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A ASSIGNMENT
ON
MGNREGA
BY
CHANDAN KUMAR
08DDEC256
The Faculty Of Science And TechnologyDehradun
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A ASSIGNMENT
ON
MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL
RURLAL EMPLOYMENT GRANATEE ACT
By
CHANDAN KUMAR
Submitted to:
Mr. P.C Rao
Instructor-In-charge
(DOSC)
A assignment submitted in partial fulfillment of course
requirement (HS-201) Dynamics of Social Change.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Would like to express my gratitude to Prof. R. C. Ramola, Centre Head
ICFAI TECH, Dehradun for allowing me to take up this course on
DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL CHANGE.
I am also thankful to Dr. P C Rao, Instructor-In-Charge of Dynamics of
social change, for giving useful knowledge and clarifying on writing
good assignment and above all for giving me this opportunity to present
my work with this report.
Above all, I am grateful to my colleagues, who encouraged me at every
step of preparing this assignment and also have helped me in gathering
the data for this report.
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Introduction
The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, (NREGA) was notified
on September 7, 2005 with the objective to enhance livelihood securityin rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage
employment in a financial year to every household whose adult
members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The Act came into
force on February 2nd; 2006 and was implemented in phased manner. In
the first phase it was introduced in 200 most backward districts of the
country. It was then extended to additional 130 districts in the financial
year 2007-2008. From the current financial year, the Act was extended
to cover all the districts, with the exception of districts that have a
hundred percent urban population.
Giving a statutory framework to wage employment programmes
Based on the experience of these programmes, the National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) was enacted to reinforce the
commitment towards livelihood security in rural areas. The Act was
notified on 7th
September, 2005. The significance of NREGA lies in the
fact that it creates a right- based framework for wage employment
programmes and makes the Government legally accountable for
providing employment to those who ask for it. In this way, the
legislation goes beyond providing a social safety net towards
guaranteeing the right to employment.
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National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
Guaranteeing the Right to Work
Objectives
To provide legal guarantee for 100 days of wage
employment to every household in the rural areas of the country each
year.
To combine the twin goals of providing employment and asset creationin rural areas.
Salient Features
a)First such effort in the world to provide legal guarantee for theRight to Work.
b)Covers all districts of the country.
c)All rural households in rural areas, whose adult members volunteerto do unskilled manual work eligible.
d)Job card under the Act is the right of every rural household willingto work on NREGA and applies for it.
e)Choice of works done through village level plans and 50% or moreof work to be executed by panchayati raj institutions.
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f) Work focuses on areas like water conservation, land development,provision of irrigation facility on private land of people below the
poverty line, rural connectivity etc.
g)Contractors banned in NREGA works.
h)Payment made through post office and bank accounts.
i) Unemployment allowance to be paid if Government unable toprovide jobs within 15 days of application.
j) All muster rolls put up on the internet.
k)Social audit made mandatory.
Communication of Nrega
Awareness generation through Information, Education andCommunication ( IEC ) For people to know their rights under the Act,
effective communication of information about the Act and Scheme is
essential.
Planning
Planning is critical to the successful implementation of the Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS). A key indicator of success is
the timely generation of employment within 15 days while ensuring thatthe design and selection of works are such that good quality assets are
developed. The need to act within a time limit necessitates advance
planning.
The basic aim of the planning process is to ensure that the District is
prepared well in advance to offer productive employment on demand.
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Application for work
Applications for work should generally be submitted to the Gram
Panchayat. In addition, as prescribed by the Act (Schedule II, Section 9),workers should have the option of submitting an application directly to
the Programmer Officer, but this should be treated as a fallback option
only.
Applications should be given in writing and should include:
a)the registration number of the Job Card;
b) the date from which employment is required; andc)the number of days of employment required.
Time-bound employment
The Gram Panchayat/Programme Officer shall be responsible for
providing wage employment to the applicant within 15 days of the dateof receipt of the application in the case of advance applications,
employment will be provided from the date that employment has been
sought, or within 15 days of the date of application, whichever
is later.
Gram Panchayat is unable to provide employment within 15 days, it will
be the responsibility of the Programme Officer to do so. The
employment allotted by the Programme Officer will be intimated to the
Gram Panchayat and vice versa.
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Works and their Execution
Permissible works
The intention of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(NREGA) is to provide a basic employment guarantee in rural areas.
The Act indicates the kinds of works that may be taken up for this
purpose. As per Schedule I of the Act, the focus of the National Rural
Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) shall be on the following
works:
a)water conservation and water harvesting;b)drought proofing, including afforestation and tree plantation;c)irrigation canals, including micro and minor irrigation works;d)provision of irrigation facility, plantation, horticulture, land
development to land owned by households belonging to the SC/ST,
or to land of the beneficiaries of land reforms, or to land of the
beneficiaries under the Indira Awas Yojana/BPL families.
e)renovation of traditional water bodies, including de-silting of
tanks;f) land development;g)sflood-control and protection works, including drainage in
waterlogged areas;
The wagematerial ratio
The ratio of wage costs to material costs should be no less than the
minimum norm of 60:40 stipulated in the Act. This ratio should beapplied preferably at the Gram Panchayat, Block and District levels.The
cost of tools and implements may be booked under the material
component of the Project. State Governments should devise a
mechanism for transparent method of procurement of materials to be
used under NREGA.
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Payment of wages And unemployment Allowance
Payment of wages
a)Every person working under the Scheme shall be entitled to wagesat the minimum wage rate fixed by the State Government (or the
competent authority concerned) for agricultural labourers under the
Minimum Wages Act, 1948, unless the wages have been notified
by the Central Government under Section 6(1) of the Act.
b) Equal wages shall be paid to both men and women workers, andthe provisions of the Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 shall be
complied with.
c) The State Government may provide for a portion of the wages tobe paid to the labourers on a daily basis during the period of
employment.
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Unemployment allowance
a)If a worker who has applied for work under NREGA is notprovided employment within 15 days from the date on which work
is requested, an unemployment allowance shall be payable by the
State Government at the rate prescribed in the Act.This entitlement
comes into effect as soon as the Act is notified in a particular
District or area.
b)The Programme Officer shall be responsible for the prompt
payment of unemployment allowances throughout the Block.
Records to be Maintained
s/n. Name of Register Level at which Register is to be maintaind
1. Muster Roll Issue Register Gram Panchayat
2. Muster Roll Issue RegisterImplementing Agency other than Gram
Panchayat
3. Job Card Application Register Gram Panchayat/ Programme Officer
4. Employment Register Gram Panchayat/ Programme Officer
5. Works RegisterProgramme Officer/Gram Panchayat/other
Implementing Agencies
6. Complaint RegisterProgramme Officer/DPC/ Gram Panchayats/other Implementing Agencies
7.Monthly Allotment and Utilization
Certificate Watch Register
DPC/ Programme Officer/ Gram
Panchayat/Other Implementing Agencies
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Technical resource Support for quality
Implementing NREGS is a multifaceted task requiring the concerted
efforts of many agencies.
Ensuring quality in all aspects of its implementation is the key concern.
1.Technical resource networkAt the Central level, the Technical Secretariat set up in the Ministry of
Rural Development as part of the Central Council will facilitate the
infusion of professional resources to assist in establishing information
systems, developing IEC resources, setting quality standards,monintoring and evaluation, review of social audit systems,
The State Governments may also facilitate technical resource support to
the Implementing Agencies, especially at the District level . This may
include the following measures.
2.Accredited engineersa)The State Government may constitute panels of accredited
engineers at the District and Block levels for the purpose of
assisting with the estimation and measurement of works.
b)The District Programme Coordinator, the Programme Officer,PRIs and other Implementing Agencies may engage the services of
accredited engineers of their choice for any NREGS work.
c)The State Government shall prescribe the minimum qualificationsof accredited engineers and the procedures for accreditation as well
as cancellation of such accreditation.
TECHNICAL RESOURCE SUPPORT FOR QUALITY
80 THE NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT, 2005
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The State Government shall fix the rates to be paid to accredited
engineers in cases where they are not Government servants. Sam Vikas
Yojana.
3.Technical resource systemsThe State Government may also consider setting up Technical Resource
Support systems at the State and District levels to assist in the planning,
designing, monitoring, evaluation and quality audit of various initiatives.
For this purpose, it is suggested that Resource Institutions be identified
by the State Government concerned. A panel of institutions/agencies for
technical resource support may also be prepared.
4.District technical agenciesPossible functions of the Technical Resource Support Groups at the
District level Include. Identify effective labour-intensive technologies
for water conservation, water harvesting,drought proofing, flood control,
all-weather rural connectivity and other works appropriate for the
District and various climatic regions of the District.
Convergence
Convergence/dovetailing with other Programmes
Convergence of the NREGA funds with funds from other sources for the
creation of durable assets is permissible. However, care must be taken to
ensure that NREGA funds do not substitute for resources from other
sectors or schemes. NREGA fundsare intended to create additional
employment; this will not happen if the employment currently generatedby other programmes is displaced by the NREGS.
All initiatives of convergence will be within the parameters of NREGA,
especially the need to design labour-intensive works and the need to
ensure that there is a complete ban on contractors.
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Example
NREGA in Pratapgarh
The National Rural Employment Act-2005 (NREGA) is a Peoples Act
towards the realization of the right to work. Its main motive is to provide
a legal guarantee at least 100 days of employment to every rural
household whose adult members are willing to do unskilled manual
labour through which it is expected to enhance peoples livelihood on a
sustained basis by developing the economic and social infrastructure in
rural areas.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme has been launched in the
first phase on 2 February 2006 in the district Pratapgarh (UP) along with
22 other districts of the State.
Wall Writing on Govt. Building Display Board at Work Site Distt-
Pratapgarh. UP
General Awareness at Village Level Distt- Pratapgarh. UP
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Pond Construction GP- Lakhanpur Soor Block-Sangipur
Distt- Pratapgarh. UP
Bandha Construction GP- Jogapur Block-Sadar
Distt- Pratapgarh. UP
Kachha SM Construction GP- Chakadarali Block-Kunda
Distt- Pratapgarh. UP
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District Sultanpura, Andhra Pradesh
Sultanpura is a drought prone district in Andhra Pradesh with very few
employment opportunities. When NREGA was first announced in thevillage, people took time to be convinced of it.
Applications were made in large numbers. Job Cards were made. The
Self Help Groups (SHGs) were also involved. 1300 people were
included in the SHG in the area. They were actively involved in
several developmental programmes in the village. After receiving Job
Cards, applications were given for work.
In the Gram Sabah people put forth their demand for work. All the
demands were submitted to the Panchyat Secretary, who in turn sent it to
the Block Office for approval. The Block Office approved the works.
One of the works approved was constriction of a check dam to improve
irrigation. The work was divided into groups. Each group did a different
kind of work. A first aid kit was available at the worksite. There was
creche facility for children. Muster Rolls were maintained.
Yashoda, a laborer at the worksite was happy. Earlier she used to get Rs.
50. Now she gets Rs. 100.Even the physically handicapped were getting
work. People were able to send their children to school.
On Saturdays measurements are done to ascertain the amount of work.
Demand drafts are sent to the Sultanpur post office and deposited in the
accounts of the workers who can withdraw the cash when needed. The
people in Sultanpur now enthusiastically participate in NREGA andconsider it as their programmme.
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DRAW-BACKS
First drawbacks of the NREG scheme, the decision on the project andthe process to be undertaken seems to be arbitrarily done.
For example in the pond project the silt which was removed were put
beside the pond bunds itself which would flow back into the pond during
the next torrential monsoon rain. Ideally the whole pond should be
provided with a stone embankment which is plastered so that it can last
for few years. Thus may be the wells would not be fortunate the next
summer. The next project is to widen a "thoodu" (a small stream) which
ask anyone in the village including the workers is considered a waste of
money.
Second drawback seems to be that it is having serious effects on the
agriculture. This has caused lack of people during the harvesting season
and an unplanned increase in the cost of production. I think this is now
the last straw in making at least paddy cultivation unrenumerative. Inaddition to general productivity decrease this could further reduce the
output. One better option would be to have a framework where by all the
marginal land holdings are pooled together as a pool and then it is
cultivated under NREGS and the output is bought by the government
itself through FCI. The money is given to the owner of the land after
deducting the subsidized employee cost. This can be the masterstroke to
improve the agriculture productivity and a better way to target fertilizerand power subsidy to agriculture. As this is what 60% of Indian
population are doing and are good at. This now takes off one major
drawback of land segmentation and harvest sales.
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SUGGESTION
1.How will the wages be calculated?The worker can be paid either as daily wage or as piece-rate. If wages
are paid on a piece-rate basis, the schedule of rates has to be such that a
person working for seven hours would normally earn the minimum
wage.
2.When will the wages be paid?Wages should be paid every week, or in any case 'not later than a
fortnight after the date on which such work was done'.
3.How are program functionaries accountable for whatthey do?
External and internal evaluators are continuously and concurrently
evaluating the Programmer. The authority to conduct social audit is
vested in Gram Sabah. A Village Level Monitoring committee is to be
set up by Gram Sabah to oversee each work. Moreover, any
contravention of the Act shall, on conviction, be liable to fine which
may extend to one thousand rupees. A Grievance Redressal Mechanism
should also be set up at the block, district and state level.
4.What wages will be paidThe laborers are entitled to the statutory minimum wage for agriculture
laborers in the State; until the Central Government notifies a minimum
wage rate, which in any case shall not be less than Rs. 60 per day.
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5.Initial positive trendsField Reports yield nascent evidence of:
a)Increase in Women workforce participation as compared to earlierWage Employment Programmer.
b)Impact on land productivity: (Second crop on SC/ST farms inChhattisgarh, MP, Rajasthan).
c)Increase in the workforces awareness of minimum wages and taskrates and increasingly confident articulation of it (MP,
Chhattisgarh, TN, Karnataka, and Maharashtra).
d)Wage earnings of work force in wage employment programmerincreasing (AP,TN, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand).
e)Wage negotiation capacity developing vies a vies privateemployment (Rajasthan, TN, Haryana).
f) Financial Inclusion: Savings accounts of wage earners inBanks/Post Offices in some States: AP (more than 20.00lakh Post
Office Accounts), Karnataka (entire Gulbarga NREG workforce
with Bank Accounts) , Jharkhand, TN.
g)Insurance of wage earners in some districts: Pakur, Gumla, Ranchi(Jharkhand).
h)Developing Literacy skills among wage earners (Karnataka,Raichur.
i) Distress Migration somewhat stemmed: Rajasthan, AP,Chhattisgarh.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.encarta.com
Wikipedia
The national rural Employment guarantee act 2005 (nrega)
Operational guidelines 2008 (3rd edition)(Ministry of rural development Department of rural development
Government of India (New Delhi))
TRANSPARENCY AND PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITYRULES[NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT](M I N I S T R Y O F R U R A L D E V E L O P M E N T D E P A R T M E N T O F R U R A LD E V E L O P M E N T)
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)Guaranteeing the Right to Work
http://www.google.com/http://www.encarta.com/http://www.encarta.com/http://www.google.com/