use map by ADM (Agency for Municipal Development). The existing land use map covers Dakar, Guédiawaye and Pikine.

Existing land use map prepared by the World Bank. This land use map covers Dakar Region, using the satellite imagery of 2008.

Table 3.1.1 shows the estimated land area by land use category. From the existing land use map and the estimated land area, the following points are revealed:

Urban activities are highly concentrated in the central quarter in Plateau, which occupies only 0.3% of the Study Area.

The forest is limited to only 2.8%. The park occupies a land area of only 0.1%. Vacant/bare, savanna and cultivated areas account for 65.2% in total. These areas are able to

provide a large amount of land to accommodate new urban areas.


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Urbanization is threatening to encroach into the agricultural areas in Niayes and around Lac Rose.

The built-up area of Diamniadio, Bargny and Sébikhotane are expanding. These areas are located along the national road N-2, leading to Thiès.

The coastal areas in Yenne and the south are already occupied. Some housing areas are facing threats caused by cement quarries, factories and logistical

businesses located close together, a result of inadequate land use control. A large amount of built-up areas are widely dispersed, without any urban centers in Pikine and

Guédiawaye.

Table 3.1.1 Land Area by Land Use Category Unit: hectare

Land Use Category Dakar Thiès Total % Note Central Quarter 239.5 0.0 239.5 0.3 Mixed use including administration,

commercial, business, and residential Administration/ Commercial/ Business

752.7 0.0 752.7 0.9 Offices, markets, supermarkets, hotels, embassies

Industrial/Logistical 2,092.8 147.4 2,240.2 2.7 Planned development area 1,988.8 0.0 1,988.8 2.4 Regular spontaneous 4,345.7 73.3 4,418.9 5.4 Built-up area in a road network

deformed due to the low application of planning standards for urbanization

Irregular spontaneous 9,146.8 1,204.2 10,351.0 12.6 Built-up area in a heavily deformed road network

Village 290.3 0.0 290.3 0.4 Utility 1,164.2 1,037.3 2,201.5 2.7 Airport, seaport, railway station, bus

terminal, bus depot, water treatment plant, sewage treatment plant

Higher education 117.0 0.0 117.0 0.1 University and college Hospital 112.8 0.0 112.8 0.1 Culture and sport 149.7 0.0 149.7 0.2 Stadium, theater and exhibition Military 350.6 0.0 350.6 0.4 Park 47.0 0.0 47.0 0.1 Cemetery 100.7 0.0 100.7 0.1 Vacant/bare 2,419.9 376.4 2,796.3 3.4 Beach and land covered with soil and

sand Forest 1,385.0 868.3 2,253.2 2.8 Savana 9,251.4 12,729.8 21,981.2 26.8 Cultivated 16,657.8 11,982.4 28,640.2 35.0 Farmland Lake 987.9 2.2 990.1 1.2 River 17.6 0.0 17.6 0.0 Swamp 978.4 20.6 999.0 1.2 Other 489.7 105.0 594.7 0.7 Road and highway 273.2 0.0 273.2 0.3 Total 53,359.5 28,546.8 81,906.3 100.0


Project for Urban M

aster Plan of Dakar and N

eighboring Area for 2035 F

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ort: V

olu

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Source: JICA Study Team Figure 3.1.4 Existing Land Use Map for the Study Area


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(2) Population Density and Population Distribution

The population distribution of communes and major villages is shown in Figure 3.1.5, based on the latest census in 2013. Since the survey area of the census in Thiès Region does not match the limits of the Study Area, the population is estimated by multiplying the household size with the number of housings units counted in the satellite imagery in Keur Moussa and Sindia’s communes. The figure shows that the current population largely resides in the three departments of Dakar, Guédiawaye and Pikine. The population of Dakar and Pikine Departments accounts for 72.3% of the total population, at 3,205,996 persons in the Study Area. Rufsque Department has a population of about 490,000 persons. Compared with the four departments, the populations of the communes in Thiès and Mbour are still relatively small, at fewer than 50,000 persons.

Source: Population Census, 2013, ANSD

Figure 3.1.5 Population Sizes of Communes and Major Villages

The population density is estimated for each commune using the latest population data of the census in 2013. Figure 3.1.6 shows a distribution of the population density. Reflecting the characteristics of the urban fabric, the population density varies from 7.4 persons/hectare (Sangalkam) to 554.5 persons/hectare (Biscuiterie). For instance, the population density is estimated to be relatively low in the communes containing a mixed use of administrative and commercial activities, such as Plateau (64 persons/hectare), Mermoz-Sacré-Cœur (52) and Fann-Point E-Amitié (40). The communes that are occupied by apartments have a high density at 554 persons/hectare (Biscuiterie), 530 (Djidah Thiaroye Kaw), 464 (Grand Dakar), and 433 (Parcelles Assainies). The population density declines in the detached housing areas to 403 persons/hectare (Yeumbeul Sud), 344 (Pikine Est) and 306 (Rufisque Nord). In contrast with the communes in the urban areas, population densities in the rural areas are estimated to be fewer than 10 persons/hectare gross. Focusing on the built-up areas in the


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villages, the population density (net) increases to 129 persons/hectare (Sangalkam), 99 (Diass) and 91 (Yenne-sur-Mer). It should be noted that the gross population densities are remarkably high in Dakar Region, particularly in detached-housing areas where most of the housing is single-storey buildings. This may be due to insufficient land provision for public facilities such as roads, schools, medical services and parks, plus the large household sizes that are estimated to be six persons per household in Dakar Region and nine persons in Thies Region.

Source: Population Census, 2013, ANSD

Figure 3.1.6 Population Density by Commune in 2013

(3) Existing Urban Structure

Figure 3.1.7 indicates the existing urban structure of the Study Area. The existing urban structure is characterized by five major masses of built-up areas with immature centers that are interlinked by several axes. Dakar Region plays a significant role as the economic center producing about 80% of the national economic outputs. Plateau plays national roles in administration, the economy, manufacturing and logistics. The adjacent areas of Fan and Grand Dakar serve the core of higher education and medical services. As a whole, Plateau and its adjacent areas function as the national brain. In the north, Almadies and Yoff provide an international airport, an international exhibition center, five-star hotels and offices. Housing development also proceeds in these areas. Those facilities serve as a


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link between Plateau and both the remaining parts of the country and foreign countries. Pikine, Guédiawaye and Rufisque form a main body for residents living in Dakar Region. Pikine and Guédiawaye are already densely built-up areas, while Rufisque still has vacant space for new development. New urban development is proceeding in Tivaouane and Sangalkam. The Mbao classified forest conserves a precious, open green space in densely built-up areas. These main parts forming the urban areas are linked by the axes starting in Plateau and extending to the east to Thiès. Manufacturing and logistics are situated along these axes and the coastal areas.

Source: JICA Study Team, 2014

Figure 3.1.7 Existing Urban Structure of the Study Area

3.1.3 Ongoing Master Plan for 2025

(1) Urban Development Master Plans (PDUs) for Dakar

Initial PDUs

Rapid urbanization in Dakar on the Cape Verde Peninsula started in the French colonial era, when local governments were established at Dakar and Rufisque in the 1880s, following the establishment of local governments in Saint-Louis and Gorée. After Senegal achieved independence in 1960, local governments were given a more autonomous status through the creation of a municipal administrator. Local governments were also created in Pikine and Guédiawaye in order that they could cope with rapid population growth. Since the creation of Dakar Region in 1857, several generations of urban plans have successively influenced the urban development of the peninsula. There are three plans, among the oldest ones, that are worthy of attention — the plan for Pinet Laprade in 1862, the 1901 plan and the 1914–1915 development plan. They established Medina City and the Tound lands’ subdivision. These plans particularly focused on the Plateau area and the new Medina City. A military emphasis largely prevailed in the spirit of those plans, so one can consider that a modern version of the urban plan only appeared with the preparation of the first Cap Vert Urban Development Master Plan in 1945–1946.


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The planning areas for the master plans in Dakar have gradually been expanded as a result of urban sprawl toward the eastern rural areas, away from the city center of Dakar-Plateau.

1946 PDU

In 1946, three French urban planners/architects, Mr. Lopez, Mr. Gutton and Mr. Lambert, were assigned the task of preparing the Dakar Urban Development Master Plan for the area covering the Peninsula up to Camberene road. This plan, for the first time, underlined the issue regarding an overall Cap Vert Region development and served as a basis for a huge social and institutional infrastructure development program. Its implementation was entrusted to the Grand Dakar Temporary Development Service (STAGD). The development plan covered the port trade area, Malick SY-Patte-d’Oie, the West Corniche residential area, social-housing construction between the industrial area and the corniche in Grand Dakar and the gradual development of Medina.

1957 Revision

The 1946 plan was modified in 1957, after the Dagoudane-Pikine clearance district had been created in 1953 under emergency conditions. The great construction-works policy initiated by STAGD, along with the structuring of economic activities after the Second World War, brought about a massive migration of population to Dakar. It became necessary, therefore, to prepare a revised version of the 1946 plan in order to include rural areas within the urban perimeter in 1957.

1967 PDU

A French architect, Michel Ecochard, elaborated a contemporary master plan in 1967 while staying in Dakar from 1963 to 1967. Commonly called the Ecochard Plan, the 1967 Urban Development Master Plan included the area from the Cap Vert peninsula to the Mbao forest. The development in Dakar City’s space and the Pikine-Guediawaye western-area development have been carried out mainly according to this plan. This Urban Development Master Plan also served as a framework for the preparation of the Detailed Urban Plan (PUD) in various sectors of the agglomeration. As for PUDs in Dakar Department, PDUs were prepared for Dakar Plateau, Corniche Ouest, Almadies Area (the Almadies regrouping), Nord-Foire Area, Grand Yoff-Arafat area and Patte d’Oie (Mariste). For Pikine and Guediawaye, PUDs were prepared for Golf Nord EST Area, Golf SUD area, Parcelle Assainies/Camberene Area, Hann Dalifort Area and Thiaroye Gare-Diamagueune Area. Some government agencies such as SICAP SA (Société Immobilière du Cap-Vert S.A), established in 1952, and OHLM, established in 1960, helped to undertake renovation actions in the illegally occupied areas and construct social housing for people with lower incomes.

1982 PDU

The 1982 Master Plan aimed at formulating “balanced development” among the three development poles of Dakar, Pikine and Rufisque, and securing public lands for the highways of the Dakar-Thiès route and the North Bypass Road (VDN) in combination with the introduction of an effective public transportation system. As a result of the delay encountered during its preparation, some options and directions that were determined and proposed became outdated, overtaken by the growth pace of various communes included in this Urban Development Master Plan. The very long delay in completing the plan resulted from the slow procedure of allocating funds for the work.

2025 PDU

To cope with the further expansion of Dakar’s urbanization in the 1990s, the central Government of Senegal implemented a master plan study entitled the Dakar Urban Development Master Plan by the


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Horizon 2025 (the 2025 Master Plan), employing the CAUS-BCEOM group as the consultant. This master plan was finalized in 2006 through review and revision of the Draft Master Plan prepared in 2001, and it was approved by government decree (with some modifications) in 2009. Table 3.1.2 shows the historical changes in the previous Urbanization Development Master Plans for Dakar.

Table 3.1.2 Dakar Master Plans 1946–2006

Name of Plans Target Year

Area (ha)

Population (person)

Employment (person)

Density (person/ha)

Existing Target Existing Target Year Year Year Year

Cape Verde Master Plan in 1946 -- -- -- -- -- --

Revisions in 1957 -- -- -- -- -- -- Ecochard Plan of 1967 1980 -- -- 1,133,000 -- --

-- -- 1980 -- -- Dakar Urban Development Master Plan in 1982 2001 53,500 1,161,677 2,850,000 50,000 57,400

53 1980 2001 1980 2001 Dakar Urban Development Master Plan by the Horizon 2025 in 2006

2025 53,640 2,851,530 5,020,000 682,723 1,119,780

94 2006 2025 2006 2025

Sources: Dakar Urbanization Plan of 1982, Dakar Urban Development Master Plan by the Horizon 2025

(2) Key Contents of the 2025 Master Plan

The 2025 Master Plan aimed at creating a new urban structure, expanding its planning area from the previous 53,500 ha to the full area of Dakar Region at 53,640 ha by the target year of 2025. The target population was assumed to be 5,020,000, with the annual growth rate of 3.0% from 2001. The urban area was delineated to cover the land of 36,658 ha, with the incremental area of 14,543 ha to accommodate the estimated population. The objectives of the 2025 Master Plan are as follows:

Ensuring an equitable spatial development of the whole of Dakar Region (providing a counterbalance to the socioeconomic urban poles).

Improving physical linkages between various territorial entities (Dakar-Pikine-Diamniadio highway, the VDN (North Bypass Road), north-south trunk roads, marine transport network, etc.).

Ensuring better basic urban service access for the people (water, electricity, education, health care, markets, etc.) within 30 minutes, as a reasonable access time.

Population-growth management through effective and efficient decentralization for local communities in association with intensified education and sensitization.

Preserving and improving the urban environment and natural sites through stakeholders’ participation.

Promoting the seven “urban poles” development was the key concept; Table 3.1.3 shows its development framework. Figure 3.1.8 shows a land use plan of the 2025 Master Plan.


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Table 3.1.3 Key Figures for Urban Poles in the 2025 Master Plan

Urban Pole Development Frame Key Space Requirement (ha)

Population (thousand)

Employment (thousand)

Living Place

Person/ha

Working Place

Employment/ha

Public Facilities

1. Dakar 1,072 20.0% 236 17.9% 2,383 450 355 665 223 2. Pikine/

Guédiawaye 2,119 39.5% 466 35.3% 4,709 450 662 704 442

3. Keur Massar/ Malika 350 6.5% 77 5.8% 778 450 109 706 73

4. Rufisque/Bargny 476 8.9% 105 7.9% 1,058 450 149 705 100 5. Diamniadio/

Sébikhotane/ Yenne

353 6.6% 218 16.5% 784 450 2,730 80 74

6. Sangalkam/ Bambilor 650 12.1% 142 10.7% 1,444 450 203 700 135

7. Niaga/ Niacoulrap/ Tivaouane

350 6.5% 77 5.8% 778 450 109 706 73

Total 5,370 100.0% 1,321 100.0% 11,934 450 4,317 306 1,120 Note: Total population and employment data in this table are discrepant information compared to target

population and employment. Source: Dakar Urban Development Master Plan by the Horizon 2025

Sources: JICA Study Team based on the Dakar Urban Development Master Plan by the Horizon 2025

Figure 3.1.8 Dakar Urban Development Master Plan and Urban Poles

3.1.4 Major Urban Development Projects

The Senegalese government has been trying to realize the 2025 Master Plan since 2009 by implementing the following major infrastructure-development and urban development projects:


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Highway extension between Malick Sy and Fedherbe avenue from Dakar’s main railway station.

Autoroute from Dakar-Plateau to Diamniadio, opened in 2013. The toll highway extension to the Blaise Diagne New International Airport (AIBD) and Mbour

is under construction. The VDN along the north coast is under construction. The Blaise Diagne New International Airport (AIBD) is under construction. Traffic congestion decrease (widening of RN1, Cheikh Anta Diop avenue-Ouakam road,

crossroads and flyovers’ improvement, traffic lights, rehabilitation of streets, connectivity roads in relation to the highway).

Beginning the studies for the construction of a pilot mass-transport line with an exclusive right of way (BRT: bus rapid transit).

Relocation of the Pompier inter-city bus station to the new Beaux Maraichers bus terminal in Pikine.

Securing the Dakar-Rufisque railroad’s right of way and improving urban railway stations. Renewal of minibuses, taxis and the Dakar Dem Dik bus fleet. Realization of a land-restructuring and regularization program in Pikine Department. Construction of new generation of transport infrastructures, including improvement of

pedestrian protection (overpass, firelights, zebra crossing, agent de la route (traffic organizer)). Air-pollution control (construction of a technical-vehicle visit center in Dakar). Mbao transfer center and Sindia Landfill Site’s construction (ongoing). Extension of the autoroute to the new international highway and Mbour is under construction. A new hospital is under construction in the Guédiawaye urban pole. A detailed urban plan for Guédiawaye and Pikine is in preparation. Restructuring of Thiaroye’s army camp as a new center, with a gardening center, markets, a

high school, a junior high-school, a hospital and administrative services is being planned. The Government of Senegal has made vigorous efforts to promote economic development, focusing on the new frontier area of Dakar represented by the Diamniadio development as one of the new urban poles. Large-scale infrastructure developments (e.g., the AIBD airport, highways and autoroutes, etc.) have taken place in line with previous and current national socioeconomic plans (DSRPII 2006–101, DPES 2011–152, SNDES 2013–173 and PSE 2014–184), and the 2025 Master Plan. Along these lines, a new international convention center, Abdou Diouf, was opened in Diamniadio Urban Pole. The second university of Dakar is under construction. In addition to the seven urban poles, DUA proposes new urban development in the Déni Biram Ndao area, the Yenne area and the Daga Kholpa area. Actual urbanization progressed in the Diaminiadio area, the Niaga-Niacoulrap-Tivaouane Peul area and the Bambilor area. Table 3.1.4 shows a list of major urban development projects in the Study Area. Figure 3.1.9 shows the locations of the urban poles and the urban development projects.

1 DSRP II: Document de Stratégie de Réduction de la Pauvreté II 2006–2010 2 DPES: Document de Politique Economique et Sociale 2011–2015 3 SNDES: Stratégie Nationale République de Développement Economique et Social 2013–2017. 4 PSE: Plan Senegal Emergent 2014 (2014–2018).


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Table 3.1.4 List of Major Urban Development Projects and Urban Growth Poles in the Study Area

Name Function Status Responsible Organization

Funding Source

Dakar Urban Pole Urban renewal to improve built-up areas

Proposed in the PDU

DUA GoS

Niaga-Niacoulrap-Tivaouane Urban Pole

Housing development with mixed use

Proposed in the PDU

DUA GoS

Pikine-Guédiawaye Urban Pole


Proposed in the PDU

DUA GoS

Rufisque-Bargny Urban Pole


Proposed in the PDU

DUA GoS

Lac Rose-Bambilor- Sangalkam Urban Pole

Housing development with tourism and handicrafts

Proposed in the PDU

DUA GoS

Keur Massar-Malika Urban Pole


Proposed in the PDU

DUA GoS

Diamniadio Urban Pole

Urban development for logistics and manufacturing (2,475 ha)

Proposed in the PDU and under implementation.

General Delegation for Diamniadio and Lac Rose

GoS

Diamniadio New City Urban development for administration, education, health (3,292 ha)

Proposed General Delegation for Diamniadio and Lac Rose

GoS

International Conference Center in Diamniadio (CICAD)

International convention center

Operated General Delegation for Diamniadio and Lac Rose

Turkish Eximbank, GoS

Daga Kholpa Housing development with mixed use (3,891 ha)

Draft PUD is under preparation.

Ministry of Urban Renewal, Housing and Living Environment

GoS

Yenne Housing development with mixed use (701 ha)

Draft PUD is under preparation.

Ministry of Urban Renewal, Housing and Living Environment

GoS

Déni Biram Ndao Urban Pole

Housing development with mixed use (2,376 ha)

Proposed Ministry of Urban Renewal, Housing and Living Environment

GoS

New City Lac Rose Urban development for ecotourism and agro-industry (2,015 ha)

Proposed General Delegation for Diamniadio and Lac Rose

GoS

Dakar New City Urban renewal at military camp (56 ha)

Proposed ANAT GoS

Pikine Urban Center New urban center for social service in Pikine Department (87 ha)

Proposed Ministry of Urban Renewal, Housing and Living Environment

GoS

Sodida Industrial Restructuring

Urban renewal at SODIDA industrial estate (54 ha)

Proposed APROSI GoS

Dakar Integrated SEZ (Phase 1)

Special Economic Zone (563 h)

Under implementation

APIX GoS

Dakar Integrated SEZ (Phase 2)

Special Economic Zone (12,895 ha)

Proposed APIX GoS

Source: JICA Study Team Note: The land area is estimated using GIS. APIX = National Agency for Investment Promotion and Major

Projects; APROSI = National Agency for Industrial Sites’ Promotion. GoS = Government of Senegal.


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Source: JICA Study Team Figure 3.1.9 Urban Poles and Major Urban Development Projects in the Study Area

3.1.5 Urban Planning and Management System in Senegal

(1) National Development Framework and Spatial Development Plans

In order to achieve the strategies and goals of the PSE, socioeconomic development plans, sector plans and spatial development plans are coordinated with each other. The spatial development plans in Senegal from the national level to the local level correspond to each level of socioeconomic development plans functioning as planning frameworks, as shown in Figure 3.1.10.


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Note: PSE: Plan Sénégal Emergent 2035, PSE-PAP: Plan d’Actions Prioritaires 2014–2018, SCA: Stratégie de

Croissance Accélérée, PS: Politique Sectorielle, PRDI: Plan Régional de Développement Intégré, PIC: Plan d’Investissement Communal pour les Communes, PLD: Plan Local de Développement, PNAT: Plan Nationale d’Aménagement du Territoire, SRAT: Schéma Régional d’Aménagement du Territoire, SDAU: Schémas Directeurs d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme, PDU: Plans Directeurs d’Urbanisme, PUD: Plans d’Urbanisme de Détails, PL: Plans de Lotissement

Source: JICA Study Team based on relevant development documents in Senegal

Figure 3.1.10 National Development Planning Framework and Spatial Development Plan

1) National Territorial Management Plan (PNAT)

The latest general territorial management plan, the so-called PGAT 5 (national spatial plan), was formulated in 1999 by the National Agency for Spatial Planning (hereinafter ANAT 6 ) under the supervision of the Ministry of Local Governance and Territorial Development Management (hereinafter MGLDAT7). The statutory National Territorial Management Plan (hereinafter PNAT8) is currently under implementation to meet the PSE’s strategy.

Seven Economic Zones Senegal Territorial Management Plan for 2021

Source: Plan Général d’Aménagement du Territoire 1999, ANAT Figure 3.1.11 National Territorial Management Plan (PGAT) 1999

5 PGAT: Plan General de l'Aménagement du Territoire 6 ANAT: Agence Nationale de l'Aménagement du Territoire 7 MGLDAT: Ministère de la Gouvernance Locale du Développement et de l’Aménagement du Territoire 8 PNAT: Plan National de l'Aménagement du Territoire

Commune Investment Plan (PIC)

Regional Territorial Management Scheme (SRAT)

National Territorial

Management Plan

(PNAT)

Sectoral Policy (PS)

Strategic Development Acceleration (SCA)

Local Development Plan (PLD)

Regional Integrated

Development Plan (PRDI)

PSE Priority Action Plan

2014–18 (PSE-PAP)

Sector Master Plans

Urban Plans (SDAU/PDU

PUD/PL)

<Socioeconomic Development Plans> <Spatial Development Plans>

Senegal Emergence Plan 2035 (PSE)

Zone1: Dakar

Zone2: Niayes-Cayor

Zone3: Basin Arachidier Zone4: Senegal Oriental

Zone5: Fleuve

Zone6: Ferlo

Zone7: Casamance


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2) Regional Territorial Management Scheme (SRAT)

As an urgent response to meet the government’s priority program of the PSE, the statutory regional territorial management scheme (hereinafter SRAT9), under the jurisdiction of the MGLDAT, was applied to Dakar and its surrounding areas. The Territorial Development and Management Scheme and Direction for Dakar-Thies-Mbour” (hereinafter SDADT10), covering the two regions of Dakar and Thies, was prepared in this context. It aims to establish an overall vision of the future of the Dakar-Thies-Mbour triangle as one of the leading economic development regions in Senegal. Other SRATs in other regions are normally formulated in each regional administrative area under each Regional Council jurisdiction. SRAT handled by ANAT focuses on formulation of territorial-management structure schemes at the regional level, taking account of integrated land-management including rural, urban and natural lands (protection areas) and infrastructures’ spatial organization. There are no distinctive differences in terms of spatial planning content between SRAT and a Strategic Urbanization Scheme at the level of Regions (SDAU: Schémas Directeurs d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme) under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Urban Renewal, Housing and Living Environment (hereafter MRUHCV). MRUHCV has prepared only a limited number of SDAUs so far, mainly due to a lack of resources, while MGLDAT has played key roles in providing spatial-structure schemes for Regions by SRATs in Senegal.

Source: Schéma directeur d’Aménagement et de Développement Territorial de la zone entre Dakar, Thiès et Mbour 2015, ANAT

Figure 3.1.12 SDADT Covering the Regions of Dakar and Thies as One Specific SRAT

3) Urban Plans

The Urbanization Code (Law No. 2008-43, hereinafter “the Law”)11 stipulates that local governments are required to formulate statutory urban plans under the jurisdiction of MRUHCV. These urban plans are also required to be consistent with the framework of the national and regional territorial management plans under the jurisdiction of the MGLDAT. The statutory urban plans consist of an SDAU as the primary spatial planning framework for a PDU, a PUD and a PL. The central-government administrations with regional and departmental jurisdiction offices play predominant roles in supervising urban planning, although local governments of communes (including villes) hold (with each council) the primary responsibility of formulating urban plans. After the approval of each regional office, with the consent of the head of local government, presidential decrees will be promulgated for an SDAU, a PDU, a PUD and a PL. Table 3.1.5 shows the composition of the statutory

9 SRAT: Schéma Régional d’Aménagement duTerritoire 10 SDADT: Schéma directeur d’Aménagement et de Développement Territorial de la zone entre Dakar, Thiès et Mbour 11 LOI n° 2008-43 du 20 août 2008 portant Code de l’Urbanisme. (Regrementaire du Code de L’Urbanisme 2009)


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urban planning documents. It is often observed that the hierarchical relations shown below are not always followed in reality.

Table 3.1.5 Composition of Urban Planning Documents Hierarchy Main Planning Subjects Legal Binding

Gen

eral

Spa

tial P

lan

Strategic Urbanization Scheme (SDAU)

- Planning period for the next 20 years. - Planning guidelines for formulating the PDU to meet the

requirements specified in a national territorial-management plan and the national plans.

- Planning area covering urban and rural areas.

Non-binding for other plans but acting as a guideline

Urban Development Master Plan (PDU)

- Planning period for the next 20 years. - Scale at 1/20,000. - Land use plan that specifies a basic land use pattern constituting

public spaces, public facilities, green areas, a road network, environmental conservation areas and cultural conservation areas.

- Implementation program to develop public facilities and infrastructures.

- Regulations related to the land use plan. - Designation of planning areas for specific plans such as the

PUD, special protection area and so on.

Binding for other plans (PUD, PL), land-reserve areas and public lands by a Public Utilities Declaration

Detailed Urban Plan (PUD)

- Scale at 1/2,000~1/5,000. - Land use plan. - Implementation program to develop public facilities and

infrastructures. - Regulations related to the land use plan. - Designation of planning areas for specific plans (RU, R, RE,

ZAC listed below, if necessary).

Binding for other plans (special plan areas), land-reserve areas and public lands by a Public Utilities Declaration

Subdivision Plan (PL)

- Planning guideline for preparing land for settlement to meet the planning conditions specified in the PDU.

- Subdivision including residential, industrial or logistical areas with necessary public-service areas.

Binding for land subdivision with regulations for land use and construction

Spec

ific

Plan

in D

esig

nate

d A

rea

Urban Renewal (RU) area

- Implementation of plan including land acquisition, infrastructure development and compensation measures.

- Incentives to promote envisaged urban renewal.

Building according to the development activities under the PUD’s Decree in association with a Public Utilities Declaration.

Restructuring Area (R)

- Plan for restructuring and replotting land in unused and deteriorated areas within urban areas to meet the requirements specified in the PUD.

Consolidation Area (RE)

- Plan aims to redistribute underserved or isolated land parcels included in the Special Management Area.

- Plan is applied to cases in the restructuring of the land area for the construction of a subdivision, a redevelopment area or a development zone.

Cooperative Development Zone (ZAC)

- Development incentive area to promote semi-public sector investment for creating urban centers with residential, commercial and business purposes.

- Development financing is considered to manage planned land development, introducing a revolving fund mechanism.

Source: Urbanization Code 2009 (Code de l’Urbanisme 2009) and Urban Planning Regulations 2009

(2) Required Contents of the Urban Plan

1) Roles of the PDU and the PUD

The PDU, as one of the urban plans, is defined by the Law to establish the general direction and indicate the essential elements of urban development under the primary urban plan of an SDAU and the territorial management plans of the PNAT and SRAT. It also aims to integrate and coordinate economic and social development into spatial development by local authorities, in cooperation with private organizations. A PDU is applied to a planning area of a single administrative jurisdiction by ville and/or commune, in


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principle. However, there are exceptions in the case of multi-jurisdiction planning covering several communes. On the other hand, a PUD is a Detailed Urban Plan for a selected area or areas stipulated in the PDU, which determines detailed land use and zoning with rules and regulations, and specifies urban development schemes such as the restructuring (R) and the Cooperative Development Zone (ZAC) in the planning area. A PUD also accompanies planning for infrastructure such as road, utilities and public facilities.

2) Planning Elements and Outputs of the PDU and the PUD

The Law and its Decree12 stipulate the contents of the plans to be presented in each report, including drawings of the PDU and the PUD as statutory plans, as shown in Table 3.1.6.

Table 3.1.6 Contents of the PDU and the PUD Stipulated in the Law and its Decree Plan Report Drawing (Plan)


Situation analyses (demography, socioeconomics, etc.)

Analysis of the initial state of the environment

Consideration paid to balanced development between urban and rural development

Program and the cost of public facilities and infrastructure

Regulations to be stipulated in conjunction with land use zoning

Period of planning: 20 years

Density through assigning floor areas (net residential area in a subdivision area)

Land use zoning Spaces to be reserved (e.g., tourist areas, open spaces and

woodland, future expansion areas) Indication of further planning areas (PUD, Special Areas, etc.) Public facilities to be designated Special protection areas under the Environmental Code Road network by classification (national, primary, secondary

class) and railway with their ROW (right of way) Utilities networks Classified green open spaces (park, playground, etc.) Protection Areas, and other green spaces Areas of historical and cultural importance


Not specified in the Law and Decree

General description is stipulated in the Decree only as “The report presents an analysis of the existing situation and the main prospects of the sector concerned”.

Regulations to be stipulated in conjunction with land use zoning

Period of planning: not stipulated

Land use zoning with special rules and construction easements in each zone

Spaces to be reserved (e.g., tourist areas, open spaces and woodland, future expansion areas)

Public facilities to be designated Special protection areas under the Environmental Code Road network by classification (national, primary, secondary

classes) with ROW Utilities networks Classified green open spaces (park, playground, etc.) Protection Areas and other green spaces Areas of historical and cultural importance Areas to be acquired by the government for public purposes

Source: Law No. 2008-43: Urbanization Code, Decree No. 2009-1450

3) Urban Regulations in the PDU and the PUD

The Law stipulates both plans of the PDU and the PUD to be drafted, including rules and regulations as their components. Article 11 in the Law describes the regulations, such as land plot, bulk control of

12 Decree No. 2009-1450 (Decret Portant Partie Reglementaire du Code de l’Urbanisme).


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building and preserved areas to be incorporated into the plan. However, the functions and the roles of rules and regulations in both the PDU and the PUD are not clear due to a lack of specific definitions. Typical examples showing distinct differences between the PDU and the PUD are the PDU in the Dakar 2025 Urban Development Master Plan and the PUD in Touba Fall Commune of Diourbel Region. The PDU of the Dakar Master Plan stipulated more detailed and comprehensive regulations than that of the Touba Fall document. The Dakar PDU played the role of providing draft comprehensive regulations in a situation where, for many communes, PUDs could not be established swiftly, while there was also a strong need for regulations. Its application, however, is limited.

Table 3.1.7 Rules and Regulations to be Stipulated in the PDU and the PUD Plan Common Item to be Described Specific Item in Each Plan


Five-year suspension period from the issuance of building permits, in principle

Plot regulation (minimum and maximum dimensions) Bulk control for density (floor to area ratio: FAR) Building construction period within 15 years Non-built-up or reserved land, to be defined Horticultural or agricultural areas, recreational areas

and subdivisions, to be defined Area of historical, natural or artistic, cultural and

aesthetic value, to be defined




Source: Law No. 2008-43: Urbanization Code, Decree No. 2009-1450

Table 3.1.8 Examples: Regulations in the PDU and PUDs PDU: Dakar 2025 Urban Development Master Plan,

approved in 2010 PUD: Touba Fall 2013

Subtitle 1: Planning Rules Applicable to Plateau 1. Introduction Section 1: Nature of Occupation and Land Use 2. Situation analysis (pop., socioeconomic, etc.) Section 2: Condition of Land 3. Development framework Section 3: Right of Way 4. Zoning and control

Subtitle 2: Common Rule to All Areas 5. Regulations by classification (sector) Chapter 1: Occupation of Private Property 5-1. General Chapter 2: General Rules of Land Plot 5-2. Residential in plot (≥400 m2) Chapter 3: General Rules of Construction 5-3. Residential in plot (≤400 m2) Chapter 4: Building Restriction Lines for Roads 5-4. Mixed use (residential and commercial) Chapter 5: Building Restriction Lines for Non-Building 5-5. Park and open space Chapter 6: Inner Constructions Chapter 7: Health Facilities Chapter 8: Temporary Occupation for Road

Subtitle 3: Zoning Chapter 1: Residential Zone Chapter 2: Industrial Zone by Sector Chapter 3: Reserved Zone

Subtitle 4: Various Special Operations Chapter 1: Road and Railway Networks Chapter 2: Right of Way

Subtitle 5: Scope of the Regulation Planning Note: Planning term/on a discretionary basis Source: Plan Directeur d’Urbanisme de Dakar — Horizon 2025, Plan d’Urbanisme de Details de Touba Fall,

2013


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(3) Current Status of Urban Plans

1) Urban Plans in Senegal

DUA frequently supports local governments in formulating PDUs and/or PUDs due to the limited technical staff and budgetary capacities of local governments. Currently, 27 PDUs for communes have been approved by the government, for 39 communes in Senegal in 2014. It is observed that some communes and departments with large populations, such as Ziguinchor Commune in Ziguinchor Department (population of 234,742), M’backe (879,506) and Mbour (641,068), have not yet prepared PDUs.

Table 3.1.9 Current Statuses of PDUs for Communes in Senegal (2014) Zone Region Development Status Reference Planning Area Approval

Dakar Area Dakar Regional coverage Approved 10 communes, 43 arrondissmonts, 3 rural

communes Thiès 6 communes 3 approved Khombole, Joal-Fadiouth, Tivaouane

Northern Saint-Louis 6 communes 4 approved Dagana, Ross Béthio, Podor, Saint-Louis Louga 3 communes 3 approved Kébémer, Linguère, Louga Matam 2 communes 1 approved Kanel Central Diourbel 3 communes 2 approved Bambey, Touba Fatick 3 communes 3 approved Foundiougne, Sokone, Gossas Kaffrine 2 communes 2 approved Kaffrine, Koungheul Kaolack 2 communes 2 approved Guinguinéo, Kaolack Tambacounda 3 communes 3 approved Bakel, Diawara, Tambacounda Southern Ziguinchor 2 communes 1 approved Bignona

Kolda 2 communes 2 approved Kolda, Vélingara Ferlo Sédhiou 2 communes 1 approved Marsassoum Kédougou 3 communes -- -- Total 39 communes 27 approved* (69% )

Note: The Urbanization Code designates as a principle that each commune prepares its own PDU. The PDU for Dakar Region, however, was prepared for the entire Dakar Region. This was a special case in due consideration of the importance of Dakar Region as the national capital.

Source: DUA, 2014

2) Urban Plans in the Study Area

After the establishment of the Dakar Urban Development Master Plan by the Horizon 2025 (the PDU) in the Dakar Region in 2009, no PUDs have been approved, although some draft plans were formulated by local governments. On the other hand, arterial roads such as the VDN (North Bypass Road), the Autoroute (Expressway) and other key trunk roads and key utilities have been implemented in accordance with the PDU. Conversely, subdivision projects have been developed by local government initiatives without being designated in the PDU. In addition, several urban block-development schemes have been formulated as the Cooperative Development Zone program without PUDs. DUA is organizing PUD projects at present, so that the entire Study Area is covered by PUDs. In this context, several plans such as the PUD for Pikine-Guediawaye and the PUD for Diamniadio have been launched with financial assistances of international partners. Table 3.1.10 shows PUDs programmed in the Study Area and their statuses at present.


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Table 3.1.10 Current Status of PUDs Formulated in the Study Area

Department PUD Area Implementation Status

Reference Status Responsibility

DAKAR Airport Surroundings

Planning preparation DUA Seeking funding sources (e.g.,

World Bank, AFD, etc.)

Corniche Project preparation DUA Utilizing the government funding

PIKINE Pikine-Guediawaye

Draft final reporting stage ADM

Technical and financial support from the World Bank as part of PROGEP

GUEDIAWAYE

RUFISQUE Tyrkamb & Kounoune

Planning preparation DUA

Seeking funding source, relevant local governments formulated the PUD before 2005 but have not approved it

Rufisque Planning preparation DUA Seeking funding source

Sangalkam & Bambilor

Planning preparation DUA Seeking funding source

Diamniadio Project preparation DGPU/ADM Technical and financial support from the World Bank under DGPU

Daga Kholpa Planning preparation DUA Seeking funding source

UMBOUR AIDB Planning

preparation DUA Seeking funding source Kirene

Note: ADM: Agency for Municipal Development, DGPU: Delegation Office for Diamniadio and Lac Rose Urban Pole Development, PROGEP: Storm Water Management and Climate Change Adaptation Project, AFD: French Development Agency

Source: DUA, 2015

(4) Management of Urban Planning

1) Urban Management Administration under the Decentralization Program in Senegal and Dakar

The government initiated a continuous process for the strengthening of the decentralization program by the creation of several reform programs. Act III, as the latest (third) reform by the new decentralization program, was launched in 2012. Act III aims to devolve more responsibilities and powers, including financial autonomy, to local governments; thus, the commune becomes the primary form of local government. However, the central government retains the power to supervise local government activities as part of a de-concentration system. This de-concentration system is still playing a primary role in controlling and managing urban planning by the local governments, which lack the capacities to do so themselves. In the Study Area, there are 62 local governments with their own councils and budgets. The four villes of Dakar, Guediawaye, Pikine and Rufisque, which are at the same level as departments but are responsible for different issues, have the responsibility (delegated by the communes) to provide administrative services to these communes in Dakar Region. In the Thies Region section of the Study Area around the AIBD, there are seven local governments including two departments and five communes. Before ACT-III, there were three levels of local governments: the Region level with its council, the arrondissement under the commune and the rural commune. The regional local governments and all


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arrondissements were dissolved, and all rural communes were given the status of a commune. The de-concentration system, on the other hand, has been retained by three supervisory administrations of the governor (region), the prefect (department) and the sub-prefect (arrondissement) under the Ministry of Interior (hereinafter MOI). They function in association with supervisory committees at the regional level (chaired by the governor) and the department level (chaired by the prefect) for socioeconomic development and civil security. The supervisory function for urban management by MRUHCV is also retained by regional offices and department offices under MRUHCV. The situations before and after the introduction of the Decentralization Act III policy are compared in Figure 3.1.13.

Table 3.1.11 Current Statuses of Government Administrations in the Study Area Region Local Government (Decentralization) Central Government (De-concentration)

Department Ville Commune Total Governor Prefect Sub-Prefect Dakar 4 (4) 58 62 1 4 10 Thiès 2 0 5 7 1 2 2

Total 6 (4) 59 69 2 6 12 Source: MGLDAT, 2014

Stage Local Government Management System Before ACT-III

After ACT-III

Legend

Note: MOI: Ministry of Interior, MGLDAT: Ministry of Local Governance and Territorial Development Management

Source: JICA Study Team Figure 3.1.13 Local Government Management System Before/After ACT-III

2) Management of Urban Planning Process

In order to formulate an urban plan as a statutory plan and to promulgate it, several stakeholders are

Central Government (MOI / MGLDAT）

Commune

Regional Council / President / Executive Body Governor/Committee

Ville / Mayor Prefect/Committee

Rural Commune

Region

Commune

Region Level

Commune Rurale

Department Level

Arrondissement Level

Commune Arrondissement (only Dakar, Thies)

District Commune Sub-Prefect District

Commune Rural Commune

Central Government (MOI / MGLDAT）

Department Ville / Mayor Prefect

Region Level

Department Level

Arrondissement Level

Sub-Prefect

Governor

Commune Commune Commune Commune

Regional Committee

Department Committee

Having own Budget and Council as Local Government Supervise, Instruction Audit Coordination/Cooperation


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involved in the planning process. The government offices, including DUA as the technical supervisor and the Regional Planning Committee chaired by the governor of the Region and/or the Department Planning Committee, acting as administrative superintendents, guide local governments from the beginning stage of planning to the ending stage of approval. Consequently, frequent consultation of the government administration for local governments’ planning formulations is required from an early stage of planning. Table 3.1.12 illustrates the typical process for urban planning. The main features are as follows.

Public Utilities Declaration (Decree): This obligatory process in the early stage of the PDU and PUD planning — including the Restructuring (hereinafter R), the Urban Renewal (hereinafter RU), the Land Consolidation (hereinafter RE) and the Cooperative Development Zone (hereinafter ZAC) — before planning begins is an important process in order to avoid land speculations and/or illegal land transactions. The Decree restricts any other development activities after it is issued by the government.

Government Land Title Registration (Decree): Registration of lands with the government is outside the statutory urban plan preparation process and is administered by the Directorate General of Tax and Domains / Direction Générale des Impôts et des Domaines (DGID), Ministry of Economy, Finance, and Planning (MEFP), not by DUA. The lands for government projects in the urban plan’s areas should be registered as government domains. Land that is planned to be leased to the private sector needs to be registered as a government domain first and leased later.

The approval processes for urban plans differ depending on the type of the plan, either statutory or not statutory. All the plans, however, require authorization by the Minister of MRUHCV. The Urban Planning Code stipulates that government decrees issued by the President of Senegal are required for the SDAU, the PDU and the PUD to be formalized, while the Subdivision Plan (PL) can be formalized with the approval of the MRUHCV minister. In reality, however, many exceptional cases are observed in the urban sprawl areas of Dakar, where permits for the PL are issued without designation by the PDU or the PUD.


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Table 3.1.12 Urban planning Process and Relevant Stakeholders

Stakeholders Authorities

Government Administration Local Government

Government / Other Ministry

MRUHCV Region / Department Commune

Procedure /Step Minister DUA Governor

/ Prefect Planning

Committee Mayor Municipal Technical Services

1. Need Assessment

2. Funding Arrangement for Planning

3. Planning Area Designation Menutes of

Understanging

4. Public Utility Declaration (Decree)*

5. Procurement (Planning Consultant)

6. Planning * Commencement

7. Planning Coordination (Official)

8. Planning Appraisal

9. Planning Approval (Decree)

10. Government Land Title Registration (Decree)

Legend: = prime responsibility in case of single administrative jurisdiction area, = in case of multi-jurisdictional areas, = supportive or case if necessary

Note: *This Declaration applies to PUD, RU, R, RE, ZAC Source: JICA Study Team

Table 3.1.13 Urban Planning Bodies and Approval Process Type of Urban Plans Agency Responsible for Approval Planning Body Reference MRUHCV DUA Local Gov.

Statutory Plan

SDAU Minister’s Approval Appraisal LG Council Regional

Council Decree promulgation

PDU Ditto Appraisal / Planning Support

Mayor’s Authorization

Local Government

Decree promulgation

PUD Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Decree promulgation

PL Ditto Appraisal Ditto Ditto Order by Minister Voluntary Plan

ZAC Ditto Appraisal / Planning Support Ditto Public

Agencies Under the PUD

RU Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Under the PUD

R Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Necessary approval of the Ministry of Finance

RE Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Under the PUD Other Planning Certificate

Minister’s Authorization

Technical Appraisal

Mayor’s Certification

General Applicant --

Building Permit Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto -- Source: Law 2008-43 : Urbanization Code（Loi n° 2008-43 du 20 août 2008 portant Code de l’Urbanisme,

Decree 2009-1450 (Decret 2009-1450 : Code de l’Urbanisme)

President

MEFP

President

MEFP/ / Other Agency Request in case of lack of budget

President


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3.1.6 DUA and Related Organizations for Urban Planning and Management

(1) Authorities for Urban Planning and Management

1) Ministry of Urban Renewal, Housing and Living Environment (MRUHCV)

MRUHCV prepares and implements the policy in the fields of urban planning, restructuring and urban renewal, habitat, construction and hazard management. MRUHCV has the responsibility to coordinate and integrate urban development and management through appropriate planning and management for villes and communes, in cooperation with MGLDAT and other sector ministries. There are eight departments in MRUHCV: Department of Urbanization and Architecture, Cabinet a Urban development in the local governments is coordinated by the relevant sector ministries of infrastructure, public facilities (e.g., education, health, culture and sports) and other public services, while MRUHCV fulfills its administrative responsibilities for housing (including funding), public building construction, parks and open space and flood-control management. There are one cabinet and eight departments in MRUHCV: DUA, the Cabinet for Related Services, the Regional Division of Urbanization and Housing (hereinafter DRUL), the Department of Urbanization Services (hereinafter SDU), the Department of Surveillance and Control of Land Use (hereinafter DSCOS), the Department of Planning and Restructuring of Flood Zones (hereinafter DARZI), the Department of Living Environment and Urban Green Spaces (hereinafter DCVEVU), the Department of the Promotion of Social Housing (hereinafter DPHS) and the Department of Construction (hereinafter DC).

Source: JICA Study Team based on the documents of MRUHCV

Figure 3.1.14 Organization of the Ministry of Urban Renewal, Housing and Living Environment

2) Department of Urbanization and Architecture (DUA)

Organization of DUA

DUA is responsible for urban planning and management for the whole country’s jurisdiction, as a part

MRUHCV Ministry of Urban Renewal, Housing and Living Environment

DUA: Department of Urbanization and Architecture

DSCOS: Department of Surveillance and Control of Land Use

DARZI: Department of Planning and Restructuring of Flood Zones

DCVEVU: Department of Living Environment and Urban Green Spaces

DPHS: Department of Promotion of Social Housing

DC: Department of Construction

CSR: Cabinet and Related Services

DAGE: Department of General Administration and Equipment

SDU: Department Urbanization Service

DRUL: Regional Division of Urbanization &Housing

Organization for Urban Planning and Management Related Organization for Urban Development and Management


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of the central administrative functions under the remit of the MRUHCV. DUA consists of six divisions for planning and management at the central level, and subordinate offices at the local level under the Regional Division of Urbanization and Housing (hereinafter DRUL) in each Region including department offices such as the Department of Urbanization Services under the Cabinet for Related Services. These bodies are assisted by DUA with technical supervision and consultation. The Division of Urban Development and Strategy (hereinafter DSDU) and the Division of Urban Cartography and Statistics (hereinafter DCSU) in DUA were newly established in 2013. They, however, are still in the process of being formally approved by the government; therefore, they do not have official job tasks and are not yet fully operational. The organizational structure, including this temporary status of the two divisions, is shown in Figure 3.1.15 below.

Note: SDU (Department of Urbanization Services) Source: JICA Study Team based on the documents of MRUHCV

Figure 3.1.15 Organization of DUA

DUA’s Roles in Urban Planning and Management with DRUH and SDU

DUA is the key body responsible for urban planning and its management (under MRUHCV) with missions for urban planning, urban renewal, housing policy and public facilities’ construction as stipulated in the Decree No. 2014-875. DUA’s officers and organization in association with DRUH are required to perform the following tasks:

Planning policies and systems related to urban planning and urban renewal, mainly by DSDU Guidance and supervision of the planning and implementation of urban projects by local

governments through DPUR (Division of Urban Planning and Regulations), DOA (Division of Operation and Management), DRUL and SDU.

Coordination of the national urban policy, the project and local governments, mainly by DPUR, DSDU, DRUL and SDU.

Examination and approval of legal planning by DPUR and DSDU. Planning certification and construction permit of the technical review made by DPUR, DRUL

and SDU.

DUA Department of Urbanization and Architecture

DPUR

Division of Urban Planning and Regulations

DOA

Division of Operation and Management

DCSU

Division of Urban

Cartography and Statistics

DSDU

Division of Urban

Development and Strategy

DAF Division of Finance and Administration

CSR Cabinet for

Related Services

DRUL

Regional Division of

Urbanization and Housing

DRUL DAKAR

DRUL THIES

DRUL Other Regions

SDU: Pikine SDU: Guediawaye SDU: Rufisque

SDU: Mbour

SDU: Other Departments

Temporary Division under the process of official approval

CCPZ ZAC Program Coordination Unit

Restructuring Coordination Unit

DA

Division of Architecture


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Data management by database formulation and GIS management by DCSU. In spite of the promotion of the decentralization program by Act III, urban planning and management abilities of local governments are limited and weak, except for some large-scale local governments such as the ville of Dakar. Most local governments require the strengthening of the organization and development of the human resources’ capacities in order to enable the effective implementation of the decentralization policy. In this context, DUA would be required to play an increasingly significant role in enhancing the capacities of local governments for urban planning and proper management, through effective and efficient supervision, and by giving guidance to local governments.

(2) Authorities for Urban Development Control

The prepared urban plans are implemented through approvals of the plans and the issuance of construction permits by MRUHCV. MRUHCV executes the administrative responsibility of controlling illegal constructions. DUA, in association with DRUL including SDU, plays the key role regarding technical aspects, through providing advice based on technical inspection and supervision, to communes and departmental prefects who issue approvals and certifications for projects. DSCOS, in cooperation with the military forces, plays a role in executing enforcement (e.g., the displacement of illegal settlements).

Table 3.1.14 Authorization Processes for Development and Construction MRUHCV MEFP MOI MSAS MEDD

Other Authorities

Department Commune

Type of Application DUA

DRUL/ SDU

DGID DPC (fire, etc)

DGS (Hygiene) DEEC Prefect Mayor

1. Planning Certification

2. Construction Permission

Public facilities

Private facilities

Legend: = technical inspection, supervising and authorization, = official approval/certificate authority, = in case of necessities depending on character of project

Note: MEFP/DGID (Ministry of Economy, Finance, and Planning/Directorate General of Tax and Domains), MOI/DPC (Ministry of Interior / Directorate of Civil Protection), MSAS/DGS (Ministry of Health and Local Action / Directorate General of Health), MEDD/DEEC (Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development / Directorate of Environment and Classified Establishments)


(3) Authorities for Urban Developments

1) Authority for Urban Development Planning

The Law stipulates that DUA has the responsibility of managing urban development through formulating the various development schemes of the Restructuring plan (R), the Urban Renewal plan (RU), the RE plan (Consolidation Area) and the plan for the ZAC. DUA has the function of coordinating many other urban development projects, including infrastructure projects by other authorities and private-sector developments. All of these development schemes mainly aim to improve and develop existing settlements or potential urbanization areas based on the PUD. DUA has not yet authorized those operational plans, except for the ZAC. There have been 22 ZAC programs launched in Senegal, including five programs in the Study Area.

Certificate Approval




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Different types and levels of interventions of all the institutional stakeholders pose multiple problems for consultation and coordination, which are far from being controlled. It is MRUHCV who is responsible for controlling urbanization through its technical departments and monitoring the implementation of urban planning schemes. This is a difficult task, since these services have no administrative or technical prerogative on the other technical departments of the various ministries, resulting in enabling them to assert their views. The consultation framework offered by the Regional and National Planning Commissions is no longer functioning like they used to be in the 1970s and 1980s. It, thus, has become imperative to establish a new structure for concerted and coordinated actions.

Table 3.1.15 Number of ZAC Programs under DUA Supervision in 2012 Location Planning Study ZAC Project Major Location Completed Ongoing Completed Ongoing

Within the Study Area 1 0 3 1 Rufisque, Mbour, Mbao-Bare

Outside of the Study Area 7 2 4 3 Thies, Others Total Projects 8 2 7 4

Source: Diagnosis and Relaunching Strategies Report of Promotion Program of ZAC/DUA 2012

2) Authorities for Urban Developments

Urban developments in Dakar have involved many sectors’ agencies (mainly government agencies), especially for infrastructural development resulting from government investment, including public services such as utilities and housing services. There are also many urban development projects and programs by sector agencies apart from DUA initiatives, not only for project implementation but also for planning and policy decision-making (e.g., the Diamniadio Pole development led by DGPU: the Delegation Office for Diamniadio and Lac Rose Urban Poles). The unique characteristics of Dakar and its adjacent area as the capital of Senegal with administrative and political centers resulted in major interventions being undertaken by many organizations. Table 3.1.16 shows the agencies and organizations whose tasks broadly cover policymaking, urban infrastructure’s development and management, industrial promotion and local administrative support.


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Table 3.1.16 Key National Organizations/Agencies and Tasks in Urban Developments

Category Key Organization/Agency for Implementation of the PDU

Function

Polic

y

Tech

nica

l Gui

danc

e &

Pla

nnin

g St

anda

rd

Proj

ect P

rocu

rem

ent

Proj

ect S

uper

visio

n

Ope

ratio

n Se

rvic

es

and

Mai

nten

ance

Economic/ Industrial Development Promotion

1-1 Stratégie de Croissance Accélérée (SCA) o o o 1-2 Agence Nationale Charge de la Promotion de

l’Investissement des Grands Travaux (APIX) o o o o 1-3 Agence Amenagement Promotion Sites Industriels

(APROSI) o o o o 1-4 National Agency for Export Promotion / Agence

Sénégalaise de Promotion des Exportations (ASEPEX) o o 1-5 National Agency for Development and Supervision of Small

and Medium Enterprises / Agence de Développement et d'Encadrement des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises (ADEPME)

o o

1-6 Société d’Aménagement et de Promotion des Côte et Zone Touristiques du Sénégal (SAPCO) o o o o

Spatial/Land Development & Management

2-1 Agence Natinale de l’Amenagement Territorial (ANAT) o o 2-2 Direction de l'Urbanisme et de l'Architecture (DUA) o o o o 2-3 Direction Générale des Impôts et des Domaines (DGID) o o

Urban Development and Housing

3-1 Delegation Office for Diamniadio and Lac Rose Urban Pole Development (DGPU) o o

3-2 Agence d’Execution des Travaux d’Interet Publicinistere (AGETIP) o o o

3-3 Société Immobilière du Cap-Vert S.A. (SICAP SA) o o o o 3-4 Société Nationale des Habitations à Loyer Modéré

(SNHLM) o o

Transportation and Road Sector

4-1 Executive Council of Dakar Urban Transport / Counseil Executif des Transports Urbains de Dakar (CETUD) o o

4-2 Agence des Travaux et de Gestion des Routes (AGEROUTE) o o o o

4-3 Agence National des Nouveaux Chemins de Fer (ANCF) o o o o 4-4 Aeroport International Blaise Diagne (AiDB) o o o 4-5 Port Autonome de Dakar (PAD) o o o o 4-6 Dakar Dem Dik (DDD) o o o 4-7 Agence Nationale Charge de la Promotion de

l’Investissement des Grands Travaux (APIX) o o o

Infrastructure and Service Sector

5-1 Agence de Regulation des Telecommunications et des Postes (ARTP) o o

5-2 National Electricity Corporation of Senegal / Societe National d’Electricite du Senegal (SENELEC) o o o o o

5-3 Societe Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal (SONES) o o o o o 5-4 National Office for Sanitation in Senegal / Office National

de l’Assainissement du Sénégal (ONAS) o o o o o

Local Government Support

6-1 Agence Régionale de Développement (ARD) o o 6-2 Agence de Développment Municipale (ADM) o o o 6-3 Agence de Développement Local (ADL) o o 6-4 Communauté des Agglomérations de Dakar et Rufisque

(CADAK-CAR) o o o o Source: Websites of relevant organizations; information collected in interviews and documents.


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3.1.7 Land Tenure and Management

The land-tenure system and its management is one of the biggest challenges in Senegal, in that there is a strong need to transform the present complex land-tenure system into a modern land-management system. A brief introduction of the land-tenure system is presented below, based on the two key international and national research studies and study documents.13

1) Land-Tenure System and Type in Senegal

According to the National Domain Law14 (hereinafter “the Law”), Senegal’s land is classified into either the national domain or the private domain. Land in the national domain includes predominantly rural lands and state lands, which are further classified into non-transferable public land and transferable state land. Land in the private domain is the land owned by individuals or entities possessing registered title documents with a freehold status. When the National Domain Law was established in 1964, only 2–3% of the national land was registered as private freehold land. The state land comprises 1) state-owned lands subclassified into (a) public domain (streets and public spaces, etc.) and (b) state land for private domain (available for lease) and (c) state-protected areas, such as the preserved forests. The following tenures are recognized by formal laws in Senegal:

Ownership: Natural persons and entities can own land under formal law and possess all freehold rights, including the rights to exclusive possession, use and transfer.

Leasehold: Natural persons or entities can obtain leaseholds of private land or land in the national domain that is transferable. Leases can be granted for terms of up to 30 years and are renewable.

Occupancy rights: The formal law recognizes two types of occupancy rights on urban and peri-urban land, which are “surface rights” and “occupancy under administrative certificates”. Surface rights are granted for urban land for periods of 50 years, with one 50-year renewal. The state grants surface rights for urban areas that are planned for development or informal settlements that are identified for upgrading. The occupancy under an administrative certificate ensures use of a land in public possession, but with a temporary and revocable status.

Land use allocations under customary practices: The Law permits rural councils to allocate territorial lands for use under customary principles, so long as the land is used productively. Occupants of the land for three or more years can apply for use-rights.

The Law also stipulates land classification by zone as: 1) urban zones are urban areas or community settlements; 2) classified zones include the land that is governed by specific statutes such as classified forests, national parks and other government-protected areas; 3) territorial lands include agricultural land and non-classified forests in the national domain and 4) pioneer zones, which includes all remaining lands. Communes/councils have the right to manage and allocate territorial lands, while pioneer zones are controlled by the central government. According to DUA, those zones are discussed and registered on the occasions of development or conservation planning at the local and regional levels, except in the case of special public domains such as protection areas. In the case of the Study Area, these zones have not been observed in the documents obtained.

131) Social and Economic Impact of Land Titling Programs in Dakar/Alain Durand Lasserve CRNS and Selle Undiaye Consultant 2008, 2) Country Profile: Property Rights and Resource Governance/ USAID 14Loi no 64-46 du1964 portant Code du Domaine de l’Etat, Decret 1966 et 1977


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2) Legal Framework for Tenure Regularization

After the government passed the National Domain Law in 1964, several key laws and decrees (e.g., for surface rights, conditions of expropriation of public interest, etc.) have continuously been issued as shown below. They were designed to reconcile customary and formal land rules in the devolution process from state control over land toward a local governing body controlling the lands.

The law 76-66 of 1976 and its implementation decree on the state domain defining the conditions under which surface rights can be delivered.

The law 76-67 of 1976 and its implementation decree of 1977, which set the conditions for the expropriation for public interest.

The law 87-11 of 1987 authorizing the sale of the private domain of the state for housing projects in urban areas.

The decree 91-386 of 1991 organizing tenure regularization in informal settlements in areas declared for urban renewal

The decree 96-386 of 1996 establishing the Restructuration and Tenure Regularization Fund (FORREF)

3) Tenure Regularization Program in Dakar

The government has been implementing a land-titling program in the country to deliver the surface rights as leasehold titles with a renewable 50-year period. The assumed condition was that surface rights can be converted into freehold titles after land was developed, on full payment of the fees, taxes and cost of regularization and the administration costs. The program goal for tenure regularization in Dakar, however, has seen only limited effects, due to the lack of human and financial resource mobilization.

4) Other Characteristics regarding Land-tenure Regularization in Dakar

The Study report for social and economic impacts in Dakar for tenure regularization identified the following characteristics:

Customary rights and claims: As a result of the weak modern land-registration process, the majority of “owners” in informal settlements obtains land rights through customary land-delivery channels and then acquires administrative permits of occupation.

Tenure regularization and infrastructure: Tenure regularization promotes housing improvement investments in the event of associated infrastructure development, while land tenure regularization alone tends not to bring about housing-development investments.

Access to formal credit: Tenure regularization has a very limited impact on access to formal mortgage credit for investment, business, commercial activity and house-construction improvement in Senegal. Formalized land tenure does not ensure access to bank loans. Banks prioritize revenue rather than land tenure.

Local-government revenue contribution: Local governments are motivated to promote tenure regularization by the financial benefits it will bring, such as revenues from tax, administrative costs, fees and stamp duties. They, therefore, are more interested in subdivision projects than in existing-settlement tenure regularization.


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Land market: The land market flourishes in a more informal way because of additional costs associated with formal transactions and some forms of formalized land tenure in informal settlements, for example, which could be the minimum assurance needed to support informal land transactions. Even in an informal land market, potential lands with infrastructure boost property values and sometimes result in speculation. In this circumstance, “distress sales” happen for formal land transactions.

3.1.8 Housing

(1) Social Housing

The present situation of the housing sector in Senegal and Dakar is summarized as follows, based on the information provided by the Department of the Promotion of Social Housing (DPHS) under MRUHCV.

The housing in Senegal and Dakar include the following types: Dakar Senegal

One-storey house: 48.8% 57.2% Two-storey house: 41.7% 15.9% Apartments: 5.5% 2.0% Huts: 3.5% 24.2% Others: 0.6% 0.9% Total: 100.0% 100.0%

The overall deficit in housing is estimated to be about 300,000 in Senegal and 125,000 in Dakar in 2013. The annual housing supply at present is estimated to be about 5,000 units per year, including 1,000 units by developers and 4,000 units by self-promotion, which is far below the demand.

The problems and constraints in the housing sector include land acquisition by developers on an individual basis rather than under government-led programs such as the ZAC. This fact tends to promote uncoordinated development, inadequate supply of lands for housing, inadequate financing schemes and delays in the reform of the housing sector.

According to DPHS, the Government of Senegal set the target of enhancing the housing development capacity to 15,000 units per year through pursuing the following directions.

(a) Urban poles and urban periphery Creation of multi-functional urban poles with social and functional diversities in their urban

areas and their influential areas such as Diamniadio and Daga Kholpa as the major urban poles and Deni Biram Ndao Diacksao Bambilor-Lac Rose as the secondary pole

Minimization of irregular settlements in the outskirts of the cities (b) Construction industry Promotion of production of building materials in an industrialized manner with a view to serve

100 million population in West Africa in the future Promotion of ecology-conscious construction method Promotion of national champions of low cost construction to encourage lowering of social

housing development costs (c) Financial/fiscal aspect Establishment of a funding mechanism for infrastructure development Tax reforms (d) Legal aspect Enactment of a law to decrease rental cost


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Enactment of Social Housing Promotion Act Enactment of a law to establish a fund to support social housing development (e) Institutional aspect Creation of a mechanism to enhance synergy of activities among SICAP, SNHLM, Deposit

and Consignment Office (CDC), the Housing Bank of Senegal (BHS) and networks concession companies

Revitalization of the Assistance Office of Social Housing for Communities (BASHO) under MUCHRV in charge of supervising housing cooperatives to undertake National Cooperative Housing Project

Establishment of a accreditation commission for the construction of social housing by private developers to upgrade the quality of technical works related with social housing promotion

Promotion of performance contracts between the government and the two public developers (SICAP and SNHLM) to improve the quality of social housings by introducing a more output and target conscious contract system

Introduction of Teledac for the authorization of construction permits on an on-line basis Establishment of a system to regularly publish construction prices to regularize and enhance

the efficiency of the bidding process

(2) Improvement of Irregular Settlements and Village Cores

The Government of Senegal has been undertaking various initiatives to upgrade the condition of irregular settlements and village cores within the broad frameworks such as follows.

Millenium Develoment Goals (MDGs) addressing the improvement of lives of at least 100 million people living in slums all over the world (Target 11 of MDG 7)

UNHABITAT policy “to make access to decent housing a universal goal, and work for people’s accessibility to basic social services, security of tenure and help them get out of those marginal situations (...) to enable them to fittingly exercise their dignity".

A number of initiatives and projects such as follows have been undertaken. Development of a regulatory framework for land restructuring and regularization Creation of the Land Restructuring and Regularization Fund (FORREF) in 1991, which is a

fund to finance land restructuring and regularization in a replicable way. It is supported by contributions by municipalities, donors and the recipient population of the operations

Initiation of Construction and Slums Control Program (PCLSLB) ), which is a program funded by the state budget and international partners to promote relocation of the people residing in flood prone areas to new resettlement areas

Creation of Ministry of Reconstruction and Development of Flooding Zone in 2012 (Its function was transferred to DARZI under MURHCV later.)

Participatory Slum Upgrading Program assisted by UNHABITAT Restructuring programs such as restructuring of Pikine Irregular South and establishment of a

resettlement area in Tivaoune Peulh by APIX, land restructuring and regularization of Hann and M’bao assisted by EU, PCLSLB project for Araft and Yoff

Strengthening of PROGEP financial resources National Flood Areas Restructuring and Development Program (PNARZI) by DARZI, which

identified priority areas for restructuring such as Ben Raraque in Yeumbeul Nord and Djeddah Thiaroye Kao in the commune of Thiaroye.

The following directions are pursued by the government.


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Increase of the areas covered by urban plans and its implementation on the field Generalization of land restructuring and regularization operations and implementation of the

project "Cities of Senegal, free of Slums" Planning the relocation sites within the framework of the urban poles for the displaced

communities Strengthening the PCLSLB and DARZI to eradicate permanently the problem of flooded

neighborhoods Increase of financial resources with the support of development partners Completion of development operations: in particular the Mixed Development Zones,

administrative subdivisions and developed plots to anticipate the occupation Strengthening of human, material and financial resources of the Land Use Control and

Monitoring Directorate (DSCOS) and shared control between the central government services and local governments.

3.2 Natural Conditions

3.2.1 Meteorology

Dakar Region has a fairly mild climate compared to the rest of the country, due to the oceanic influences of winds for most of the year. The average high monthly temperature varies from 25ºC to 31ºC. This climate is marked by a rainy season from June to October, and a dry season with sea breezes from November to May. The annual rainfall amounts to 484 mm. The climate of Thiès Region, by comparison, occupies the boundary between the maritime climate and the continental climate zones, and consequently has a harsher climate. The average high temperatures are over 30ºC throughout the year, reaching 35ºC in the dry season. The annual rainfall is 562 mm, relatively higher than that of Dakar Region. Average temperatures and average monthly rainfall in Dakar, Thiès and Mbour are shown in Figure 3.2.1.


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Dakar Thiès

Note: Climate observation period by city Temperature Rainfall Dakar 1951–2010 1898–2010 Thiès 1977–2007 1930–2007 Mbour 1961–2010 1930–2010

Mbour Source: ANACIM (National Civil Aviation and Meteorological Agency of Senegal)

Figure 3.2.1 Average Temperatures and Rainfall in Dakar, Thiès and Mbour

3.2.2 Geology

The main geomorphological units in the Study Area are as follows: A volcanic system occupying the west of the peninsula, formed almost entirely of dolerites

and basanites. A central dune system that is generally aligned parallel to the coast and running northeast-

southwest. The dunes closer to the shore are more pronounced. Inland they become gently undulating with the inter-dune areas infilled with colluvium. The inter-dune depressions are known as the Niayes, are often marshy during the rainy season and contain relatively lush vegetation when compared with the adjacent plain. The “red” dune systems of Pikine, Keur Massar, Bambilor and Sangalkam stretch to the north and form a zone of semi-fixed coastal sand dunes.

The Bargny Plateau lies to the southeast of the dunes. This marly-limestone plateau extends along the “Petite-Côte” between Rufisque, Bargny and Sendou.

The sandstone hills are located in the far southeast of the Study Area and are a series of Maastrichtian sandstone hills up to 50 m in elevation.

Figure 3.2.2 shows mineral deposits in Dakar Region and Thiès Region, obtained from the France-based Bureau des Recherches Géologiques et Minères, which undertook studies in 1965 and updated them in 1985. The main deposits are limestone, lime phosphates, Maastrichtian sandstone and others.

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

05

10152025303540

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 120.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

05

10152025303540

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

05

10152025303540

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

350.0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Rainfall (mm)

High temperature (degree)

Low temperature (degree)


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Source: Bureau des Recherches Géologiques et Minères Figure 3.2.2 Mineral Deposits in Dakar Region and Thiès Region

3.2.3 Topography

While the relief of Dakar Region is typically flat overall, there are three topographically distinct areas: The tip of the peninsula, a relatively high area culminating with the “Mamelles” at 100 m. A low area covered by a series of dunes and inter-dune depressions (the Niayes), stretching

from the peninsula up the north coast. A section of hills and plateaus to the east, situated between Yenne, Rufisque, Sangalkam and

Sébikhotane. These are relatively large hills and plateaus with gentle slopes. In the Thiès area, the relief is alternating plateaus and valleys. Its general appearance is that of a large circumscribed dome interrupted along the south coast by steep cliffs. Figure 3.2.3 shows the elevation of the Study Area, based on a new 1/20,000 topographic map prepared by the Study.

Study Area

Region

Attapulgite

Limestone

Bituminous Limestone

Lignite

Alumina Phosphates

Lime Phosphates

Oil

Bituminous Schists

Titanium

Quaternary Coastal Dunes

Marine and Fluvial Deposites of the Quaternary

Clayey Sandstone of the Continental Terminal

Maastrichtian Sand Stones

Volcanic Rocks of Tertiary and Quaternary


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Figure 3.2.3 Topography in the Study Area

3.2.4 Soil Conditions

The following summarizes the main areas in which the main soil types are found. Figure 3.2.4 shows the soil conditions in the Study Area.

The western Cap-Vert peninsula, formed by volcanic landforms, is overlaid by ferruginous tropical soils.

A continental dune at the north of Dakar possesses non-leached ferruginous soils. These are well-drained sandy soils with a low water-retention capacity at the surface, which are poor in organic matter and are subject to wind erosion and runoff.

In the area of inter-dunal slacks that are usually flooded by groundwater, mainly clay hydromorphic soils with a high capacity for water retention appear. It also includes the saline soils often located around the coastal lagoons blocked by dune ridges in the southern part of the Niayes.

Lively coastal dunes stretched midway along the northern coast. These recent and current dunes, raw mineral soils and isolated salt lakes bear witness to the last marine transgression. These lakes are bordered by barrier beaches and salty soils.

The extensions of the hills of Diass are covered with stony and non-leached ferruginous tropical soils, while the bottom plates of the Rufisque-Bargny Region alternate between brown limestone soils and gray-black vertic soils.

Tropical ferruginous soils dominate the central part of the hills of Diass. These soils are non-leached and are very sensitive to erosion.


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Source: CSE

Figure 3.2.4 Soil Conditions in the Study Area

Soil pollution from nitrates and pesticides are observed around the central area of the Dakar peninsula, as well as the Niayes area, for both pollutants.

3.3 Environment

3.3.1 Fauna and Important Bird Areas (IBAs)

The Study Area is likely to contain palm kernel rats, reptiles, rabbits, the common guinea fowl (Numida meleagris), the red-billed hornbill (Tockus erythrorhyncus), the beef egret (Bubulcus ibis), the turtledove (Streptopelia sp.), etc. Occasional sightings of green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) and jackals (Canis aureus) have been reported in more rural areas. The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) is rare. Important Bird Areas (IBAs) are places of international significance for the conservation of birds and other forms of biodiversity, defined by agreed criteria. In Senegal, there are 17 IBAs (Figure 3.3.1), out of which four sites (Nos. 9, 10, 11 and 17) are located in the Study Area. These are shown in Table 3.3.1.


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Source: N. D. Coulthard, Important Bird Areas in Africa and Associated Islands - Senegal Figure 3.3.1 Location and Size of Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in Senegal

Table 3.3.1 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in the Study Areas with Trigger Species 1) Common name Scientific name Season Period Population estimate

9 Niayes (from Dakar to St Louis) Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis breeding 1996 250 breeding pairs Black Heron Egretta ardesiaca breeding 1996 250 breeding pairs Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio winter 1996 104 individuals Slender-billed Gull Larus genei winter 1999 145 individuals 10 Parc National des Iles de la Madeleine 2) Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus breeding - - 11 La Petite Côte 3) Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens breeding - 1,500–2,000 breeding pairs Audouin's Gull Larus audouinii winter - 160 individuals Slender-billed Gull Larus genei winter 1998 1,185 individuals Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia winter 1998 240 individuals 17 Cap Vert Audouin's Gull Larus audouinii winter 1996 280 individuals Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis winter 1997 13,000 individuals Black Tern Chlidonias niger passage 1996 23,923 individuals

Notes: 1) Trigger spices are those for which the site has been recognized as an IBA under any of the global (or, where appropriate, regional) criteria.

2) The entire IBA (45ha) is designated as a national park and protected.

3) The entire IBA (1009 ha) is designated as a natural reserve and protected. Source: Birdlife International

The report on the diagnosis of the biodiversity of Senegal conducted by the DPN in 2013 reported that Niayes is home to the following species: Accipiter badius, Canus anthus, Columba palumbus, Genetta maculata, Geochelone sulcata, crested porcupine, mountain hare, Necrosyrtes monachus, Numida meleagris, Rattus rattus, Tragelaphus scriptus, Varanus griseus, Varanus niloticus, Vulpes zerda and Xerus rutilus. The Niayes area has very diverse birdlife. Reynaud (1998), quoted by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (2002), identifies 133 bird species in the Great Niayes Pikine, of which 40 are endemic and 51 are migratory birds nesting in this area. Though Niayes covers the areas stretching from the south of Lac Rose to Saint Louis along the coastal areas, its exact boundary has not


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been delineated. The Magdalen Islands (Iles de la Madeline) are home to 72 bird species including two rare species of birds: the Phaethon aethereus Mesonauta and Sterna anaethetus. Phaethon aethereus Mesonauta is an endemic species of the Atlantic with limited breeding sites: the Ascension Islands, Cape Verde Islands and Magdalen Islands (DPN, 2007). Sterna anaethetus is a rare species at the national and regional levels because it has only been found in the Magdalen Islands (DPN, 2007). Figure 3.3.1 shows the locations of conservation areas including the Magdalen Islands. The IUCN Red List is known as the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation statuses of biological species. The list in Senegal is shown in Table 3.3.2.


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Table 3.3.2 IUCN Red List in Senegal IUCN Red List Category N

o Common name Scientific name Category

Vulnerable (V) 1 African Manatee Trichechus senegalensis Mammal 2 African Mahogany Khaya senegalensis Plant

Near Threatened (NT) 1 Senegal Flapshell Turtle Cyclanorbis senegalensis Reptile Least Concern (LC) 1 Bubbling Kassina or Senegal

Land Frog Kassina senegalensis Amphibia

n 2 Common Bluetail Ischnura senegalensis Arthropod 3 Senegal Sprite Pseudagrion torridum Arthropod 4 African Finfoot Podica senegalensis Bird 5 African Scops-owl Otus senegalensis Bird 6 African Yellow White-eye Zosterops senegalensis Bird 7 Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegalus Bird 8 Laughing Dove Spilopelia senegalensis Bird 9 Mangrove Kingfisher Halcyon senegaloides Bird

10 Mosque Swallow Hirundo senegalensis Bird 11 Red-billed Firefinch Lagonosticta senegala Bird 12 Black-shouldered Puffback or

Red-eyed Puffback Dryoscopus senegalensis Bird

13 Saddlebill Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis Bird 14 Scarlet-chested Sunbird Nectarinia senegalensis Bird 15 Senegal Batis Batis senegalensis Bird 16 Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis Bird 17 Green-backed Eremomela or

Senegal Eremomela Eremomela pusilla Bird

18 Lesser Black-winged Plover or Senegal Lapwing

Vanellus lugubris Bird

19 Senegal Parrot Poicephalus senegalus Bird 20 Senegal Thick-knee Burhinus senegalensis Bird 21 Spotted Sandgrouse Pterocles senegallus Bird 22 Wetted Lapwing Vanellus senegallus Bird 23 White-bellied Bustard Eupodotis senegalensis Bird 24 Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis Bird 25 Senegal Minnow Raiamas senegalensis Fish 26 - Eleotris senegalensis Fish 27 - Marcusenius senegalensis Fish 28 - Labeo senegalensis Fish 29 (a kind of snail) Bulinus senegalensis Gastropod 30 Lesser Bushbaby or Northern

Lesser Galago Galago senegalensis Mammal

31 Senegal Lemniscomys or Senegal One-striped Grass Mouse

Lemniscomys linulus Mammal

32 Senegal Tateril Taterillus pygargus Mammal 33 Swamp Arum Lasimorpha senegalensis Plant 34 - Persicaria senegalensis Plant 35 - Erythrina senegalensis Plant 36 - Hygrophila senegalensis Plant 37 - Schoenoplectiella senegalensis Plant 38 - Dopatrium senegalense Plant 39 Red Ammannia Ammannia senegalensis Plant 40 Senegal Chameleon Chamaeleo senegalensis Reptile 41 - Naja senegalensis Reptile

Data Deficient (DD) 1 Senegal River Crab Potamonautes senegalensis Arthropod 2 - Elops senegalensis Fish 3 - Blyxa senegalensis Plant 4 - Cophoscincopus senegalensis Reptile 5 - Cynisca senegalensis Reptile

Source: JICA Study Team prepared based on the IUCN website

The species included in Table 3.3.1 are not included in the IUCN Red List.


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3.3.2 Natural Conservation Areas and Green Spaces

In Senegal, there is no single law designating conservation areas; therefore, all conservation areas are subject to their own order/ordinance. Table 3.3.3 shows the classified forests, the forests to be conserved, which are located in the Study Area.

Table 3.3.3 Classified Forests in the Study Area Name of classified forest Surface area (ha) Order/ordinance to be based on

Dakar Region Dakar Corniche 100 2614 du 22 /07/1943 Parc forestier de Hann 80 3042 du 29/07/1941 CambéréneTitre 3892 1,695.78 4363 du 22/09/1948 Malicka 681 568 du 01/02/1950 Mbao 771.15 972 du 07/06/1940 Noflaye 15.9 Décret du 01/03/1957 Retba 1,500 4085 du 31/05/1955 Deni Youssouf 268 1287du 02/04/1940 Sébikotane 520 370 du 01/02/1950 Thiès Region Popenguine 1,700 2632 du 07/11/1936 Bandia 10,750 2268 du 06/10/1933 Diass 952.65 224 du 21/01/1939 Pout 8342.5 1700 du 17/07/1933 Thiès 11,600 1943 du 23/08/1934 Niayes 46,100 2565 du 04/04/1957

Source: Prepared based on data provided by MEDD

Other natural conservation areas are tabulated in Table 3.3.4. Magdalen Islands National Park is the only national park in the Study Area. It had been recognized as a bird sanctuary since 1949, and achieved national park status in 1976 by Decree No. 76-0033.

Table 3.3.4 Natural Conservation Areas in the Study Area Name Order/ordinance to be based on Surface area Department Commune

Dakar Region Magdalen Islands National Park

Décret No. 76-0033 du 16 janvier 1976 sa gestion est régie par l’Arrêté N° 7164-24 juin 1976/PM/DGT

45 ha Dakar Fann-Point E

Noflaye Botanical Reserve

Arrêté No. 3406/SEF du 05 avril 1957

15 ha Rufisque Sangalkam

Reforestation perimeter of Malika

Arrêté No. 0568 du 01 février 1950

681 ha Pikine Yeumbeul Nord, Malika,Wakhinane Nimzat

Reforestation perimeter of Lac Rose (Retba)

Arrêté No. 4085 du 31 mai 1955 1,500 ha Rufisque Sangalkam and Malika

Reforestation perimeter of Cambérène

Arrêté No.14 SEF du 03 janvier 1950

15 ha Dakar, Guédiawaye

Parcelles Assainies, Golf Sud, Sahm Notaire

Thiès Region Réserve naturelle de popenguine

Décret No. 86-605 du 21 mai 1986

1,009 ha Mbour Popenguine

Source: Fourth (MEPN, 2010) and Fifth National Report on Biodiversity of Senegal (MEDD, 2014), Evaluation of the Biodiversity and Flora of Senegal (USAID, 2008), Compendium – Forêts – Classées – Senegal (Direction des Eaux, Forêts, Chasse et de la Conservation des Sols, 2010), Status and Trends of Evolution. Flora and Noflaye Special Botanical Reserve (Vicinity of Dakar — Senegal) Elements for Development — Ilboudo, 1992 (TEMA, 2011)


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Figure 3.3.2 and Figure 3.3.3 show the locations of the main conservation areas and the green spaces.

Source: Environmental Baseline Survey, JICA Study Team

Figure 3.3.2 Location of the Main Natural Conservation Areas in the Study Area

Source: Environmental Baseline Survey, JICA Study Team

Figure 3.3.3 Location of Green Spaces in the Study Area

Protected area partially declassified Protected Forest Forest and Zoo Reforestre Area Natural Reserve Study Area Region Boundary

0 2.5 5 10 km

Region Boundary

Vegetation Study Area


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3.3.3 Aquatic Ecosystem Characteristics

The Study Area contains several lakes with significant catchment areas, among which the Niayes area catchment is of particular importance as a source of water for drinking, agriculture and aquaculture. The Niayes zone is a coastal wetland with high flora biodiversity, although it is heavily exploited for vegetable production. The Niayes zone has experienced progressive drought and desiccation with notable impacts on flora over the past decades. A key issue faced by rivers and lakes in the Study Area is increased salinity affecting waterways and soils. This is caused by a variety of factors, including agricultural mismanagement, deforestation, excessive grazing and over-exploitation. Further impacts are experienced in the proliferation of invasive species. For example, Lac de Guiers, a key drinking water resource for the Study Area (located to the north of Senegal and outside the Study Area), is heavily affected by invasive species such as Typha domingensis, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta (MEPN, 2010), which increase sedimentation and outcompete native flora. The same invasive species are present in most of the Niayes as well as in drainage and retention basins throughout the Study Area. With a coastline of more than 700 km, Senegal also possesses significant marine and coastal ecosystems. However, little information on the marine ecology of the Dakar and Thiès Regions is available. Dakar Region contains significant stretches of rocky coastlines and sandy coastlines. Thiès Region possesses a variety of coastal ecosystems including mangrove estuaries, and sandy and rocky coasts, although only sandy and rocky coasts are present within the Study Area. Beyond these, the continental shelf of the Atlantic Ocean is highly productive in terms of pelagic and benthic habitats, although extensive overfishing may have impacted on the quality of the ecosystem.

3.3.4 Threats to the Ecosystem and Ecosystem Management

(1) Threats to the Ecosystem

The followings items are raised as main threats to the ecosystem. (a) Direct Threats Encroachment by agricultural lands Soil salinization Land grabbing of protected areas Invasive species Pressure from urban extension Overfishing (for aquatic ecosystems) (b) Indirect Threats Lack of capacity at the local governance level Inadequate policies and laws Rigidity of the protected area system

(2) Management Measures

Senegal is currently in the process of developing an updated National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), the first version of which was prepared in 1998 following on from the ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). This strategy frames the effective implementation of the 2011–2020 Strategic Plan signed by all CBD State Parties in 2010, as a 10-year action plan to guide biodiversity conservation actions at a national level.


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According to the fifth annual report on CBD’s implementation, prepared by MEDD in 2014, the future National Strategy and National Action Plan for the Preservation of Biodiversity will be based on the following four strategic objectives:

Increased knowledge of biodiversity; Biodiversity restoration and conservation; Integration of biodiversity conservation in social and economic policies and Promotion of equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms generated by biodiversity.

As for the wetlands, there is a policy named the National Policy on Wetlands, February 2015 (Politique Nationale de Gestion des Zones Humides). It has action plans to manage the wetlands, and the one for the Niayes is as follows:

Axis 1: Improving knowledge about wetlands (to upgrade the inventory, to prepare a monitoring system, etc.) Axis 2: Restoration and sustainable conservation (to create a clean-up program, to restore ecological functions, etc.) Axis 3: Improving sustainable use patterns (to arrange fishponds, etc.) Axis 4: Promoting sustainable use of wetlands’ resources through the green economy (to promote ecotourism, etc.) Axis 5: Improving governance and synergy of actions (to create a management committee, etc.) Axis 6: Strengthening individual and institutional stakeholders’ capacities (to establish a communication plan, to develop specific local agreements, etc.)

Senegal is currently in the process of developing an updated National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP).

3.3.5 Air Quality

(1) Air Quality in Dakar

The locations of air quality monitoring stations in Dakar and Thiès are shown in Figure 3.3.4. These stations monitor particulate matter (PM), SO2, NO2, O3, CO, and the volatile organic compounds benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes. However, it is understood that the monitoring equipment at these stations suffers from regular breakdowns and that data are lacking for certain parameters. Consequently, only limited data are available for PM, SO2, NO2, O3, and CO levels.


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Source: Environmental Baseline Survey, JICA Study Team Figure 3.3.4 Locations of Air Quality Monitoring Stations

As for PM10, the limit values set by WHO and Senegal are: 50μg/m3 (WHO) and 260μg/m3 (Senegal) for a 24-hour average, and 20μg/m3 (WHO) and 80μg/m3 (Senegal) for the yearly average. The 24-hour average data were not available. As for the annual average concentrations of PM10, the recorded values are generally high, exceeding the Senegalese standard (80 μg/m3) and the WHO guideline value (20 mμ.g/m3) on numerous occasions throughout the year (Figure 3.3.5). The levels of PM2.5 are also at levels that exceed the WHO guideline value (10 μg/m3) throughout the year (MEDD, 2013b).

Source: 2013 Annual Air Quality Monitoring Report (MEDD, 2013b)

Figure 3.3.5 Annual PM10 Concentrations at Four Stations in 2013 (Unit: μg/m3)

(2) Air Quality in Thiès

The air quality in Thiès is affected by airborne dust pollution emanating from the mining of the numerous limestone quarries in the area (AfDB (African Development Bank), 2014). The environmental and social impact assessment of the construction of the Blaise Diagne International Airport, located in Thiès Department approximately 45 km from Dakar, included an assessment of air quality impacts (AfDB, 2010). The levels were typical of rural sites and did not indicate significant


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levels of atmospheric pollution during either construction or operation.

3.4 Socioeconomic Factors

3.4.1 Demography

(1) Population

The populations in Senegal, Dakar Region and Thiès Region are shown in Table 3.4.1 below for 1988, 2002 and 2013. In the three areas, the population growth rates accelerated in the 2002–2013 period compared with the 1988–2002 period. The population of Dakar grew by 3.4% per year between 2002 and 2013, reaching 3,137 thousand in 2013, accounting for 23% of the national population.

Table 3.4.1 Population in Senegal, Dakar and Thiès Item Unit 1988 2002 2013

Population Senegal person 6,896,808 9,858,482 13,508,715 Dakar Region person 1,488,941 2,168,314 3,137,196 Thiès Region person 941,151 1,322,579 1,788,864

Population Growth Rate

Senegal %/year - 2.58 2.91 Dakar Region %/year - 2.72 3.42 Thiès Region %/year - 2.46 2.78

Source: ANSD

The population living in the part of Thiès Region comprising the communes of Diass, Sindia and Keur Moussa, which are around the new airport, was estimated based on the counting of houses using satellite imagery and the assumed number of household members, and through adjustments with reference to the results of the 2013 population census. The population living in this area is estimated at 68,800 in total, with the details shown in Table 3.4.2.

Table 3.4.2 Estimated Population in Part of Thiès Region within the Study Area Department Commune Population

Mbour Diass 39,047 Sindia 5,868 Thiès Keur Moussa 23,940 Total (rounded)

68,855 (68,800)

Source: ANSD, with adjustment by the JICA Study Team

(2) Migration

The annual average numbers of net migration from rural areas to Dakar are estimated to be 22 thousand per year, 15 thousand per year and 31 thousand per year in the 1976–1988 period, 1988–2002 period and 2002–2013 periods, respectively, based on the census data.

(3) Household Size

The 2013 census revealed that the average household size in Dakar was six people, both for male- headed households and female-headed households (Table 3.4.3). That of Thiès Region was higher, at nine household members, similar to the national average. Both in Thiès Region and Senegal, female-headed households tend to be smaller (eight in Thiès Region and seven in Senegal).


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Table 3.4.3 Household Size in the Study Area Region Household Size by Sex of the Household Head Average Male Female

Dakar 6 6 6 Thiès 9 8 9 National average 9 7 9

Source: ANSD

(4) Age Structure

Table 3.4.4 below shows that Dakar is a young society, with a population below 15 years of age accounting for 32.8%, while the proportion in Senegal was higher at 42%. The proportion of those in the working age range of between 15 to 64 years, by contrast, was higher in Dakar at 64.1%, while for Senegal it was 54.4%. These facts indicate the tendencies to have more children in rural areas and for young people in the working age range to migrate from rural areas to Dakar.

Table 3.4.4 Age Structure of Dakar in 2013 Age Group Male Female Total

0–4 11.7 11.4 11.6 5–9 11.4 11.1 11.2

10–14 9.9 10.1 10.0 15–19 9.3 10.2 9.7 20–24 10.6 11.1 10.8 25–29 10.8 10.4 10.6 30–34 8.8 8.3 8.6 35–39 6.9 6.5 6.7 40–44 5.2 5.0 5.1 45–49 4.0 4.2 4.1 50–54 3.5 3.6 3.6 55–59 2.7 2.7 2.7 60–64 2.2 2.1 2.1 65–69 1.2 1.2 1.2 70–74 0.8 0.9 0.9 75–79 0.5 0.5 0.5 80 + 0.5 0.7 0.6 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source: ANSD

Source: ANSD

Figure 3.4.1 Population Pyramid in Dakar in 2013


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3.4.2 Economical Activities

Data on the economic situation at the regional level are extremely limited in Senegal. Based on the findings from related government officers and documents, it is judged that the economy of the Study Area is characterized by the dominance of the tertiary (service) sector in production and employment, especially in such subsectors as logistics, wholesale, retail, restaurants and hotels, tourism, etc. The industrial sector in the Study Ares features such activities as bakery, printing and editing, metal works, plastic works and cement production. The primary sector activities are mainly the farming of vegetables and fruits and fishery.

3.4.3 Social Conditions

(1) Poverty

The incidences of poverty have been declining at the national level and also in Dakar, other urban areas and rural areas, as shown in Table 3.4.5 below. The poverty incidence of 26% in Dakar was significantly lower than that of other urban areas (41%), rural areas (57%) and Senegal (47%).

Table 3.4.5 Poverty Indicators in Dakar and Senegal, 2001–2011 Unit: %

Poverty Indicator Dakar Other Urban Rural National 2001/2002

Poverty Incidence 38.1 45.2 65.2 55.2 Poverty Gap 10.2 13.4 21.2 17.3 Poverty Severity 3.8 5.5 9.2 7.3

2005/2006 Poverty Incidence 28.1 41.4 59.0 48.3 Poverty Gap 6.8 11.6 20.2 15.5 Poverty Severity 2.4 4.8 9.5 7.0

2010/2011 Poverty Incidence 26.2 41.3 57.3 46.7 Poverty Gap 5.8 13.1 18.7 14.6 Poverty Severity 2.1 5.9 8.7 6.6

Source: Environmental and Social Baseline Report, JICA Study Team

(2) Informal Settlement

Informal settlement is a serious social issue in Senegal, especially for the Study Area. Informal settlement is classified into the following three categories: village centers, uncontrolled urbanization areas and areas in restructuration or regularization phases. A study called Towns of Senegal without Informal Settlements (URBANPLAN/INGESAHEL, 2010) revealed that the key facts of the informal settlement in the Study Area are the following:

Dakar Department: 49 informal settlements covering a total of 418 ha; Guédiawaye Department: five informal settlements covering a total of 133.5 ha; Pikine Department: 42 informal settlements covering a total of 1,723 ha; Rufisque Department: 54 informal settlements covering a total of 584.5 ha and Thiès Department: nine informal settlements covering a total of 129.5 ha.

(3) Household Head’s Occupation

A household survey was conducted as part of the environmental baseline survey in the Study. A total of 2,250 samples were collected and analyzed. The household head’s occupation in the Study Area is


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summarized in Table 3.4.6 below. Service, shop or market sales workers are the most common occupation in the Study Area, except for housewives. The table shows that there are many unemployed people in the Study Area.

Table 3.4.6 Household Head’s Occupation Unit: %

Occupation Dakar Guédiawaye Pikine Rufisque Thiès/Mbour Total a. Government 2.9 3.8 5.3 3.1 2.4 3.5 b. Private company 6.2 4.0 3.1 5.3 2.9 4.3 c. Service, shop or market sales

worker 10.4 23.1 22.2 22.7 25.6 20.8

d. Agriculture, forestry or fishery worker 3.8 0.4 0.4 3.8 4.9 2.7

e. Student (Secondary) 17.8 11.6 12.4 11.8 20.2 14.8 f. Student (High School &

Univ.) 9.3 8.2 8.0 7.1 2.2 7.0

g. Housewife 20.4 24.2 19.8 23.3 17.8 21.1 h. Jobless/Retired 20.2 14.7 15.3 11.8 6.0 13.6 i. Laborers 8.9 10.0 13.1 11.1 16.9 12.0 No Response 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 1.1 0.3 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0


(4) Important Issues Expressed by Respondents in the Household Survey

The results of the household survey indicate the most important issues for the people in the Study Area as shown in Table 3.4.7. In response to the question “What are the three most important issues for you?”, the largest number of respondents answered “employment and family financing”, followed by “security” as the second and “road and transport” as the third most popular category. There are some variations within the Study Area. “Security” was the highest in Dakar, Guédiawaye and Pikine, while “employment and family financing” was the first in Rufisque and Thiès/Mbour area. In Rufisque and Thiès/Mbour area, the second and third most important issues were all related to infrastructure and public services, such as road/transport, water, education, health and medical services. This comparison illustrates the more urban nature of Dakar, Guédiawaye and Pikine, while the Rufisque and Mbour/Thiès areas are more rural.

Table 3.4.7 The Three Most Important Issues for People by Region Item Dakar Guédiawaye Pikine Rufisque Thiès/Mbour Total

Road/transport 3 2 3 3 Water 3 Sanitation Solid waste Electricity 2 Education 3 3 Health/medical service 3 2 Security 1 1 1 2 Community Environment/land use Land and housing Employment and family financing

2 3 2 1 1 1



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3.5 Economic Sector Development

3.5.1 Agriculture and Fishery

(1) Agriculture Sector in Senegal and Dakar

1) Overview of the Agriculture Sector in Senegal and Dakar

In 2012, the primary sector, which is composed of agriculture, livestock, forestry, fishing and extractive activities (mining), contributes 718 billion FCFA or 14.0% of the GDP. In the primary sector, the agriculture sector occupied 48%, followed by livestock at 29% and fishery at 9%. According to the Fourth General Population, Housing, Agriculture and Livestock Census (RGPHAE) 2013, total farm households in Senegal amounted to 756,000, comprising 198,000 in urban areas and 557,000 in rural areas, as shown in Table 3.5.1. On the other hand, Dakar has 60,000 farm households in the urban areas and 4,000 in the rural areas.

Table 3.5.1 Farm Households by Urban and Rural Areas in Dakar, Thiès and Senegal Urban Rural Total

Number % Number % Number % Dakar 59,865 94.1 3,736 5.9 63,601 8.4 Thiès 29,830 30.9 66,757 69.1 96,587 12.8 Senegal 198,086 26.2 557,446 73.8 755,532 100.0

Source: ANSD/RGPHAE, 2013

As for the major staple food crop, paddy production was 470,000 tons in 2012, which declined to 436,000 tons in 2013 for the whole country, as shown in Table 3.5.2. In 2012, the paddy production area amounted to 135,000 ha and the yield was about 3,500 kg/ha. At present, production of food crops does not meet Senegal’s needs or a national self-sufficiency target of one million tons. Dakar and Thiès are not rice-producing regions.

Table 3.5.2 Paddy and Rice Production in Senegal Unit: ton

Year Paddy Rice 2013 436,000 283,000 2012 470,000 305,000 2011 405,000 263,000 2010 604,000 394,000 2009 502,000 326,000

Source: ANSD

Table 3.5.3 shows the production of maize, sorghum and peanuts in Dakar and Thiès Regions in the last five years.


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Table 3.5.3 Production of Other Staple Food Crops and Peanuts in Dakar and Thiès Regions (1) Dakar Region

Year Maize Sorghum Peanut Oil

Area (ha)

Yield (kg/ha)

Production (ton)

Area (ha)

Yield (kg/ha)

Production (ton)

Area (ha)

Yield (kg/ha)

Production (ton)

2009/2010 22 850 19 32 500 16 1,179 841 992 2010/2011 - - - - - - 1,786 700 1,250 2011/2012 381 890 339 126 580 73 3,045 633 1,928 2012/2013 823 1,004 826 358 462 165 1,871 702 1,313 2013/2014 918 798 733 300 400 120 2,976 494 1,470 (2) Thiès Region

Year Maize Sorghum Peanuts

Area (ha)

Yield (kg/ha)

Production (ton)

Area (ha)

Yield (kg/ha)

Production (ton)

Area (ha)

Yield (kg/ha)

Production (ton)

2009/2010 1,648 325 535 14,622 607 8,872 68,586 927 63,567 2010/2011 991 620 614 14,313 948 13,570 110,170 1,002 110,376 2011/2012 819 463 379 8,774 887 7,782 83,435 549 45,802 2012/2013 1,144 648 741 9,461 865 8,180 78,632 965 75,917 2013/2014 736 595 438 6,088 723 4,400 92,339 679 62,668

Source: Direction de l'Analyse, de la Prévision et des Statistiques Agricoles

In Senegal, vegetable crops are concentrated in the Niayes area and the Senegal River Valley. The Niayes area has excellent conditions for cultivating vegetables. In 2012, onion and tomato production amounted to 210,000 tons and 110,000 tons, respectively. Fruit crops are dominated by mangoes and citrus fruits with 125,000 tons and 45,000 tons, respectively. Vegetable production in Dakar Region amounted to 261,300 tons with 8,700 ha sown area in 2011. The production amount has tripled over the past two years. The breakdown of production in 2011 by vegetable is shown in Table 3.5.4.

Table 3.5.4 Vegetable Production in Dakar Region (2011) Crop Ton %

Onion 87,500 33.5 Tomato 50,000 19.1 Cabbage 35,000 13.4 Carrot 20,690 7.9 Potato 12,500 4.8 Green bean 11,500 4.4 Melon 7,500 2.9 Okra 2,620 1.0 Sweet potato 2,110 0.8 Unspecified vegetables 31,880 12.2 Total 261,300 100.0

Source: ANSD

As shown in Table 3.5.5, the livestock population includes approximately 3.4 million cattle and 11 million sheep and goats. Cattle are reared extensively and on a small-scale basis. Despite a significant livestock population, Senegal remains a net importer of meat. Cattle ranching is disappearing because of the scarcity of pasture and rapid urbanization. In these regions, the future of farming will be strongly affected by land constraints (reduction of space) and water availability (competition between humans and animals). As for poultry, modern units in Dakar provide at least 40% of the poultry production in the country. Additionally, integrated farms (cattle and poultry integration) are located around Lac Rose, as shown in Figure 3.5.1.


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Table 3.5.5 Livestock Production in Dakar, Thiès and Senegal (2012) Cattle Sheep Goats Pigs Horses Mules Poultry

Dakar 404 36,050 1,413

Pikine/Guédiawaye 2,303 56,650 12,991 154 1,614 111

Rufisque 19,342 65,817 41,034 1,229 3,733 885 2,183,332

Subtotal of Dakar Region 22,049 158,517 54,025 1,383 6,760 996 2,183,332

Thiès 51,106 76,220 64,891 9,878 17,658 13,883 1,665,581

Tivaouane 41,713 63,839 54,128 1,749 22,501 16,096 1,301,253

Mbour 96,829 111,498 98,357 19,345 26,940 27,766 1,257,006

Subtotal of Thiès Region 189,648 251,557 217,376 30,972 67,099 57,745 4,223,840

Senegal Total 3,378,995 5,887,068 5,038,116 374,890 534,124 455,504 23,929,272 Sources: Ministère de l'Elevage et des Productions Animales

Source: ANIDA, BEREF

Figure 3.5.1 Location of Integrated Farms (Cattle and Poultry Integration) around Lac Rose

2) Government Organizations

Several ministries and authorities, as shown in Table 3.5.6, are responsible for the development of the agriculture and fishery sectors in Senegal as a whole.

Table 3.5.6 Government Organizations for Agriculture and Fishery Development Ministry/Authority/Organization Responsibility

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Equipment

This ministry formulates strategies and programs aimed at increasing and securing agricultural production, improving quality, promoting agricultural diversification and the identification and development of promising agricultural sectors.

ISRA: Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute

The main tasks of ISRA are the design and execution of research programs on crop production, forestry, animals, fishery and the rural economy; the creation of scientific knowledge and the generation of technological innovations to improve the agricultural sector.

ANCAR: National Agency for Agriculture and Rural Counsel

ANCAR aims to promote and manage agricultural and rural advisory services for small producers to sustainably improve productivity, production, food security and incomes.

Ministry of Fishery and Maritime Economy

The ministry is in charge of the development of fishery activities as a whole.



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3) Development Policy, Strategy and Projects for Agriculture

Under the Orientation Law of Agricultural and Livestock Development (LOASP: Loi d’Orientation Agro-Sylvo-Pastorale, 2004–2024), the National Agricultural Investment Program (PNIA: 2011–2015) and the Acceleration Program of Agriculture in Senegal (PRACAS: 2014–2017) are currently being implemented. PRACAS is based on the vision of “building a competitive, diverse and long-lasting agriculture sector” and links with Axis 1 of PES: “transformation of structural economy and growth,” (i) to strengthen food security in Senegal and to rebalance the trade deficit created by large amounts of food imports, (ii) to develop a competitive and high value-added sector and (iii) to revitalize the rural economy. PRACAS indicates a priority program that covers rice, onions, groundnuts, and fruit and vegetables, targeted as follows:

Rice self-sufficiency in 2017 with a production of 1.6 million tons of paddy; Onion self-sufficiency in 2016 with a production of 350,000 tons; The groundnut sector achieving a production of one million tons and an export volume of

100,000 to 150,000 tons per year; The sectors of fruits and vegetables achieving a volume of export of 157,500 tons.

The PSE also states (i) the establishment of 100 to 150 integrated farms, including community agricultural areas (DAC), which are aggregation projects positioning Senegal as a major exporter of fruits and vegetables with high value-added and livestock products (dairy, poultry, etc.); (ii) the organization of small farmers around large modern operators; (iii) the creation of three grain corridors for the development and intensification of irrigated agricultural watersheds with a view to food security in the long-term (one million tons of rice in 2018); (iv) the establishment of three food processing clusters (integrated agro-poles) for the development of agro-industry in the field of the processing of fruits and vegetables, oils, dairy products, cereals and poultry and (v) boosting national peanut production (target of one million tons by 2017).

(2) Fishery Sector in Senegal and Dakar

1) Overview of the Fishery Sector in Senegal and Dakar

Senegal enjoys considerable fishery resources on account of its cold, nutrient-rich waters. Fisheries contribute around 8.9% of the GDP of the primary sector, equating to 1.3% of total GDP in 2012. Fishing is also a pillar of Senegalese food security, providing 40–50% of the protein needs of the population. According to the Ministry of Fishery and Maritime Economy, fishing (both directly and indirectly) generates approximately 600,000 jobs, including 400,000 in artisanal fishing, which is defined as low intensity fishing undertaken on small boats for subsistence or local sale, which principally uses traditional fishing techniques. The current conditions of artisanal fishing in Senegal are shown in Table 3.5.7. Dakar and Thiès Regions play important roles in the country in terms of the number of fishing boats, employment, fishery yields and the volume of processed product.


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Table 3.5.7 Current Conditions of Artisanal Fishing in Senegal, 2012

Region

Number of fishing boats Employment Fishery yield Processed product Exports

(FCFA million）

Outboard Canoe/ Pirogue Persons MT FCFA

million MT FCFA million

Fresh fish

Processed

Dakar 2,406 102 15,164 54,087 20,286 2,766 1,058 - - Thiès 3,026 35 19,237 209,797 45,036 29,235 8,009 - - Saint-Louis 1,370 0 6,566 79,854 7,381 5,473 1,918 - - Ziguinchor 637 1,583 8,415 48,374 17,859 9,944 6,422 - - Fatick 1,031 296 7,680 10,287 4,726 1,475 1,044 - - Louga 125 0 621 2,264 1,152 234 125 - - Kaolack 60 91 822 1,312 1,993 46 12 - - Total 8,656 2,107 58,505 405,974 98,992 49,173 18,588 3,904 29,993

Note: In 2012, exports of processed products to Mali and Burkina Faso were large. Source: Ministry of Fishery and Maritime Economy

For commercial fishing, total catch/yield, total product value and total exports are summarized in Table 3.5.8. In 2012, the total catch/yield of all species, total value of products and total exports amounted to 41,987 tons, 52,639 million FCFA and 168,117 million FCFA, respectively. The export total from commercial shipping is five times that of artisanal fishing. The commercial fishing fleet consists of 110 trawlers, eight tuna fishing boats and one sardine fishing boat.

Table 3.5.8 Fishery Yield and Values by Type of Fishing in Senegal, 2012

Type of fishing Total

catch/yield (in tons)

(%) Total value (in FCFA million)

(%) Total

exports (in FCFA million)

(%)

Artisanal fishing 405,974 90.6 98,992 65.3 33,897 16.8 Commercial fishing: 41,987 9.4 52,639 34.7 168,117 83.2 Trawlers 35,626 8.0 49,914 32.9 - - Tuna fishing boats 6,184 1.4 2,708 1.8 - - Sardine fishing boats 177 0.0 18 0.0 - - Total 447,961 100.0 151,631 100.0 202,014 100.0

Source: Ministry of Fishery and Maritime Economy

In Dakar and Thiès Regions, 13 main fishing ports, as shown below, are located. Port Autonome de Dakar (Mole 10) is the only port for commercial vessels.

Dakar (12): Hann/Bel Air, Soumbedioune, Yoff, Ngor, Ouakam, Port Autonome de Dakar (Mole 10), Thiaroye-sur-Mer, Mbao, Bargny, Rufisque, Sendou and Toubab Dialaw

Thiès (1): Popenguine Fifty-three out of 60 EU-certified factories for fishery-product exports are located in Dakar Region. Other factories are located in Thiès Region (3) and Ziguinchor Region (4); most non-EU-certified factories (about 20 factories) are also located in Dakar.

2) Development Policy, Strategy and Projects for Fishery

The Letter of Fishery Sector Development Policy 2007 aims to produce high value-added fishery products. This letter is currently being revised by the Ministry of Fishery and Maritime Economy. In the PSE, it is stated that the opportunities for fishing and aquaculture will be exploited by the introduction of major reforms to the resources’ regeneration and sustainable management and aquaculture development, in order to enhance the sector’s contribution to food security and the creation of jobs. These reforms will be implemented through (i) sustainable management of fishery resources


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and the restoration of marine habitats through management plans and continued efforts in the conservation and protection of spawning areas; (ii) accelerated development of a competitive aquaculture by the establishment of adequate production infrastructure; (iii) promotion of inland fisheries through the development and stocking of natural production areas and (iv) the increase of fisheries’ values and aquaculture products by the formulation of integrated industrial poles, the establishment of processing units and the reduction of post-catch losses in sea fishing.

3.5.2 Industry and Services

(1) Overview of Manufacturing and Service Sectors in Senegal

1) Production and Employment Structure

In 2012, the secondary sector, which is composed of manufacturing, utility and construction, contributes 987 billion FCFA or 19.2% of the GDP, as shown in Table 3.5.9. The tertiary sector contributes 2,849 billion FCFA or 55.5% of the GDP. In terms of the GDP, the service sector has the largest share, followed by industry and agriculture. For employment, the primary sector, which is composed of agriculture, fishery and mining, has the largest share at 48.5%, followed by the tertiary sector (especially the trade sector) and the secondary sector as shown in Table 3.5.10.

Table 3.5.9 GDP by Sector in Senegal: 2000–2012 Unit: FCFA billion at constant 1999 prices

2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 Subtotal of economic sector 2,889 3,593 4,342 4,391 4,554

Primary sector 583 613 759 660 718 Secondary sector 642 816 923 975 987 Tertiary sector 1,665 2,164 2,660 2,757 2,849

Tax on products/services 379 511 540 571 576 GDP in market prices 3,268 4,104 4,882 4,963 5,130

Unit: share % 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012

Subtotal of economic sector 88.4 87.6 88.9 88.5 88.8 Primary sector 17.8 14.9 15.5 13.3 14.0 Secondary sector 19.6 19.9 18.9 19.6 19.2 Tertiary sector 50.9 52.7 54.5 55.5 55.5

Tax on products/services 11.6 12.4 11.1 11.5 11.2 GDP in market prices 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source: ANSD

Table 3.5.10 Employment by Sector in Senegal, 2012 Sector Employment Share (%)

Primary sector 2,155,781 48.5 Secondary sector 602,717 13.6 Tertiary sector 1,683,941 37.9 Trade 1,159,514 26.1 Total 4,442,440 100.0

Source: ANSD

2) Government Organizations

Several ministries and authorities, as shown in Table 3.5.11, are responsible for the development of manufacturing and service sectors, or private sector development, in Senegal as a whole.


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Table 3.5.11 Government Organizations for Manufacturing and Services Development Ministry/Authority/Organization Responsibility Remarks

Ministry of Industry and Mines Facilitation and promotion of the development of a competitive private sector in manufacturing and mining.

Ministry of Economy, Finance and Planning

Private sector development By the branch of private sector development

Ministry of Commerce, the Informal Sector, Consumer, Promotion of Local Products and SMEs

Promotion of private sector activities and SMEs, protection of consumers, improvement of commodity marketing channels

APIX: National Agency for Investment Promotion and Major Projects

Promoting and attraction of foreign investment and major projects

APIX is under the Ministry of Investment Promotion and Partnerships

APROSI: National Agency for Industrial Sites’ Promotion

Promotion of industrial zone development

ADEPME: National Agency for Development and Supervision of Small and Medium Enterprises

Promotion of SMEs’ development through business training, formulation of business plans, guidance of financial assistance

ASEPEX: National Agency for Export Promotion

Export promotion of Senegalese products


3) Development Policy, Strategy and Projects for Industries/ Services/ Private Sector

Letter of Industry Sector Development Policy: Industrial Redeployment Policy

The industrial redeployment policy aims to create a dynamic and competitive industrial structure in order to satisfy the local market and access external markets, and place the country in the orbit of the industrialized nations of the world. According to this policy, the estimated weight of industry in the national economy will rise to at least 25% by 2015/2020. The industrial redeployment policy indicates the following general guidelines:

(a) Creation, diversification, intensification and integration of small and medium-sized agricultural, craft, industrial and mining industries throughout the country, utilizing potential and comparative advantages;

(b) Creating a supply of competitive industrial products with high value-added to satisfy the domestic demand, but also European and international markets;

(c) Strengthening competitiveness supported by applied research, technological innovation, the judicious use of industrial property, quality policy, standardization, certification and metrology based on international standards;

(d) Development of an infrastructure network (industrial parks, roads, etc.) and supporting activities through public and private quality services;

(e) Penetration into the African and world economies, with new opportunities offered by the subregional and regional economic integration and the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD).

The Strategy for Economic and Social Development (SNDES) 2013–2017

For private sector development, the SNDES states that the private sector is an engine for the creation of wealth. Promoting new opportunities for economic activities, especially job-creating activities, will be strengthened through support in order to increase productivity and incomes. Special programs will target


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micro and small enterprises, rural youth, suburbs and crafts. Independent producers and large companies, national or international, will also play a significant role in export growth. Development and promotion of SMEs is organized through the following strategic objectives:

(a) Improvement of the business environment by promoting youth entrepreneurship, the creation and development of enterprises by women, implementation of the decisions of the Presidential Council on Investment and increase of the share of national private capital in the economy;

(b) Facilitation of access to financial and non-financial services through the Fund for Guaranteed and Priority Investment (Fonds de Garantie des Investissements Prioritaires: FONGIP), a Sovereign Strategic Investment Fund (Fonds Souverain d'Investissements Strategiques: FONSIS: FONSIS) and other bodies;

(c) Strengthening of the technical support and management system through integrating and strengthening devices for business support, boosting the development of industrial parks, the establishment of an observatory for SMEs, the revision of the Investment Code and so on.

Senegal Emergence Plan (PSE 2014–2018)

In terms of industrial and service sector development, it is indicated that the economic structural transformation will be achieved by the following levers (Pillar 1):

(a) The development of agriculture, fishery and agro-food production has a triple aim: i) to reinforce Senegal’s food security and to rebalance the trade deficit caused by food product imports, ii) to develop competitive integrated industries with high value-added and iii) to maintain socioeconomic balances and boost the economy.

(b) Making Senegal a regional industrial logistics hub responds to a double logic: i) capitalizing on the geographical assets of the country as the entry point to West African corridors, namely, for Mali and ii) launching an industrialization process for rebalancing the trade.

Major flagship projects, which are related to industry and services, are stated as follows: Creation of three agro-food processing clusters with clearly defined roles (e.g., processing of

fruit and vegetables, oils, dairy, cereals and poultry). Creation of three integrated industrial clusters for the higher value-added processing of seafood,

including the development of more elaborate products. Creation of 20 craft development centers. Development of commercial infrastructures. Development of integrated industrial platforms (including the SEZ’s development). Implementation of high-stakes integrated industrial initiatives. Development of an integrated logistics hub. Development of turnkey export service zones.

Development of the Industrial Zone and the SEZ

To promote industrial development and to provide job opportunities, APROSI develops industrial zones in the entire country. In 1988, the Sodia Industrial Zone was developed in Dakar in cooperation with Germany. Since then, in major key cities mainly along the coast, several industrial zones such as Sodith (Thiès), Sodika (Kaolack), Sodisa (Saint-Louis) and Sodizi (Ziguinchor) have been developed. On the other hand, the Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone (DISEZ) is being developed to be a center of competitiveness and growth, and it is expected to have a profound ripple effect on the national economy. The DISEZ is situated 45 km from Dakar near the new international airport. One of the purposes of the DISEZ is to position Senegal as a business hub for West Africa. Moreover, new industrial


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zones are being developed in the Diamniadio area.

4) Consideration of Prioritized Industries

According to the description of the flagship project of the PSE, the Senegalese government prioritizes industrial subsectors such as agro-business (e.g., fruit juice and beverages) and food, seafood processing, craft industries, construction or building materials, textiles and clothing and so on. Utilizing the competitiveness of Senegal (high labor intensity, logistical proximity to main markets, use of locally available resources), PSE targets (i) an assembly activity such as shipbuilding, consumer electronics, trains, automotives and aviation and (ii) a processing activity, drawing on local potential such as steel working and aluminum. In the DISEZ, commercial activities, financial services, logistics, industrial activities and real estate activities are designated as eligible activities. From the viewpoint of the prioritized industries, the current industrial linkages are analyzed. Figure 3.5.2 shows the degree of linkages between industrial and services’ subsectors in Senegal based on the ANSD’s National Input-Output Table in 2012. The index of backward linkage shows a measure of the importance of a sector as the purchaser of raw materials or services inputs from all production sectors. The average of the index of all subsectors is 1.0. As shown in Figure 3.5.2, five subsectors, namely, grain product, hotels and restaurants, edible oil, food and construction, indicate higher indexes at 1.2 or more. At present, most of these subsectors are already designated in the above-mentioned classifications. On the other hand, the index of forward linkage indicates the importance of a sector as supplier of raw materials or services to the entire production system. The trade subsector shows the highest index at 2.7, followed by business services and transport services. These subsectors are typical urban-oriented services.

Source: JICA Study Team based on the 2012 Senegal Input-Output Table

Figure 3.5.2 Linkage between Industrial and Service Subsectors in Senegal

5) Legal and Regulatory Framework

The Senegalese government has made an effort to construct a legal and regulatory framework for investment promotion and industrial and service-sector development. Senegal’s 2004 Investment Code

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Grain Product

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Business Services


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provides basic guarantees for equal treatment of foreign investors and the repatriation of profit and capital. It also specifies tax and customs exemptions according to the investment volume, company size and location. The Public-Private Partnership Law (2014) (that amended the 2004 Build, Operate and Transfer Law) was enacted to facilitate the approval of public-private partnerships for projects that include a minimum share of domestic investment. As for tax and customs benefits for investors in the DISEZ’s accreditation list, APIX indicates the following:

Exemption of customs duties on equipment and raw materials; Admission without payment of customs duties and taxes; Exemption of income tax; Right to hire staff of either foreign or Senegalese nationality for foreign enterprises; Possibility of signing fixed-term contracts for five years; Unrestricted transactions in foreign currencies within the DISEZ; Duration of benefits’ validity extended to 50 years.

On the other hand, the new General Tax Code, which became effective in January 2013, merged the tax laws and provided a simpler and more comprehensible provision.

6) Human Resources Development

The Ministry of Vocational Training, Apprenticeship and Crafts (MFPAA) provides vocational and technical training through technical high schools and training centers, in cooperation with colleges and the private sector. In Senegal, there are 10 technical colleges, 33 public training centers, 145 private training centers and 42 other technical training centers/facilities, which provide several levels of certificates such as CAP (Certificat d’Aptitude Professionnelle), BEP (Brevet d’Etudes Professionnel), BT (Technologie Baccalauréat) or BTS (Brevet de Technicien Ssupérieur). Among them, 106 training facilities, including the Vocational and Technical Training Center (CFPT) Senegal-Japan, are located in Dakar Region. In terms of the distribution of trainees across training courses by sector, 4% of trainees take courses in the public training centers in agriculture, 49% in industries and 48% in trade and services, while 1% of trainers take courses for agriculture, 7% for industries and 92% for trade and services in the private training centers. The public training centers provide a variety of courses on automobile mechanics, electronics, electricity, machinery, wood carpentry, dress making, building design, information technology, maintenance of agro-processing equipment, building equipment maintenance, heavy equipment maintenance and so on. The PSE and the Strategic Plan for Education and Training (PACKAGE 2013–2025) stress the promotion of vocational training in response to the labor market, through the development and decentralization of vocational training opportunities, diversification of training courses, construction and rehabilitation of training schools/centers and their equipment and so on.

(2) Manufacturing and Service Sector in Dakar

At present, the industrial accumulation in Dakar is not large. On the other hand, the service sector plays an important role in its economy. Although accurate and comprehensive data on manufacturing and service establishments are not available, since the majority of these are informal, unregistered and untaxed, their activities can be seen through the existing data.


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1) Overview of Industries and Services

As for the numbers of enterprises, bakery, pastry and pasta is the largest subsector with 203, followed by paper and publishing with 98 and metallurgy and metalworking with 73 in 2012, according to Table 3.5.12. These types of subsectors are typical urban industries. In terms of the amount of production, chemicals shows the largest share at 27%; followed by energy at 20%; fabric, minerals, non-metallic products and building materials at 11% and the processing of fruit and vegetables at 10%.

Table 3.5.12 Number of Industries Recorded in Centre Unique de Collecte de l'Information and their Production Amounts in Dakar

(1) Number of Industries Recorded Subsector 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 %

004 Meat Production and Fish 32 31 29 30 32 4.1 005 Grain and Starch Products 5 4 4 5 5 0.6 006 Cake Industries 3 3 3 6 6 0.8 007 Bakery, Pastry and Pasta 179 191 201 204 203 26.2 008 Milk Industries 13 12 14 13 13 1.7 009 Processing of Fruit and Vegetables, and Other Food 40 40 48 50 51 6.6 010 Beverage Industries 14 15 17 17 17 2.2 011 Textiles and Clothing 28 25 27 28 28 3.6 012 Leather and Shoes 11 10 9 8 8 1.0 013 Wood Industries 17 17 18 18 17 2.2 014 Paper, Publishing and Printing 92 94 96 95 98 12.6 015 Chemicals 53 53 51 52 52 6.7 016 Rubber and Plastic Industries 33 34 36 39 41 5.3 017 Fabric Minerals, Non-Metallic Products and Building Materials 15 17 17 16 16 2.1 018 Metallurgical and Metalworking 62 65 68 69 73 9.4 019 Other Industries 41 42 43 44 45 5.8 020 Various Industries 26 27 29 34 37 4.8 021 Energy 28 31 30 34 34 4.4 Total 692 711 740 762 776 100.0 (2) Production Amount (FCFA Billion)

Subsector 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 % 004 Meat Production and Fish 56.7 38.6 42.2 53.8 50.7 2.0 005 Work and Grain Products, Manufacturing Starch 137.0 117.0 116.4 142.7 151.9 6.1

006 Cake Industries 98.8 97.1 118.2 126.1 76.2 3.0 007 Bakery, Pastry and Pasta 34.4 34.8 38.7 41.0 44.7 1.8 008 Milk Industries 52.8 22.7 46.1 53.0 58.1 2.3 009 Processing of Fruit and Vegetables, and Other Food 158.8 180.7 205.6 228.3 250.6 10.0 010 Beverage Industries 52.5 55.1 58.6 58.5 54.3 2.2 011 Textiles and Clothing 10.1 9.3 9.4 7.2 7.2 0.3 012 Leather and Shoes 7.6 5.3 6.1 7.7 8.0 0.3 013 Wood Industries 34.6 32.7 33.8 47.5 46.5 1.9 014 Paper, Publishing and Printing 52.1 54.3 55.3 57.8 55.8 2.2 015 Chemicals 632.1 445.1 473.6 649.1 663.5 26.5 016 Rubber and Plastic Industries 61.5 62.9 69.4 78.4 77.9 3.1 017 Fabric Minerals, Non-Metallic Products and Building Materials 184.7 206.0 242.5 268.6 269.6 10.8 018 Metallurgical and Metalworking 63.0 64.2 67.1 71.2 68.1 2.7 019 Other Industries 38.9 36.7 38.6 43.7 46.6 1.9 020 Various Industries 31.1 34.4 44.6 58.7 65.4 2.6 021 Energy 388.4 373.9 406.2 482.8 508.5 20.3 Total 2,095.1 1,870.5 2,072.3 2,475.9 2,503.7 100.0

Source: ANSD/ Centre Unique de Collecte de l'Information

Furthermore, the report entitled Economic and Social Situation in the Region of Dakar 2005 gives a picture of enterprises in Dakar. By economic sector, among the 3,253 enterprises, as shown in Table 3.5.13, services are the largest group at 44%, followed by trade at 31%, manufactures and utilities at 15% and agriculture and fishery at 2%. In terms of subsectors, “Other shops” in the trade sector is the largest at 28% (908 enterprises). In manufacture, subsectors such as bakery, printing and metalworking have the large shares. This shows a similar result to that stated in Table 3.5.12.


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Table 3.5.13 Number of Industries by Sector in Dakar, 2005 Economic Sector Number Share (%)

Agriculture and Fishery 77 2.4 Mining 13 0.4 Manufactures and Utilities 471 14.5 Making Bread, Biscuits and Pastry 79 2.4 Edition, Printing and Reproduction 50 1.5 Metalworking 39 1.2 Plastic Manufacturing 28 0.9 Construction 262 8.1 Trade 1,004 30.9 Trade Commercial Vehicles, Accessories and Fuel 84 2.6 Other Shops 908 27.9 Services 1,426 43.8 Services Provided Mainly for Business 417 12.8 Activities for Health 190 5.8 Additional Services and Auxiliary Transport 139 4.3 Total 3,253 100.0

Source: Economic and Social Situation in the Region of Dakar 2005, ANSD

Moreover, the National Survey of Small and Medium Enterprises (ENPME, 2013), which was conducted by the Ministry of Commerce, Informal Sector, Consumer, Promotion of Local Products and SMEs, as well as by ANSD, shows the current conditions of SMEs in the whole country. To distribute the questionnaire, ENPME used the National Directory of Business Associations (RNEA) with 339,495 enterprises, and finally selected 19,875 of them by conducting screenings. The total number of respondents amounts to 7,288 out of 19,875. As shown in Table 3.5.14, the current situations of SMEs in the country seem to be almost the same as those discussed in Table 3.5.13, since the majority of the respondents are located in Dakar.

Table 3.5.14 Distribution of SMEs Surveyed by Sector of Activity and Size Small Medium Total Share

Primary industry 101 50 151 2.1% Mining activities 12 6 18 0.2% Manufacturing industries 626 313 939 12.9% Electricity, water, gas 49 26 75 1.0% Buildings and public works 339 204 543 7.5% Trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 1899 983 2882 39.5% Activities, accommodation (hotels) and restaurants 219 109 328 4.5% Transport and communications 296 163 459 6.3% Other services 1280 613 1893 26.0% Total 4821 2467 7288 100.0%

Source: ENPME, 2013


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1) Development of the industrial zone and the SEZ

As shown in Figure 3.5.3, major industrial enterprises in Dakar are located in the northwestern part of Dakar Port, Sodia Industrial Zone (10 ha) and some areas along the Hann Bay. Sodia Industrial Zone is located in the north of the Grand Dakar area, which was developed by APROSI in 1988. At present, 67 enterprises are located in the zone. The land is fully occupied and owned by enterprises. In the Diamniadio area, new industrial zones of about 660 ha are currently being developed. As for the SEZ, APIX and other agencies are developing the Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone (DISEZ) with the function of an industrial park, providing service spaces, offices and a logistics platform. The DISEZ has two general sites: the first site (718 ha), which is adjacent to the new airport of Dakar, and the second site (about 12,000 ha)

2) Distribution of Commercial Activities in Dakar

Most commercial activities are concentrated in the center of Dakar, including Plateau, and the southern coastal part. The majority of these activities are not modern sector firms, but informal ones. Several business centers, such as Malick Sy Business Center, Plateau Business Center, Les 4C Business Center, Touba Sandaga Business Center and Score Business Center, are located in the southern part of the peninsula. The table below gives the spatial distribution of central markets, business centers and district markets.

Table 3.5.15 Spatial Distribution of Markets and Business Centers Department Central market Business center District market

Dakar 12 8 28 Pikine 5 - 11 Guédiawaye 5 1 4 Rufisque 3 - 2

Source: Justification Report — Dakar 2025 Urban Development Master Plan

Most banks are located in Plateau. Many branches are currently being created in other parts of the region.

3.5.3 Tourism

The number of international visitors to Africa has been growing by 2.8% per year and reached 56 million in 2013, equivalent to 5% of the total visitors in the world. The major destinations are Morocco, Egypt and Tunisia in North Africa and South Africa and Zimbabwe in sub-Saharan Africa. Senegal and Nigeria are the two main destinations in West Africa. The number of visitors to Senegal was 900,000 in 2010, as the available year for comparing visitors, which was the second highest in West Africa after Nigeria, capitalizing on its hub function in the air transport network.

Source: JICA Study Team Figure 3.5.3 Major Industrial Zones/Areas

in Dakar


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(1) Tourism Resources in Senegal and the Study Area

Senegal is in a highly competitive position in West Africa, with rich tourism resources including seven world heritage sites, and culture- and nature-oriented tourist destinations, as shown in Table 3.5.16 below.

Table 3.5.16 Key Tourism Resources and Destinations in Senegal Senegal Area Region Key Tourism Destinations Remark

Dakar Metropolitan Area

Dakar Island of Gorée in Dakar World Cultural Heritage-1 Lac Rose

Thiès Petite-Côte (Saly) in Mbour Northern Saint-Louis Island of Saint-Louis World Cultural Heritage-2

Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary World Natural Heritage-3 Harbarie Lagoon National Park

Louga Lompoul Desert Central East Matam Senegal River-front villages Not a specialized attraction Central West Fatick, Kaolack,

and Kaffrine Saloum Delta World Cultural Heritage-4 and Ramsar Wetland

Stone Circles of Senegambia World Cultural Heritage-5 South East Tambacounda,

Kédougou Niokolo-Koba National Park World Natural Heritage-6 Bassari, Fula and Bedik Cultural

Landscapes World Cultural Heritage-7

South West Ziguinchor, Sendou, Kolda

Beach resort coast (e.g., Cap-Skirring) with tropical environment

Sources: JICA Study Team based on travel websites’ information, UNESCO World Heritage site

The tourist destinations in the Study Area include seaside type, cultural type and nature-oriented type, as shown in Table 3.5.17 below.

Table 3.5.17 Tourist Sites within the Study Area Touristic Site Value Type of Tourism

Dakar Capital city Seaside tourism, business travelers, cultural tourism, nature tourism.

Gorée Island UNESCO classified Cultural tourism Magdalen Islands National Park (MINP)

Natural Park, birds nesting Nature tourism

Lac Rose Pink color of the lake Nature tourism Bandia Reserve Fauna reserve Nature tourism Petite-Côte area Coastlines Seaside tourism Saly-Portudal Coastal resort Seaside tourism Kayar Traditional fishing village Seaside tourism Joal-Fadiouth Fadiouth Island, Cemetery Island,

above-ground granary Seaside tourism, cultural tourism

Source: MTTA (Ministry of Tourism and Air Transportation), 2014

(2) Guest Arrival and Accommodation

The number of guest arrivals to Senegal has been growing at a high rate of 8% per year since 2003, reaching 1,069 thousand in 2013. The routes to Senegal were air (46.7%), land (52.7%) and sea (0.6%). French and European visitors accounted for 68% of the visitors arriving by air transport. Those from African countries followed at 21%, of which Malians and Guineans were the highest.


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(3) Seasonality and Length of Stay

Tourist arrivals fluctuate by season: high season from November to April, low season from May to July and shoulder season from August to October. The average length of a visitor’s stay in Senegal is 3.6 days, which is lower than that of West Africa at 4.6 days. The tourists visiting Saly, however, stay longer, for an average of 5.8 days.

(4) Accommodation

The number of beds of the accommodation available in Dakar and Thiès, combined, account for 49.7% of those in Senegal, as shown in Table 3.5.18 below.

Table 3.5.18 Accommodation Capacity in Senegal and the Dakar Metropolitan Area, 2007 Unit: number of beds

Area Region Hotel Inn Camp Guest House Total Share

(%) Occupancy

Rate* Dakar Dakar 5,993 421 466 209 7,089 22.7 24.0% Metropolitan Thiès 5,985 1,076 748 637 8,446 27.0 20.6% Area subtotal 11,978 1,497 1,214 846 15,535 49.7 -- share (%) 41 28 10 22 100 -- -- Northern Saint-Louis, etc. 1,274 537 313 37 2,161 6.9

10.0% Central-East Matam 114 0 0 0 114 0.4 Central-West DL, Fatick, etc. 1,689 505 1,996 0 4,190 13.4 6.4% Southeast Tambacounda 1,204 62 1,065 0 2,331 7.5 4.6% Southwest Ziguinchor 4,878 377 1,572 71 6,898 22.1 7.8% Total 21,137 2,978 6,160 954 31,229 15.8 15.8% share (%) 68 10 20 3 100

Sources: L’Annee Touristique en Bref 2007: MTAT-DS, DL: Diourbel Note: Occupancy rate is estimated, excluding camping accommodation.

Low occupancy rates are characteristic of the accommodation in Senegal. A desirable occupancy rate is generally said to be 40%, minimum.

(5) Impact on Economy

Tourist receipts, which are the sum of money paid by tourists for air transport and all the goods and services in the country, were reported to be 309.3 billion FCFA in 2007, equivalent to 6% of the GDP. This level is similar to the average in West Africa at 5.9%.

(6) Existing Policies

There are two existing policies for tourism promotion: the PSE (Plan Senegal Emergent 2014–2018) and the strategic plan prepared by the Ministry of Tourism and Air Transportation (MTTA) for 2014–2018. An outline of the PSE is shown in Table 3.5.19 below.


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Table 3.5.19 Integrated Tourism Development Program of the PSE (2014–18) Unit: million FCFA

Priority Region Key Tourism Destinations Budget Remark

Secondary Program

Tambacounda Niokolo-Koba tourism management 4,000 Public sector investment

Louga Potou project management 5,000

Senegal SAPCO program management 14,822 Micro-tourism pilot program 1,000

Mbour Redevelopment of Saly for domestic tourism 3,000 Public-Private Partnership Program

Pointe-Sarène tourism development 24,300

Dakar Development of business and supply City trips to Dakar 500

Total 52,622 Sources: Plan Senegal Emergent 2014–18

The MTAT’s strategic plan puts forward the strategies for tourism promotion, including an increase in accommodation capacity, improvement in accessibility, development of innovative tourism products, improvement of services, local economic promotion, improved promotional activities and governance improvement, as shown in Table 3.5.20 below.

Table 3.5.20 Priority Tourism Development Programs in the Strategic Plan 2014–18 (MTAT) Unit: million FCFA

Strategy Key Tourism Destinations Proposed Budget

Hospitality Service Improvement

Tourism infrastructure

Increase accommodation capacity (25,000 beds)

416,230

Improve accessibility to tourist sites Tourism product development

Develop innovative tourism products Improve tourism product services (security, etc.)

Local economic encouragement

Increase local economic impact Formulate sustainable funding mechanisms Strengthen human resources capacity

Tourism Promotion

Promotion mechanism improvement

Promote tourism products by diversification 47,820 Achieve efficient promotion mechanism

Support promotion with appropriate governance Tourism Governance Improvement Improve training system

8,200 Formulate competitive destination Improve tourism sector governance

Total 472,250 Sources: Strategic Plan for Sustainable Tourism Development in Senegal (2014–2018)

3.6 Urban Infrastructures and Social Services

3.6.1 Urban Transport

(1) Existing Urban Transport Facilities and Infrastructures

Urban transport in the Study Area consists of roads, which include toll motorways, and public transport, which includes the railway (PTB: Petit Train de Banlieue), buses (DDD, AFTU (Association for Funding Urban Transpiration Professionals)) and the informal sector (Car Rapide and Ndiaga Ndiaye). As for the current situation of urban transport in the Study Area, the latest comprehensive modal share of trips made in Dakar is presented in Figure 3.6.1. Public transport, including bus, the railway and the informal sector, takes by far the largest share (66%), while that of passenger cars is only 10% as of 2000. However, traffic congestion is observed to be chronic due to the demands exceeding the capacity of the


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existing urban transport facilities, insufficient integration between the transport modes and so on. The Senegalese government has been tackling these problems within urban transport through the deployment of several improvement measures, such as the construction of the Dakar-Diamniadio motorway, the widening and upgrading of the arterial roads and an increase in the size of the bus fleet.

Note: Walking trips are excluded. Sources: CETUD Household Travel Survey – 2000/2001

Figure 3.6.1 Modal Shares of Trips Made in Dakar Region

Those transport improvement projects are in line with the latest transport master plan in Dakar Region (PDUD: Dakar agglomeration Urban Displacement Plan) by the horizon 2025, which was formulated based on the Household Travel Survey 2000/2001 by CETUD (Executive Council of Dakar Urban Transport) in 2007, with assistance from the World Bank. Meanwhile, some large-scale urban development projects have been planned in the eastern areas of Dakar Region such as Diamniadio, Lac Rose and Diass. Thus, the current transport master plan should be updated, especially in order to incorporate these urban developments into the transport master plan by reinforcing the transport connections among them.

(2) Urban Transport and Utilization

1) Road

Road network

Based on the latest data from AGEROUTE (Agence des Travaux et de Gestion des Routes, or Road Works and Management Agency), there are about 554km of major roads in Dakar Region, as presented in Table 3.6.1 Based on the road inventory data of AGEROUTE, there are seven main road categories:

Motorways (A); National Roads (N): arterial roads serving long-distance connections between several

administrative regions and neighboring countries; Regional Roads (R): arterial roads serving connections between administrative centers of

departments;


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Departmental Roads (D): roads serving connections between major places of districts (arrondissements) and rural communities;

Listed Tracks (P): roads serving connections between D and agricultural production centers; Urban Roads (VU): Urban arterial roads ensuring continuity of N and links between major

centers in regional capitals and Relief Roads (VD): other roads.

The total length of roads by major category in Dakar Region and in Senegal is also presented in the table. AGEROUTE is conducting a project to pave 1,200 km of roads across the country by 2015. In Dakar, out of the existing 590 km of paved roads, only 17 km of the non-paved roads will be targeted by the project. While Table 3.6.1 shows that the major roads of the categories A, N, R, D and VU that are indicated in Figure 3.6.2 are all paved, there are many smaller community roads that have not yet been paved. In fact, many of the residents face this problem. Actions on roads (rehabilitation, maintenance) are decided based on road conditions, which are determined by considering information on the factors of degradation (up to level 7, indicating the highest emergency) and elasticity (IRI). According to AGEROUTE, about 25% of roads in Dakar need rehabilitation.

Table 3.6.1 Road Length by Major Category in Dakar Region and in Senegal Unit: km

Category Senegal Dakar Region Paved Unpaved Total % Paved Unpaved Total %

Motorway (A) 32.2 0 32.2 0.2 32.2 0 32.2 5.8 National Road (N) 3,847.7 2,101.6 5,949.3 35.5 72.8 0.0 72.8 13.1 Regional Road (R) 527.2 3,226.9 3,754.1 22.4 19.6 0.0 19.6 3.5 Departmental Road (D) 492.4 5,113.2 5,605.6 33.5 32.5 0.0 32.5 5.9 Urban Roads (VU) 1,110.1 302.6 1,412.7 8.4 396.9 0.0 396.9 71.6 Total 6,009.6 10,744.3 16,753.9 100.0 554.1 0.0 554.1 100.0

Source: AGEROUTE, 2013

Sources: JICA Study Team, based on the data of AGEROUTE and CETUD

Figure 3.6.2 Road Network in Dakar Region

Legned

Road Category

National Road (N) Regional Road (R) Departmental Road (D) Listed Track (P)

Urban Roads (VU)


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The road network in Figure 3.6.2 shows that Dakar has longer roads, mostly stretching east-west due to its geographical condition. All the roads are under the jurisdiction of AGEROUTE. Senegalese road standards are modeled on French standards, but UEMOA (West African Economic and Monetary Union) is planning to harmonize standards within its member states. According to the Urban Planning Code (law no. 2008-43), the following are the standards for the right-of-way (ROW) width that should be applied:

Motorway: 50m on both sides from the road’s center, which may be reduced to 25m for urban planning other than housing.

Other general roads, including National, Regional, Departmental and Urban Roads: 25m on both sides from the road’s center, which may be reduced to 20m for urban planning other than housing.

Road traffic

In Senegal, VERITAS, a French private concessionaire company, is taking charge of vehicle registration. In Dakar Region, just as in other parts of Senegal, road traffic is the dominant mode of land transportation in line with motorization, and the number of automobiles has been increasing rapidly, except during the economic crisis. The recent trend regarding the number of registered vehicles in Senegal is presented in Figure 3.6.3. On average, the annual growth rate of vehicles has been as high as nearly 7% in recent years. Growth in the number of passenger cars (including taxis) is especially remarkable, with as many as 5% to 10% per annum, and cars’ share of all vehicles is over 60% as of 2013. Such a shift to cars results in a relative decline in public transport usage, which in turn may affect the profitability of public transport. Based on the traffic volume observed at several fixed locations throughout the country by AGEROUTE, an increase of the traffic from 1996 to 2002 increases by about 1.28 times that of the original value, and the increase from 2002 to 2012 is about 1.68 times — indicating an annual growth of about 5%, which is in accordance with the increase in the number of registered vehicles.

Sources: DIRECTION DES TRANSPORTS TERRESTRES

Figure 3.6.3 Trend of the Number of Registered Vehicles in Senegal

Motorized traffic consumes a major share of available public space in Dakar. Nearly 70% of the vehicles are registered in Dakar Region. The current rate of car ownership in Dakar Region, about 62 passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants (as of 2013), has already reached the same level as that in Abidjan (60 passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants), which is the largest city in West Africa, and may be expected to

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continue to increase rapidly in the coming years. This rapid motorization has caused the Study Area many urban problems, such as traffic congestion and environmental pollution. The traffic on the roads in the center, and the roads running through the peninsula from suburban cities, is increasing year by year. Thus, not only additional roads but also reliable public transport including bus rapid transit (BRT) and commuter railway services need to be developed. In and around the city of Dakar, CCTV (closed-circuit television) cameras have been installed at major intersections (30 locations) by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, originally for security purposes but they could also be utilized for traffic management. A pilot project of installation and renewal of traffic lights at intersections has also been implemented. The police were in charge of traffic management in Dakar for a long time; however, there were no consolidated traffic management plans. Even now, in the course of decentralization, there is no legal framework regarding the roles for traffic management. As for car inspections for the mitigation of air pollution, necessary equipment has been installed in Dakar Region by the Nordic Fund as part of the Urban Mobility Improvement Program (PAMU) (2001–2008), and it is available only in Dakar. While new passenger cars must undergo a car inspection after three years, other vehicles including trucks must undergo an inspection every year. Buses and taxis are subject to an inspection every six months. The process is controlled by the police, who have been promoting a shift to a newer fleet through the stricter enforcement of the rules. Another concern in terms of the increasing road traffic is the number of traffic accidents. The trend of the annual total number of accidents and casualties in Senegal by road category is presented in Figure 3.6.4. Though the data in Dakar were not available, that for urban roads (VU) could represent the trend of the number of accidents in the Study Area. In spite of the rapidly increasing number of registered vehicles, the number of accidents on the urban roads has been decreasing. This is a result of increased communication and sensitization regarding the issue of road security, though it may also have resulted from a lack of statistical data provided by the police and gendarmerie.

Sources: DIRECTION DES TRANSPORTS TERRESTRES

Figure 3.6.4 Annual Total Number of Accidents in Senegal by Road Category

On-street parking spaces are provided, taking the traffic capacity of the road into consideration. The provision of parking spaces is mandatory, especially around pharmacies, hospitals, embassies, government agencies, etc. Parked cars are charged if the parking space is designated with road markings. Parking meters are installed at some on-street parking spaces in Plateau, but they are out of order. Thus, parking fees are collected manually by the commune officials. In the central business district, where there are many buildings without proper parking, there is a considerable demand for the development of

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parking facilities. However, some of the previous plans for parking facility development in the central business district have been canceled and used for other developments. Issues about on-street parking in the central business district were once studied by the Ministry of Infrastructure, Land Transport and Improvement of Accessibility (MITTD), which concluded that on-street parking is allowed only on one side of the road. Although the Ministry came to this conclusion, the commune of Plateau was opposed to the directions made by the Municipality and insisted that the communes should have the authority to collect the on-street parking fees. Their assertion was legislated on in 2013, and the communes of Plateau, Medina and Hann Bel Air are now in charge of parking management inside the communes while the Municipality is in charge of that occurring outside the communes.

Freight traffic

In Dakar Region, 90% of heavy vehicles are traffic to/from Dakar Port, in which many cargoes are transported by sea, while the remaining 10% are transporting commodities such as fuel, vegetables and construction materials to/from other parts of Dakar. Thus, particularly around the Port of Dakar, on-street parking of trucks has been causing a serious traffic problem, occupying road space and thus reducing the traffic capacity of the road. Besides the port, there is a new dry port to the north of the port. Built on an area of 21 hectares, the dry port consists of a warehouse area, offices for wholesalers, transshipment facilities and customs. This also functions as a center with parking for trailers and trucks. There is also another truck parking lot in Mbao for trucks to/from Mali. Furthermore, in Diamniadio, a large logistical facility integrated with the railway has been planned in the Study Area and it is considered to be an important logistics hub. According to the traffic counts on the screen line in Dakar, conducted in 2005 as part of the transport master plan study by CETUD, 5% to 10% of the total traffic was heavy vehicles. Regulation of heavy vehicle traffic in Dakar is well organized in that heavy vehicles are banned from entering Dakar Region between 6:00 and 10:00 a.m., that is, during the peak commuting hours, while this regulation is often subject to change by the police. On the other hand, around the Plateau area, freight vehicles are causing traffic congestion since there are no designated loading/unloading places and there is no basement parking in the buildings along the streets.

2) Bus

City bus transportation

The map of conventional city bus lines operated by Dakar Dem Dik (DDD) is presented in Figure 3.6.5. DDD is a public corporation created in 2001, taking over the activities of SOTRAC, whose service was declining and disappearing in the late 1990s. DDD is a limited company, 76.6% of whose shares are owned by the state. DDD has initially signed a concession agreement with CETUD for 15 years for the operation of 17 lines, which sets the expected performance targets (frequencies, schedules, tariffs) of the lines. DDD has a monopoly on operations in Plateau, in the south of the axis of Peytavin Pompidou. DDD now has a fleet of 414 vehicles. The fleet was initially fewer than 100 vehicles in 2001, a total that was quickly reduced by 40 buses in 2004. Then, it was greatly expanded by purchasing TATA buses and Volvo in 2005, and 234 Chinese buses (Sunlong), 20 of which are articulated buses, in 2011. DDD has a total of 12 urban bus lines and 12 suburban bus lines as shown in Figure 3.6.5. Urban bus lines are defined as those whose terminals are both in the department of Dakar. The usage of DDD is characterized by:

A wide coverage of the city,


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Fixed stops, Experienced and trained drivers and Fixed rates paid on each bus, with a ticket handed to the passenger.

On the other hand, there are Car Rapide (Renault) and Ndiaga Ndiaye (Mercedes), which are essentially minibuses each operating as an owner-driver on a fixed route with a capacity of between 23 and 35 seats, as shown in Figure 3.6.6. Both Car Rapide and Ndiaga Ndiaye originated from interurban goods’ transport, but initially started passenger transport only on Avenue Blaise Diagne by converting trucks into minibuses.

Source: JICA Study Team, based on data from CETUD

Figure 3.6.5 Conventional City Bus (DDD) Lines in Dakar

[Car Rapide] [AFTU bus]

Sources: JICA Study Team

Figure 3.6.6 Car Rapide and AFTU Buses in Dakar

The number of minibuses belonging to Car Rapide and Ndiaga Ndiaye in Dakar has significantly increased, from a few hundred to nearly 3,000, expanding their operations as the activities of the SOTRAC deteriorated in the 1980s and 1990s. According to the household travel survey conducted in 2000, mode shares of Car Rapide and Ndiaga Ndiaye were so dominant, taking 44% and 20% of all


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motorized trips, respectively. The strategy of Car Rapide differs slightly from that of Ndiaga Ndiaye. Car Rapide runs mainly on the secondary roads providing a finer service in a high-density urban network, while Ndiaga Ndiaye runs only on the major roads that are very profitable. According to the latest survey on the spatial distribution, Car Rapide plays an important role in the areas of Malika, Pikine and Parcelles Assainies, while Ndiaga Ndiaye plays an important role in the areas of Rufisque, Keur Massar and Mbao. Both Car Rapide and Ndiaga Ndiaye vehicles are approaching over 30 years of age. Currently, nobody is regulating those informal modes of transport. Car Rapide and Ndiaga Ndiaye are usually overcrowded as they set off only when full, and they often repeat both random and sudden starts and stoppages on the road, disordering the traffic. They used to serve the entire region of Dakar, taking a larger public transport market share of about 80%. The true number of Car Rapide vehicles in operation is unknown. The practice of sectioning trips is very common, where all passengers are required to get off the bus in order to take another minibus. This practice increases as the distance becomes longer, when the company is charging more in order to raise tariffs artificially. Thus, a minibus renewal program was initiated in the 1990s, financed by the World Bank, to enable owners to replace their Car Rapide vehicles with higher-capacity AFTU (l’Association de Financement des professionnels du Transport Urbain) buses (with 43 seats per bus) using a subsidized loan. This also enabled the more effective organization of the overall operation. Under AFTU, there were nine Groups of Economic Interest (GIE) created for pooling the fleet. There were 1,307 new buses purchased from TATA (905 buses) and King Long (402 buses). The purchasing of these buses was done in groups of several hundred buses in order to obtain cheaper rates. In addition, a condition set for the purchasing of foreign buses was to ensure the installation and maintenance of these vehicles in Senegal. That is, a company (SENBUS) was created for this purpose, based in Thies and also locally in Pikine. AFTU buses now have 56 lines (10 urban lines and 46 suburban lines) with 14 GIEs, serving more extensively the whole region of Dakar (except for the south of Plateau), operated by 1,300 vehicles as shown in Figure 3.6.7. The network is mainly limited to major routes, which are the most profitable. AFTU bus’ (as well as Car Rapide and Ndiaga Ndiaye) operations are prohibited on the Corniche and in the south of Plateau. There is a terminal (Petersen) for AFTU buses (and Ndiaga Ndiaye) in the center of Dakar. These lines are identified and approved by CETUD, which aims to expand the minibus renewal program to other cities in Senegal such as Thies, Louga, Saint-Louis, Kaolack, Ziguinchor and Tambacounda. Concession agreements with CETUD detail the obligations to be met, including the number of bus routes and fares, while the level of service, hours of operation and frequencies are not specified. AFTU deploys officers to make sure that the buses are operating suitable routes.


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Source: JICA Study Team, based on data from CETUD

Figure 3.6.7 AFTU Bus Lines in Dakar

This minibus renewal program is still underway and will be completed within five years if it continues at the current pace. Since the operation of the public DDD, buses are subsidized, while AFTU buses are run by the private sector; the tariff of AFTU buses, which varies by line, is generally higher than that of DDD. The usage of AFTU buses is characterized by:

Fixed routes which sometimes vary slightly in heavy traffic, work, etc., Low rates, starting from 100 FCFA, Fixed stops, Experienced and trained drivers, Fixed rates paid on each bus, with a ticket handed to the passenger.

Intercity bus transportation

There are two intercity bus terminals in Dakar Region: namely, Baux Maraîchers and Rufisque bus terminals (Figure 3.6.8). Baux Maraîchers is the main intercity bus terminal that has been relocated from the Pompiers bus terminal in the center of Dakar. Rufisque intercity terminal is also located beside the HLM Rufisque PTB station. In addition, APIX has plans for a third intercity terminal at Tivaouane Peulh, for which some of the residents in the slum area of Pikine Irrégulier Sud, who have been relocated due to the development of the toll motorway. The bus terminals at Thies and Baux Maraîchers are operated by the private sector, while the one in Rufisque is public (and not well organized). A master plan study of intercity bus terminals is scheduled for 2015.

3) Railway

The railway is a core mode of urban transport in Dakar, and development of the railway was one of the large-scale programs in the PAMU for improving mobility, with 20 billion FCFA, targeting 200,000 passengers per day. In the program, a double railway track of 27 km, and a triple track of 9 km was to be constructed along with the walls in order to protect the right of way (ROW). However, the plan was


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not realized, because inconvenience caused by the work and the impact on the residents (such as necessary relocation) were foreseen, and there were long delays, including the lack of funding. Petit Train Banlieue (PTB) is a state-owned company providing commuter rail services between Dakar and Thies with its own infrastructure and rolling stocks as the only regular railway line still in service in Senegal (the train between Dakar and Bamako is still active, but not regular). It was established in 1987, created from the SNCS (Société Nationale de Chemins de Fer du Sénégal), the company responsible for Senegal Railways and still active with PTB as the majority shareholder. PTB is responsible for all operations related to passenger transport by railway, but the supply of rails and maintenance has been outsourced to another company (Transrail). Therefore, PTB pays a fee for the use of the rails. There are 28 round-trip commuter-train services between Dakar and Rufisque, and one round trip between Dakar and Thies, operated every day. PTB has a total of four sets of trains, each of which consists of one locomotive and five coaches (with an average capacity of 800 seats) for the service between Dakar and Rufisque. For the service between Dakar and Thies, PTB has one train set consisting of one locomotive, two air-conditioned coaches with a restaurant (first class), and five coaches (second class). The journey on PTB between Dakar and Rufisque takes about 60 to 75 minutes under normal operating conditions. Operation speed (about 20 km/h) is very limited in order to avoid accidents because pedestrians, street vendors, animals and even vehicles may be occupying the railway tracks. However, it is still faster than the regular bus operation, and, based on the latest survey results, the majority (over 80%) of trips taken by PTB are for commuting to/from work. The commuter rail network served by PTB is presented in Figure 3.6.8. The network consists of a double-track line between Dakar and Rufisque. There are, in total, 25 commuter rail stations between Dakar and Thies. Among others, the stations of Cyrnos, Thiaroye, Rufisque, Fass Mbao and Thies are major stations that may have the potential to attract many passengers, according to PTB. Baux Maraîchers is a new station constructed just beside the intercity bus terminal between Mobil and Magasin near PK13 (a crossing point with the toll motorway and also near the diverging point to the branch line to the Mbao factory), relocated from Pompiers Bus Terminal in the center of the city. A park-and-ride facility is also included in this intermodal terminal. On the other hand, from a network point of view, the railway runs through less populated zones along the south coast (industrial zones) and, in some sections, it runs parallel to the toll motorway, which makes access to the stations difficult. These could be some of the obstacles to attracting passengers to the commuter rail.


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Source: JICA Study Team, based on the data of PTB

Figure 3.6.8 PTB Railway Network and Stations

There are two tariffs on the Dakar-Rufisque line: 150 FCFA for Dakar-Thiaroye and 200 FCFA for Dakar-Rufisque. As for Dakar-Thies, the first-class ticket is 1,250 FCFA and the second-class one is 750 FCFA. There are also discount prices for students in the form of weekly or monthly passes. Though the terminal of PTB was originally located in the historic Dakar main station, in the center of Dakar facing the harbor, the terminal of the PTB line was relocated to Cyrnos Station, 3km north of the Dakar main station, many years ago. This change of the terminal was decided as part of a comprehensive plan for the development of the area near the harbor, especially including the construction of the National Grand Theater, as well as other works that have not yet emerged. It is expected that the terminal of PTB will be brought back to the Dakar main railway station. Since Cyrnos Station suffers from a difficult situation in that it is geographically far from the center and also unattractive, a DDD line was established with a common ticket to link up Plateau at Cyrnos Station to overcome this distance. That is, with a PTB ticket, the passengers can transfer from Cyrnos Station to the DDD bus, going to the National Assembly for free. The same common ticket is sold from the National Assembly DDD bus station to return to PTB. The usage of PTB is characterized by:

Trains providing comfort and proper security, while the rails and roads are in poor condition; Operations in the morning and evening, only, where the trains are full in the directions of

Rufisque to Dakar in the morning and Dakar to Rufisque in the evening (especially on Monday mornings and Friday evenings), while there are few passengers traveling in the other directions;

Ground staff are visible by a recognized brand; that is, it has a formal system that works; Stops on demand for certain stations, while stops at the major stations such as Hann, Thiaroye,

Rufisque and Bargny are fixed; An affordable rate.


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(3) Financial Performance

1) Performance on the toll road

The first toll motorway in Senegal is a stretch of 34 km between Dakar and Diamniadio, with an extension under construction to the AIBD in Ndiass, located 42 km from Dakar. The first section (Malik Sy-Pikine) has been in service since 2009, and both the second section (Pikine-Keur Massar) and third section (Keur Massar-Diamniadio) were opened on August 1, 2013. Prior to the opening of the toll motorway, Eiffage (Senac SA), the concessionaire of this motorway, had estimated that the number of motorway users would be some 26,700 vehicles per day in 2013, and 44,800 vehicles per day in 2036. Meanwhile, the actual number of motorway users was reported as being about 44,000 vehicles per day as of April 2014. This figure is above the initial traffic demand projection, and it seems that the financial situation of the toll motorway is good.

2) DDD

The evaluation report on the performance of DDD, to verify the compliance with the actual operating performance expected, showed that the use of DDD in 2007 was above the expectations set by the contract for most of the points expected. Since then, the financial position of the company has been difficult for several years, due to the lack of vehicle maintenance. While this situation deteriorated until 2012, a turnaround occurred in 2013.

3) PTB

The trend of annual total volume of boarding passengers for PTB is presented in Figure 3.6.9. For the commuter rail service between Dakar and Thies, there are about three million passengers per year or 8,000 passengers per day, and the number has been stagnant due to poor travel conditions, such as a number of delays and failures, even though the first class coach is air conditioned (Dakar-Thies only). The financial situation is such that PTB operates at a loss, and the company receives subsidies of 50% from the government. In fact, according to the latest study for the creation of BRT, the number of PTB’s passengers would increase by seven times if both the operation and the connectivity with feeder modes of transport were improved. A combination of BRT and PTB could satisfy one third of the entire travel demand. In 2005, a study by Systra analyzed several scenarios for PTB and DDD in order to create a single public transport company run by the state. The recommendation was to create a holding company that would combine the two companies, each branch retaining its staff and its specialties, based on the recognition of significant differences in their operations and mentalities over the exploitation of the rail and the road. It will be complemented by a new study in the Project for Supporting Transport and Urban Mobility (PATMUR).


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Note: The number in 2014 is from the sum of values from November 2013 to October

2014. Sources: Situation Economique et Sociale du Senegal, ANSD, 2011

Figure 3.6.9 Trend of the Annual Number of PTB Passengers

(4) Existing Plans, and Ongoing and Planned Projects

1) Transport Master Plan 2025 and the involvement of the World Bank

Based on the household travel survey, the “Survey on Mobility, Transport and Urban Services in Dakar” (EMTSU), that was conducted in Dakar Region in 2000 and funded by the World Bank, an urban transport master plan for 2025 (PDUD 2025) was formulated by CETUD in 2007. However, the structure of urban transport in Dakar has changed due to rapid motorization and the introduction of new modes of public transport, such as DDD and AFTU buses. Therefore, another household travel survey is to begin in January 2015, targeting around 3,000 households in the Study Area and funded by the World Bank. The results are expected to come out about one year after the survey, and the urban transport master plan is to be revised accordingly. In the meantime, in 2008, CETUD conducted a traffic survey to determine the performance indicators of the Bank’s Urban Mobility Improvement Program (PAMU) 2001–2005, which sought to renew the car and bus fleets. The results of the survey were utilized for a series of studies for BRT’s development, along with another transport survey focusing on the bus passengers, all of which were funded by the World Bank. The first phase (a study on an update of the existing conditions) and the second phase (diagnostic studies and network development) of the BRT studies have been completed, and studies in the third phase (namely, detailed engineering studies) are currently underway.

Project for Supporting Transport and Urban Mobility (PATMUR)

There are many ongoing projects funded by the World Bank in Dakar, including the Project for Supporting Transport and Urban Mobility (PATMUR), which is a project succeeding PAMU. PATMUR, whose objectives are to contribute to the improvement of the overall level of service provided on the national road system, ensure the servicing of landlocked areas and improve urban mobility, initially focused on projects to rehabilitate the road infrastructure in the region of Grande Niayes and to refurbish the Pompiers bus terminal in Dakar, which has been relocated to Baux Maraîchers. Now, PATMUR includes rural road rehabilitation in Senegal, urban road rehabilitation (pavements) and BRT studies in

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Dakar. Urban road pavement projects are all for small roads in Pikine and Diamniadio, totaling 30km. New road development or road widening are projects that are basically not included in PATMUR.

2) Senegal Emergence Plan (PSE)

The Priority Action Plan (PAP) 2014–2018, under the Senegal Emergence Plan (PSE) 2035 by the Ministry of Economy, Finance, and Planning, features 18 projects in the sector of transportation infrastructure and services, which account for about 26.3% of the cost (the public component) of all the projects designated for the PAP. Among those 18 transportation projects, the following seven projects are related in the Study Area:

Extension of the motorway Diamniadio-AIBD, Project for the supply of 250 TATA buses to the Dakar Dem Dik (DDD) company and the

creation of a Car Technology Training Institute, Integrated logistics hub (public component), Rehabilitation of the railways Dakar-Tambacounda-Bamako, Project for the rehabilitation of Pier 3 in Dakar Port, Bargny Bulk ore port, Tramway in Dakar.

Regarding the integrated logistics hub project, six candidate sites have been identified in Senegal. In Diamniadio, a large logistics facility integrated with the railway has been planned for the Study Area, and it is considered an important logistics hub.

Toll motorway project

The toll motorway project from Dakar to Diamniadio is one of the grandest projects in recent road development. APIX was the implementing agency, and the construction was funded by the World Bank, the French Development Agency (AFD), the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the Senegalese Government. For the motorway extension to the new airport (AIBD), which has been listed in the PAP, only AFD has financed the project. It is currently under construction, but the work is behind schedule by one more year in accordance with the delay in the completion of the airport. Although it is outside the Study Area, the toll motorway extension works are currently underway from the AIBD to Somone (located close to the great tourist site of Saly), partially financed by the Islamic Development Bank (IDB), and with a further section from Somone to Mbour, which has no funding as yet. The Senegalese government is also seeking funds for another toll motorway section from the AIBD to Thies, which is planned to be extended to Touba. As another project by the World Bank, there is a new road development in the slum area of Pikine Irrégulier Sud between the toll motorway and National Route 1. It includes a new trunk road in the middle of the slum area and some crossing roads. The Bank is financing APIX, which is in charge of the project, as compensation to residents for dividing the area by the motorway and changing their living environment. Residents removed as a result of the toll motorway’s construction and the development of a new road in the slum area of Pikine Irrégulier Sud are to be relocated at Tivaouane Peulh, where the Bank has financed the development of a district with basic social facilities including roads and drainage.

3) Master Plan for the Development of Dakar-Thies-Mbour Area (2030)

To prevent the uncontrolled urbanization that occurred in Dakar, and to make better use of the resources and potential of the triangle region of Dakar, Thies and Mbour, the Government of Senegal, through the National Agency for Spatial Planning (ANAT), took the initiative to develop the Master Plan for the


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Development and Territorial Development of the area between Dakar, Thies and Mbour. In the Master Plan, territorial management and development are grouped into eight axes of thematic focus, and one of them is “Transport and Mobility”. Proposed actions within the theme of transport and mobility that are related to the Study Area are listed in Table 3.6.2.

Table 3.6.2 Proposed Actions in the Theme of Transport and Mobility Objectives Actions Remarks

Strengthen road network

Enlargement of the NR1 Diamniadio-Mbour

Contain the increase in traffic in view of the emergence of the Special Economy Zone (SEZ)

Development of the Coastal Yène-Somone

Enhance connectivity between attractions on the Petite Cote

Road Development KM50-AIBD Ensure proper connectivity between the Niayes and Diass poles to facilitate the movement of produce to the AIBD and to the SEZ

Road Development AIBD-Daga-Toubab-Dialaw and road

Promote the development of the urban hub of the waterfront

Road Development AIBD-Pout Widening road RN1-Yène Promote better service to the SEZ and

attractions in the Petite Côte Road Development Bayakh-Lac Rose Niaga

Ensure proper servicing of Lac Rose

Widening RN1 into 2X2 lanes (section Hann Marina-Pompiers)

Improve connectivity between the poles

Redevelopment of Patte d’Oie Provide direct service to YOFF and Almadies by Turnpike

Restore and strengthen railway transport

Construction of the railway Dakar-AIBD

Improve mobility between Dakar and the poles of Diamniadio and Diass (AIBD)

Construction of the railway AIBD-Thies Improve mobility between Thies and the pole of Diass

Construction of the railway AIBD-Mbour

Improve mobility between the poles of Mbour and Diass

Strengthen transport equipment

Provide a dry port in Fandène Support the development of the ports of Dakar and Kaolack

Provide modern intercity train stations at Diamniadio, Thies and Mbour

Build a center of technical visit to Diamniadio (Bargny)

Create a second center of technical visitors at the entrance of the Study Area

Develop a logistics platform in Diamniadio

Repurposing the resettlement site’s mechanics (Bargny)

Redesignate the site into a center for mechanical maintenance (C2M)

Improve urban mobility and long distance travel

Improve urban mobility in the cities of Dakar, Thies and Mbour

Improve urban mobility in major urban areas

Structure and modernize intercity transportation between the different poles

Set up of a range of modern transportation by bus and by train between the different poles

Create a shipping line Bargny-Dakar Promote the emergence of a major air hub structured by the AIBD

Promote the development and competitiveness of air transport

Building an aircraft maintenance center Develop and implement a landscaping plan for the AIBD

Resize the airport area of the AIBD Source: ANAT

Regional express train project

Currently, the Senegalese government is promoting the Regional Express Train (TER) connecting the


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major stations of Dakar, Fass Mbao, Rufisque, Bargny, Diamniadio and, possibly, the AIBD, and a technical engineering study (similar to FS) is being conducted by Systra with the assistance of AFD, which is also studying the freight traffic for the Dakar-Bamako railway. Areas within 50 meters on both sides of the station are to be reserved for the development of parking facilities, etc. PTB’s operation will be replaced by the TER, whether or not it is connected to the AIBD. Currently, there are two railway tracks which are used for both freight and passenger transport. Two standard gauge railway tracks are planned for construction between the AIBD and Dakar, while the Dakar-Bamako railway rehabilitation (for freight) is based on the narrow gauge on the south side of the railway right of way (ROW). However, at least 15m ROW will be necessary for that. There is a section (5km) between Dakar and Fass Mbao, the ROW of which has already been occupied by the informal sector, and only one track may be possible within the existing 10m ROW. As for an extension from the existing railway to the AIBD, there are two options as to where to divert the railway: that is, either from Diamniadio along the toll motorway or from Pout straight to the south. The government is expected to make its decision as soon as the Study is completed.

4) Grand Projects by AGEROUTE

Following the road network in the current urban transport master plan (PDUD 2025), AGEROUTE has incorporated road projects in Dakar Region into the three-year grand road-project program for their implementation. Based on its latest investment program for 2013–2015, road projects related to the Study Area are listed in Table 3.6.3.

Table 3.6.3 Grand Road Projects by AGEROUTE Projects Length

(km) Amount

(million FCFA) Funding Source Status

Rehabilitation of Grand Niayes Road between Rufisque, Bargny and Lompoul 210 14,700 World Bank In progress Modernization of Tivaouane town 100 100,000 State In progress Widening of the RN1 Diamniadio-Mbour-Kaolack-Tamba-Mali border into 2x2 lanes

150 240,000 To be started in 2015

Construction of the VDN’s 3rd Section (Golf Club-Tivaouane Peulh) (2x1 lanes) 34 31,099

FKDEA (The Kuwait Fund for

African Economic Development)/State

In progress

Construction of the VDN’s 2nd Section (CICES-Golf Club) (2x1 lanes) 16 29,120 IDB/State In progress Motorway AIBD-Mbour-Thies (2x1 lanes) 113 100,000 AFD/State In progress Development of connecting roads to Toll Motorway and improvement of the RN1 between Rufisque and Diamniadio, including connecting roads in Rufisque

18.2 31,447 State Completed

Construction of overpasses and interchanges in Lot 2: Thiaroye and Keur Massar

26,000 BCI (Consolidated Investment Budget) Completed

Gibraltar Pedestrian Bridge 150 BCI Completed Control Post in Diamniadio 1,200 UEMOA Completed

Source: AGEROUTE

Grand Niayes road project

The development of Grand Niayes Road is also a grand project that links Dakar to St. Louis in the north of Senegal. However, due to limited funding, it will terminate at Lompoul for the moment. As part of


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PATMUR, the development of Grand Niayes Road is a road-upgrading project with several sections to complete: Bargny-Rufisque-Bayakh-Notto Gouye Diama-Mboro-Diogo-Lompoul. Work on the Bargny-Rufisque section (2km) has been completed. The Rufisque-Bayakh-Notto Gouye Diama section is 99% complete, and the work is currently in progress in the Notto Gouye Diama-Mboro section. Unlike the other sections of Grand Niayes Road on which the Bank is basically conducting rehabilitation work, the Diogo-Lompoul (22.9 km) section involves both widening and upgrading.

Development of the VDN

Development of the VDN (Voie de Degagement Nord) along the north coast is underway and financed by the Islamic Development Bank (IBD). VDN section 1 was completed in 2011. VDN section 2 (Cices-Golf Club) is now in the procurement process. Construction has been awarded and it is now in the stage of drafting the contract. VDN section 3 (Golf Club-Tivaouane Peulh) is co-financed by the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED); it is under construction and the current progress is at 65–70%. Further extension of the VDN off the coast toward Diamniadio is planned, but there is no funding for work yet. On the other hand, the VDN has a planned branch road that will continue along the coast (La Cotiere) linking to Grand Niayes Road toward St. Louis.

(5) Examples and Possibilities for Sustainability Enhancement

The following three ongoing projects may be presented as examples and possibilities for sustainability enhancement in the urban transport sector. Those projects do not involve the construction of large infrastructures or significant widening of the ROW of transport, but rather aim at making the best use of the available capacity of the existing road infrastructure for the smoother flow of personal trips, as well as vehicle trips, at relatively lower costs.

1) Traffic Signalization System Development

A project for renewing the old traffic signals and developing a signalization system (Phase 1) was launched in 2010 with assistance from the Islamic Bank of Senegal (1.7 billion FCFA). The municipality of Dakar, which took the initiative for this project, also procured 0.4 billion FCFA from the Agency for Municipal Development (ADM). For a total of 65 intersections, traffic signals were provided from France, and the Study was made by a Senegalese company. At each intersection, radars were installed for detecting vehicles so that signalization could be centrally controlled at the control post (PC) in accordance with the changing traffic volume. Telecommunications between each intersection and the PC were made via a Wi-Fi network by SONATEL (Société Nationale des Télécommunications du Senegal). Personnel from the Municipality, the Ministry (MITTD) and CETUD were involved in the training sessions. However, due to certain causes such as poor conditions of telecommunications and mechanical failures, the planned central control system did not function well. Thus, there was no choice but to conduct manual adjustment of signalization and collection of the traffic count data. Some of the traffic signals have also been shut off or relocated to other intersections. Insufficiency of the budget may also have been one of the causes. In the subsequent Phase 2, CCTV cameras installed at the major intersections (30 locations), originally for security purposes by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, will enable real-time monitoring of the traffic situation. The optical fibers connecting the CCTV cameras will also be utilized for telecommunications with the PC instead of the Wi-Fi network. The additional budget for this phase is 0.8–0.9 billion FCFA, which will be procured from ADM.


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2) Replacement of Car Rapide with AFTU buses

To tackle the problem of the informal sector, CETUD has been conducting a project to replace old Car Rapide stock with higher-capacity AFTU buses. Since there was no route data for Car Rapide’s operation, a survey was conducted to determine the size of the fleet that would need to be prepared. As part of this renovation process, the project also included capacity building for the existing individual Car Rapide drivers to professionalize and recruit them, not only as AFTU bus drivers but also as bus conductors and line supervisors. Furthermore, 2,400 additional jobs are to be created. In this way the informal sector is becoming formalized under one operational body, which will soon be merged with the operators of conventional buses (DDD) and commuter rail (PTB). This reform of the informal sector is to be completed by 2017, just in time for the next election.

3) BRT Development

A pilot project of BRT has officially been determined and the corridor has been selected from the three planned routes (VDN route, Rue 10 route and Keur Massar route) by the Ministry of Transport. It is along BRT-1 from Guediawaye to Dakar’s main station via Rue 10. About four million US dollars will be allocated from the World Bank to assist in conducting the study of the pilot phase of BRT as part of the PATMUR project. However, the remaining fund for the implementation has not yet been determined. PTB will soon resume the operation between Cyrnos and Dakar’s main station by the end of this March. Thus, CETUD is planning an intermodal transfer area in front of Dakar’s main station. They also plan to offer shuttle bus services in Plateau as feeder transport. CETUD is now preparing a TOR for an institutional study for the BRT pilot project. For implementation, the World Bank is assuming a concession under a PPP scheme.

3.6.2 Logistic Infrastructure

(1) Existing Logistic Infrastructure

Since Senegal is located at the western end of the African continent, it has the geographical advantage of easy access to the rest of the African continent, Europe, North America and Central and South America. Senegal has been playing a role as a regional hub, and Dakar, the capital city of Senegal, is playing a role as a focal point for the Western African region. Regional cooperation organizations — such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) and international funding agencies such as the World Bank (WB) and African Development Bank (AfDB) — have been trying to procure infrastructure development projects and implement trade facilitation including legal systems for West African countries in order to improve the condition of West Africa as a whole. Logistical infrastructure in Dakar and its adjacent area consists of the port, airport, railways, roads and other logistical infrastructures. Dakar Port is the main or key infrastructure, together with the supporting infrastructures in terms of influencing the future competitiveness of the region.

(2) Logistic Infrastructure and Utilization

1) Status of Dakar Port in International Logistics

Table 3.6.4 shows the characteristics of ports in West Africa. It shows that Dakar Port, which is the biggest port in Senegal, has better characteristics than all other ports, except Abidjan Port in Côte d'Ivoire and Lagos in Nigeria. Ports in West Africa play a role as gateway ports to the landlocked countries such as Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, and Dakar Port has been accommodating not only cargoes for Senegal but also transit cargoes for neighboring countries, especially transit cargoes for Mali.


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According to the various reports, the handling charges at each port are relatively high and the container dwell time is also relatively long; however, Dakar Port has a better position and better competitiveness than other ports when compared with them, as shown in Table 3.6.5.

Table 3.6.4 Characteristics of Ports in West Africa (1)

Name of Port Country Name

Length (m)

Draft (m)

Biggest Ships (TEU)

Container Traffic in

2011 (TEU)

Capacity Current

TEU

Future Additional Capacity

By Date

Dakar Senegal 660 13.0 5100–7999 415,592 600,000 500,000 2020 Banjul Gambia 330 10.0 1000–1099 Conakry Guinea 270 10.5 1000–1099 135,075 160,000 300,000 2013 Freetown Sierra Leone 722 9.5 1000–1099 75,000 300,000 Monrovia Liberia 600 11.0 2000–2999 59,746 75,000 San Pedro Côte d’Ivoire 325 13.5 5100–7999 80,000 120,000 500,000 2017 Abidjan Côte d’Ivoire 1,000 11.5 2000–2999 546,417 1,100,000 1,500,000 2018 Takoradi Ghana 190 9.0 1000–1099 57,000 Tema Chana 660 11.5 3000–5099 730,000 600,000 Lome Togo 430 11.0 2000–2999 350,000 350,000 1,000,000 2014 Cotonou Benin 540 13.5 5100–7999 337,758 250,000 540,000 2013 Lagos (Tin Can) Nigeria 770 11.5 2000–2999 1,413,276 400,000 3,000,000 2016 Lagos (Apapa) Nigeria 500 13.5 5100–7999 850,000

Source: Improving Trade and Transport for Landlocked Developing Countries, World Bank, November 2014

Table 3.6.5 Characteristics of Ports in West Africa (2)

Name of Port Handling Charge (USD/TEU) Container Dwell

Time (days) Import Export Dakar Port (Senegal) 160 160 7 Conakry Port (Guinea) N/A N/A 15 Abidjan Port (Cote d'Ivoire) 220 220 12+ Takoradi Port (Ghana) 168 168 N/A Tema Port (Ghana) 168 168 25 Lome Port (Togo) 220 220 13+ Cotonou Port (Benin) 180 180 12 Source: Project on Widespread Transport Infrastructure in the sub-Saharan Region (Port and

Railway) (in Japanese)

Figure 3.6.10 and Figure 3.6.11 show the comparison of cargo throughputs among ports in West Africa between 2003 and 2013. During this period, cargo throughputs at each port in West Africa have been increasing steadily for the past decade, except for some fluctuations, and Abidjan Port has been handling much more cargo than the other ports in total. As for the container cargo, Tema Port has been rapidly increasing in recent years. The cargo throughputs at Dakar Port have also been steadily increasing. Dakar Port is in second position after Abidjan Port, and is in third position for container cargo traffic after Tema and Abidjan. As a whole, Dakar Port is one of the most competitive ports in West Africa in terms of both total cargo throughputs and container cargo throughputs. According to the interview survey with the shipping line, for container business especially, Dakar Port has been increasingly competitive since the container terminal has been developed and operated by one of the world’s best known and biggest container terminal operators, i.e., DP World, by a concession agreement. The port’s efficiency and quality of services have been improved by DP World’s operation.


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Source: JICA Study Team, based on various sources

including port traffic data from each port authority and Improving Trade and Transport for Landlocked Developing Countries, World Bank, November 2014

Figure 3.6.10 Total Cargo Throughputs at Ports in West Africa

Source: JICA Study Team, based on various sources including port traffic data from each port authority and Improving Trade and Transport for Landlocked Developing Countries, World Bank, November 2014

Figure 3.6.11 Container Cargo Throughputs at Ports in West Africa

Based on the trends of the total cargo throughputs, as well as the transit cargo throughputs, the ratio of transit cargo to the total cargo volume can be calculated (See Figure 3.6.12). The ratio of transit cargo at Cotonou Port is the highest, at more than 50%. Lomé Port’s ratio is also relatively high compared with other ports. This implies that these ports need to rely on other transit cargoes in order to maintain the level of cargo traffic at the port. On the other hand, the ratio of transit cargo at Dakar Port, as shown in Figure 3.6.12, has been around 15% in recent years, and has been gradually increasing. This implies that Dakar Port has been stably handling Senegalese cargoes and, at the same time, the transit cargoes have been gradually increasing, perhaps because of the improvement of the port’s situation. As for the transit cargo to/from Mali via each corridor, for both import and export transit cargoes for Mali, Dakar Port handled more cargoes than the others over the past few years, as shown in Figure 3.6.13. Apart from Dakar Port, the cargoes transported through Abidjan Port have been relatively high, except in 2011 when the civil conflict occurred. Because of its geographical location, Dakar Port offers more advantages and competitiveness for Malian transit cargoes than other West African ports. It can be said that Dakar Port has been playing a very important role as the gateway port to Mali, and that this will not change as long as Dakar Port maintains its level of service and even makes further efforts to improve it.

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Car

go T

hrou

ghpu

ts ('

000

ton)

Year

Dakar Conakry Abidjan Takoradi

Tema Lome Cotonou

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Con

tain

er C

argo

Thr

ough

puts

(TE

U)

Year

Dakar Conakry Abidjan Takoradi

Tema Lome Cotonou


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Sources: JICA Study Team, based on various sources

including port traffic data from each port authority and Logistics Cost Study of Transport Corridors in Central and West Africa (Final Report), World Bank, September 2013

Figure 3.6.12 Ratio of Transit Cargo Throughputs at Major Ports in West Africa

Source: JICA Study Team, based on various sources including port traffic data from each port authority and Logistics Cost Study of Transport Corridors in Central and West Africa (Final Report), World Bank, September 2013

Figure 3.6.13 Share of Transit Cargo Throughputs for Mali by Corridor Port

2) Characteristics of Dakar Port

As mentioned before, Dakar Port accommodates cargoes not only for Senegal itself but also for the neighboring countries, including those landlocked countries such as Mali. Table 3.6.6 and Figure 3.6.14 show the recent cargo throughputs at Dakar Port. As can be seen, the cargo throughputs at Dakar Port have been gradually increasing for the past few years, and the cargoes for Senegal (import and export) reached about nine million tons in 2013, while the amount of transit cargoes including transshipment cargoes in 2013 reached 1.8 million tons. The total amount of cargoes handled at Dakar Port was more than 12 million in 2013. The share of import cargoes has been decreasing, as shown in Figure 3.6.15, while the share of transit cargoes has been increasing. As mentioned before, this implies that Dakar Port has been stably handling Senegalese cargoes and, at the same time, the transit cargoes have been gradually increasing, perhaps due to the improvement of the port’s situation. As for the loading or unloading at Dakar Port, the unloaded cargoes account for more than 80%, as shown in Figure 3.6.16, and this will continue unless the trade structure is changed. In relation to the transit cargoes passing through Dakar Port, Dakar Port has been accommodating transit cargoes for several neighboring countries, namely, Mali, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mauritania and Niger, and transit cargoes for Mali have been increasing steadily, so that the share of Malian cargoes has become more than 95% of total transit cargoes, as shown in Figure 3.6.17. This trend might continue for several reasons, such as the fact that the distance between Dakar and Bamako, the capital city of Mali, is relatively shorter than the distances from other ports in West Africa, there is more than one route between Dakar and Bamako and the Dakar-Bamako corridor can provide smoother and more secure transportation than other corridors. In addition, the future prospective projects, such as the rehabilitation of the Dakar Port Third Pier and the rehabilitation of the Dakar-Bamako Railway, will strengthen the competitiveness of Dakar Port. However, this might change in the event that Dakar Port cannot provide better services in terms of handling time and cost than other ports. Apart from the transit cargoes to/from Mali, the second dominant transit cargo is to/from Mauritania, but the share of Mauritanian transit cargoes has been decreasing, while the share of Guinea-Bissau transit cargoes has been increasing, as shown in Figure 3.6.18.

0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Rat

io o

f Tr

ansi

t C

argo

to

To

tal C

argo

V

olu

me

(%)

Year

Dakar

Conakry

Abidjan

Takoradi

Tema

Lomé

Cotonou 0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1,800

2,000

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Car

go V

olu

me

('0

00

to

n)

YearDakar Conakry Abidjan Tema Lome Cotonou


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Table 3.6.6 Cargo Throughputs at Dakar Port Unit: ton

Category 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Senegal Import 6,076,411 6,870,748 6,662,974 7,078,975 7,235,567 Export 1,268,091 1,676,482 1,957,099 1,941,362 1,794,642 Subtotal 7,344,502 8,547,230 8,620,073 9,020,337 9,030,209 Transit Burkina Faso 82 152 603 3,056 2,182 Gambia 14,719 7,918 15,418 14,484 7,573 Guinea-Bissau 14,453 12,112 10,561 14,054 12,525 Guinea 5,456 3,601 5,976 4,659 2,499 Mauritania 61,753 28,712 25,709 20,727 16,165 Niger 20 15 32 99 45 Mali 603,228 886,334 1,456,961 1,667,577 1,845,821 Other than Mali 96,483 52,510 58,299 57,079 40,989 Subtotal 699,711 938,844 1,515,260 1,724,656 1,886,810 Transshipment 499,342 566,153 971,027 729,824 955,656 Transit including transshipment 1,199,053 1,504,997 2,486,287 2,454,480 2,842,466 Subtotal (excluding fish) 8,543,555 10,052,227 11,106,360 11,474,817 11,872,675 Others Fish 199,416 219,144 302,439 394,740 345,312 Total Grand Total 8,742,971 10,271,371 11,408,799 11,869,557 12,217,987

percentage change from the previous year (%) 87.4 117.5 111.1 104.0 102.9

Total Unloaded 7,063,935 8,121,051 8,687,801 9,066,424 9,501,438 Total Loaded 1,679,036 2,150,320 2,720,998 2,803,133 2,716,549

Source: Statistiques 2013 Synthese, Port Autonome de Dakar

Source: Statistiques 2013 Synthese, Dakar Port Authority

Figure 3.6.14 Cargo Throughputs at Dakar Port

Source: Statistiques 2013 Synthese, Dakar Port

Authority Figure 3.6.15 Share of Cargoes at Dakar

Port (1)


Figure 3.6.16 Share of Cargoes at Dakar Port (2)

0

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4,000,000

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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

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2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Total Unloaded Total Loaded


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Source: Statistiques 2013 Synthese, Dakar Port

Authority Figure 3.6.17 Transit Cargoes at Dakar Port


Figure 3.6.18 Transit Cargoes excluding Mali at Dakar Port

3) Traffic Volume between Senegal and Mali

The transit of cargoes for Mali between Dakar and Bamako has been increasing steadily, and more than 90% of total cargoes are now import transit cargo to Mali, as shown in Figure 3.6.19. About 90% of total cargoes are being transported by road, as shown in Figure 3.6.20. Because the railway transportation between Dakar and Mali is not very efficient and has insufficient capacity, road transportation is strongly relied upon for the inland transportation between Dakar and Mali, although the road’s condition is not well maintained.

Source: Statistics of EMASE

Figure 3.6.19 Cargo Throughputs between Dakar and Bamako

Source: Statistics of EMASE Figure 3.6.20 Cargo Throughputs between Dakar and Bamako by Transportation Mode

4) Dakar International Airport (LSS)

Cargo throughputs handled at Dakar International Airport (LSS) have been gradually increasing for the past few years and reached about 30,000 tons in 2014, as shown in Figure 3.6.21. However, the cargoes handled at Dakar International Airport amount to 1%, less than the cargoes handled at Dakar Port. According to the interview survey with the Senegal National Airport Agency (ADS), only a few air cargo flights are providing services at this moment, and the situation might not change even though a new international airport (AIBD) is being developed.

75%

80%

85%

90%

95%

100%

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Mali Other than Mali

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Burkina Faso Gambia Guinea-Bissau Guinea Mauritania Niger

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Car

go V

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n)

Year

Import (Railway) Export (Railway) Import (Road) Export (Road)

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Car

go V

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e (to

n)

Year

Railway Road


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Source: JICA Study Team based on data from ANSD and ADS

Figure 3.6.21 Cargo Throughputs at LSS Airport

(3) Existing plans and ongoing and planned projects

1) Senegal Emergence Plan (PSE) 2014–2018 (Ministry of Economy, Finance, and Planning, Government of Senegal)

In the Senegal Emergence Plan (PSE) prepared by the Ministry of Economy, Finance, and Planning, the Government of Senegal listed many projects related to road, railway, port, airport and logistical infrastructures in the financing gap of the public component, including the rehabilitation of the railways between Dakar-Bamako, the Dakar Port Third Pier Rehabilitation Project, multi-purpose platform development and integrated logistic hub development.

2) Master Plan for the Development and Territorial Development of Dakar-Thiès-Mbour Area, June 2014 (National Agency for Spatial Planning: ANAT)

Dry port in Fandène for strengthening transport equipment Development of a logistics platform in Diamniadio Promotion of the development and competitiveness of air transport (mainly passenger traffic)

3) Projects by APIX (Agence Nationale chare de la Promotion de l'Investissement des Grands Travaux)

Dry port in Kaolack Ore port in Bargny Blaise Diagne New International Airport (AIBD) Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone

4) Dakar Port Third Pier Rehabilitation Project (JICA)

Dakar Port’s third pier, which was developed as the dedicated terminal for Malian cargoes, has serious damage on its quay surface. Handling equipment such as forklifts cannot be introduced because of the heavily damaged surface, which makes it impossible to handle cargo efficiently. As the PSE prepared in February 2014 mentioned, Dakar Port has to play a role as an industrial and logistics hub in West Africa through the modernization of the port. The Dakar Port rehabilitation, including the third wharf’s rehabilitation, was included in the PAP 2014–2018; the Government of Senegal requested that the Government of Japan implement the rehabilitation of the third wharf through Japan’s grant aid scheme. JICA recently dispatched the Study Team to Dakar in January 2015, and the data collection survey was conducted and completed in April 2015. Based on this data collection survey, the preparatory study is

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

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35,000

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

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Loaded Cargoes Unloaded Cargoes


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now being conducted and will be completed in May 2016. The Government of Japan will make a decision based on this preparatory study’s results. The major project components for this project consist of the rehabilitation of the infrastructure, including retaining walls, foundations, superstructure and surface pavement; the procurement of equipment, including rubber fenders, bollards and ladders and the rehabilitation of existing storage facilities.

5) Bargny/ Sendou Port Development Project

Since Dakar Port is located in the center of Dakar City and serious traffic congestion sometimes occurs, a much heavier traffic load cannot be absorbed in the event that more cargoes are handled at Dakar Port in the future. Consideration has been given to developing a new port in order to transfer a part of the function of Dakar Port, and to accommodate other cargoes such as minerals, as well as to maintain the port’s activities even if the cargo volume is substantially increased in the future. For this concept, Sendou, in Bagny District in the eastern part of Dakar Province, was considered to be the project site. A steel manufacturing company, Arcelor Mittel, made a concession agreement with the Government of Senegal in 2007; the agreement included iron ore development in the eastern part of Senegal, and the rehabilitation and new development of railway transfers from the inland area to the Sendou Port development. However, due to the economic depression, Arcelor Mittel withdrew this development project, and the Government of Senegal has been in dispute with Arcelor Mittel as of June 2015.

6) Dakar-Bamako Railway Rehabilitation Project (World Bank)

Considering efficient cargo transport in terms of travel time and security aspects, especially for the transportation of transit cargoes to/from Mali, the railway rehabilitation for the Dakar-Bamako corridor is one of the highest priority projects. For this reason, the World Bank (together with related organizations of both Senegal and Mali) is now examining the reform of the organizational structure for the railway of the Dakar-Bamako corridor, and it is expected that the feasibility study will be implemented and the rehabilitation will be conducted by the World Bank. At this moment, the World Bank has no clear idea about the project; more detailed information will be available in due course of time.

7) AIBD (Aéroport International Blaise Diagne) Project (AfDB and other agencies)

Léopold Sédar Senghor International Airport (hereinafter referred to as “LSS Airport”) is the only airport located in Dakar. LSS Airport is the biggest airport in Senegal and plays a role as the gateway airport in West Africa. LSS Airport has two runways and has the facilities to accommodate both passengers and cargoes. Since LSS Airport was constructed a long time ago and its facilities are old, dilapidated and lacking the capacity to accommodate future demands, a new international airport called the AIBD is being constructed. It has already been decided that all commercial services will be transferred to the AIBD once it is ready to operate, while military services, government aircraft and chartered flights will still be accommodated at the existing LSS Airport. The method and schedule of transition is still being discussed; however, the construction work is expected to be completed and start operation in early 2016.


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3.6.3 Water Resources and Water Supply

(1) Water Resources in Senegal

1) General

The territory of Senegal is mainly occupied by international river basins: the Senegal River Basin, the Gambia River Basin and others (see Figure 3.6.22). The drainage area of these international river basins within Senegal is about 156,000 km2, which covers about 80% of the entire territory of Senegal. The remaining area in Senegal, including the Study Area, directly drains into the Atlantic Ocean.

Sources: JICA Study Team based on GIS data prepared by Hydroshed15

Figure 3.6.22 River Basins in Senegal

The long-term trends of the spatially averaged annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) of the whole of Senegal, calculated based on the monthly gridded climate data of CRU-TS3.116, are shown in Figure 3.6.23. The annual precipitation was about 850 mm before 1970. However, it declined to about 700 mm after the 1970s. Recently, it has recovered slightly. In contrast, the annual PET remained at almost 1,750 mm from the 1930s till the 2000s.

15 HydroSHED (Hydrological data and maps based on Shuttle Elevation Derivatives at Multiple Scales) is the GIS dataset for

the rivers and watersheds of the entire world, and was derived from SRTM. It was developed by the Conservation Science Program of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).

16 University of East Anglia Climatic Research Unit (CRU) (Phil Jones, Ian Harris). CRU Time Series (TS) high-resolution gridded datasets [Internet]. NCAS British Atmospheric Data Centre, 2008. Available from http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/view/badc.nerc.ac.uk__ATOM__dataent_1256223773328276.

-19 ｰ -18 ｰ -17 ｰ -16 ｰ -15 ｰ -14 ｰ -13 ｰ -12 ｰ -11 ｰ -10 ｰ -9 ｰ -8 ｰ -7 ｰ -6 ｰ -5 ｰ

-19 ｰ -18 ｰ -17 ｰ -16 ｰ -15 ｰ -14 ｰ -13 ｰ -12 ｰ -11 ｰ -10 ｰ -9 ｰ -8 ｰ -7 ｰ -6 ｰ -5 ｰ

Country Boundary

Rivers

Basins

Senegal

Mauritania

Mali

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Gambia

Senegal River Basin

Gambia River BasinStudy Area

Lake Guiers

Diama Barrage

Manantali Dam

Bakel


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Sources: JICA Study Team based on CRU-TS3.1

Figure 3.6.23 Long-term Trends of Spatially Averaged Annual Precipitation and PET for the Whole of Senegal

The seasonal variation of the spatially averaged precipitation, air temperature and PET for the whole of Senegal is presented in Table 3.6.7. The peak of precipitation appears in August. The average precipitation exceeds the average PET in only three months, which means that there is a hydrological deficit for about nine months of the year.

Table 3.6.7 Seasonal Variation of Spatially Averaged Precipitation, Air Temperature and PET for the Whole of Senegal

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Annual P (mm) 0 1 0 1 9 65 155 226 180 55 2 0 694 PET (mm) 135 143 176 185 189 158 142 124 124 131 117 119 1,745 T (degree Celsius) 24.6 26.8 28.7 30.3 31.2 30.3 28.6 27.8 27.9 28.8 27.4 24.8 28.1

Note: Duration = 1961–2009, P: Precipitation, T: Air Temperature, PET: Potential Evapotranspiration Source: JICA Project Team based on CRU-TS3.1

According to Aquastat17, the water resource potential in Senegal is estimated as shown in Table 3.6.8.

Table 3.6.8 Water Resource Potential in Senegal Annual Volume (BCM/year) Share / Ratio (%)

Total Water Resources Potential (*1) 39.0 100.0 Internal Production 25.8 66.2 External Source (*2) 13.2 38.8 Details in Internal Production (Ratio against precipitation)

Precipitation 134.9 100.0 Total Production (*3) 25.8 19.1 Surface Water 23.8 17.6 Groundwater 3.5 2.6

Note: BCM = Billion Cubic Meter, (*1) Renewable water resources are regarded as a water resource potential. (*2) Half of the available water resources of the Senegal River, which runs through the border of Senegal and Mauritania, is counted as potential. (*3) The groundwater that is finally drained as surface water is not counted as total production.

Source: FAO-Aquastat

The total volume of water use estimated by Aquastat in 2002 is about 2.221 BCM/year (billion m3 per year). The agricultural sector consumes about 2.065 BCM/year. Municipal and industrial water use is

17 FAO: Aquastat, thttp://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/SEN/index.stm.

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0.098 BCM/year and 0.058 BCM/year, respectively.

2) Senegal River

The total catchment area of the Senegal River is about 447,000 km2, which is shared by four countries: Mauritania (41%), Mali (36%), Senegal (16%) and Guinea (7%). The Senegal River contributes a considerable volume of water resources to Senegal. In particular, Dakar Region utilizes the water in Lake Guiers, which is mainly sourced by the Senegal River. At Bakel, which is the most important reference station, the average annual discharge is about 690 m3/s. The dry season discharge reduces to 70–150 m3/s without regulation of the flow, however18. The Senegal River Basin Development Organization (OMVS) has proceeded with partial development through the construction of two major hydraulic structures: Diama Barrage (Senegal) and Manantali Dam (Mali). The Diama Barrage is located at about 23 km upstream from Saint-Louis, and can regulate the water level of its upstream area, including Lake Guiers. The Diama Barrage started its operations in 1986. Since then, the water level of Lake Guiers has become more stable, which has made the intake of water easier and more reliable.

(2) Water Resources in the Study Area

1) Catchment Areas

The delineated catchment areas around the Study Area are shown in Figure 3.6.24, which is 1,663 km2 in total. In the figure, some catchment characteristics are also presented.

18 OMVS, Senegal River Basin, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, http://webworld.unesco.org/water/wwap/case_studies/


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Note: To delineate the catchment area (except the PROGEP area), the DEMs (2 m resolution) for Dakar

Region provided by ADM and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) are combined to generate the 50 m grid DEM, which covers the entire area.

Sources: JICA Study Team, based on GIS data for the drainage area prepared by PROGEP, DEM (2 m resolution) and SRTM

Figure 3.6.24 Delineated Catchment Areas around the Study Area

2) Water Resource Potential

The long-term tendency of the precipitation at Dakar-Yoff station in the Study Area is similar to that of the spatially averaged precipitation of the entire country. The seasonal variation of precipitation at Dakar-Yoff station is presented in Table 3.6.9. The average annual precipitation from 1961 to 2013 is 409 mm, which is about 60% of the spatially averaged precipitation of the entire country.

Table 3.6.9 Seasonal Variation of Precipitation at Dakar-Yoff Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Annual P (mm) 2 1 0 0 0 10 59 167 138 31 1 0 409

Note: Duration = 1961–2013, P: Precipitation Sources: Data from ANACIM

In the Study Area, precipitation gradually increases towards the southeast. In order to consider this effect, the WorldClim, which provides gridded (0.5 minute) long-term averaged (1950–2000) monthly precipitation data based on observed data with a correction for altitude19, was employed. The analysis of WorldClim shows that the ratio between the long-term averaged annual precipitation at Dakar-Yoff 19 Hijmans, R. J., S. E. Cameron, J. L. Parra, P. G. Jones and A. Jarvis, 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces

for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology 25: 1965–1978. Available from http://www.worldclim.org/.

Area Code Area (km2) Max. EL (m) Min. EL (m) Ave. EL(m) Ave. Slope

Dakar DKR 74.7 104 0 17 0.006

PROGEP N1 5.0 32 3 11 0.006

PROGEP N2 11.1 23 1 8 0.004

PROGEP N3 6.8 15 1 7 0.003

PROGEP N4 28.9 24 0 6 0.004

PROGEP PCN 6.1 13 0 5 0.005

PROGEP PCS 0.8 11 0 3 0.005

PROGEP S1 15.7 31 0 6 0.005

PROGEP S2 10.6 13 2 6 0.002

PROGEP S3 7.6 15 2 6 0.002

PROGEP S4 34.4 27 1 11 0.002

Ruffisque& Thies EN01 7.3 24 0 6 0.004






Area Code Area (km2) Max. EL (m) Min. EL (m) Ave. EL(m) Ave. Slope

Ruffisque& Thies ES01 4.1 27 0 14 0.005


















8

7 6

5

4

3

21

EN01

S4S3S2

S1

N4

N3N2N1

DKR ES01PCS

ES17

ES13

ES11

EN05

ES15

ES09

ES07

ES05

ES03

EN03

PCN

ES02

EN02

EN06EN04

ES04

ES06

ES08

ES10

ES12

ES14

ES16

ES18

0 10 km

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W E

Small scale dams


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station and that of the spatially averaged precipitation in the Study Area is 1.1. It is thereby estimated that the spatially averaged annual precipitation in the Study Area from 1961 to 2013 is 450 mm (409 x 1.1). Assuming that a runoff rate similar to that of the entire country can be applied to the Study Area, the water resource potential could be roughly estimated as shown in Table 3.6.10.

Table 3.6.10 Estimated Water Resource Potential in Study Area Unit Production (mm/year) (*2) Annual Volume (MCM/year)(*3)

Water Resources Potential (*1) Precipitation 450 370 Surface Water 79 65 Groundwater 12 (*4) 10

Reference Information Current Water Use by Piped Water Supply by SONES 149 (*3) 123

Note: (*1) Renewable water resources are regarded as water resource potentials. (*2) The same rate for surface runoff and groundwater recharge as for the entirety of Senegal is assumed. (*3) The area of 822 km2 is used. (*4) This amount of groundwater potential is almost the same as the groundwater recharge that was directly measured in the Study Area in the past20.


3) Water Use by Piped Water Supply

The Senegalese National Water Company (SONES) provides the piped water in the Study Area. The water sources of SONES’s water supply are both groundwater in and outside the Study Area, and surface water taken from Lake Guiers, which is more than 200 km away from the Study Area. The water source is summarized in Table 3.6.11, and the location of the source is presented in Figure 3.6.25. Of the total abstracted water, only the groundwater of 10.6 MCM/year (million m3 per year) is taken within the Study Area. More than 90% of the total piped water by SONES is imported from outside the Study Area. The abstracted volume within the Study Area already exceeds the groundwater potential shown in Table 3.6.10, which means that it may not be sustainable to drastically increase abstraction of groundwater within the Study Area. Furthermore, a study by the Department of Water Resources Planning and Management (DGPRE), which made a regional groundwater simulation for the entire Littoral Nord (16,400 km2), shows the regional negative balance of all aquifers in the Littoral Nord during 1968–2008. It indicates that the regional groundwater is already overexploited.

20 British Geological Survey, Groundwater Recharge in Senegal, Report WD/90/49R, 1990.


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Table 3.6.11 Water Source for Piped Water Supply by SONES

Category Name Source Volume

(MCM/year)

Inside/ Outside

Study Area

Surface Ngnith Purification Plant

Lake Guiers (Surface water) 14.6 Outside

Keur Momar Sarr Purification Plant 47.4 Outside

Dakar 3 Littoral Nord Lutetian (Middle Eocene) (Tertiary)

11.7 Outside Kelle-Kébemer 9.1 Outside

Dakar 2

Pout Nord Maastrichtian/Paleocene (Tertiary)

14.2 Outside Pout Sud 7.7 Outside

Pout Kirène Maastrichtian 2.2 Inside Sébikhotane Paleocene (Tertiary) 2.5 Inside

Dakar 1 Thiaroye Quaternary (*1) 0.0 Inside

Point B/Point G Infra-Basaltic(Quaternary) (*2) 1.5 Inside Mamelles 4.4 Inside

Total 115.3 Note: (*1) The abstraction has been stopped due to deteriorating water quality, which is not suitable for

drinking purposes. (*2) Severe saltwater intrusion has been observed. According to the study by DGPRE21, sustainable abstraction without continuous saltwater intrusion is estimated at about 2.0 MCM/year.

Source: SONES, SDE (Senegalese Waters) as of 2013

Sources: JICA Study Team based on information provided by SONES and others

Figure 3.6.25 Water Source for Piped Water Supply by SONES

21 GKW Consult, DGPRE, Projet Eau à Long Terme Etudes Hydrogéologiques Complémentaires, apport Phase V - Lot 1

Rapport Final, 2009.

N

S

W E

0 50 km

Study Area

St. Louis

Lake Guiers(Ngnith, KeurMomar Sarr )

Dakar 3 (Littoral Nord, Kelle-Kébemer)

Dakar 2 (Pout)

Dakar 2 (Sébikotane)

Dakar 1(Thiaroye)

Dakar 1(Mamelles, Point B&G)

Source: UNEP / UNESCO / UN-HABITAT / ECA, RBAN POLLUTION OF SURFICIAL AND GROUNDWATER AQUIFERS VULNERABILITY IN AFRICA, 2004

Maestrichtian

ThiaroyeDakarThies

Infrabasaltique

Lutetiens (Middle Eocene) (Tertiaire)

Louga

Meckhe

Thies

Pout

0 4 8 km

Dakar 1(Mamelles, Point B&G)

Dakar 1(Thiaroye)

Dakar 2(Sébikotane)

Dakar 2(Pout)

Senegal RiverDiama Barrage


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4) Water Use by Small-scale Reservoirs

The Department of Catchment Basins and Artificial Lakes (DBRLA) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Equipment constructed four small dams for agriculture and rural enhancement in the Study Area. The main features of these small-scale reservoirs are shown in Table 3.6.12 (see the locations in Figure 3.6.16). When these reservoirs cultivate the irrigable area fully, it may consume about 1 MCM/year of surface water. Currently, the water in the reservoir is utilized for the irrigation of vegetables, fish farming and livestock. The catchment area of these small-scale reservoirs is located in the planned urban development area for Diamniadio. It is expected that the urban development will affect both the quantity and quality of the water that enters the reservoirs, which should be carefully monitored. Necessary measures for mitigating the negative impact should be considered.

Table 3.6.12 Small-Scale Reservoirs in Study Area

Name Owner

Reservoir Dam

DA (km2)

Ave. Inflow (MCM /year)

SV NHWL (MCM)

Area NHWL (km2)

Irrigable area (ha)

Type H (m)

CL (m)

Spillway capacity (m3/s)

Year Complete

d

1 Bargny2 DBRLA 11.3 0.617 0.400 0.340 40 Earth 5.2 688 138.9 2007 2 Banthiar DBRLA 3.0 0.205 0.125 0.120 14 Earth 5.0 640 53.9 2007 3 Sébi Ponty DBRLA 8.8 0.512 0.343 0.270 33 Earth 4.7 432 120.1 2007 (*1) 4 Belvedere DBRLA 3.4 0.231 0.125 0.093 17 Earth 6.5 121 85.3 2007 Other small-scale reservoirs: 5-Bargny1, 6-Ndoukoura Peul, 7-Panthior, 8-(unknown)

DA = Drainage Area, SV = Storage Volume, NHWL = Normal High Water Level, H = Height, CL = Crest Length Note: (*1) rehabilitation completed in 2007. The dam was constructed before 1980. Source: DBRLA, 200422

5) Conceptual Macro Water Balance

As shown in 3), the imported water for the piped water supply by SONES is significant compared to the available water resources in the Study Area; the water balance in the Study Area could also be affected by such artificial water movement. The conceptual macro water balance in the Study Area has been preliminarily estimated, as shown in Figure 3.6.26. The imported water is equivalent to 135 mm/year — assuming that the water is evenly distributed in the Study Area (822 km2) — which is almost one third of the annual precipitation. Some proportion of the piped water may be lost and infiltrate the surface soil during its distribution. A part of the used water runs off directly through the sewerage system, whereas the remainder is exposed to the drainage system from the on-site sanitation facilities or other toilets. Since the drainage system has not been developed in most areas, except in Dakar Department, it is expected that much of the used water infiltrates nearby surface soil. The behavior of the used water without a sewerage system is rather difficult to estimate at this time. However, some contaminated used water could be recharged to the aquifer. Since the contamination of shallow groundwater in the Study Area is significant, the process needs to be investigated further.

22 Studi International, DBRLA, Rapport de la deuxieme etape: Rapport d’avant projet detaille, Projet de petits barrages dans

les niayes etudes d’execution, elaboration de dossiers d’appel d’offres et le controle des travaux, 2004.


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Note: Water use other than the piped water supply from SONES is ignored in this diagram. The piped

water supply by SONES includes domestic, industrial and agricultural water use. There are small-scale reservoirs with a total capacity of about 1MCM in the Study Area, which were installed by the Department of Catchment Basins and Artificial Lakes (DBRLA). These can provide about 1mm/year of water use by surface water. (*1) It is assumed that the current non-revenue water (NRW) rate of 20% is almost equal to physical loss. (*2) The current sewerage coverage of 30% in Dakar Region is assumed. (*3) Loss from the sewerage system is assumed to be 5%.

Source: JICA Study Team Figure 3.6.26 Conceptual Macro Water Balance in Study Area

(3) Laws and Regulations Related to Water Resources and Water Supply

The important laws and orders to regulate and control the water resources and water supply sector of Senegal are listed in Table 3.6.13 below.

Precipitation450

Evapotranspiration359 + (?)

Natural Surface Runoff

79

Groundwater Recharge

12Groundwater Abstraction

14

Sewerage 35Others 80

Piped Water Supply 149

Imported Water 135

Direct Runoff by Pipe 33

34

Loss*1

Loss*3

280

(?)

Surface Soil

Aquifer

Unit: mm/year Others = On-Site Sanitation and other toilets

Natural process

Artificial process

AdditionalSurface

Runoff (?)

*2

Preliminary estimate

Study Area = 822km2


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Table 3.6.13 Laws and Regulations related to Water Resources and Water Supply Law/Order Date Description

Water Code (Code de l’eau) March 4, 1981 To protect and safeguard water resources through good management of water by sanitary use and prevention of contamination.

Law organizing the public service for urban water supply and authorizing the establishment of SONES (Loi organisant le service public de l’hydraulique urbaine et autorisant la création de la Société Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal)

April 7, 1995 Authorize the establishment of SONES to carry out public services for the urban water supply and supervise the private operator for production and distribution.

Decree to establish a High Water Council (Décret portant création d’un Conseil supérieur de l’eau)

June 25, 1998 Establishment of a High Water Council for the development and management of water resources. The council headed by the Prime Minister will receive advice from the Technical Water Committee.

Order related to establishment and functioning of the Technical Water Committee (Arrêté portant création et fonctionnement du Comité technique de l’eau)

The Technical Water Committee presided over by the Minister in charge of hydraulics is in charge of studies and analyses related to water management, following requests from the High Water Council.

Sector Policy Letter for Urban and Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (Lettre de politique sectorielle de l’hydraulique et de l’assainissement in milieu urbain et rural)

June 2005 Sector policy on implementation of the Drinking Water and Sanitation Program for the Millennium (PEPAM) to attain the objectives of reducing poverty by 2015 through improvements in the water supply and sanitation

Public service act for water supply and sanitation (Loi sur le service public de l’eau potable et de l’assainissement (SPEPA))

2008 Expand the organization of the water supply services in urban and rural areas through elaboration of the law authorizing the establishment of SONES of 1995

Source: JICA Study Team based on information from SONES

(4) Background of Dakar’s Water Supply

The history of the water supply for Dakar started in 1949, when groundwater from sub-basalt aquifers in Mamelles and Point B, as well as aquifers of quaternary sands in Thiaroye, were drilled and developed. Then, in 1960, to meet the increase in water demands and in consideration of the risks resulting from the over pumping of aquifers near Dakar, new aquifers of Paleocene limestone in Pout and Sebikotane were developed. The continuous high rate of increase in water demands in subsequent years necessitated the further development of water resources. Therefore, in 1970, aquifers of the Maastrichtian layer along the northern coastal (Littoral Nord) area were exploited and the surface water of Senegal River was taken in through Lake Guiers. Water from Lake Guiers was purified at the Ngnith purification plant and transmitted through a 1,000mm pipeline over 250km to Dakar. By 1993, 80% of the water consumption for Dakar Region was covered by groundwater, while the remaining 20% was supplied by water from Lake Guiers. Presently, this ratio has been reversed due to the overexploitation of groundwater sources.

(5) Existing Water Supply System

1) Present System Flow

The present water sources that supply drinking water to Dakar are surface water from Lake Guiers (originating from Senegal River) and well fields along the route between Louga and Dakar. Water from Lake Guiers is taken in at the two locations of Ngnith and Keur Momar Sarr (KMS), each with purification plants, where water is treated to ensure good health. The treated water is transmitted through two transmission mains, ALG 1 and ALG 2, which eventually supply water to residents of Dakar Region.


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Groundwater from boreholes along the route is added to the system to increase the supply rate. A summarized flow of the present water supply system for Dakar as of 2013 is depicted below in Figure 3.6.27.

(As of 2013)

Source: JICA Study Team based on information from SONES Figure 3.6.27 Summary Flow of the Existing Dakar Water Supply System

2) Existing Facilities

Table 3.6.14 summarizes information on the present water supply facilities that serve areas along the transmission route between Louga and Dakar and, finally, to Dakar Region, the flow of which is illustrated in the figure above. Since many of the facilities are old, rehabilitation and reinforcement are needed to prevent accidents, such as the transmission pipe burst incident at the KMS plant in 2013, when operations had to be stopped for three weeks, creating a 40% deficit in the water supply.

Legend Water Source

Supply

Distribution

Lake Guiers

Ngnith Plant KMS Plant 248km

193km

115km Mékhé Booster Station

85km Tivaouane

Senegal River

40,000 m3/d 130,000 m3/d

Kelle-Kébemer Boreholes 25,000 m3/d

Littoral Nord Boreholes 32,000 m3/d

Thiès Storage

Tank 70km

0km

Carmel Booster Station

Pout Nord Boreholes 39,000 m3/d

55km

78

km

30km

15

km

Rufisque -------------------------

Pikine Pout Sud Boreholes 21,000 m3/d

Pout Kiréne Boreholes 6,000 m3/d Sébikotane Boreholes 7,000 m3/d

Point B Tank Madeleine

Tank Point G Tank Mamelles Tank

Point B Boreholes 4,000 m3/d

ALG 1 ALG 2 Louga

Thiaroye/Point Y Tanks

Gorée Tank

Mamelles Boreholes 12,000 m3/d

-180km

-125km

55km

19

5m

Total Distribution: 349,000 m3/d

Thies Boreholes 23,000 m3/d

Louga Boreholes 10,000 m3/d


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Table 3.6.14 Existing Facilities of the Dakar Water Supply System (as of 2013) Purification Plant Year Commissioned Present Production (m3/day)

Ngnith Purification Plant 1971 (Expanded in 1999) 40,000 Keur Momar Sarr Purification Plant 2004 (Expanded in 2008) 130,000

Well field Year Commissioned Present Production (m3/day) Littoral Nord Boreholes 1998 32,000 Kelle-Kébemer Boreholes 1977–1984 25,000 Pout Nord Boreholes 1978–2011 39,000 Pout Sud Boreholes 1979–2003 21,000 Pout Kirène Boreholes 1987–1997 6,000 Sébikotane Boreholes 1957–1958 7,000 Thiaroye Boreholes 1956–1978 0 Point B Boreholes 1973–2012 4,000 Mamelles Boreholes 1964–2008 12,000 Louga Boreholes - 10,000 Thies Boreholes - 23,000

Booster Station Year Commissioned Present Capacity (m3/day) Mékhé Booster Station 2006 217,808 Carmel Booster Station 1995 (Rehabilitated in 2013) 241,708

Pump Station Year Commissioned Present Capacity (m3/day) Thiaroye Pump Station 1951 29,900 Point B Pump Station to Madeleines 1966 20,700 Point B Pump Station to Mamelles 2006 64,400 Point B Pump Station to Point G 1966 7,000

Transmission Main Year Commissioned Specifications ALG1 (from Ngnith) 1971 DNφ1000/900mm steel ALG2 (from KMS) 2004 DNφ1200/1000mm cast iron Sebikotane (Bonna) 2008 DNφ800mm cast iron

Distribution Tank Year Commissioned Total Tank Capacity (m3) Thiès Storage Tanks (4 tanks) 1971/2005 25,000 Point B Distribution Tanks (2 tanks) 1966 10,000 Point G Distribution Tank 1966 5,000 Mamelles Distribution Tanks (5 tanks) 1949/1957/1980/2003 35,000 Madeleines Distribution Tanks (8 tanks) 1925/1930/2015 9,200 Gorée Distribution Tank 1972 (Rehabilitated in 2002) 100 Point Y Distribution Tank 1951 10,000 Thiaroye Distribution Tank 1951 1,500 Point K Distribution Tank 1971 (Bypassed in 2005) 5,000 Sandock Distribution Tank 1977 (Bypassed in 2007) 2,500

Source: JICA Study Team based on information from SDE and Mission de Collecte d'Information pour l'Approvisionnement en Eau de la Région de Dakar, JICA, March 2014

3) Water Supply Service Performance

Water service levels

Water supply services can be categorized into the following three levels: Level 1: Handpumps Level 2: Public tap stands Level 3: House connections.

As a Level 1 supply, handpumps are installed mainly in rural areas where the population density is very


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low and housing layout is scattered, and also if the shallow groundwater is safe and sufficient in quantity. Since these conditions are not applicable in the Study Area, Level 1 will not be considered for the public water supply service. The present access rates to Level 3 house connections and Level 2 public tap stands, according to the JICA Household Survey of 2014, are shown in Table 3.6.15.

Table 3.6.15 Present Access Rates to Water Supply Services Service Level Accessibility Department of Dakar Region Thies

Study Area Dakar Guediawaye Pikine Rufisque 3 House Connections (%) 96.2 90.7 91.3 85.8 45.3 2 Public Tap Stands (%) 3.3 9.1 6.4 11.1 9.3

Source: Household Survey, JICA Study Team, 2014

To boost coverage in poor neighborhoods, social house connections are provided free of charge (funded by donors) to eligible households in order to relieve their financial burdens. Public tap stands are installed in poor and informal settlements within 200m from houses in areas without piped networks. Tap stands are placed in response to social needs, but they will need to be gradually replaced by house connections, reflecting social development growths. Although the access rates of house connections and public tap stands are very high, there are still a few residents who are not yet served by the supply system, and they must rely on other water sources that are expected to be unsanitary. The challenge is to serve all the people.

Water qualities

For the Dakar water supply system, water quality is analyzed for water sources, purification plants and distribution tanks. At the two purification plants, analyses on turbidity and the presene of organic matters are carried out every day, and tests for iron and chemical parameters are made twice a year. Boreholes of the Kelle-Kebemer and Littoral Nord well fields are of good quality. However, many of the boreholes of well fields in Sebikotane, Pout Sud, Pout Kirene and Pout Nord have concentrations of chloride and iron above the guideline values. The boreholes of Point B, Mamelles and Thiaroye well fields also have water quality problems, but the Thiaroye boreholes, especially, contain concentration levels of chloride, nitrate and manganese over the guideline values and, presently, all the boreholes of Thiaroye are not in service. Some samples from the water in distribution tanks reveal concentrations of iron above the guideline value.

Unit water consumption rates

As Table 3.6.16 shows, the average unit water-consumption rates were fairly constant from 2010 to 2013 for Dakar Region. Unfortunately, data specific to the Study Area in Thies are not available.

Table 3.6.16 Evolution of Unit Water Consumption Rates Unit: liters/capita/day

Area 2010 2011 2012 2013 Dakar Department 69.8 67.9 66.7 68 Pikine/Guediawaye Departments 51.3 49.6 49.1 51 Rufisque Department 45.0 43.8 42.9 43

Source: JICA Study Team based on information from SDE, SONES and Mission de Collecte d'Information pour l'Approvisionnement en Eau de la Région de Dakar, JICA, March 2014

NRW rates

Non-revenue water rates (NRW) evolve from various factors such as unbilled consumption, meter inaccuracies and leakages. Meter inaccuracies result from meter reading errors, faulty meters and large indicator intervals, whereas leakages can be found in several places along the system, such as pipe joints,


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tank walls, overflows, valves, cracks, corrosions, slits and taps. Unauthorized consumption includes illegal pipe connections and water stealing. In 1996, when the present institutional arrangement started, the NRW rate of the Dakar water supply system was about 30%. Then, in the following years, the NRW rates improved and, as shown in Table 3.6.17 below, from 2007 to 2012, the NRW rates were fairly constant at about 20%. However, since production rates are increasing, this means that the absolute amount of losses is also increasing. The NRW of the Study Area in Thies is assumed to be about 19% in 2013.

Table 3.6.17 Evolution of NRW Rates Unit: %

Area 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Dakar Region 19.1 21.7 20.9 21.4 21.2 20.8 23

Source: JICA Study Team based on information from SDE and SONES

The main reason for leakages in the Dakar water supply system is the deterioration of facilities and pipelines, which can be witnessed from the rising number of leakage incidents in pipes and house connections being reported each year. As a measure to reduce and control leakages in the supply system, under the contract with the Ministry of Hydraulics and Sanitation (MHA) and SONES, SDE is obliged to renew 60km of pipeline every year and replace electronic equipment with a lifespan less than 10 years. The government goal for the NRW rate is set at 15%, which is a very ambitious figure, but this is one of the performance conditions set in the contract with SDE. As a strategy for properly managed sustainability, the Study Team proposes a goal of a 10% NRW rate by 2035, as explained in a later section.

Water tariff

The current rising block water tariff of SDE, shown below in Table 3.6.18, has been kept the same since 2004. As a characteristic of this type of tariff structure, to meet the basic needs of households, a social tariff for household consumptions under 10m3/month, which is equivalent to 35ℓ/cap/day for a 10-person household, is provided. This arrangement is made possible by cross subsidy between customer categories. In addition, higher costs for higher consumption rates serve as a disincentive for the overuse of water and can mobilize revenues to cover management costs.


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Table 3.6.18 SDE Water Tariff Code Category Tariff including Tax (FCFA/m3)

A Households (meter diam. 15 mm) <20 m3/60 days 191.32 21–40 m3/60 days 629.88 41–100 m3/60 days 788.67

L D R B

Households (meter diam. >15 mm) Municipalities Community schools Chambers of Commerce

788.67

C Senegalese administrations 2,558.58 N P M

Foreign administrations Public institutions Religious establishments

788.67

E F G I

Public tap stands Public toilets Public markets Non-profit religious institutions

322.31

U K W

Small-scale farms Large-scale farms Parks and gardens

<3,000m3/60 days 113.37 3,000–20,000m3/60 days 507.84 >20,000m3/60 days 788.67

Source: SDE

For household consumptions below 20m3/month, value added tax is exempted. Domestic use or low-quantity consumers are billed every 60 days, whereas large quantity consumers, including non-domestic use and market gardening, are billed every month. For public tap stands, tap stand managers are recruited by the community to manage the tap stands through a contract with SDE. Customers come to the public tap stands and pay 15FCFA/40ℓ bucket or 5FCFA/10ℓ bucket to the tap managers. Tap managers are billed 322.31 FCFA/m3/month by SDE. Due to new projects planned for implementation in coming years, a rise in operation and maintenance costs are foreseen. Therefore, a study to revise the tariff system was funded by the EU.

(6) Urban Water Supply Services

1) Institutional Structure

To meet the increasing demands for drinking water, especially in Dakar, in 1960, the Compagnie Générale des Eaux du Sénégal (subsidiary of Compagnie Générale des Eaux du France) was given the responsibility of managing the urban water supply in Senegal under a lease (affermage) contract. Then, in 1971, the state created the national public water company SONEES (Société Nationale d'Exploitation des Eaux du Sénégal) under a concession contract with the government. However, in 1995, the government decided to delegate urban water service provision to the private sector under a lease contract, and thus SONEES was dissolved. Then, SONES (Société Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal) was created as the state-asset holding company that would be in charge of investments in infrastructure and the regulation of SDE (Sénégalaise des Eaux), the private operating company responsible for operations, routine maintenance and some investments for system expansion, as well as billing and collection, through a tri-party arrangement between the Ministry of Hydraulics and Sanitation (Ministère de l’Hydraulique et de l’Assainissement: MHA), SONES and SDE under a PPP (public-private partnership). To create this formation, in 1996, MHA signed the following two contracts.

Lease contract (Contrat d’affermage du service public de la production et de la distribution d’eau potable) between MHA, SONES and SDE

Concession contract (Contrat de concession de travaux publics de gestion du patrimoine de l’hydraulique urbaine) between MHA and SONES.


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The above contractual arrangement is depicted in Figure 3.6.28. The latest amendment of the above-mentioned lease contract was concluded in November 2013 with an extension until the end of 2018. After 2018, the government plans to maintain the PPP but with new reforms, for which a study is being considered. The Study is expected to select the best option through a reinforced lease arrangements with increased participation in investments and independent contracts for the desalination plants.

Source: JICA Study Team based on information from SONES and Mission de Collecte d'Information pour

l'Approvisionnement en Eau de la Région de Dakar, JICA, March 2014 Figure 3.6.28 Tri-party Relationship for Efficient Water Supply Services

2) Relevant Organizations

Ministère de l’Hydraulique et de l’Assainissement (MHA)

MHA is the governmental authority of Senegal to formulate policies and strategies, as well as to give approvals for projects’ implementation in the water supply and sanitation sector. The Direction de la Gestion et de la Planification des Ressources en Eau (DGPRE) is the department in charge of water resources, while the Direction of Hydraulics / Direction de l’Hydraulique (DH) is the department in charge of both urban and rural water supplies. The organization chart of MHA (as of July 2014) is shown below in Figure 3.6.29.

MHA

SONES SDE

Lease

Contract

Performance Monitoring/Evaluation

Lease Fee


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Reporting Relationship Coordination Relationship

DAGE: Direction de l’Administration Générale et de l’ Equipement (Direction of General Administration and Equipment) DH: Direction de l’Hydraulique (Direction of Hydraulics) DGPRE : Direction de la Gestion et de la Planification des Ressources en Eau (Direction of Water Resources Planning and

Management) DA: Direction de l’Assainissement (Department of Sanitation) APRHIN: Agence de promotion de réseau hydrographique national (Agency for the Promotion of the National Hydrographical

Network) OLAG: Office National du Lac de Guiers (National Office of Lake Guiers) SONES: Société Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal (National Water Society of Senegal) ONAS: Office National de l’Assainissement (National Office of Sanitation) OFOR: Office des Forages Ruraux (Office of Rural Borehole Drillings) SDE: Sénégalaise des Eaux (Senegalese Waters) PEPAM: Programme d’Eau Potable et d’Assainissement du Millénaire (Drinking Water and Sanitation Program for the Millennium) OMVS: Organisation pour la mise en valeur du Fleuve Sénégal (Senegal River Basin Development Organization) OMVG: Organisation pour la mise en valeur du Fleuve Gambie (Gambia River Basin Development Organization)

Source: Direction de l’Administration Générale et de l’ Equipement, MHA Figure 3.6.29 Organization Chart of MHA

Under MHA, the PEPAM Coordination Unit is the monitoring unit for the water and sanitation sector of Senegal. The unit monitors and provides indicators for various implementing agencies, identifies projects with respect to the indicators, and supports institutional settings. The goal of PEPAM is the fulfillment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which are set for 2015. However, the government plans to set new goals to meet the needs of Senegal and extends the period every 10 years; the next period is expected to be from 2015 to 2025.

Société Nationale des Eaux du Sénégal (SONES)

Under the above-mentioned concession arrangement with MHA, SONES has responsibilities for planning, investments, fund searching, control operations of SDE, technical administration, water quality control and awareness raising on the issue of water conservation. The organizational chart of SONES (as of July 2013) is as shown in Figure 3.6.30.

MINISTER

CABINET GENERAL SECRETARIAT

Internal Inspection

Communication and Documentation

Office

PEPAM Coordination

Unit

OMVS-OMVG National Unit

Contract Approval

Unit

Study and Planning

Unit

Community Courrier Office

DH DGPRE DA DAGE Under

Ministry

Controlled by Ministry

AP

RH

N

OLA

G

ON

AS

SO

NE

S

OM

VS

OM

VG

SD

E

OFO

R


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Source: SONES

Figure 3.6.30 Organizational Chart of SONES

Sénégalaise des Eaux (SDE)

SDE is the private water-service provider with responsibilities for production, distribution, marketing, maintenance and customer management of the entire Dakar water supply system. As a contractual responsibility, SDE is obliged to comply with set targets for service quality, which are backed with penalties for non-compliance. The organizational chart of SDE is shown in the following Figure 3.6.31.

Chairman of Board of Directors

Special Advisor General Secretary

General Manager

Technical Advisor

Special Secretary Control and Management Unit

Communication Unit

Internal Audit Unit

Reversal Market Cell

Service of Quality,

Security and Environment

Direction of Legal Affairs

Informatics Service

Social Affairs Service

Direction of Works

Program Chief

Planning Service

Studies and Sustainable

Development Service

Project Manager

Project Manager

Service Control and

General Administrative

Technical Control and

Water Quality Control Service

Management Service and

Heritage Monitoring

Purchasing Service and

General Resources

Financial Service

Control Manage-

ment Service

Staff Manage-

ment Service

Skills Develop-

ment Service

Direction of Studies and

Planning

Direction of Control and Operation

Direction of Heritage and

General Resources

Direction of Finance and Accounting

Direction of Human

Resources


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Source: SDE

Figure 3.6.31 Organizational Chart of SDE

3) Water Supply Service Indicators

The indicators that show the actual performance of water supply services for Dakar Region and the Study Area in Thies, as well as the whole country, are indicated in Table 3.6.19.

Director General

Department of Accounting

Department of Procurement and Logistics

Department of Works

Department of Engineering and Studies

Department of Human Resources

Department of Information Services

Department of Communication and Cooperation

Department of Quality Assurance and Environment

Department of Finance

Production Section

Distribution Section

Dakar 1 Regional Office

Saint Louis Regional Office

Thies Regional Office

Diourbel Regional Office

Dakar 2 Regional Office

Kaolack Regional Office

Ziguinchor Regional Office

Louga Regional Office

Rufisque Regional Office

Lac de Guiers Production Office

Tambacounda Regional Office

Regional Staff Section

Billing Section

Commercial and Marketing Section

Department of Operations

Department of Marketing and Customers

Deputy Director General


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Table 3.6.19 Indicators for Urban Water Supply Service

Indicator Dakar Region (2013) Thies Study

Area* (2014)

Country Dakar, Pikine, Guediawaye Rufisque 1996 2013

Water Supply Accessibility Rate (%) 100 99 55 80 99 House Connection Accessibility Rate (%) 96 88 45 58 89 Public Tap Stand Accessibility Rate (%) 4 11 9 22 10 Non-revenue Water Rate (%) 23 － 32 20 Rate of Conformity to Biological Water Quality Standards (%) 91 － 92 99

Rate of Cost Recovery (%) 98 － 91 94 Number of Connections 295,154 － 291,167 616,718

Source: SONES, Mission de Collecte d'Information pour l'Approvisionnement en Eau de la Région de Dakar, JICA, March 2014 and JICA Household Survey, 2014(*)

The table above shows that the water-supply coverage rate (accessibility rate) for Dakar Region is almost 100%, with over 90% of residences receiving water from house connections. However, the department of Rufisque and the Study Area in Thies include rural areas where water is supplied through public tap stands, or where the water supply has not yet been served. Concerning the effectiveness of the system for Dakar Region, the non-revenue water (NRW) rate is 23%. In other words, the revenue ratio is 77%, which is low when compared to the government goal of 85%. On the other hand, the rate of cost recovery in Dakar Region is very high at 98%. Furthermore, quality of the supplied water is assured through periodic water-quality analyses made by SDE.

(7) Existing Plans, Projects and Programs

1) National Development Plans

The water supply in Senegal has advanced through the following two projects and one program in Table 3.6.20, which are ranked as top national plans for the development of the water sector.

Table 3.6.20 National Development Plans for the Water Sector Project/Program Period Goals Main Achievements

PSE (Projet Sectoriel Eau: Water Sector Project)

1996–2002 Increase production Reduce network losses Increase accessibility

to house connections

Ngnith plant expansion Construction of Littoral Nord boreholes Doubling of ALG pipeline Mamelles storage tank Pipe extensions New house connections

PLT (Projet Eau à Long Terme: Long-Term Water Sector Project)

2003–2007 Increase number of people with access to a water supply

Increase number of house connections

KMS purification plant ALG2 pipeline Mékhé booster station Thies storage tank Distribution pipe extensions New house connections

PEPAM (Programme d’eau potable et d’assainissement du millénaire: Water and Sanitation Program for the Millennium)

2005–2015 Increase number of house connections

Attain access rates of 88% in Dakar and 79% in other centers by 2015

Production expansion Pipeline extension Storage expansion New house connections

Source: JICA Study Team based on information from PEPAM

The PSE and PLT were projects funded mainly by the World Bank (WB), but an overseer of all the projects has not yet been established. Although some works surpassed their goals, all were basically


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completed in time, but all of the projects were separately evaluated. Therefore, PEPAM was formulated to acquire an overview of a global picture of donor activities and project movements. Under PEPAM, all projects in the water supply and sanitation sector of Senegal are monitored and evaluated, with targets set as the MDGs for 2015. PEPAM activities are funded by WB, FAE, Belgium and Luxembourg, together with contributions from the Senegalese government.

2) Existing Plans, Projects and Programs for Water Resources

Integrated water resources management (GIRE)

In order to pursue integrated water resources management (GIRE) in Senegal, DGPRE is implementing the Priority Action Program (PAP 2008–2015)23. The implementation of the PAP requires 12.4 billion FCFA. Some donors, such as the African Water Facility (FAE) and the British, Belgian and Luxembourgian governments, have been supporting it financially. Under the PAP, DGPRE prepared the units of management and planning (UGP) for water resources24. The entire country is divided into five UGPs. The UGPs are further subdivided into 28 subunits. Dakar Region is one UGP (UGP5) and there is no subunit within it. The formulation of the water management plan for each of the units has not yet been implemented, however.

Water resources’ development for agriculture and rural enhancement

DBRLA prepared a national strategy for the sustainable management of runoff and control over the salinization of land in Senegal (SNGDERST: Stratégie Nationale de Gestion Durable des Eaux de Ruissellement et de la Salinisation des Terres du Senegal) (2013–2027)25. The program/projects under SNGDERST are presented in Table 3.6.21.

Table 3.6.21 Program/Projects under SNGDERST Programs /Projects Actions Required Budget (million FCFA)

2013–2017 2018–2022 2023–2027 Total

PNDIL

Construction of works for utilization of runoff water 58,450 58,450 58,450 175,350 Secondary and tertiary developments around the water utilization area 59,500 59,500 59,500 178,500

Support for enhancement of water utilization 52,640 52,640 52,640 157,920

PNLST

Construction of works for protection and land reclamation 50,000 50,000 50,000 150,000

Secondary and tertiary developments 12,500 12,500 12,500 37,500 Support for enhancement of reclaimed and/or protected land 17,500 17,500 17,500 52,500

PAMOS All 30,071 30,071 30,071 90,212 Total 280,661 280,661 280,661 841,982

PNDIL = Le Programme National de Développement de l’Irrigation Locale PNLST = Le Programme Nationale de Lutte contre la Salinisation des Terres PAMOS = Le Projet d’Appui à la Mise en Œuvre de la Stratégie Source: DBRLA, SNGDERST

In the National Program for the Development of Small-Scale Irrigation (PNDIL), the sites shown in Table 3.6.22 are listed for the implementation of the program in the Study Area.

23 PEPAM, Rapport de presentation, 2014. 24 DGPRE, Étude du Projet de mise en œuvre du Plan d’Action de Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eau du Sénégal,

Quatrième partie: Le processus de planification des ressources en eau, Bilan diagnostic des ressources en eau, 2011. 25 SNGDERST, Stratégie Nationale de Gestion Durable des Eaux de Ruissellement et de la Salinisation des Terres du

Senegal (2013–2027), 2013.


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Table 3.6.22 Project Sites listed in PNDIL in Study Area No Department Commune Sites Type of work to be performed 1 Rufisque Diamniadio Sébi Ponty Dam To dig and arrange vegetable fields

2 Rufisque Bargny Bargny Dam To enhance the dam’s height and arrange vegetable fields

3 Rufisque Sébikhotane Belvedere Dam To rehabilitate the crack and arrange vegetable fields

4 Rufisque Rufisque Est Lendeng To enhance the dam’s height and arrange vegetable fields

5 Rufisque Diamniadio Banthiar Dam To enhance the dam height’s, and arrange vegetable fields and watering

6 Rufisque Diamniadio Ndoukhoura Peul To rehabilitate the reservoir, and arrange vegetable fields and watering

7 Rufisque Diamniadio Dougar Peul To enhance the dam’s height, and arrange vegetable fields

8 Rufisque Diamniadio Ndoukhoura Peul To enhance the dam’s height and vegetable fields Source: DBRLA, PNDIL

3.6.4 Sewage and Sanitation

(1) Related Organizations

As shown in the following, multiple organizations are related to the sanitation in Senegal. DA (Department of Sanitation): DA is under MHA (Ministry of Hydraulics and Sanitation). It

is in charge of planning and monitoring studies, and the implementation of sanitation programs in collaboration with ONAS and the Regional Service of Sanitation (SRA) (mentioned below).

ONAS (National Office for Sanitation in Senegal): ONAS is a public establishment in charge of sewerage management. It was created by Law No. 96-02 on February 22, 1996. On behalf of the Department of Sanitation, it manages the collective sanitation sewerage, the wastewater treatment plant and the pumping stations

SRA (Regional Service of Sanitation): In urban areas, SRA supervises ONAS, which is the operational organization. The collaboration between these organizations, however, is not necessarily effective because ONAS is highly autonomous.

SNH (Service of National Hygiene): SNH is in charge of the implementation and coordination of the sanitation programs. It has authority over the monitoring and control of sanitation management for households, commercial facilities and factories.

PEPAM (Millennium Water and Sanitation Program): This organization is the unified framework of interventions implemented by the Government of Senegal in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015.

(2) Related Laws on Sewerage

The following laws are related to the sanitation of sewerage in Senegal.

Code of sanitation

Law No. 2009-24 of July 8, 2009 concerning the Sanitation Code was passed on February 17, 2011. It provides a legal framework for managing public sanitation in Senegal, especially fecal sludge. It also functions to integrate the research findings, international conventions and relevant experiences of other countries. The sanitation global code defines:


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In Title I: the various components of liquid waste (sewage and rainwater excreta) and the provisions relating to the preparation, adoption and approval of sanitation master plans; water and wastewater storm for municipalities and local hydraulic and remediation plans for rural communities and their articulation, along with the necessary Urban Development Master Plan.

In Title II: general conditions for the discharge of treated water into the natural environment, reuse of treated water for domestic and industrial buildings, special arrangements for fecal sludge, the protection of public sanitation facilities against damage and the conditions of the establishment of an on-site sanitation.

In Title III: the question of identifying offenses, inspection process, inspector, penalties and criminal provisions.

Wastewater discharge standard

NS 05-061 on the wastewater discharge standard developed in July 2001 applies to the discharge of wastewater within the territorial limits of the country, which are receiving media such as surface water, underground and marine. Discharge limits for wastewater and leachate-rejected values are:

Total Suspended Solids (TSS): 50 mg/l BOD5 (on non-decanted effluent): 80 mg/l if the authorized maximum daily flow does not

exceed 30 kg/d; 40 mg/l beyond 30 kg/d. COD (on non-decanted effluent): 200 mg/l if the authorized maximum daily flow does not

exceed 100 kg/d; 100 mg/l beyond 100 kg/d. Nitrogen (total nitrogen comprising organic nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrogen

oxidized): -30 mg/l for an average monthly concentration when the maximum daily flow is equal to or greater than 50 kg/day.

Phosphorus (total phosphorus): 10 mg/l concentration in an average monthly concentration when the maximum permitted daily flow is greater than or equal to 15 kg/day.

(3) Existing Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Regarding sewerage, the service coverage ratios are 27.7% in Dakar Region and 1.2% in Thiès Region, as shown in Table 3.6.23. In Dakar Region, there are four sewage treatment plants (STPs: Cambérène, Niayes, SHS and Rufisque) and the total treatment capacity is 23,526 m3/day, as shown in Table 3.6.24. Even though the sewer network is fully installed in Dakar Department, wastewater in southern Dakar (mainly Corniche Ouest, Medine and Plateau) is being discharged without any treatment. Figure 3.6.32presents the existing sewerage area. In Thiès Region, there are two STPs (Keur, Saib, Ndoye and Saly) and the total treatment capacity is 4,020 m3/day. The locations of these two STPs are, however, outside the Study Area. As to on-site sanitation, service coverage is 54.1% in Dakar and 62.7% in Thiès. Since the price of a septic tank is higher than that of both a TCM (poor flush toilet or toilettes a chasse manuelle) and a VIP (ventilated improved pit latrine), TCMs and VIPs are more popular in the rural areas. TCMs and VIPs, however, structurally infiltrate the underground with human waste, and groundwater pollution has become a serious problem. Access to hygienic sanitation is denied to 18.2% of the population in Dakar and to 36.1% in Thiès.


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Table 3.6.23 Coverage Ratio of the Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Region Population1) (2010)

Number of STPs

Usage Rate (%)

Sewerage On-Site Sanitation (Improved Toilet)

Other (No Toilet or

Unhygienic Toilet) Dakar2) 2,592,191 4 27.7 54.1 18.2 Thiès3),4) 1,658,445 2 1.2 62.7 36.1

Source: 1) ANSD, 2007 2) ONAS, Master Plan 2010 3) SRA 4) Sewerage systems in Thiès Region lie outside of the planning area.

Source: JICA Study Team Note: * Sewerage systems in Thiès Region lie outside the target area.

Figure 3.6.32 Existing Sewerage Area

Table 3.6.24 List of Sewerage Facilities in Dakar and Thiès Regions

Region STP Sewered

Population Treatment Capacity

Sewer Network Semi-Collective Network

Number of

Pumping Stations Length Connection Length Connection

(Population Equivalent) (m3/d) (km) (Residence) (km) (Residence) (No.)

Dakar

Cambérène 200,000 19,200

1,030 90,965 212 10,679 53 Niayes 12 500 875 SHS 8 500 595 Rufisque 45,403 2,856

Thiès

Keur saib ndoye (Thiès)

70,000 3,000 74 5,037 0 0 1

Saly 600 1,020 7 0 0 5 Source: ONAS, 2014

Table 3.6.25 List of On-Site Sanitation Facilities Region Septic Tank Poor Flush Toilet

(TCM) VIP

Dakar1) 58.4% 19.2% 22.4% Thiès2) 11.5% 10.5% 78.0%

Source: 1) ONAS Master Plan 2013: 2) SRA

Niayes

Discharge to sea without treatment

Rufisque

SHS

Cambérène


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With regard to sludge management, ONAS has been transferring sludge from individual toilets to STPs (Cambérène, Niayes or Rufisque). Since December 2012, ONAS had a PPP contract with a private company, DELTA, which is now in charge of part of the sludge management. ONAS and DELTA cover the Dakar Region, except to the north and east of Rufisque. According to SRA (Regional Service of Sanitation), some people in rural areas dump their sludge in open spaces.

(4) Sewerage Utilization

1) Sewage Volume

According to the annual operation report, the sewage volume flowing through the STPs usually exceeds the design capacity in most cases, as shown in Table 3.6.26. In the case of the Cambérène STP, even though part of the inflow structurally skips the treatment process through the bypass, the treated water volume has also exceeded the design capacity, recently. The reasons for the increased volume of sewage are illegal connections, an increased number of households and increased connections as a result of the sewer-connection promotion programs supported by donors. As for the Saly STP, which is located in the tourism area, the main sources of discharge are hotels. The first cause is pool water discharged from hotels. According to ONAS Thiès, operators in hotels often discharge pool water without paying consideration to STP management. The increasing number of hotels around the Saly STP is also a cause of the increasing amount of wastewater being discharged.

Table 3.6.26 Daily Average Volume of Each STP

STP Daily Average Volume ( m3/d )

Capacity 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Cambérène In flow 19,200 22,364 26,449 28,730 28,015 30,004 31,563

Bypass - 4,973 9,432 11,091 4,765 8,374 5,930 - 22% 36% 39% 17% 28% 19%

Treated 19,200 17,391 17,017 17,639 23,250 21,630 25,633 - 78% 64% 61% 83% 72% 81%

Niayes 875 740 686 781 1,140 1,110 1,573 SHS 595 213 645 677 307 372 - Rufisque 2,856 2,695 2,370 2,022 1,796 1,772 1,736 Thiès 3,000 343 524 622 781 1,196 343 Saly 1,020 1,783 1,497 940 1,560 2,418 1,693

Source: ONAS, 2014

2) Waste-water Quality

Regarding the water quality in Senegal, the standards of WHO have been adopted as the water quality standards. In terms of the effluent standard, SS is 50 mg/l, BOD5 is 40 mg/l, CODCr is 100 mg/l and Fecal Coliform is 2x103 per 100ml or less. Almost all the STP standards for each parameter have been exceeded, indicating that appropriate management has not been carried out, which may also explain excessive wastewater flowing into these STPs.


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Table 3.6.27 Performance of Water Quality Tests in 2014

Parameter SS BOD5 CODCr Fecal Coliform

In Out Rate (%)

In Out Rate (%)

In Out Rate (%)

In Out Rate (%) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (µ/100ml)

Senegal Standard - 50 - - 40 - - 100 - - 2x103 -

Cambé- rène 669.0 73.3 89.0 1106.2 127.3 88.5 1682.6 213.0 87.3 7.8x106 8.6x104 99.9

Niayes 744.0 81.5 89.0 1059.8 96.9 90.9 1757.4 269.1 84.7 6.8x106 4.2x105 93.8 SHS 316.2 143.5 54.6 696.8 216.2 69 1172 402.8 65.6 6.8x106 7.9x105 88.4 Rufisque 1509.9 291.1 80.7 970.8 196.7 79.7 2425 658.9 72.8 7.8x106 2.6x104 99.7 Thiès 772.3 125.2 83.8 1018.8 85 91.7 1821.9 165.8 90.9 5.3x106 1.7x103 99,9 Saly 594.2 83.8 85.9 857.5 113.8 86.7 1338 223.3 83.3 3.2x106 5.8x104 98.2

Source: ONAS, 2014

3) Sludge Management

The sludge of on-site sanitation needs to be treated properly. In Dakar Region, 43% of the population using on-site sanitation employs mechanical drains, and removed sludge is conveyed and treated in a sludge treatment station in Cambérène, Niayes or Rufisque. The other 57% is removed by manual operation due to budgetary constraints. SRA has mentioned that the large amounts of sludge are dumped into either the sewer network or the open fields in the Tivaouane Peul area. With regard to sludge management, DELTA — the private operator contracted with ONAS since December 2012 on a PPP basis — is in charge of the transfer and management of sludge in the three stations. Based on the study conducted, a quantity of sludge approximately three to eight times the capacity is brought to the station, as shown in Table 3.6.28.

Table 3.6.28 Performance of the Sludge Transfer Record in 2014

STP Operation days Total Sludge Volume

Average sludge volume Capacity

(Days) (m3) (m3/days) (m3/days) Cambérène 336 154,295 459.2 120 Niayes 301 124,836 414.7 60 Rufisque 283 137,034 484.2 60 Total 920 416,165 1358.1 240

Source: ONAS, 2014


According to the report of PEPAM in 2014, the financial performance of the sewerage system was calculated based on the record of the 12 sewerage treatment plants in Senegal. The average sewage charge was 54.50 FCFA/m3, which is around 10% of the water charge, and it has covered only 70% recently, as shown in Table 3.6.29. Therefore, the operational income was in deficit. Thus, in order to make a profit, it has been proposed that the sewage charge must be increased to 83.09 FCFA.


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Table 3.6.29 Coverage of the Operational Costs (12 Operations in Total) No Item 2009 2010 2011 2012 Remarks

1 Wastewater Inflow Volume (m3) 83,947,233 88,255,783 92,772,203 102,320,372

2 Current Average of Sewage Charge (FCFA/ m3) 58.37 58.36 56.94 54.50

3 Gross Sewage Charge (FCFA) 4,900,000,000 5,150,965,000 5,282,682,000 5,575,987,486 =1x2

4 Operating Subsidy (FCFA) 1,747,651,000 1,232,277,000 1,336,681,000 1,369,898,366 5 Other Revenue (FCFA) 264,404,000 321,850,000 692,384,000 417,871,936

6 Gross Operating Revenue (FCFA) 6,912,055,000 6,705,092,000 7,311,747,000 7,363,757,788 =3+4+5

7 General and Administrative Expenses (without Amortization) (FCFA)

7,085,239,000 7,327,076,000 7,584,604,000 8,502,201,948

8 Operating Income (FCFA) -173,184,000 -621,984,000 -272,857,000 -1,138,444,160 =6-7 9 Coverage (%) 69,16 70,30 69,65 65,58 =3/7

10 Average balance rate of 100% coverage (FCFA/m3)

84.40 83.02 81.76 83.09 =1/7

Source: PEPAM (2014)


According to PEPAM, due to the achievement of the MDGs for Senegal, the access rate to proper sanitation in rural areas would increase from 26.2% in 2005 to 63% in 2015. In terms of achievements, it would equip 315,000 households with individual sanitation facilities and carry out the building of 3,360 public toilets in community public places. As for the urban area, the target rate of access to sanitation rises to 78% in 2015 from 56.7% in 2004, and sewage treatment rate rises to 61% in 2015, from 19% in 2004. Therefore, ONAS and other sanitation-related organizations have formulated the Master Plan or Strategy in order to achieve the above goal, as discussed below.

1) Sewerage Plan in the PDA Area

Components of the Master Plan

The Sewerage Master Plan of 2013, with 2025 as the target year, focuses on the Dakar Region. Regarding the department of Rufisque, it was not included in the Master Plan of 2001, whose target year was 2010. In Thiès Region, a sewage master plan was formulated for the Saly area, which is located outside the Study Area. In the existing Master Plan for Dakar, three new sewerage systems will be constructed and one existing sewerage system (Cambérène) will be improved (the expansion of the STP and rehabilitation of the sewer network). The components and required investments of the Master Plan are shown in Table 3.6.30 and Table 3.6.31. The target levels of the effluent water quality in the new STPs include complete elimination of particulates and organic substances. Although the elimination of nitrogen is to be achieved by extending the aeration process, phosphorus is not to be removed in the treatment process.


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Table 3.6.30 Components of the Existing Master Plan (Target: 2025)

STP Target

Population1) Daily Average

Volume

Daily Maximum

Volume

Treatment Method Pipe Length Pumping

Station

(Person) (m3/d) (m3/d) (m) (No.) Cambérène 883,952 46,935 56,322

Activated Sludge

23,860 14 Baie de Hann 519,980 32,044 38,453 81,507 38 Corniche Ouest 691,616 54,954 60,449 25,921 9 Est 813,629 31,074 37,289 99,515 49

Source: ONAS, Master Plan, modified by the JICA Study Team 1) Estimated figure by ANSD 2007

Table 3.6.31 Required Total Investment for All Components of the Master Plan (Target, 2025)

STPs Investment Cost (Million CFA) TOTAL Sewer STP

Cambérène 98,311 58,721 39,590 Baie de Hann 127,741 74,241 53,500 Corniche Ouest 98,615 54,406 44,209 Est 143,026 112,542 30,484 Total 467,693 299,910 167,783

Source: ONAS, Master Plan (2013)


Figure 3.6.33 Sewered Area in the Existing Master Plan

Priority program of the Master Plan

As shown in Table 3.6.31, the required total investment cost for all the components of the Drainage and Sewerage Master Plan for Dakar (PDA) is 467 billion FCFA. In the ONAS Master Plan, priority programs were identified to be completed by 2025. The priority programs in the ONAS Master Plan were selected based on the following concepts:


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Reduction of the direct discharge of wastewater to the sea. Reinforcement and extension of the existing sewer network (Cambérène and Corniche Ouest)

to prevent overflow and leakage of the wastewater. Extension of the interceptor and the STP in the Baie de Hann sewerage system, which will be

financed by AFD and EIB. Three sewerage systems (Cambérène, Corniche Ouest and Baie de Hann) in accordance with the above criteria have been selected as the priority programs for 2025. The other PDA components will be implemented beyond 2025.

Cambérène Rehabilitation and reinforcement of 100% of the truck sewer Rehabilitation of 20% of the existing branch sewer Extension of primary sedimentation and construction of sludge digestion, and extension of

secondary and tertiary treatment to 10,000m3/day Corniche Ouest Rehabilitation, reinforcement and extension of 100% of the trunk sewer Renovations of 20% of the branch sewer Construction of pretreatment equipment a new outfall at the STP Baie de Hann Construction of an interceptor and a pumping station Expansion of 25% of the branch sewer Construction of about 66% of the treatment capacity at the STP (primary and secondary

treatment, and other equipment) and installation of an outfall Est There are no programs until 2025

The total investment costs of the priority programs are estimated at 150 billion FCFA, which is one-third of the PDA investment cost as shown in Table 3.6.32. Investors, however, have not yet been decided on, except for the Baie de Hann project from 2014 to 2017, which will be financed by AFD and EIB, as shown in the investment schedule of the priority programs in Table 3.6.33.

Table 3.6.32 Investment Costs of Priority Programs (Target, 2025) Unit: Million FCFA

STPs Priority Program Total Sewer STP

Cambérène 74,744 42,644 32,100 Baie de Hann 43,491 23,161 20,330 Corniche Ouest 32,151 23,852 8,299 Est 0 0 0 Total 150,386 111,199 60,729



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Table 3.6.33 Investment Schedule of Priority Programs Unit: Million FCFA

STPs 2013–2025 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Cambérène 74,744 0 1,605 9,630 13,803 12,198 1,757 2,241 5,027 5,027 5,027 5,027 6,702 6,700 Extension of sewer 1,324 662 662 Reinforcement of pumping station

3,812 1,906 1,906 Extension of pumping station

2,421 968 1,453 Extension branch sewer 33,510 5,027 5,027 5,027 5,027 6,702 6,700 Rehabilitation of 20% of the sewer

1,577 789 788 Extension of outfall 32,100 1,605 9,630 11,235 9,630 Baie de Hann 43,491 0 4,066 9,512 10,081 8,048 1,473 1,473 1,473 1,473 1,473 1,473 1,473 1,473 Construction of interceptor and pumping station

11,377 *3,413 *3,982 *3,982

Construction of 25% of the sewer

11,784 1,473 1,473 1,473 1,473 1,473 1,473 1,473 1,473 Construction of the STP 20,330 *4,066 *6,099 *6,099 *4,066 Corniche Ouest 32,150 0 250 2,000 2,800 3,615 3,597 4,119 500 3,605 5,265 5,423 500 476 Construction of sewer network

14,145 250 2,000 2,000 1,615 1,731 2,055 1,445 1,445 1,604 Reinforcement of branch sewer

1,179 590 589 Reinforcement of pumping station

1,351 676 675 Extension of 20% of the branch sewer

7,176 800 2,000 600 800 500 500 500 500 500 476 Construction of the STP 8,299 1,660 3,320 3,319 Total 150,386 0 5,921 21,142 26,684 23,861 6,827 7,833 7,000 10,105 11,765 11,923 8,675 8,649

Note: *Financed by AFD and EIB Source: ONAS, Master Plan (2013), modified by the JICA Study Team

2) Sanitation Strategy in Rural Areas

In terms of the sanitation, DA has planned a strategy for the rural area, as reported in “Elaboration de Document de Politique et Strategie Operationnelle de l’assainissment Rural au Senegal, Volume 1 and 2”. This report summarizes the 2012 PEPAM, and presents the strategies from 2015 to 2025. The priority objectives are indicated as follows:

1st priority: Improving the health condition of the population by encouraging their abandonment of the use of the natural environment as a place for defecation, mainly aiming at improving the health of family members and the community.

2nd priority: Improving sanitation services through the application of appropriate technologies, both in terms of facilities (traditional latrines rehabilitated into new and improved latrines) and services.

3rd priority: Improving environmental conditions downstream of the household concerned (including groundwater).


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Table 3.6.34 Goal of Improved Sanitation for 2025 Unit:%

2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025

Improved Sanitation 34.3 38.0 45.4 52.0 57.0 63.0 69.0 75.2

Traditional Toilet 32.8 31.0 27.1 24.0 21.0 18.0 15.0 11.8

Open Defecation 32.9 31.0 27.5 24.6 22.0 19.0 16.0 13.0 Source: PEPAM

3) Pilot Project in the DISEZ

According to the National Agency for Investment Promotion and Major Projects (APIX), Site 1 of the Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone (DISEZ) has been planned next to the Blaise Diagne International Airport, as shown in Figure 3.6.34. A Detailed Urban Plan was formulated as a pilot project targeting an area of 50 ha of the Master Plan area. In the Detailed Urban Plan, a sewerage facility will be constructed together with other infrastructures. The wastewater volume was calculated to be 95% of the supplied water volume. Alternative 2 has been selected for the location of the STP.

Source: APIX, Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone, Master Plan 2012

Figure 3.6.34 Location of the STP for the Pilot Project in the DISEZ (50 h)

STP Alternative 2

Adjoining the Blaise Diagne

International Airport

DISEZ Site1: 718 ha

Detailed Plan Area: 50 ha

Master Plan Area: 180 ha

STP Alternative 1


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Table 3.6.35 Wastewater Volume in the Pilot Project (50 ha)

Estimated Population

(person) Water Supply

(m3/year) Discharge Rate

(%) Wastewater Volume

(m3/year) Detailed

Urban Plan (50 ha)

2,568 303,000 95 287,850

Source: APIX, Dakar Integrated Special Economic Zone, Master Plan 2012

4) Planned Site of the STP in Diamniadio

The latest development plan in Diamniadio was updated in 2014, and about 6 ha of land adjacent to the Bargny Dam has been selected for an STP site, as shown in Figure 3.6.27. The entire area shown below in Figure 3.6.35 is planned to be served by the new STP; the details, however, have yet to be determined.

3.6.5 Solid Waste Management

(1) Institutional Frameworks

Several institutions are involved in the management of waste in Senegal, as summarized in Table 3.6.36.

Sources: DGPU (2014

Figure 3.6.35 Location of the Planned Site of an STP in Diamniadio

Planned Site of STP: 6 ha


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Table 3.6.36 Institutions Involved in Solid Waste Management in Senegal Institutions Roles and Responsibilities

The Ministry of Local Governance and Territorial Development Management

Responsible for the development, implementation and monitoring of the policy on municipal solid waste management

Oversees the local governments and provides technical and financial support The Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development

Responsible for the development, implementation and monitoring of the policy on the environment

Responsible for hazardous waste management The Ministry of Health and Prevention

Responsible for the monitoring and implementation of hygiene and sanitation policy

Local Governments Responsible for municipal solid waste management in its jurisdictional areas, including collection, transportation and treatment

L'Entente CADAK-CAR Responsible for municipal solid waste management in the whole Dakar Region


The Coordination Unit for Solid Waste Management of the National Program on Waste Management (PNGD hereafter) has been formulated under the Ministry of Local Governance and Territorial Development Management, which is in charge of the National Program of Waste Management. In Dakar Region, the Communauté des Agglomérations de Dakar et Rufisque (CADAK-CAR hereafter) is responsible for solid-waste management in all of the areas: Dakar Department, Guediawaye Department, Pikine Department and Rufisque Department. The Study Area consists of 1) Dakar, Guédiawaye, Pikine and Rufisque Departments; and 2) part of Thiès and Mbour Departments. Regarding solid waste management, the former is mainly covered by L'Entente CADAK-CAR, while the latter is principally coordinated by the local municipalities and PNGD.

(2) Waste Amount and Composition in the Study Area

Currently, most of the waste generated in the Study Area (about 77%) is disposed of in the Mbuebuess Landfill Site. According to the incoming vehicle records at Mbuebuess Landfill in 2014, the average daily amount of incoming waste at the site is approximately 1,700 ton/day. The waste density is about 0.75 tons/m3, and the amount of solid waste per capita was calculated to be 0.53 kg/person/day. According to the survey conducted by the JICA Study Team in 2015, the composition of waste generated in Dakar Region is as shown in Figure 3.6.36. Fine materials such as sand and ash account for a major proportion of the total waste, which mainly comes from cleanup activities from unpaved roads and undeveloped public places, etc. In addition, illegal dumping on the ground has been practiced in most of the areas in the Study Area, which results in the inclusion of sand into wastes.


Figure 3.6.36 Waste Composition in Dakar Region

Organic, 19.9%

Fine, 30.1%

Paper/ Textile, 23.3%

Plastic, 12.9%

Plastic bottle, 1.6%

Wood,1.1%

Others Combustible,

5.0%Iron, 2.0%

Aluminum, 0.3%

Others Noncombustible,

4.0%


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(3) Current Practices of Waste Management

1) Waste Flow in the Study Area

Presently, all the wastes collected in Dakar Region, including domestic waste and industrial waste, are brought to the Mbeubeuss Landfill Site, except for hazardous waste, which shall be stored or treated by generators in their premises. So far, neither separation at source nor intermediate treatment of waste has been conducted in Dakar Region. The current waste flow in Dakar Region can be summarized as shown in Figure 3.6.37. All the wastes from Thies and Mbour Departments are transported to the dumpsites located at Fandene Commune and Gandigal Commune, respectively.

Sources: JICA Study Team

Figure 3.6.37 Current Waste Flow in Dakar Region

Domestic waste

(a) Household waste CADAK-CAR is responsible for collection, transportation and disposal of household waste in Dakar Region. CADAK-CAR divides its jurisdictional areas into several zones and entrusts the collection and transportation of waste in each zone to private operators. Each concessionaire is required to collect waste from households and transport it to the Mbeubeuss Landfill Site. The waste-collection rate differs according to the region; the collection rate in Dakar Department is as high as 90%, whereas the rate in the suburbs is between 15% and 40%. Generally, the concessionaires travel around their respective zones on collection vehicles (compactors or dump trucks), stopping at designated locations for residents to discharge waste directly into the vehicle. However, this collection method is not convenient for residents, as it requires them to stay at home until the vehicle comes to collect the waste, which causes illegal

Households

MbeubeussLandfill

Markets

Street-sweeping

Collection points in the communes 19 Private

CollectorsDoor to door collectionIn front of/near housesResidents

Residents Collection points in/near markets

Collection points in/near streets

19 Private Collectors

Cleaners hired by CADAK-CAR

Industry

Treatment/ Storage/ Export

Domestic Waste (93%)

Construction sites

Industrial Waste (6%)

Informal recovery

Industry

Healthcare facilities On-site incineration

Hazardous Waste (1%)

Primary collectorsHouse cart by

Individuals/COB

Each business establishment

Primary collectors

Each business establishment

Each hospitals, clinics

Dakar Municipality

Recyclables collection companies

Export

Landfilling

Informal recovery

STEP 1: Discharge

STEP 2: Collection & Transportation

STEP 3: Treatment/Disposal etc.

19

Informalsectors


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dumping on the street. Moreover, there are many narrow streets for the vehicle to access. In some areas, a horse cart has been used to collect waste and bring it to the loading points. (b) Market waste The collection of market waste has been carried out by each municipality or an entrusted private collection company. The municipality is also responsible for the cleaning of the market. Collected waste is transported to the Mbeubeuss Landfill Site. (c) Street sweeping Street sweeping is carried out by CADAK-CAR. All the collected wastes are transported to the Mbeubeuss Landfill Site.

Industrial waste

Non-hazardous industrial waste is transported to the Mbuebuess Landfill Site for its disposal. Each business entity that generates industrial waste shall transport its waste to the landfill site by itself, or by using an entrusted private company.

Hazardous waste

(a) Hazardous Industrial Waste Hazardous waste is mainly generated by a company or in an industrial setting. At present, there is no treatment plant for hazardous waste in Senegal. Therefore, the generators of such waste are required to store it within their premises, or to seek a company in neighboring countries that can receive and properly treat the hazardous waste. If generators find foreign partners, they can export their waste after undertaking the necessary procedures, including obtaining approval from the Ministry of Environment. (b) Biomedical Waste Biomedical waste is the waste generated from the diagnosis and monitoring of illness, and the preventive, curative and palliative treatment in the field of human and veterinary health care, or research activities. Such waste is a physical hazard or a biological or chemical contamination to man and/or the environment, which includes blood-contaminated bandages, needles, placentas, etc. In 2005, about 270 tons of medical waste was disposed of in Dakar Region. Large hospitals in Dakar Region such as Dakar Principal Hospital separately collect and incinerate biomedical waste by on-site incineration at a temperature over 800ºC, as regulated by the Decree of Biomedical Waste Management. However, currently, most small health facilities do not have enough space to possess and operate their own incineration equipment.

2) 3R activities

In the Study Area, the recovery and recycling of reusable wastes are conducted totally by the informal sector, mainly taking place in the Mbeubeuss Landfill Site where more than 800 people work as scavengers. Major materials to be recovered are scrap metal, plastics and nonferrous metals such as copper and aluminum. The scavengers collect those materials and pile them up in the landfill site to sell to the wholesalers who visit Mbeubeuss almost every day. Recovered valuables are then brought to industrial plants specialized in the recycling of plastic or metal waste.

(4) Existing Waste Treatment Facilities

In the Study Area, there is one landfill site in operation, one newly constructed landfill site and one sorting center. Figure 3.6.38 shows the locations of each facility.


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Source: Prepared by the JICA Study Team, 2014

Figure 3.6.38 Location Map of the Existing Waste Treatment Facilities

1) Mbeubeus Landfill

The Mbeubeus Landfill is the only active landfill in Dakar Region, which is located 15 km northeast of the city of Dakar, in the Atlantic littoral zone in the Niayes area. The Mbeubeus Landfill Site has been in operation since 1968 and is currently operated by CADAK-CAR. The landfill site daily receives about 250 trucks operated by the concessionaires, and about 1,700 tons per day of waste from Dakar Region. It is estimated that 77% of the total waste generated in Dakar Region is disposed of at this landfill. It was decided in the Project by ADM and the World Bank, called PRECOL (Programme de Renforcement et d'équipement des Collectivités Locales), that the Mbuebuess Landfill Site would be safely closed, and a new landfill site was developed in Sindia. However, there is strong opposition from residents and the new landfill site has not yet started operation. Therefore, Dakar Region still has to rely on the Mbuesbuess Landfill Site and it is still in use.

2) Mbao Sorting & Transfer Station

The Mbao Sorting & Transfer Station is located in Pikine Department, which is approximately 20 km from the city of Dakar. For its construction and operation, a 25-year contract between the Senegalese government and a local joint-venture company, consisting of two Italian companies, has been made under the scheme of PPP (Public-Private Partnership). The company is also responsible for the transportation of waste to the Sindia Landfill. It is planned to bring 1,700 tons/day of municipal solid waste to this station for separation. The Mbao Sorting & Transfer Station will have one main administration office, two sub-control offices, four truck scales and a sorting center, including automatic and magnetic-sorting machinery.

3) Sindia Landfill

The Shidia Landfill is located at the border between the two communes of Sindia and Ndiass in Mbour Department, approximately 50km from Dakar City. This landfill site was developed as a new sanitary landfill site to receive wastes from Dakar Region. The total area of the Sindia Landfill is 61 ha, of which 14 ha has already been utilized for five cells of the disposal areas, including the leachate treatment facility and fence. The construction and operation of the landfill site is carried out by GTA (GTA SA Service: the Italian joint venture company Tirreno Ambiente and Gicos) under the PPP contract with the

Mbao Sorting & Transfer Staton

Sindia Sanitary Landfill

Mbeubeuss Landfill


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Ministry of Finance and CADAK-CAR. After the selection of the site in 2005, an environmental impact assessment for this site was carried out. However, as mentioned above, due to the opposition from the neighborhood residents, the operation of the landfill site has been suspended. As the amount of waste generation increases, it is estimated that the capacity of the Sindia Landfill will be reached in approximately 15 years. The outline of the Sindia Landfill is shown in Table 3.6.37.

Table 3.6.37 Outline of Sindia Landfill Item Description

Area 61 ha Site selection year 2005 (expected to be operated from 2015) Contract Five years with GTA SA Service (Italian joint venture company:

Tirreno Ambiente and Gicos) Scheme BOT (build-operate-transfer) Landfill type Anaerobic sanitary landfill Waste type Municipal solid waste



Each municipality collects waste collection tax (TEOM) payments from residents and property owners, which is the main source of funding for waste management for local government. In the Act regarding the TEOM, the maximum rate of the tax is set at 3.6% for the municipality of Dakar and 3% for other cities in Senegal on the basis of land tax. CADAK-CAR does not collect fees directly from residents, but receives its funding from the central government, which was approximately 10 billion FCFA in 2014. According to the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, the government allocated 14 billion FCFA in total for municipal solid waste management in Dakar Region.


1) Existing Plans

The National Program on Waste Management (PNGD)

The National Program on Waste Management was developed by a steering committee led by the former Minister of Land Development, consisting of the Ministry of Local Government, the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development and other related agencies. The PNGD includes the Strategic Plan for the period 2013–2020, with the expected outputs as shown in Table 3.6.38. This Strategic Plan also includes several solid waste-related infrastructure development projects in Senegal, and has allocated a budget for those projects. The infrastructures in Dakar Region are planned to be developed under the PPP scheme, and a detailed description is provided in the Strategic Plan.

Table 3.6.38 Expected Outputs of the Strategic Plan (2013–2020) No. Expected Outputs 1 Internal financial source is strengthened. 2 Sanitary landfills are constructed and receive 100% of the waste. 3 Intermediate facilities are available. 4 Local governments introduce a waste management service fee for sustainable waste management. 5 Waste collection rate is more than 75%.

Source: Prepared by the JICA Study Team based on National Program on Waste Management, 2014

Dakar solid waste management master plan

CADAK-CAR has drafted the Solid Waste Management Master Plan in Dakar Region with the support


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of African Institute of Urban Management (IAGU hereafter), which is in the approval process. The main draft activities in the Plan are described in Table 3.6.39:

Table 3.6.39 Draft Activities of the Dakar Solid Waste Management Master Plan No. Activities 1 Selection of private operators and possible technical options 2 Reconstruction and development of the Sindia Landfill 3 Optimization of personnel management 4 Revise and put into effect the laws and ordinances 5 Compilation of a database on stakeholders and tax registration 6 Closure and rehabilitation of the Mbeubeuss Landfill

Source: Prepared by the JICA Study Team based on Dakar Solid Waste Management Master Plan, 2011,

2) Ongoing and Planned Project

There are several ongoing projects for the waste treatment infrastructure, as follows: Closure of the Mbuebuess Landfill Site Development of the Mbao Sorting & Transfer Station Development of the Sindia Landfill Site

3.6.6 Electricity and Renewable Energy

(1) Area of Analysis

The electricity demand for the Study Area is to be supplied by all parts of Senegal and neighboring countries via transmission and distribution lines. It is, therefore, important to consider the electricity sector from the national and international perspectives. Thus, the subsequent analyses were carried out not only for the Study Area but also for the rest of the country and neighboring countries.

(2) Administrative Organization

Electricity government agencies

Government agencies for electricity administration in Senegal are shown in Figure 3.6.39 below.

Source: Information from MEDER (Ministry of Energy and Renewable Energy Development)

Figure 3.6.39 Senegalese Agencies for Electricity Administration

The major administrative organizations targeted by the Study of the electricity supply for the Study Area are noted as follows. The roles of each organization are also described.

Ministry of Energy and Renewable Energy Development (MEDER)

MEDER is the governmental organization that has responsibility for the basic policies on the overall energy sector in Senegal. Additionally, as it considers renewable energy to be very important, it is formulating basic policies for the promotion of renewable energy. Moreover, MEDER is responsible for

MEDER

ASER

ANER

SENELEC

CRSE

MEDER: Ministry of Energy and Renewable Energy Development

CRSE: Electricity Sector Regulatory Commission

SENELEC: national Electricity Corporation of Senegal

ANER: National Agency for Renewable Energy

ASER: Senegalese Agency for Rural Electrification

MEDER

ASER

ANER

SENELEC

CRSEMEDER

ASER

ANER

SENELEC

CRSE

MEDER: Ministry of Energy and Renewable Energy Development

CRSE: Electricity Sector Regulatory Commission

SENELEC: national Electricity Corporation of Senegal

ANER: National Agency for Renewable Energy

ASER: Senegalese Agency for Rural Electrification


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price approval of all energy items, such as electricity and fossil fuels, and for monitoring the trend of those prices.

National Electricity Corporation of Senegal (SENELEC)

SENELEC is the national electricity company of Senegal. Except for rural electrification, SENELEC is in the business of power generation, transmission and distribution on a national basis, and is carrying out maintenance and management of those facilities. Since SENELEC has the role of supplying electricity to the Study Area, the greatest attention was paid to SENELEC during the Study.

National Agency for Renewable Energy (ANER)

ANER is a new agency established in 2013 for the purpose of promoting renewable energy (RE). It carries out activities on the promotion of, and obtaining consent for, the implementation of specific RE projects, among others.

National Agency for Rural Electrification (ASER)

ASER was established in 1988 for promoting the electrification of non-electrified rural areas where houses were not connected to SENELEC’s transmission/distribution lines. ASER, however, has no direct involvement with the electricity supply in the Study Area.

(3) Electricity Conditions

1) Overview of the Conditions

Electrification ratio

According to the information from MEDER as of the end of 2013, the national average electrification rate in Senegal is 54%, with 90% in urban areas and 24% in rural areas. According to the data of the World Bank in 2009, the average electrified ratios of sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are 30.5% at the country level, 59.9% in urban areas and 14.3% in rural areas. Although electrification in urban areas has improved remarkably, the speed of electrification in rural areas is considered to be slow in Senegal.

Electricity demand and supply

Trends in the electricity demand and supply in Senegal on a national basis from 2004 to the end of 2013 are shown in Table 3.6.40. Those data include the demand and supply in rural areas where SENELEC’s national grid is not connected.


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Table 3.6.40 Trend of Electricity Demand and Supply in Senegal Item Unit 2004 2007 2010 2013

Electricity Sales GWh 1,540 1,786 2,063 2,406 Electricity Supply GWh 1,952 2,305 2,618 3,038 (Generation by SENELEC) 1,307 1,596 1,800 1,908 (Purchase from IPPs) (＊１) 645 709 818 1,130 Electricity Loss(*2) = Supply - Sales (Loss/Supply)

GWh (%)

412 (21.1)

519 (22.5)

555 (21.2)

632 (20.8)

Customers (total) Num. 551,102 711,578 880,082 991,672 (for low voltage, 380V) 550,000 710,347 878,547 990,171 (for mid voltage, 6.6 kV, 30kV) 1,099 1,228 1,394 1,497 (for high voltage, 90kV, 225kV) 3 3 3 4

Note: *1) Including imported electricity *2) Calculated by the Study Team using SENELEC’s data IPP = Independent Power Producer

Source: Data in the document received from SENELEC

The electricity consumption increased by approximately 56% for the 10 years between 2004 and 2013. Compared with the electricity-supply growth of approximately 46% over 10 years among SENELEC power plants, the growth by IPPs including electricity imports was approximately 75% over the 10 years. The degree of dependence on IPPs has increased. The electricity loss has stayed constant at a level of approximately 20%. The loss includes technical losses in transmission/distribution systems and non-technical losses such as “illegal power use”. The electrical loss of 20% in Senegal is considered higher than those of other developing countries in the world. It is necessary to make an effort to reduce the electricity loss consistently, for improving the profitability of SENELEC. At present, SENELEC is studying the electricity-demand forecast, including the demand in new development areas in Greater Dakar from 2017 to 2035, according to their own method and various assumptions, in order to consider future electricity-supply strategies. The study’s results have yet to be released.

Electricity prices

The trends in the electricity prices in Senegal are shown in Table 3.6.41.

Table 3.6.41 Trend of Electricity Prices by SENELEC Year

Price (FCFA/kWh) 2004 2007 2010 2013

Average price 80.70 101.09 118.00 118.10 Price for low voltage (380 kV) 86.48 104.70 123.00 122.40 Price for mid voltage (6.6 kV, 30 kV) 76.63 98.84 117.00 115.30 Price for high voltage (90 kV, 225kV) 58.86 76.96 80.00 88.30

Source: Data in the document received from SENELEC

The average electricity price in Senegal —118.10 FCFA/kWh (≒24 US Cent/kWh) — is higher than those in the neighboring countries of Mali (16 US Cent/kWh), Guinea (9 US Cent/kWh) and Mauritania (8 US Cent/kWh)26. The average electricity prices had been increasing at annual rates of 5–7% until 2010, along with the pace of inflation and the rise of oil prices. The electricity prices for “low voltage” (household use) and “medium voltage” (mainly commercial use) have kept constant or reduced slightly since 2010.

26 UPDEA, Comparative Study of Electricity Tariffs used in Africa, December 2009


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This fact shows that the prices are determined by the governmental policy to supply reasonably priced electricity to the general public. However, lower prices would be the largest factor regarding SENELC’s declining profit margins, because the electricity generating costs have been increasing based mainly on oil prices. As the electricity price is determined politically with an emphasis on public benefit, the chronic operational deficits would be difficult to solve by SENELEC’s efforts alone. As a result, the amount of deficit coverage for SENELEC provided by the government is estimated to be approximately 100 billion FCFA (US$ 200 million). This amount is equivalent to approximately 60% of the national budget for the energy sector. The condition imposes a heavy burden on the national finances, and is a large obstructive factor for future investment in electricity facilities and measures.

2) Generation Facilities

Regarding electricity supply to the Study Area, the power plants in Senegal connected to the SENELEC national transmission system as of the end of 2013 are listed in Table 3.6.42. The total rated capacities of each plant are shown in the table. Each plant has some generation units.

Table 3.6.42 Power Plants connected to the Senegal National Grid

Site Name Commissioning

Gen. Type ×Unit

Rated Capacity

(MW)

Available Capacity

(MW) Remarks

(SENELEC) Bel Air 1999 Diesel×6

(Steam×1) 133.7 104.75 In Dakar

Department Cap de Biches 1966 Diesel×5

(Steam×5) 224.5 98 In Dakar Region

Kahone-1 1982 Diesel×4 0 0 (rehabilitation) Kahone-2 2008 Diesel×6 101.4 93 In Kaolock City (IPP) GTI 1999 Diesel×36

(Combined Cycle×16) 52 30 In Dakar Region

Kounoune 2007 Diesel 67.5 60 In Dakar Region SOCOCIM (Cement Company)

2011 Gas 19 7 In Dakar Region

APR KOU 2011 Diesel 92 92 (Emergency plant) Total 690 485

Source: Data in the document received from SENELEC, as of the end of 2013

As of the end of 2013, the total installed capacity of the power plants in Senegal connected to the SENELEC national grid system was 690 MW, excluding imported power. A total of 485 MW, or approximately 70% of the whole capacity, was actually used, since aging has caused a performance decline of the facilities. Approximately 40% of the available capacity was from IPPs. It is noteworthy that Senegal was the first country among the SSA countries to introduce Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in the late 90s. Approximately 90% of electricity in Senegal is generated using heavy fuel oil. Imported crude oil is processed and refined by the Societe Africaine de Raffinage (SAR), which is the only refinery in Senegal. SENELEC is purchasing a large percentage of the heavy fuel oil that they use from SAR. Most power plants in Senegal are diesel generation plants, whose installed capacities are low and power generation cost is high. The high cost of diesel power plants has been exacerbated by frequent inspections and maintenance works, and shutoffs for overhauls of the aging facilities.


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Furthermore, though SENELEC introduced many emergency containerized, rental diesel power facilities of 150MW in total during the power supply crisis in 2010–2011 due to the dramatic surge in oil prices in 2008, the facilities and generated electricity have now grown more expensive. SENELEC, therefore, has reduced the number of costly rental facilities and been strengthening in-house generation facilities, etc. The remaining facilities of 92MW, however, are still being used at present. This is one of the reasons for the high current electricity prices. (Source: World Bank Report No.79070-SN, Project — an appraisal document on Taiba Ndiaye’s independent power producer project.) One of the notable examples of the recent entry of an IPP is the case of SOCOCIM, a major cement company in Senegal. SOCOCIM has a large cement mill in the Diamniadio district of the greater Dakar area and originally had an in-house power facility of 30MW in the mill. It entered the electricity business in 2011 by constructing generating facilities of an additional 19MW and by supplying the electricity to SENELEC’s transmission lines. The supply of electricity by such an IPP player as a private company that has in-house generating facilities is considered to be preferable for securing a stable and economical electricity supply, because the company has accumulated know-how on the power plant’s operational and maintenance activities, and on the economic procurement of fuel.

3) Transmission and Distribution Facilities

National transmission system

The route map of national transmission lines of high and medium voltages in Senegal is shown in Figure 3.6.40.

Source: A drawing issued by SENELEC

Figure 3.6.40 Senegal’s National Grid Map, Existing and Planned

Mauritania

Mali

Guinea-Bissau Guinea

(year 2016)

(year 2018)

(Existing)


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The planned lines are indicated by broken lines and interconnected lines for imported power are shown in green. The electricity import is, or will be, conducted at the four points shown by arrows on the map. Previously, the import from Mali has been conducted, and the interconnected line along the Senegal River has been used for transmission to the Dakar area (from a SENELEC document).

Transmission system in the Study Area

Additionally, the route map of high and medium voltage transmission/distribution lines in the Study Area, as of October 2013, is shown in Figure 3.6.41 (extracted from the SENELEC material).

Source: The original grid map was issued by SENELEC,

Figure 3.6.41 National Grid Map for Dakar’s Metropolitan Area

In the figure, two interconnected transmission lines of 225kV come from the northeast to Dakar City’s areas. The existing city area in the left half of the figure has the high-density installation of distribution lines, and the current electrification rate is considered to be very high in the areas. In the built-up area of Dakar City on the tongue of the peninsula, a high-voltage transmission system in a loop type was adopted to increase the reliability of the power supply. The present installation density of the transmission lines is considerably lower in the area depicted in the right half of the map. A greater extension of electricity facilities will be needed for future development around this area. A single high-voltage transmission line starting at the SOCOCIM trunk substation passes to the southeast through the new development area. Thus, it is obvious that the SOCOCIM substation is the most important substation for planning the future electricity supply for the new development area. Sendou-1 power plant, the first coal-fired power plant in Senegal, is now under construction in the new development area. The power plant will supply more electricity for not only the existing city areas but also for the new development area. On the other hand, although the existing electricity distribution lines and facilities in the built-up urban areas of Dakar were installed in high-density areas, generally speaking, the capacities of those distribution lines and facilities in the built-up areas are becoming significantly insufficient for meeting

225kVTransmission LineInterconnected (OMVS)

High-voltage TransmissionLines for Dakar areas

■

●New Airport

New Development Area

SOCOCIMTrunk Substation

Sendou-1 Coal-firedThermal Power Plant(under Construction)

The Study Area

225kVTransmission LineInterconnected (OMVS)

High-voltage TransmissionLines for Dakar areas

■

●New Airport

New Development Area

SOCOCIMTrunk Substation

Sendou-1 Coal-firedThermal Power Plant(under Construction)

The Study Area


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increasing electricity demand. Thus, as fire disasters on the lines caused by excessive heat generation and facility troubles have increased, the rehabilitation and replacement of those facilities is needed immediately. From this point of view, the projects below have been conducted by overseas donors.

Project for the improvement of the distribution system in Dakar City (official name unknown) Donor: The Export-Import Bank of China Project area: Plateau district and northern area of the existing city Contents: i) Upgrading (from 30kV to 90kV), rehabilitation and replacement of the

primary distribution lines ii) Upgrading (from 6.6kV to 30kV) of the secondary distribution (feeder) lines iii) Installation of four substations for upgrading

Electricity Sector Support Project (ESSP) Donor: World Bank (Source: World Bank project appraisal document No.65901-

SN) Project area; Greater Dakar area Contents: (Component-1, one of the project’s four components)

Upgrading (6.6kV to 30kV), rehabilitation or replacement of existing transmission lines and substations

The projects above are based on the report, “Detailed plan on the electricity distribution in Senegal (2008–2030), Schema Directeur Distribution Senegal (2008–2030)”. The report described the future plans for the greater Dakar areas in considerable detail, but is insufficient or inappropriate for the current Master Plan study, because an intensive plan for the new development areas was not formulated.

4) Electricity Import

At present, the 225kV interconnected transmission lines of the Senegal River Basin Development Organization (OMVS) from Mali to Dakar have been commissioned. The electricity import of 26 MW, allotted by OMVS, from the Manantali hydropower plant (200 MW) in Mali, commissioned in 1988, is transmitted using those lines. Furthermore, the allotted electricity of 15 MW from the Felou hydropower plant (60 MW) has been imported since 2013. Under good relationships with neighboring countries, the electricity import has become indispensible for the stable electricity supply in Senegal. The information on the future plan for electricity import is to be described in Clause (5).

(4) Renewable Energy (RE)

1) Overview in Senegal

Under one of the national policies, promotion of the use of RE is considered to be very important in the energy sector in Senegal. As of 2014, the percentage of energy production by RE in the total production in Senegal is less than 2%, including small-scale hydropower. However, the growth rate of RE electricity production is increasing at a remarkable annual rate of 12%. The notable basic policy for promoting RE in Senegal is the concept of “self-consuming”. It means that electricity producers have to use part of the electricity that they generate for their own facilities, and the excess electricity is to be supplied to SENELEC’s transmission/distribution lines. Thus, the installation of RE facilities for the sole purpose of selling electricity will not be permitted. The concept is important for the future utilization of RE in the Study Area.


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There are many kinds of RE resources, such as hydro, solar (photovoltaic), wind, biomass, wave and tidal energy. It is considered that the appropriate RE resources, which have high potential in Senegal and are easy to use in a sustainable way, would be hydro, photovoltaic, wind and biomass. Geothermal resources have not been found in Senegal. Wave and tidal energies are still at the demonstration stage, not yet at the commercial stage, and ANER is not keen on them. Concerning the “photovoltaic generation (PV)”, the generating conditions for PV are favorable in Senegal because the eight-month period from November to June is the dry season, when there are many hours of sunshine and the weather conditions are very stable. PV can be widely used in all parts of Senegal. Thus, photovoltaic generation (PV) is placed at a premium in the RE sector by the Senegalese government, MEDER and ANER in their basic policies. The potentials of wind energy and biomass energy, including combustible waste from cities and industry, are considerably large, but those resources have scarcely been developed at present.

2) Current State of PV Introduction

As of 2014, the total installed capacity of PV systems was approximately 3 MWc, out of which 2.2 MWc in total was connected to the SENELEC transmission grid. The remaining 0.8 MWc was used for rural mini-grids and communication facilities. At present, there are approximately 20 PV or hybrid-PV facilities on a smaller scale of 10–100kWc, connected to isolated mini-grid systems in many rural areas including the Saloum Islands (information from ANER). Specific PV facilities and large-scale projects registered officially at MEDER are as follows:

(a) Central Solaire de Diamnadio (2 MW): SENELEC, commissioned in 2014 (b) Central Solaire de Niakhar (15 MW): UAE (United Arab Emirates), to be commissioned in

2016 (c) Project Solaire Kfw (8.81 MW): Kfw, to be commissioned in 2016

As for the rest, there are approximately 10 mega-scale PV projects that will probably be commissioned in 2015 or 2016. As Central Solaire de Diamnadio (2MW) is the first large-scale PV facility in Senegal, and an ideal facility planned under the national policy of “self-consuming”, it would be noteworthy for future PV promotion. Figure 3.6.42 shows the exterior appearances of the facility (as of December 8, 2014, in a photograph taken by the Study Team).

(i) Overview of the International

Conference Center (ii) Overview of the PV facility (2MW)

Source: JICA Study Team Figure 3.6.42 Photos of Central Solaire de Diamnadio

The facility was planned in order to supply electricity mainly to the conference center (i) that was constructed in a new development area in the Study Area. The surplus electricity is to be supplied to a


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nearby SENELEC transmission line. Though there was a plan for the new large PV project of 30MW in the same district of Diamniadio by the Avangreen company, it has been suspended at present, according to MEDER. The reasons for the suspension are unknown. ANER understands clearly that the PV facility cannot produce electricity during periods of little or no sunshine, such as at night. The method of using batteries for storing electricity during daylight and using the stored electricity during the night is expensive. At present, small-scale diesel generation systems are used for rural electrification. ANER pays much attention to the combination of PV during daylight and diesel generation during the night, and plans to reduce the electricity’s cost and price in total as an effective future activity. Concerning the activities of foreign donors, Kfw (a German organization) actively promotes PV and is planning the project of Item (c) above. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is planning Project (b) in Fatick, a town 100 km southeast of Dakar.

3) Importance of Hydropower

“Hydropower” is one of the most stable energy sources among RE sources, and the cost of power generation is generally lower than that of other types. It is highly possible that suitable hydropower potential will be found in the areas near the border with Guinea, such as Kedougou, Tambacounda and Kolda. However, in those regions, large-scale dam-type hydropower developments are not viable due to their topographical conditions. Large-scale developments had better be avoided in order to conserve the forest environment in those regions. Thus, modest hydropower development would be important and effective for Senegal. MEDER and ANER are considering developing small hydropower plants at many sites in these areas, and they are collecting basic information for planning projects. The trunk-transmission line by OMVG from the Sambangalou hydropower plant (128 MW) to Dakar City is planned to be commissioned in 2018, and new hydropower resources could be developed effectively using the new trunk-transmission line.

4) Potential of Wind Power

Concerning “wind power”, wind conditions along the Atlantic coast are suitable for wind generation because the annual average wind speed is confirmed to be approximately 6m/s, which is the necessary minimum condition for profitable wind power projects, and the wind conditions are also considerably stable. Thus, the wind power potential in Senegal would be suitable for future development. The wind power IPP project below has already been planned in the coastal area between Dakar and Saint-Louis.

150 MW Project (at Taiba N’djaye): Sarreole (a French company), to be commissioned by 2017

Though some other projects are under consideration in these areas, those projects are not listed in MEDER’s official registration document as of 2014, and the details have not been specified at present.

5) Current State of Biomass Energy

Regarding “biomass”, the potential for energy use connected to the agricultural industry is considered to be greater, and its development will be carried out widely in rural and agricultural areas. There are two typical existing biomass power facilities, noted below.

Bagasse-fired power plant (9 MW): Senegal Sugar Company, approx. 40 GWh/year Peanut husk-fired power plant: Sunéor de Ziguinchor, 1,754 MWh/year


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As described in the previous clause, the combustible municipal waste is a promising resource of energy, but there is no “waste-to-energy” plant in Senegal at present.

(5) Electricity Policy and Future Program

Basic policy

The Letter de Politique de Développement de Secteur de l’Energie (LPDSE2), revised in 2012, is the latest revision of the basic electricity and energy policy in Senegal. The Presentation on the Energy Sector in Senegal (Présentation secteur del’Energie au Senegal) was released in October 2014 by MEDER as a more detailed policy document based on the LPDSE2. The specific policies on the electricity sector according to MEDER can be summarized as follows:

Enhancement of the electricity supply’s capacity: resolution of the supply shortage by 2017 Improvement of the rural electrification rate: 60% in 2017 Optimized combination of various energy sources: energy mix Reduction of electricity costs: cost reduction of a third by 2017 Reformation of SENELEC: resolution of the deficit operation.

Enhancement of the electricity supply’s capacity

As the expected shortage of electricity supply in Senegal in the near future is very serious, securing new electricity resources is most important as a countermeasure. The installation of new power plants usually requires five years or more from planning to completion, and large amounts of capital. Thus, as a short-term electricity policy, importing electricity from neighboring countries is to be increased initially. MEDER’s target for the proportion of imported electricity is 10% of the electricity demand. MEDER considers that this will resolve the electricity shortage in Senegal by the year 2017.

(a) Import from Mali Based on the contract with OMVS, in addition to the current import of 26 MW allotted from the Manantali hydropower plant, the allotted power of 46 MW from the Guinea hydropower plant (149 MW) will be imported starting in 2017. The power will be transmitted using the existing 225kV interconnected transmission line from Mali to Dakar City. (b) Import from Mauritania An interconnected 225 kV transmission line from Mauritania to Senegal will be completed in 2016, and 125MW of electricity will be imported from the Banda gas-fired thermal power plant in Mauritania. (c) Import from Guinea OMVG is constructing an interconnected 225 kV transmission line to import 61 MW of allotted power from the Sambangalou hydropower plant (128 MW) to Dakar, expected to begin in 2018. In the future, electricity is planned to be imported from the Kaleta hydropower plant (240MW), which is currently under construction in Guinea-Bissau.

Then, taking a long-term view (up to the year 2035), which is the targeted year of the Study, heavy dependence on imported electricity should be avoided in favor of promoting the creation of a sufficient future power supply and attaining national energy security for Senegal. Thus, new electricity generation plants in SENELEC are needed to meet the increasing long-term electricity demand. At present, the new power projects noted in Table 3.6.43 are registered officially by MEDER.


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Table 3.6.43 Recent Projects in the Senegal Electricity Sector PJT Name Site Capacity Commissioning

Thermal power plant (coal) Sendou-1, by CES Sendou 125 MW Dec. 2015 Sendou-2, by KEPCO Sendou 250 MW (1) Dec. 2016, (2) Mar. 2017 Jindal (plan) Jindai 250 MW Not fixed Africa Energy (plan), by Africa Energy SA Not fixed 300 MW 2017 Thermal power plant (natural gas) Power import from Mauritania Mauritania 125 MW 2016 Hydropower plant Felou (15 MW of 60 MW), import OMVS Senegal R. 15 MW Commissioned 2013 Gouina (46 MW of 140 MW), import OMVS Senegal R. 46 MW 2017 Sambangalou (61 MW of 128 MW), Import OMVG

Gambia R. 61 MW 2018

Source: Data in the document received from MEDER

Improvement of the rural electrification ratio

According to MEDER’s policy, the rural electrification ratio is projected to achieve the higher level of 60% in the year 2017. MEDER recognizes the problem that a plan and management is needed for creating strong electrification measures in rural areas that are far from the power grids. ASER is the organization responsible for electrifying each household and school in rural areas. The actual electrification is implemented via the PPP method. At present, 10 private concession projects, listed below, are under implementation. The 10 projects cover almost all areas in Senegal.

i) Dagana-Pondor-St.Louis ii) Louga-Kebemer-Linguere iii) Rufisque-Tivaoune-Thies-Bambey-Diourbel-Mbacke iv) Mgour v) Foundiougne vi) Koalack-Fatick-Nioro vii) Ranerou-Matam-Kanel-Bakel viii) Kaffrine-Kedougou-Tambacounda-Koungheul ix) Kolda-Velingara x) Oussouye-Bibnona-Sedhiou-Ziguinchor

Energy mix

At present, 90% of the electricity consumption in Senegal is supplied by diesel power plants fueled by heavy oil. Thus, the electricity business conducted by SENELEC tends to be strongly affected by the international fluctuating trends in the oil market, and also has the serious problem of a high generating cost. MEDER estimated the generating costs for each method, as shown in Table 3.6.44.

Table 3.6.44 Comparison of Power Generation Costs Generation Method Generation Cost

(FCFA/kWh) Generation Cost

Approx. (US cent/kWh) Diesel generation (heavy oil) 200 40 Thermal generation (heavy oil) 95 19 Thermal generation (natural gas) 74 15 Thermal generation (coal) 35 7 Hydropower generation (import) 34 7 Average in Senegal (＊1) 170–190 34–38

Note: *1 Information from the website as of February 2014 Source: The original information in CFA was provided by MEDER


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Concerning the electricity prices, the national-average electricity price of SENELEC as of 2013 was approximately 118 CFA/kWh, which was as low as 60–70% of the average generation cost in Senegal at 170–190 CFA/kWh. This is the major factor causing the chronic deficits of SENELEC. MEDER is examining the “Energy Mix”, which means the best combination of various energy sources in Senegal that is necessary to avoid dependence on one energy resource. MEDER aims to change the recent preference for heavy oil-fired diesel generation to other systems, with a view to not only reducing electricity costs but also to establishing “national energy security”. Coal-fired thermal power generation is promoted as a short-term measure, and natural gas-fired thermal plants are projected in the future. Although there is a prospect of oil and natural-gas production in the Senegalese territory and exploration is under way at present, many years will need to pass in order to attain the commercial production level. Thus, the best energy mix should be examined based on the condition that fossil fuels for thermal power plants will have to be imported.

Reduction of electricity prices

MEDER set a clear target of reducing the current cost of electricity generation by a third by the year 2017. As shown in Table 3.6.44, the current electricity cost in Senegal is very high. It is apparently necessary to reduce the percentage of heavy-oil diesel generation by replacing it with coal-fired power plants. If all diesel power plants were replaced by large or medium-scale coal-fired thermal power plants, then the power generating cost can theoretically be reduced to approximately one fifth of the current cost level. CEB, an Indian company, is building the Sendou-1 coal-fired power plant (125MW) in Sendou District in the Study Area. The Sendou-2 coal-fired thermal power plant (250MW) project has been registered by KEPCO. The construction of the Sendou-1 power plant has been significantly delayed and its completion by the end of 2015 as planned seems doubtful. The prospect for the Sendou-2 project is still uncertain, with only a development concept having been prepared and no detailed conditions, such as specifications, a construction period and load conditions, determined. This makes it difficult for the government to establish and implement a power-plant development plan smoothly. Strong governmental measures would be needed to support their implementation. The situation of Sendou-1 and Sendou-2 should be considered more seriously, because these plants are the important pioneering plants for Senegal, planned in the vicinity of the national capital.

Promotion of renewable energy use

ANER is considering the influence of fluctuating fossil fuel prices on the domestic economy and the effects of increasing greenhouse gases on the environment. Thus, ANER set a clear target for RE, which is 15% of the total energy consumption in Senegal by the year 2025, from the viewpoint of the energy mix. This percentage is equivalent to the governmental-targeted electricity supply of 1,000 GWh (in 2025) by RE, as formulated in LPDSE. Though measures for promoting the use of RE have not been formulated at present, ANER identified the following constraining factors for RE’s promotion as follows.

i) Lack of institutions and frameworks for RE’s promotion and regulation ii) High initial investment costs in comparison with the average household income iii) Lack of sufficient credit lines for investment in RE iv) Insufficiency of the information exchange on RE itself and the advantages of RE use v) Lack of readiness of the current SENELEC management for the promotion of RE use vi) Lack of a government budget for the promotion of RE use vii) Lack of educational training and certificated training staff


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viii) Lack of intercommunication and collaboration among various players in the RE sector Concerning the constraining factors listed above, ANER considers the items below as the key concepts for RE’s promotion:

Appropriate provision by the government of a “Feed-in-Tariff” (FIT) for purchasing electricity from IPPs and surplus electricity from in-house power plant owners

Duty exemption for RE businesses and measures relating to import taxes for equipment in RE facilities

Information exchange on RE’s utilization and benefit opportunities As for the measures to address the first item, the institution of a FIT is a popular world-wide measure for promoting RE use. On the other hand, although the higher rates of a FIT will strongly promote RE’s introduction, it will result in the increase of electricity costs and selling prices. Concerning this problem, information on the recent situation of RE use in Germany can be explained briefly, as follows. The FIT institution for promoting RE use in Germany was introduced in 2000. Under the guidance of this forceful institution, all electricity from RE resources is to be purchased at fixed prices for 20 years. As a result, the share of RE electricity, including hydropower, increased from 7% to 23% in the 14 years from 2000 to 2014. It is said that the institution contributed greatly to the promotion of RE. On the other hand, the German report of the Experten Kommission Forshung und Innovation (EFI) issued on February 26, 2014 criticized the institution’s results for the reasons below.

i) The percentage of the subsidy portion in the prices of electricity for consumers has risen to a high level of 20% as a result of the policy. Substantially, the electricity price increased by 20%.

ii) In addition, the motivation for technology development to reduce generation costs has been lost.

Thus, a well-examined FIT system should be prepared for the promotion of RE.

Reformation of SENELEC

The chronic deficits of SENELEC are serious and its accumulated debt is large. Although fundamental administrative countermeasures are required, they would be difficult to implement solely by SENELEC, whose responsibility is to serve the public interest by supplying electricity. Thus, a reformation plan for SENELEC has been considered as a national policy. According to MEDER, the measures noted below for the reformation of SENELEC have been proposed.

All of SENELEC’s existing power plants are to be privatized. As preliminary preparation, SENELEC is to be split into two companies: a generation

company and a transmission and distribution company. After that, the generation company is to be privatized, and the transmission and distribution

company will remain a government-held company. As a result, all the full-scale power plants in Senegal will be owned and operated by IPPs. However, the timing of the plan’s implementation has not yet been determined. On the other hand, according to SENELEC’s information, a new electricity-rate structure has been considered since November 2014, which aims to control the increase of the future electricity demand. The Agency for Energy Efficiency and Pricing (AEME) is in charge of the examination of the new structure. As a donor activity, the World Bank is at present supporting SENELEC’s business operation in their Electricity Sector Support Project (ESSP), in addition to Component-1 as described previously.

Component-2; Improve SENELEC’s commercial performance


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Component-3; Adopt a long-term strategic outlook Component-4; Project Implementation, Communication and Monitoring and Evaluation

Under Component-2, the World Bank is aiming at cost reduction for billing services and fee collection, and the improvement of collection rates of the fee. Specifically, the countermeasures listed below are considered.

i) Installation of Standard Transfer Specification (STS)-compliant Split Prepaid Meters (150,000 spots in total) in customer areas

ii) Installation of Electronic Smart Meters (10,000 spots in total) and a remote meter-reading system in customer areas

iii) Installation of a new electricity customer-management system in the SENELEC office. Privatization of the electricity-generating sector would be a drastic change in Senegal. To constantly attract IPPs to the Senegalese power sector in the future, a well-balanced institution including effective incentive measures and appropriate regulation policies should be formulated.

3.6.7 Social Services

(1) Education Service

1) Education System

The education system in Senegal is composed of three years of preschool, six years of primary school, four years of lower secondary education, three years of higher secondary education and vocational training and higher education. Compulsory education is provided to children from six to 16 years of age for 10 years, free of charge. In addition, there is adult literacy education, community schooling and non-formal education.

2) Supervisory Agency

Supervisory agencies for the education sector are as follows. Ministry of Education; Ministry of Youth, Employment and Promotion of Civic Values (MJEPVC); Ministry of Higher Education and Research;

Ministry of Education is responsible for preschool, primary, secondary and non-formal education. MJEPVC is responsible for technical and vocational education and training. Ministry of Higher Education and Research is responsible for higher education.

3) Development Plan

There is a 10-year educational program, PDEF (Programme Decennal de l’Education et de la Formation), which was prepared in 2000. PDEF set priority concerns and strategies such as access, quality and management for primary and lower secondary education.

4) Current situation of the Education Sector

Access to Education

(a) Primary school The net enrollment rates of primary school were 75.8% in 2003, 87.6% in 2007 and 94.4% in 2010, showing a steady improvement, as shown in Table 3.6.45. There have been, however, regional


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disparities. For instance, the net enrollment rate of Sédhiou is 123.3%, while that of Kaffrine is only 48.6%. In the Study Area, access to primary school is better than the national average.

Table 3.6.45 Net Enrollment Rate of Primary School Unit: %

Region 2002/03 2006/07 2008/09 2009/10 Total M F Total M F Total M F Total M F

Dakar 105.6 112.4 99.4 123.1 121.2 125.1 119.7 112.4 127.8 117.1 107.0 128.8 Thiès 84.6 84.1 85.0 94.4 92.0 97.1 100.0 95.4 105.0 104.2 99.4 109.2 Diourbel 40.7 42.8 38.7 51.4 49.2 53.5 56.2 51.4 61.1 58.4 52.9 63.9 Fatick 84.3 85.7 82.8 103.2 103.5 102.9 111.5 110.4 112.6 101.6 101.0 102.1 Kaffrine －－－－－－－－－ 48.6 44.3 53.0 Kaolack 59.3 61.5 57.1 66.2 65.4 67.1 72.7 70.0 75.4 109.4 105.3 112.9 Kédougou －－－－－－－－－ 105.0 111.1 98.5 Kolda 81.4 90.5 71.4 99.1 105.4 92.5 106.7 111.2 102.0 110.4 111.0 109.8 Louga 53.6 55.6 51.6 65.5 64.6 66.4 70.0 68.4 71.6 75.5 73.1 78.0 Matam 50.1 46.3 54.2 65.6 57.6 73.8 75.9 63.0 88.7 84.7 71.7 97.9 Sédhiou －－－－－－－－－ 123.3 133.4 112.9 Saint-Louis 75.7 72.8 78.7 86.3 80.4 92.5 91.9 83.8 100.4 93.2 83.9 103.1 Tambacounda 65.3 71.1 59.1 80.3 83.9 76.5 89.8 91.8 87.7 70.6 70.1 71.1 Ziguinchor 103.5 105.4 101.3 108.8 107.5 110.4 107.8 106.3 109.5 110.3 110.1 110.6 Total 75.8 78.5 73.0 87.6 86.8 88.5 92.5 89.2 95.9 94.4 90.3 98.7

Source: National educational statistics (b) Secondary school Net enrollment rates of secondary school were 27.2% in 2003, 36.2% in 2007 and 45.0% in 2010. As shown in Table 3.6.46, as in the case of primary school, there are regional disparities. The net enrollment rate in Ziguinchor has been the highest among the regions in Senegal, whereas only 13.0% have access to secondary school in Kaffrine. In the Study Area, the net enrollment rate in Dakar was 80.1%, the second-highest rate in Senegal. The net enrollment rate in Thiès is 51.9%, slightly higher than the national average.

Table 3.6.46 Net Enrollment Rate of Secondary School Unit: %

Region 2002/03 2006/07 2008/09 2009/10 Total M F Total M F Total M F Total M F

Dakar 49.1 53.4 45.1 59.6 63.8 55.9 71.7 73.1 70.5 80.1 79.4 80.8 Thiès 29.4 31.1 27.6 39.4 40.6 38.1 45.8 46.0 45.7 51.9 51.0 52.9 Diourbel 11.6 14.7 8.9 16.1 18.6 13.7 18.6 20.1 17.2 21.7 23.2 20.3 Fatick 24.0 27.3 20.4 35.4 38.7 31.9 46.2 48.3 44.0 48.5 49.4 47.5 Kaffrine - - - - - - - - - 13.0 14.7 11.3 Kaolack 18.8 23.4 14.1 24.8 28.6 21.0 28.2 31.6 24.9 49.5 53.3 45.8 Kédougou - - - - - - - - - 34.3 43.8 24.2 Kolda 21.3 29.2 12.5 33.0 42.7 22.1 36.0 45.9 25.5 34.9 42.1 27.3 Louga 16.0 18.8 13.1 20.2 22.6 17.6 21.7 23.0 20.3 26.5 27.6 25.4 Matam 7.6 9.2 6.0 15.9 17.2 14.5 22.2 22.3 22.1 25.6 27.6 26.2 Sédhiou - - - - - - - - - 38.6 51.1 25.6 Saint-Louis 22.5 25.3 19.6 34.6 36.0 33.1 37.4 38.1 36.7 41.4 41.5 41.3 Tambacounda 14.8 19.2 10.2 25.0 31.2 18.4 30.1 37.2 22.6 26.0 30.9 21.0 Ziguinchor 45.0 54.8 34.6 65.5 72.6 57.5 75.8 80.4 70.6 80.6 84.5 76.3 Total 27.2 31.2 23.2 36.2 39.9 32.4 41.4 44.1 38.5 45.0 47.0 43.0

Source: National educational statistics

Education Quality

(a) Primary school


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Educational indicators of primary school in Senegal are summarized in Table 3.6.47 below. There have not been observable gender disparities in promotion rates, repeat rates or dropout rates. Regional disparities, however, are large in both the minimum and maximum values.

Table 3.6.47 Educational Indicators of Primary School in 2009 Unit: %

Promotion rate Repeat rate Dropout rate Completion rate Male 83.2 6.4 10.4 70.8 Female 83.4 6.4 10.2 66.5 Senegal 83.3 6.4 10.3 68.6 Minimum 74.3 1.2 5.8 40.0 Maximum 88.5 9.6 22.5 78.8

Source: National educational statistics (b) Secondary school Table 3.6.48 below shows educational indicators in secondary school. There is a gender gap in the completion rate, as shown in Table 3.6.48 below. As in the case of primary school, there are huge disparities among regions.

Table 3.6.48 Educational Indicators of Secondary School in 2009 Unit: %

Promotion rate Repeat rate Dropout rate Completion rate Male 75.1 16.8 8.0 51.0 Female 74.8 17.5 7.7 43.7 Senegal 75.0 17.1 7.9 47.5 Minimum 83.0 1.1 0.9 32.7 Maximum 51.9 46.0 21.8 73.1

Source: National educational statistics

5) International Cooperation

The situation of international cooperation is summarized in Table 3.6.49 below.

Table 3.6.49 International Cooperation in the Education Sector Year Organizatio

n Project Sector

2011–2015 JICA Project on the Improvement of Educational Environment phase 2 Primary education 2011–2014 JICA Project of the Construction of Elementary and Lower Secondary

Schools in Dakar and Thiès Regions Primary and secondary education

2006–2010 World Bank Projet Education de Qualité Pour Tous phase 2 (PEQT 2) Primary and secondary education

2009–2011 World Bank EFA-FTI Catalytic Fund Primary education 2003–2010 USAID Projet d’appui à l’enseignement moyen (PAEM) Secondary education 2009–2014 USAID Basic Education Program (EDB) Secondary education 2007–2010 ACDI Contribution aurenforcement de l’enseignement élémentaire au

Sénégal (CAREES) Primary education

2007–2010 ACDI Projet d’appui au volontaires de l’éducation phase 2 (PAVE 2) Training for teachers 2006–2011 ACDI Projet d’appui au curriculum de l’éducation de base (PACEB) Primary education 2004–2010 AFD Projet Education dans les Banlieues de Dakar (PEBD) Primary education 2004–2009 AfDB Projet Education phase 4 (FAE 4) Primary and secondary

education Source: Project for the Construction of Classrooms of Lower Secondary Schools in Dakar and Thiès, JICA

(2) Health Care Service

1) Health System

The health system in Senegal is composed of the following three levels:


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Primary facilities: Health posts, health huts, maternity care Secondary facilities: Health centers Tertiary facilities: National hospitals, regional hospitals

Although the number of health facilities has increased, the level of service in terms of population per facility is far below the WHO standard, as shown in Table 3.6.50 below.

Table 3.6.50 Health Facilities and Population Facilities Senegal

2003 2006 Population 10,127,809 11,380,524 Hospital Facilities 22 22

Population/Facilities 460,355 517,297 WHO standard 3,069 3,449

Health center Facilities 60 68 Population/Facilities 168,797 167,361 Ministry of Health recommended 1,125 1,116

Health post Facilities 921 949 Population/Facilities 10,997 11,992 Ministry of Health recommended 1,100 1,199

Source: National health statistics

2) Supervisory Agency

The Ministry of Health and Prevention (MSP; Ministère de la Santé et de la Prévention) is responsible for health and medical services in Senegal. The Ministry of Health and Prevention manages national and regional hospitals. The Department of Health takes care of health centers and health posts.

3) Development Plan

The Ministry of Health and Prevention has formulated a national health development plan (PNDS, Plan National de Développment Sanitaire) to solve several health issues. PNDS has set four priorities: (1) decreasing death and disease rates of pregnant women and children, (2) prevention and disease provision, (3) the strengthening of the health system and (4) improvement of governance

4) Current Situation

Health indicators in Senegal

Studies conducted during the past decade show that progress has been made, as shown in Table 3.6.51 below, including in factors such as life expectancy, which increased from 44 years in 1999 to 62.8 in 2010. The health situation of children under five has shown the most significant improvement, whereas there has been only a small decrease in maternal mortality. Remarkable progress has also been made in HIV/AIDS and malaria control. HIV/AIDS’ prevalence has been maintained at less than 1% among the general population, and malaria-control efforts have led to a decrease in morbidity from 33.6% in 2001 to 4.4% in 2013.


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Table 3.6.51 Health Indicators in Senegal Item Year Unit Number

Life expectancy 2012 Year 63.2 Neonatal mortality rate per 1,000 live births 2012 Person 24 Under-five mortality rate per 1,000 live births 2012 Person 60 Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births 2010 Person 370 % DTP3 Immunization coverage among one year olds 2012 % 92 % Births attended by skilled health workers 2011 % 65.1 Density of physicians per 1,000 population 2008 % 0.059 Density of nurses and midwives per 1,000 population 2008 Person 0.42 Total expenditure on health as % of GDP 2012 % 5.0 General government expenditure on health as % of total government expenditure 2012 % 9.8

Population using improved drinking-water sources 2011 % 73.0 Population using improved sanitation facilities 2011 % 51.0 HIV incidence rate (15–24 female) 2005 % 1.4 Malaria incidence rate 2008 % 5.8

Source: WHO

Health facilities in the Study Area

Table 3.6.52 below summarizes the public and private health infrastructures in the Dakar and Thiès Regions in 2008 and 2010, respectively. Dakar Region has a higher number of large health infrastructures (hospitals and health centers) while Thiès has an important number of smaller infrastructures (health huts).

Table 3.6.52 Health Facilities in the Dakar and Thiès Regions Region Year Hospital Health center Health post Health Hut Maternity

Dakar 2008 10 19 222 25 8 Thiès 2010 5 9 153 259 N/A

Source: ANSD

5) International Cooperation

The situation of international cooperation is summarized in Table 3.6.53 below.

Table 3.6.53 International Cooperation in the Health Sector Year Organization Project Sector

2011–2014 JICA Strengthening of the Management of Health System (PARSS) in Tambacounda and Kédougou

Health system

2012–2017 JICA Project for Reinforcement of Maternal and Newborn Health Care Phase 2 (PRESSMN 2)

Maternal and newborn health care

2005– AfDB FAD/PNDS Health Project Phase 2 Health facilities 2004–2007 BID Islamic Development Bank Health Project Health facilities

- USAID - Health budget, maternal and child health, HIV, Malaria

2003– UNICEF Child Health Project HIV/Malaria for children, nutrition, immunization

- UNFPA Five-Year Project (Sixth) Reproductive health - WHO Technical cooperation Health budget, regional

health Source: Project for the Development of Health Infrastructure in the Regions of Tambacounda and Kédougou,

JICA

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