Project on“Study of Energy Consumption and

Indoor Environment Problems of Residential Buildings in China”

byResearch Committee of Architectural

Institute of Japan

2

2

Purposes of This ProjectData compilation of residential energy consumption and indoor environment based on literature survey, field investigation and numerical simulation.

Proposing and promoting technologies for energy conservation and sustainable environment creation with improving the living standard.

1.

2.

Committee MembersChairman :Toshiyuki Watanabe (Kyushu Univ.)Secretaries :Hiroshi Yoshino (Tohoku Univ.),

Hiroyuki Kitahara (Total System Lab.)The number of the members

Japanese : 13 Chinese : 12

3

Contents of Three Years Project

Ø The Second Year (April, 2003 ~ March, 2004)

Ø The First Year (April, 2002 ~ March, 2003)

Ø The Last Year (April, 2004 ~ March, 2005)

l Literature survey and field investigation on energy consumption and indoor environment of residential buildings

l Compilation of weather data for building design based on observed data in China

l Literature survey and field investigation on energy consumption and indoor environment of residential buildings

l Estimation and verification of effect of various environmental symbiosis technologies

l Proposal of residential energy conservation technologies with taking account of regional characteristics

l Proposal of design guideline of residential buildings based on sustainable environmental technologies

4

Total Land Area: 9,600,000 km2

Population: 1,265,830,000 personsGDP: 1,230,000 million dollarGDP: 911 dollar / person

26 : 1 : 2610 : 1 : 2.21 : 3.4 : 8.51 : 36 : 37

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japanhttp://www.mofa.go.jp/index.html

China : Japan : U.S.Total Land AreaPopulationGDPGDP/person

Basic Data of China

5

Outline of Activities in the First Year (1/3)Ø Literature survey on energy consumption of

residential buildings in China

Ø Literature survey on the regulations of residential buildings design in China

Ø Investigation on indoor environment and energy consumption of residential buildings in urban area

Ø Compilation of weather data for simulation of heating and cooling load

Ø Retrofitting of residential buildings in terms of thermal comfort and energy conservation in rural area

6

Outline of Activities in the First Year (2/3)Ø The 2nd International Workshop “Energy and

Environment of Residential Buildings in China”at Tongji University in Shanghai (October, 2002)

The number of papers: 50The number of participants: 85(from Japan, the U.S., the Republic of Korea and People’s Republic of China)

The 3rd International Workshop is held in Xi’an, China next year.

7

Outline of Activities in the First Year (3/3)

Ø Lecture “Traditional Dwellings in China and Regenerations” by Jiaping Liu (Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology) in Tokyo (March, 2003)

8

Energy consumption of residential buildings in China (1/2)

Fig.6 Relationship between EnergyConsumption and Degree-days

y = 0.028x + 32.18

y = 0.0274x + 19.31

y = 0.0148x + 16.52

y = 0.0063x + 6.195

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 2000 4000 6000 8000Heating Degree-days

Ene

rgy

Con

sum

ptio

n(G

J/H

ouse

hold

/yea

r)

USACanadaJapanChina

Fig.6 Relationship between EnergyConsumption and Degree-days

y = 0.028x + 32.18

y = 0.0274x + 19.31

y = 0.0148x + 16.52

y = 0.0063x + 6.195

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 2000 4000 6000 8000Heating Degree-days

Ene

rgy

Con

sum

ptio

n(G

J/H

ouse

hold

/yea

r)

USACanadaJapanChina

Chongqing Hong Kong

Xi’an

Beijing

8

9

14.38

6.6

2.6 15.5

1.72.26.7

2.5 10.9

11.5

37.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Urban (China) Rural (China) Japan

(GJ

/ hou

seho

ld /

Yea

r)

coal electricitydistrict heating LPGnatural gas petroleum productnon-commercial

12.31.7

11.7

1.3

15.79.6

7.9

4.1

5.5

1

11.8

37.4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Urban (China) Rural (China) Japan(G

J / h

ouse

hold

/ Y

ear)

otherslighting, home electric applianceskitchenhot-water supplycoolingheating

Energy consumption of residential buildings in China (2/2)

9

10

Hot Summer & Cold Winter

Moderate Zone

Hot Summer & Warm Winter

Very Cold Zone

Cold Zone

Beijing

Harbin

Xi’an

Changsha

Shanghai

Hong Kong

Chongqing

GB 50176-93 Standard of climate regionalization for architecture

The regulations of residential buildings design in China (1/2)

10

11

External Wall Roof Window External Wall Roof Window

(Harbin)

(Beijing, Xi'an)

Hot Summer and Cold Winter Zone(Shanghai, Chongqing)

Hot Summer and Warm Winter Zone

Very Cold Zone

Cold Zone

1.50 1.00 2.5, 3.2, 4.7

4.70

4.001.16

0.90

0.86

1.76

0.43

3.49

4.65

6.51

China (external surface area / dwelling unit volume ≦ 0.3) Japan (reinforced concrete buildings, external insulation method)

0.49 0.32

2.330.52 0.50 2.50

0.80

Zone Ⅳ

Zone Ⅴ

Zone Ⅵ

Heat Transmission (W/m2K) Heat Transmission (W/m2K)

Moderate Zone

0.58 0.41Zone Ⅱ

Zone Ⅲ

Zone Ⅰ

ØDesign code for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (GBJ19-87) ØThermal design code for civil building (GB50176-93)

The regulations of residential buildings design in China (2/2)

ØEnergy conservation design standard for new heating residential buildings (JGJ26-95)ØDesign standard for energy efficiency of residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter zone (JGJ134-2001, J116-2001)

11

12

0

20

40

60

80

100

Har

bin

Bei

jing

Xi'a

n

Shan

ghai

Cha

ngsh

a

Cho

ngqi

ng

Hon

gK

ong

Perc

enta

ge o

f hea

ter i

nsta

lled　

（%）

use both district heating and individual heatingdistrict heatingindividual heating

Investigation on indoor environment and energy consumption of residential buildings (1/2)

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Harbin Beijing Xi'an Shanghai Changsha Chongqing HongKong

L LLL L

L

B B

B

B B

B

O O O O O

O

Bedroom

Outdoor

Living room

0

20

40

60

80

100

Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar Apr. May

Per

cent

age

（%

）

Harbin Beijing Xi'an

Harbin Beijing

Xi'an

Shanghai

Changsha

Chongqing

Hong Kong

Fig. Ratio of use of heating system in winter months.

Contents of the questionnaire survey1) Housing Equipments2) Life Style3) Building Characteristic4) Residential Characteristic5) Satisfaction ratings6) Energy Consumption7) Indoor Thermal Environment

Fig. Ratio of heating equipped in families..

Fig. Average temperature of living room (L) and bedroom (B), in seven cities..

Fig. Liquid crystal thermometers.

12

13

Investigation on indoor environment and energy consumption of residential buildings (2/2)

0 5 10 15 20 25 300

5

10

15

20

Living Room Temperature　（℃）

Abs

olut

e H

umid

ity　

（g/

kg'）

Relative Humidity100% 80%

60%

40%

20%

HarbinBeijingXi'anShanghaiChangshaChongqingHong Kong

Harbin, Beijing, Xi’anHarbin, Beijing, Xi’an

Changsha Shanghai

Chongqing

Changsha Shanghai

Chongqing

Hong KongHong Kong

020406080

100

Rel

ativ

e H

umid

ity (

%)

Living roomBedroom

Outdoor

051015

Abs

olut

e H

umid

ity (

g/kg

')

-505

10152025

Tem

pera

ture

( ℃)

Living room1.1mBedroom

Living room1.1m Bedroom Outdoor

Outdoor

12/31 1/1 1/2 1/3 1/4

-20 -10 0 10 20 30-20

-10

0

10

20

30

Outdoor Temperature　(℃)

Liv

ing

Roo

m T

empe

ratu

re　

(℃)

HarbinBeijingXi'anShanghaiChangshaChongqingHong Kong

Hong Kong

Harbin Xi’an BeijingHarbin Xi’an Beijing

Shanghai

Changsha Chongqing

Shanghai

Changsha Chongqing

(winter)

(Shanghai)

(winter)

Temperature and humidity(Field measurement)

13

14

Compilation of weather data for simulation of heating and cooling load (1/2)

Solar radiation Heating load

15

Grade 2

Heat Transmission：1.65W/m2K

Insulation:

Nothing

Grade 1 Grade 3240mm240mm 240mm240mm 240mm240mm

Insulation:

Cellular Concrete 120mm

Insulation:

Form Polystyrene 50mmHeat Transmission：0.51W/m2K

Heat Transmission：0.87W/m2K

Indo

or

Indo

or

Indo

or0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Cas

e1

Cas

e2

Cas

e3

Cas

e4

Cas

e5

Cas

e6

Cas

e7

Cas

e8

Cas

e9

Cas

e10

Cas

e11

Cas

e12

an A

nnua

l H

eati

ng L

oad　

（G

J/ye

ar/a

hou

se）

Living room B e droom100%

92%

73%

97% 94%

53%

Pai

r G

lass

0.3

(/h)

Gra

de 2

Gra

de 3

Bas

ic

The

Bes

t

Thermal Insulation Type of Natural Ventirationof Outer Wall Window Glass Rate (/h)

Case1（basiccondition）

Grade 1 Single 0.7

Case2 Grade 1 Pair 0.7Case3 Grade 2 Single 0.3Case4 Grade 3 Pair 0.3Case5 Grade 2 Single 0.7Case6 Grade 2 Pair 0.7Case7 Grade 2 Single 0.3Case8 Grade 2 Pair 0.3Case9 Grade 3 Single 0.7Case10 Grade 3 Pair 0.7Case11 Grade 3 Single 0.3Case12 Grade 3 Pair 0.3

Case

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

0:00 4:00 8:00 12:00 16:00 20:00 0:00

Time (1/20)

Tem

pera

ture

　（

o C）

Case12　（Grade3，Pair Glass，Ventiration Rate 0.3）

Case1　(basic condition)

Outdoor

3500

3000

3900

2900

3800

3250

居間

主寝室 子供室

トイレ

台所

4700

120

0

書斎

ベランダ

ベランダ

Ｎ

Living

D

veranda

veranda

Study

W.C

Master Room

B

3500

3000

3900

2900

3800

3250

居間

主寝室 子供室

トイレ

台所

4700

120

0

書斎

ベランダ

ベランダ

Ｎ

Living

D

veranda

veranda

Study

W.C

Master Room

B

Compilation of weather data for simulation of heating and cooling load (2/2)

16

98SummerAir temperature graph

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1998/8/17 0:00 1998/8/18 0:00 1998/8/19 0:00 1998/8/20 0:00Date time

Air

tem

pera

ture

(℃)

outdoormodern cavecellerstone cave(pre-improved)soil cave(old)

Residential improvement in rural area (1/2)

16

17

Section Plan of the villageSection Plan of the village

Renovation of Cave DwellingRenovation of Cave DwellingNew New YaoYao Dong (built up type)Dong (built up type)

Residential improvement in rural area (2/2)

17