PROJECT ON INTELLIGENT DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM

8/13/2019 PROJECT ON INTELLIGENT DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM

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A

PROJECT ONINTELLIGENT DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM


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A

Project Report

On

INTELLIGENT DIGITAL SECURITY SYSTEM

Batchelor of Technology

in

Electronics & Communication Engineering

By

Chandana Atikam (10UK1A0410)

Nagaraj Gunda (11UK5A0401)

Divya Chanda (10UK1A0414)

Sneha Sambari (10UK1A0463)

Under the guidance of

Mrs.V.Sabitha

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

VAAGDEVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to JNTU, hyderabad)

P.o Bollikunta, Warangal 506 005

2011-2014


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VAAGDEVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

P.o Bollikunta, Warangal 506 005

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project work entitled INTELLIGENT DIGITAL SECURITY

SYSTEMis being submitted by

Chandana Atikam (10UK1A0410)

Nagaraj Gunda (11UK5A0401)

Divya Chanda (10UK1A0414)

Sneha Sambari (10UK1A0463)

In B.tech IV-I semister Electronics & Communication Engineering is a record bonafide work

carried out by them. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any

other University for the award of any degree

Mrs.V.Sabitha Dr.P.Prasad Rao Dr.K.Prakash Rao

Guide Head of the Department Principal


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Contents:

1. Introduction.

2. Resistor.

3. Transistor.

4. Seven Segment Display.

5. CD 4511 I.C.

6. CD 4000 I.C.

7. Piezo Buzzer.


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Introduction:

There are many digital security systems but we can use this simple and reliable

security system as a watch dog by installing the sensing loops around your building. You

have to stretch the loop wire one to two feet above the ground or attach to the door to sense

the incoming of the unauthorized into your premises.

The entry of the unauthorized person can be easily traced out through a seven segment

display which is placed in your bed room. The speaciality of this system is that it will display

the door no which is authorized by the unauthorized person in your premises. so, with no late

you can catch the unauthorized person who is trying to acess into your property.

It is very simple to construct and use. Its cheap


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In all Electrical and Electronic circuit diagrams and schematics, the most commonly

used symbol for a fixed value resistor is that of a "zig-zag" type line with the value of its

resistance given in Ohms, . Resistors have fixed resistance values from less than one ohm, (

10M) in value. Fixed resistors have only

one single value of resistance, for example 100'sbut variable resistors (potentiometers) can

provide an infinite number of resistance values between zero and their maximum value.

Standard Resistor Symbols

Fig1.2

The symbol used in schematic and electrical drawings for a Resistor can either be a "zig-zag"

type line or a rectangular box.

The Standard Resistor Colour Code Chart.

Fig 1.3


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Another type of film resistor commonly known as a Thick Film Resistor is manufactured by

depositing a much thicker conductive paste of CERamic and METal, called Cermet, onto an

alumina ceramic substrate. Cermet resistors have similar properties to metal film resistors and

are generally used for making small surface mount chip type resistors, multi-resistor

networks in one package for pcb'sand high frequency resistors. Theyhave good temperature

stability, low noise, and good voltage ratings but low surge current properties. Metal Film

Resistors are prefixed with a "MFR" notation (eg MFR100k) and a CF for Carbon Film

types. Metal film resistors are available in E24 (5% & 2% tolerances), E96 (1%

tolerance) and E192 (0.5%, 0.25% & 0.1% tolerances) packages with power ratings of

0.05 (1/20th) of a Watt up to 1/2 Watt. Generally speaking Film resistors are precision low

power component

2.Transistor:

Transistors have infiltrated virtually every area of science and industry, from the

family car to satellites. Even the military depends heavily on transistors. The ever increasing

uses for transistors have created an urgent need for sound and basic information regarding

their operation.

Fig 2.1

2.1Transistor Coding:

Information for a particular transistor is shown as a code on the body of the transistor.

According to the European systemof coding, there are two alphabets before the number.


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First alphabet represents the type of semiconductor used and the second alphabet represents

the use of transistor

First letter

AGermanium

BSilicon

CGallium Arsenide

DIndium Antimide

Second letter

CAudio frequency Amplifier

DAudio frequency power amplifier

FLow power Radio frequency amplifier

PHigh power Radio frequency amplifier

Thus the transistor BC548 is

BSilicon C- Audio frequency amplifier

BD 140BSilicon, D- Audio frequency power amplifier

AD 140AGermanium, D- Audio frequency power amplifier

AC 187A- Germanium, C- Audio frequency amplifier

According to the American system, the code begins with 2Nfollowed by a number that

indicates the time of design. A higher number indicates recent design.

Eg. 2N 2222A.

There are two parts to transistor amplifier design.

1) DC biasing. 2) AC amplifier design.

To ensure linear amplification by a transistor amplifier, the amplifier is normally designed so

that under quiescent (no input or dc) conditions it will be operating at the centre of a linear

region, as normally determined from the transistor output characteristics (Ic vs Vce). The dc

bias design part of the amplifier design will ensure that the amplifier operates about an

appropriate quiescent point. Subsequent to this the ac amplifier design ensures that the

amplifier provides the correct ac signal gain.


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The current, Ie, can be determined by writing Kirchhoff's loop equation for the base-emitter

ground loop.

Vbb = Ib Rbb + Vbe + Ie RE (3)

and using the equation Ib = Ie/(b + 1) (4)

Ie=Vbb -V be (5)RE + Rbb

b +1

To make Ie insensitive to temperature and b variations, we design the circuit to satisfy the

following constraint:

RE >> Rbb/(b+1) (6)

Ve = Ie RE 0.1 Vcc (7)

Equation (6) shows that to make Ie insensitive to variations in b we could choose to make

Rbb small (i.e. lower values for R1 and R2). However this will result in a higher current drain

from the power supply through R1 and R2 and a lowering of the amplifier input resistance.

The amplifier ac input resistance being Rin = R1 || R2 || [(b+1) (re+Re)].

re =base-emitter resistance (usually small).A good compromise is to select R1 and R2 such that Rbb 5 RE.

The best solution may take a number of iterations to find. However, a rough first

guess can be made by setting the collector voltage, Vc Vcc/2.

Thus Rc = (Vcc - Vc)/IQ or Rc = Vcc/2IQ


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Fig 2.4

The equations for the two load lines then become:

DC Load line: VCE = VCC - IC RDC (10)

AC Load line: Vce = VAC - RAC Ic (11)

where, in this case, RDC = Rc + RE and RAC = Rc || RL + Re.

2.3 CLASSICAL SINGLE-STAGE COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER:

A signal source Vs with output resistance Rs is coupled via Cin to the base of the

transistor. Cin should be chosen large enough so that it appears as an ac short circuit over the

frequency band of interest. The output from the collector is coupled to the load RL via the

coupling capacitor Cout.Cout should also appear as a short circuit over the frequency band of

interest. The detrimental effect of RE on the ac performance of the amplifier is eliminated by

Ce. Ce acts as a short circuit to the frequencies of interest, effectively shorting RE as far as ac

signals are concerned. Thus while the dc emitter current will continue to flow through RE,

the ac signal current will flow through, bypassing for this reason is called an


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"Emitter bypass capacitor" and the circuit is called a "Grounded emitter" or "Common-

emitter amplifier".

Fig 2.5

We shall analyze the circuit of Figure 5 to determine the amplifier gain and input

resistance for ac signals in the frequency range of interest. Note in this circuit the emitter

resistance has been split in two. One part,, is shunted by an ac bypass capacitor Ce and

will not play a role in the ac circuit analysis. The total resistance in the emitter ,

will need to be considered in the dc biasing design though.


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Fig 2.6

2.4 Input Resistance:

To determine the fraction of the input signal Vs appearing at the base (vb) we first

need to evaluate the input resistancedefined such that

(9)

Looking into the amplifier from, an ac signal would see R1||R2||base resistance looking

into the base. (N.B. a power supply appears as a signal ground). The base resistance

= (10)

As = (11)

Where re is the base-emitter resistance and is approximately equal to

= 26mV/IE at 25oC.

Also = /(+1) (12)

then = (b + 1)(+) (13)

therefore, = (R1||R2||[(+ 1)(+)]) (14)


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2.5 Voltage Gain:

Starting with the signal at the base, , we find

= (+) (15)

Therefore the collector current will be

ic = ie = / (re + RE1)

To obtain the output voltage we multiply the total ac resistance between collector and ground

(which will be Rc||RL) by ic. Thus

= = - i.e, (Rc||RL) (16)

(17)

as 1,

(18)

and the overall gain is

GAIN=

=

(19)

3. A seven-segment L.E.D. display:

Seven-segment display is a form of electronic display device for displaying decimal

numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot matrix displays. Seven-segment

displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, and other electronic devices for

displaying numerical information. Concept and visual structure.


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Fig 3.1

The segments of a 7-segment display are referred to by the letters A to G, where the

optional DP decimal point (an "eighth segment") is used for the display of non-integer

numbers. Seven-segment displays may use a liquid crystal display(LCD), a light-emitting

diode(LED) for each segment, or other light-generating or controlling techniques such as

cold cathode gas discharge, vacuum fluorescent, incandescent filaments and others. Seven-

segment displays can be found in patents as early as 1908.In 1910, a seven-segment display

illuminated by incandescent bulbs was used on a power-plant boiler room signal panel. They

did not achieve widespread use until the advent of LEDs in the 1970s

A seven-segment display may have 7, 8, or 9 leads on the chip. Usually leads 8 and 9

are decimal points. The figure below is a typical component and pin layout for

sevensegmentdisplay.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7_segment_display_labeled.svg


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Fig 3.2


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3.1 7 SEGMENT DISPLAY:

The light emitting diodes in a seven-segment display are arranged in the figure below.

DIODE

Fig 3.3

To convert the binary numbers to signals that can drive the L.E.D.s in the display you need a

display driver. In the lab we use an MC14511 chip. The pin outs are shown below.

Fig 3.4


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A, B, C, and D are the binary inputs.

a, b, c, d, e, f, and g are the driver signals to the display elements.

LT is the Light Test control, turns all segments on, active low.

BL blanks all the segments when activated, active low.

LE is the latch enable control.

The truth table shown below is used to confirm that the digital signal sent to the display lights

up the correct segment.

INTERNAL CIRCUITRY AND LOGIC GATES FOR 7 SEG DISPLAYFig 3.5

4. CD4511BC:

4.1 BCD-to-7 Segment Latch/Decoder/Driver:

The CD4511BC BCD-to-seven segment latch/decoder/driver is constructed with

complementary MOS (CMOS) enhancement mode devices and NPN bipolar output drivers in

a single monolithic structure. The circuit provides the functions of a 4-bit storage latch, an

8421 BCD-to-seven segment decoder, and an output drive capability. Lamp test (LT),

blanking (BI), and latch enable (LE) inputs are used to test the display, to turn-off or pulse

modulate the brightness of the display, and to store a BCD code, respectively. It can be used

with seven-segment light emitting diodes (LED), incandescent, fluorescent, gas discharge, or

liquid crystal readouts either directly or indirectly.


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Truth table:

*Depends upon the BCD code applied during the 0 to 1 transition of LE.

Display

Fig 4.3


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4.2 Absolute Maximum Ratings:

DC Supply Voltage (VDD) -0.5V to +18V

Input Voltage (VIN) -0.5V to VDD +0.5V

Storage Temperature Range (TS) -65C to +150C

Power Dissipation (PD)

Dual-In-Line 700 mW

Small Outline 500 mW

Lead Temperature (TL)

(Soldering, 10 seconds) 260C

4.3 Recommended operating conditions:

DC Supply Voltage (VDD) 3V to 15V

Input Voltage (VIN) 0V to VDD

Operating Temperature Range (TA) -40C to +85C


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4.4 Applications:

Applications include instrument (e.g., counter, DVM, etc.) display driver

computer/calculator display driver,

cockpit display driver,

and various clock,

watch, and

timer uses

4.5 Features:

Low logic circuit power dissipation

High current sourcing outputs (up to 25 mA)

Latch storage of code

Blanking input

Lamp test provision

Readout blanking on all illegal input combinations

Lamp intensity modulation capability

Time share (multiplexing) facility

Equivalent to Motorola MC14511.

5. CD 4000 IC:

The 4000B IC is a monolithic integrated circuit, available in 14-lead dual in line

plastic or ceramic package and plastic micropackage. The HCC/HCF4000B nor gate provide

the system designer with direct implementation of the nor function and supplement the

existing family of COS/MOS gates. All inputs and outputs are buffered.


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PIN CONNECTIONS:

Fig 5.1

5.1 ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATING:

Symbol Parameter Value Unit

VDD Supply Voltage: HCC Types -0.5to+20 V

HCF Types -0.5to+18 V

Vi Input Voltage -0.5 to VDD + 0.5 V

II DC Input Current (any one input) 10

mA

Ptot Total Power Dissipation (per package) 200 mW

Dissipation per Output Transistor 100 mW

for Top = Full Package Temperature Range

Top Operating Temperature: HCC Types -55to+125 oC

HCF Types -40to+85 oC

Tstg Storage Temperature -65 to +150 oC

Stressesabove those listedunder Absolute Maximum Ratingsmay cause permanent damage

to thedevice. This isa stress ratingonly and functional operation of the device at these or any


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other conditions above those indicated in theoperational sections of this specification is not

implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for external periods may affect

device reliability. All voltage values are referred to VSS pin voltage.

5.2 RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONS:

Symbol Parameter Value Unit

VDD Supply Voltage: HCC Types 3to18 V

HCF Types 3to15 V

VI Input Voltage 0 to VDD V

Top Operating Temperature: HCC Types -55to+125

HCFTypes -40to+125 oC

SCHEMATIC AND LOGIC DIAGRAMS:

Fig 5.2

PROPAGATION DELAY TIME = 60 ns (typ.) AT CL = 50 pF, VDD = 10 V.

BUFFERED INPUTS ANDOUTPUTS.

STANDARDIZED SYMMETRICAL OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS.

QUIESCENT CURRENT SPECIFIED TO 20 V FOR HCC DEVICE.


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5V, 10V AND 15V PARAMETRIC RATINGS INPUT CURRENTOF 100nA AT

18V AND25 oC FOR HCC DEVICE.

100% TESTEDFOR QUIESCENT CURRENT.

MEETSALLREQUIREMENTSOFJEDECTENTATIVE STANDARD N. 13A, STANDARD

SPECIFICATIONS FOR DESCRIPTION OF B

SERIESCMOS DEVICES .

6. BUZZER:

In this we used piezoceramic buzzer. FDK piezoceramic buzzers generate sound

through the bending vibrations of a thin metalplate adhered to a piezoceramic disc. These

buzzers feature a low power consumption, a safe, spark-free and non-contact structure, and a

small size and light weight for an easy mounting to printed circuit boards. As a result, an

increasing number of piezoceramic buzzers are now used to generate an artificial voice in

combination with voice

synthesizing ICs. To produce high-quality piezoceramic buzzers, FDK has capitalized on

many

years of piezoceramics production and outstandingceramic processing technologies and thin

film forming techniques.

By adding a sophisticated audio know-how to this manufacturing expertise, FDK

offers a large array of electronic tone generating products, such as piezoceramic diaphragms,

sounders and buzzers, to meet loud sound outputs, wide frequency ranges, and many other

requirements


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6.1 Makeup of piezoceramic buzzer products:

Fig 6.1

6.2 How to use piezoceramic buzzers:

Piezoceramic diaphragms have a simple structure consisting of a piezoceramic disc

(piezoceramic element) adhered to a thin metal (or plastic) plate. When a voltage is charged

in the polarization direction, the piezoceramic element contracts, and expands when voltage

is charged in the reverse direction. The quick contraction-expansion motions of the

piezoceramic element cause the elastic disk underneath to vibrate and generate sound waves.

Fig 6.2


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6.3 How the piezoceramic diaphragm generates

sound:

The piezoceramic diaphragm generates sound by either the external-drive or the self-drive oscillation technique.

Fig 6.3


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Fig 6.4


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6.4 Piezoceramic buzzer measurement meth

Fig 6.5


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6.5 Features:

Use of high-performance piezoceramic elements to meet loud sound volume and wide

frequency range needs.

High quality achieved by integrated in-house production, from piezoceramic materials

to buzzers.

Clear, pleasant electronic tone.

Reliable, effective operation in a wide variety of equipment and ambient conditions.

A wide, convenient selection from elements to complete buzzer products

6.6 Applications:

Consumer electronic appliances: Refrigerators, microwave ovens,washing

machines, electric fans, VCRs, air conditioners, bath heaters, sewing machines

Clocks and toys: Digital clocks and watches, alarm clocks, calculators, game

machines, greeting cards

Office equipment: Photocopiers, typewriters, cash registers, personal computers,

facsimiles

Automotive instruments: Speed alarms; reverse drive buzzers; light,oil, battery,

seatbelt check sounders, keyless entry

Safety and security equipment: Fire alarms, burglar alarms, gas leakage alarms

Other electronic equipment: Vending machines, automatic controllers, bicycle

horns, telephones, cameras.

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