Project Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and … · 2020. 11. 20. · 1 Project...

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Project Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and Rosewood Oil

by NIRS Technology –NIRS ID. The project has been financed by the CITES Secretariat with funds from the European Union

Consulting objectives: TO SELECT INTERNATIONAL OR NATIONAL XYLARIUM OR WOOD

COLLECTIONS REGISTERED AT THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOOD

ANATOMISTS – IAWA THAT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF SPECIES AND SPECIMENS

OF THE GENUS DALBERGIA TO BE ANALYZED BY NIRS TECHNOLOGY.

Consultant: VERA TERESINHA RAUBER CORADIN Dra

English translation: ADRIANA COSTA Dra

Affiliations:

- Forest Products Laboratory, Brazilian Forest Service (LPF-SFB)

- Laboratory of Automation, Chemometrics and Environmental Chemistry, University of

Brasília (AQQUA – UnB)

- Forest Technology and Geoprocessing Foundation - FUNTEC-DF

MAY, 2020

Brasília – Brazil

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Project number: S1-32QTL-000018

Host Country: Brazilian Government

Executive agency: Forest Technology and Geoprocessing Foundation - FUNTEC

Project coordinator: Dra. Tereza C. M. Pastore

Project start: September 2019

Project duration: 24 months

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 05

2. THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS DALBERGIA 05

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 NIRS METHODOLOGY AND SPECTRA COLLECTION 07

3.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING XYLARIA TO BE VISITED TO OBTAIN SPECTRAS 07

3 3 TERMINOLOGY 08

4. RESULTS

4.1 CONTACTED XYLARIA FOR COLLECTION SURVEY 10

4.1.1 BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 10

4.1.2 INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA 11

4.2 SELECTED XYLARIA 11

4.3 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY OF DALBERGIA SAMPLES IN THE BRAZILIAN

XYLARIA 13

4.4 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY OF DALBERGIA SAMPLES IN THE INTERNATIONAL

XYLARIA 14

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 19

6. REFERENCES 20

APPENDICES 22

APPENDIX I DALBERGIA IN BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 22 CACAO RESEARCH CENTER – CEPECw 22 EMÍLIO GOELDI MUSEUM – M. Goeldi – MGw 22

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PARANÁ – UFPR 22

FOREST INSTITUTE OF SÃO PAULO – SPSFw 23

FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY – FPBw 24

INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF SÃO PAULO IPT – BCTw 26

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR AMAZONIAN RESEARCH – INPAw 30

RIO DE JANEIRO BOTANICAL GARDEN – RBw 30

UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO – SPFw 33

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VALE CORPORATION – CVRDw 34

APPENDIX II DALBERGIA IN INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA 35

BELGIUM, TERVUREN – Tw 35 ENGLAND, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN KEW - K-Jw 40

FRANCE CIRAD - CIRAD CTFw 43

MEXICO, MEXICO UNAM - UNAM MEXUw 51 MEXICO, XALAPA Mexico – XALw 53

NETHERLANDS, LEIDEN - Dw, Lw, RTIw, Uw, WAGw, WLw, WIBw 54

UNITED STATES, MADISON - MADw e SJRw 59

UNITED STATES, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON – Usw 68

APPENDIX III INTEGRATION OF DATA FROM BRAZILIAN AND INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA IN SPECIES ALPHABETICAL ORDER 71 APPENDIX IV CONTACT INFORMATION FOR THE SELECTED XYLARIA 119

APPENDIX V SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION FORM PROPOSAL FOR SPECTRA DATA

COLLECTION 121

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1 INTRODUCTION

The Project "Rapid and field identification of Dalbergia wood and Rosewood oil by NIRS

technology" aims to: 1) build models for wood identification/classification from 20

Dalbergia species and 2) build an exploratory identification model for rosewood oil

(Aniba roseodora).

To build models that make it possible to identify/classify woods from 20 Dalbergia

species as proposed in the project, it is necessary to obtain spectra from a large

number of wood samples (ca. 50) from different specimens of each species of the

Dalbergia genus. To achieve this goal, spectra will be collected from wood samples

deposited at the international wood collections of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew

(London / England); Smithsonian Museum (Washington / USA); CIRAD (Montpellier,

France); Hamburg (Germany); and the People's Republic of China (Beijing), as

previously planned in the scope of the project. In addition, spectra will also be

obtained from the national wood collections as the Botanical Garden - R-Bw (Rio de

Janeiro); IPT-BCTw (São Paulo); INPA - INPAw (Manaus), and Belém - RBHw (Belém).

To create robust identification models for about twenty species of the Dalbergia genus,

as accounted in the project, it is necessary to obtain spectra from the largest possible

number of specimens per species and to check for which species there is enough

material and which xylaria are likely to be visited to obtain spectra. For this, it is

necessary to carry out an updated survey on the Brazilian and international xylaria to

check the material available in the collections to be sampled.

2 THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS DALBERGIA

The genus Dalbergia L.f, belonging to the Fabaceae family (Leguminosae-

Papilionoideae), occurs naturally in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central America,

South America, and the Caribbean. The number of species in this genus is not yet

defined, and ongoing research with different technologies to identify this large and

dominant group of species is still under progress. The Plant List, a database produced in

collaboration between the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and Missouri Botanical Garden

www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=dalbergia which presents plant species from

around the world, lists 648 Dalbergia species with different status: accepted; synonym;

and unresolved, of which only 287 are considered as accepted species. At

www.worldfloraonline.org, a Consortium of botanical research institutions from various

continents, 726 entries for the genus Dalbergia are also presented with different

statuses. The International Legume Database Information Service ILDIS established by

legume specialists ildis.org has 445 Dalbergias listed, also with different types of status:

accepted, synonym, and provisional. To check the status of each of the species listed in

ILDIS, it is necessary to do a species search. Brazilian Flora, maintained by the Instituto

Rio de Janeiro Botany Garden, considers 39 species of the Dalbergia genus as valid, 21

http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=dalbergiahttp://www.worldfloraonline.org/https://ildis.org/

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of which are endemic to Brazil; and 13 synonyms, with species at the level of variety

and sub-species. The Tropicos database of the Missouri Botanical Garden/USA

www.tropicos.org/nameSearch lists 607 entries for the genus, and like the other

websites, it is necessary to do an individual search to find out the number of species

considered accepted. The websites' information analyzed, points to a very diversified

genus and still has many uncertainties in identifying species. Also, the exact number of

valid species can only be established by exploring a comprehensive bibliography of

taxonomic research.

Dalbergias can exhibit multiple habits; they can grow as trees, shrubs,

vines/winding/climbing plants. The Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia woods and

Rosewood Oil by NIRS Technology - NIRS ID project will focus on wood-producing trees

species, especially those frequent in international trade. Many tree species of this

genus are economically important due to their woods' high quality, notably used in the

manufacture of musical instrument components. However, overexploitation, predatory

exploration, and habitat fragmentation is often a cause of species becoming

endangered in the tropics. Dalbergia nigra, commercially called jacarandá-da-Bahia, is

the most wanted species within the genus; it became highly threatened by the

international trade, culminating in its inclusion in CITES APPENDIX I in 1992; therefore,

illegal to harvest. The large volume of wood traded in the international market,

belonging to additional Dalbergia species, continued to be very expressive and, in

2017, led CITES signatory countries to include all species of the genus Dalbergia in

APPENDIX II (UNEP-WCMC 2014).

Considering that it is necessary to enforce international legislation with the inclusion of

the genus in APPENDIX II, species identification is the first step to control international

trade. A large number of species, a wide geographic distribution, and a significant

similarity of the woods to each other make international trade face great difficulty in

differentiating Dalbergia woods from each other and, in many cases, determining their

origin. Since in international trade, for commercial purposes, wood species are found

as logs or previously prepared pieces, lacking leaves, seeds, and flowers, so it is

necessary to use precise identification methods that can be carried out at checkpoints.

There are several methods of identification, including genetic, chemical, and visual

methods. Most methods require the sample to be transported to a laboratory for

analysis. The most used method in practice for species identification is wood anatomy,

with the use of various tools and resources to facilitate identification such as

CitesWood ID 2014; identification keys, such as CORADIN et al. (2010); and remote

identification in which images are captured in loco, transmitted to the laboratory for

the anatomist to carry out the identification in real-time. However, the wood anatomy

within Dalbergia species is very similar, making it difficult for enforcement agents to

separate them and often incur misidentification. The identification by wood anatomy

requires highly qualified technical personnel with knowledge of wood anatomy, which

https://www.tropicos.org/nameSearch

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is only possible with several years of experience in the area, considering the diversity of

wood producing species.

3 MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 NIRS METHODOLOGY AND SPECTRA COLLECTION

The NIRS methodology can be an excellent tool with the advantage of almost

eliminating human error and can be used as a rapid identification method in the field,

with accurate and real-time response, given that it is based on a robust spectral

database to create species identification models.

To obtain spectra and construct the model, it is necessary to obtain multiple samples

previously identified by an experienced botanist or wood anatomist. One way of

obtaining spectra is collecting samples in the field, which is impracticable due to the

wide distribution of the species, the high costs involved, and the collecting restrictions

imposed by the endangered species native country's laws and international

regulations.

Another strategy for obtaining the spectra is to use material from the biological

collections of wood or xylaria, which have samples previously identified by experienced

botanists or wood anatomists.

In the project "Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and Rosewood Oil by

NIRS Technology - NIRS ID," samples from xylaria registered in the Index Xylariorum, a

list recognized by the Brazilian and international scientific community, will be used as

an alternative to obtaining the spectra necessary to build the database to be used in

the development of identification models.

3.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING XYLARIA TO BE VISITED TO COLLECT SPECTRA

The selection of xylaria was carried out based on Index Xylariorum 4.1, edited by the

International Association of Wood Anatomists - IAWA (2016). To choose xylaria within

the universe of wood collections available in the Index, some selection criteria were

adopted: (1) prioritizing Brazilian collections, collections in Central and North America

that are regions of the natural occurrence of species of the genus, and ( 2) collections

from Europe, where xylaria include a large number of samples from tropical countries

and (3) a collection from Asia that is also an area of ccurrence of species of the genus

Dalbergia and already expected in the project.

Among Brazilian xylaria, some that have not yet been registered in the Index

Xylariorum were included and contacted; therefore, practically all Brazilian xylaria with

a considerable number of Dalbergia specimens were selected. The xylarium of Vale

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Corporation and of Cacao Research Center CEPEC, despite having a small number of

samples, were kept because they are located in Dalbergia nigra's natural habitat. It was

also considered the existence of Dalbergia species' plantations to collect samples

scheduled for 2020. The xylarium of the Federal University of Bahia will be included in

this report later since its curator did not have access to the archives due to the period

of quarantine caused by the Coronavirus pandemic.

For the selection of international xylaria, it was initially considered the collection's size

and specialization, and the feasibility of carrying out visits within the project's scope.

The selected xylaria from Europe have more than 20,000 samples per wood collection,

ranging from 20,000 to 125,000 specimens, such as the Leiden xylarium (Netherlands),

which brings together several collections in the same place. Some of these xylaria are

quite generalist, but other collections can be specialized in some regions. The CIRAD

Research Center in Montpelier - France, for example, has material concentrated in

Africa and Asia, and the Tervuren (Belgium) collection concentrates African species.

The survey started with the xylarium with information available online, and those that

do not have online data, the curators were contacted to obtain the information. Due to

the COVID 19 pandemics, it has not yet been possible to obtain information from two

large xylaria: that of the Thünnen Institute in Germany and the xylarium in Beijing in

China. Both curators have already responded positively to the project's technical team's

visit, and the information will be added to the database as soon they are shared by the

curators.

The data of each xylarium are presented in spreadsheets according to the information

provided on the web pages or in the form provided by the curators. To analyze the

information necessary to plan the project's activities, a consolidated spreadsheet was

prepared for the national and international collections APPENDIX III. This spreadsheet

contains the species, the number of samples, and the xylarium where these samples

are available.

3.3 TERMINOLOGY

To better understand the information in the spreadsheets and in the report, some

definitions of the technical terminology adopted are as follows:

Species: the basic taxonomic unit of the classification system.

Specimen: it is "any individual of a species" or any sample of material from an

organism. In xylaria the reference numbers refer to the individuals from which the

sample was obtained.

Xylarium: a collection of wood material that adopts a botanical identification system to

classify the sample in the collection and has a curator who organizes and manages the

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collection. To make xylarium official, they must be registered in the Index Xylariorum

under the International Association of Wood Anatomists - IAWA.

Acronyms of xylaria: every wood collection registered in the Index Xylariorum receives

an acronym by which it is identified. It is composed of combining the abbreviation

chosen by the Institution and the letter '"w" for wood. Example: the xylarium of the

Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro (RBw). "RB" was chosen in honor of the botanist

Barbosa Rodrigues.

Dalbergia sp: a sample with this identification means that it was determined down to

the genus level without identifying the species.

Models for sample information: Two models of tables have been suggested to present

the sample information in xylaria and the respective spectral data obtained. The

information of each sample and the visualization of the respective spectral data

presented in the same spreadsheet will facilitate the traceability and analysis of the

data. In model 1: the information of specimens of a given species, obtained in a

xylarium, will be made available, together with the corresponding spectral data. In

model 2: the sum of the information of all the specimens analyzed, by species, in the

different xylaria will be made available. See the example of the two table models for

the species D. cearensis in Product 4.

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4 RESULTS

4.1 CONTACTED XYLARIA FOR THE COLLECTION'S SURVEY

4.1.1 BRAZILIAN XYLARIA

1. BRASÍLIA: Dr. Harry van der Slooten Wood Collection, Forest Products Laboratory,

Brazilian Forest Service SFB/MAPA, (FPBw).

2. BELÉM: Walter Alberto Egler Wood Collection, Emilio Goeldi Museum – Research

Campus, Botany Department, (MGw).

3. BELÉM: CPATU wood collection (no record in the Index Xylariorum, awaits information).

4. BOTUCATU: "Profa. Dra. Maria Aparecida Mourão Brazil" Wood Collection, São Paulo

State University Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP, (BOTUw). (insufficient samples).

5. CAMPOS: The State University of Northern Rio de Janeiro Wood Collection UENF (no

record in the Index Xylariorum, insufficient samples).

6. CURITIBA: Federal University of Paraná Wood Collection (UFPR) (no record in the Index

Xylariorum).

7. ILHEUS: CEPEC Herbarium, Botany Division, Cacao Research Center, (CEPECw)

(available samples, awaits information).

8. LINHARES: Vale Corporation Forest Reserve CVRD Wood Collection, (CVRDw).

9. MANAUS: National Institute for Amazonian Research Wood Collection, (INPAw).

10. PIRACICABA: Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture ESALQ Wood Collection, (ESAw)(no

reply).

11. RECIFE: Sergio Tavares Wood Collection, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Forest

Science Department (SUDENEw, TIPw) (closed xylarium).

12. RIO DE JANEIRO: Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden Research Institute Wood Collection,

(RBw).

13. RIO DE JANEIRO: Rio de Janeiro State University Wood Collection - UERJ. (without

record in the Index Xylariorum, insufficient samples).

14. SEROPÉDICA: Forest Products Department, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro,

Institute of Forestry, Department of Forest Products Wood Collection, (FPDw) (xylarium

temporarily closed due to fire).

15. SALVADOR: The Padre José Pereira de Sousa Wood Collection, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

(PJPSw) (samples available, awaits information).

16. SÃO PAULO: Dr. Calvino Mainieri Wood Collection, Institute for Technological Research

of São Paulo S.A. - IPT (BCTw)

17. SÃO PAULO: Nanuza Luiza de Menezes Wood Collection, University of São Paulo (USP)

Institute of Biosciences (IB-USP), Department of Botany, (SPFw).

18. SÃO PAULO: Botany Institute of São Paulo Wood Collection, (SPw).

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19. SÃO PAULO: Forest Institute of São Paulo Wood Collection, (SPSFw).

4.1.2 INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA

1. BELGIUM - TERVUREN: Tervuren Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa, (Tw).

2. CHINA - BEIJING: The Research Institute of Wood Industry (CRIWI), Chinese Academy of Forestry - CAF, (CAFw). ENGLAND - KEW: Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens

Kew, (K-Jw).

3. ENGLAND – KEW: Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, (K-Jw).

4. FRANCE - MONTPELLIER: CIRAD, (CTFw).

5. GERMANY - HAMBURG: Thünen Institute of Wood Research (The Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries,

(RBHw). (already contacted, no information about the collection).

6. MEXICO - MEXICO Dr. Ramon Echenique-Manrique, Wood Collection Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, (MEXUw).

7. MEXICO: National Xylaria, Seccion de Anatomia de Maderas, lnstituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, (MEXFw) (wood collection closed, in the process of being

incorporated into UNAM).

8. MEXICO, XALAPA: "Dr. Faustino Miranda" Wood Collection, Instituto de Ecologia, A.C., (XALw) (insufficient samples).

9. NETHERLANDS - LEIDEN: Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Dw, Lw, RTIw, Uw, WAGw, WLw, WIBw).

10. UNITED STATES - MADISON: Forest Products Laboratory Wood Collection and Samuel J. Record Memorial Wood Collection, USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory,

(MADw, SJRw). (spectra for Dalbergia were already collected by the project staff).

11. UNITED STATES - RALEIGH: The David A. Kribs Wood Collection, Department of Wood and Paper Science, College of Natural Resources, North Carolina State University,

(PACw) (Dalbergia wood samples of this collection are duplicates from the Madison

collection).

12. UNITED STATES - WASHINGTON: Department of Botany, National Museum of

Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, (USw).

4.2 SELECTED XYLARIA

According to the criteria used, ten Brazilian wood xylaria and ten international xylaria

were selected. Brazilian xylaria: (FPBw); (MGw); (UFPR); (CEPECw); (CVRDw), (INPAw),

(RBw), (PJPSw), (BCTw), (SPSFw). International xylaria: (RBHw), (Tw); (CAFw); (MADw,

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SJRw); (CTFw); (Dw, Lw, RTIw, Uw, WAGw, WLw, WIBw); (K-Jw). , (MEXUw, MEXFw);

(XALw). The tables' results do not include information from the international xylaria of

the Thünen Institute of Wood Research (RBHw), BEIJING (CAFw), Xil. Nacional (MEXFw)

and the national xylaria from Bahia UFBA (PJPSw) for the lack of information due to the

Coronavirus pandemic.

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4.3 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY OF DALBERGIA SAMPLES IN THE BRAZILIAN XYLARIA

In the collection of the ten Brazilian xylaria in APPENDIX I, 480 specimens of the genus

Dalbergia are registered, with 417 specimens identified at the species level, comprising

38 species, of which 23 are from Brazil and the remaining from Asia and Africa and 63

specimens identified at the genus level. Table 1 shows the Brazilian collections with the

respective numbers of Dalbergia samples, the number of species, and the number of

identifications up to the genus level. Table 2 shows the number of specimens by

species and occurrence according to the xylaria data. The complete information of the

Brazilian xylaria is presented in APPENDIX I. In APPENDIX III, a consolidation of the

data of all Brazilian and international xylaria is presented with the number of

specimens per species, the origin, and the registration number of each specimen,

which will be necessary for planning the technical visits to obtain the spectra.

Table 1. Brazilian Xylaria in descending order of Dalbergia samples.

Xylaria No. of specimens No. of species No. of samples identified to genus level

IPT - BCTw 167 20 28

JBRJ - RBw 128 24 15

LPF - FPBw 55 17 05

Forest Institute - SPSFw

47 12 09

USP - SPFw 39 10 03

INPA - INPAw 17 05 00

UFPR 10 08 00

Goeldi Museum - MGw 10 06 02

VALE - CVRDw 05 05 00

CEPLAC - CEPECw 02 02 00

Table 2. Species of the genus Dalbergia in Brazilian Xylaria, number of specimens per

species and origin according to the wood collections information, APPENDIX I.

Species No. of specimens Origin

Dalbergia sp. 63 Varied

D. nigra 84 Brazil, Southeast, Northeast

D. frutecens 82 Brazil

D. cearensis 44 Brazil, Northeast

D. spruceana 33 Brazil, Amazonas, Pará

D. decipularis 29 Brazil, Bahia, Ceará

D. miscolobium 19 Brazil, Midwest, Southeast

D. retusa 18 Central America; Brazil, Bahia

D. brasiliensis 13 Brazil, South and Southeast

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D. latifolia 9 Tropical Asia; India

D. stevensoni 9 North America; Honduras; Belize

D. inundata 7 Brazil, Amazonas

D. melanoxylon 7 Africa

D. sissoo 7 Egypt; India; Pakistan

D. variabilis 6 Brazil, Santa Catarina, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais

D. bariensis 4 Tropical Asia

D. cochinchinensis 4 Asia

D. granadillo 4 Mexico; Nicaragua

D. riparia 4 Brazil, Amazonas

D. villosa 4 Brazil, Minas Gerais

D. glaucescens 3 Brazil, Espírito Santo; Argentina, Jujuy

D. congestiflora 2 Mexico

D. ecastaphyllum 2 Brazil, São Paulo, Pará

D. elegans 2 Brazil, Espírito Santo

D. foliolosa 2 Brazil, Distrito Federal, Espírito Santo

D. hypoleuca 2 Costa Rica; USA

D. violacea 2 Brazil, Minas Gerais

D. barretoana 1 Brazil, Minas Gerais

D. berterii 1 Brazil

D. cubilquitzensis 1 Brazil

D. glomerata 1 Guatemala

D. gracilis 1 No information

D. hortensis 1 Brazil, Distrito Federal

D. hupeana 1 China

D. lineata 1 Brazil

D. paniculata 1 India

D. riedelii 1 No information

D. subcymosa 1 Brazil, Pará

D. tucurensis 1 Honduras

4.4 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY OF DALBERGIA SAMPLES IN THE INTERNATIONAL

XYLARIA

Among the eight International xylaria 1,228 specimens of the genus Dalbergia were

accounted, with 940 specimens identified at the species level comprising 103 species,

13 specimens with questionable identification, and 185 specimens at the genus level.

Among the specimens identified at the species level, 18 have up to 15 individuals per

species, and the vast majority have less than ten individuals per species. The collection

with the largest number of samples of Dalbergia is that of CIRAD CTFw, followed by

MADISON (MADw, SJRw), Tervuren Tw, and Kew K-Jw with more than one hundred

specimens of the genus Dalbergia Table 3. In the international collections presented in

Table 4 species from Africa and Asia predominate and, to a lesser extent, species from

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South and Central America, and the Caribbean. Eleven species native to Brazil are

represented in international wood collections, which are in descending order of

specimen number: D. nigra 81, D. frutecens 34, D. cearensis 19, D. spruceana 15, D.

villosa 07, D. glauca 06, D. decipularis 05, D. glaucecens 03, D. brasiliensis 01, D. foliosa

01, and D. violacea 01.

Table 3. International Xylaria in descending order of Dalbergia samples.

Xylaria No. of specimens

No. of species

No. of samples identified to genus level

FRANCE - MONTPELLIER: CTFw 407 52 64

UNITED STATES – MADISON: MADw, SJRw 368 67 80

BELGIUM – TERVUREN: Tw 248 17 39

ENGLAND – KEW: K-Jw 130 9 0

NETHERLANDS- LEIDEN: Dw, Lw, RTIw, Uw, WAGw, WLw, WIBw

71 9 0

UNITED STATES – WASHINGTON: USw 50 7 0

MEXICO – MEXICO: UNAM MEXUw 32 13 2

MEXICO - XALAPA: XALw 5 5 0

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Table 4. Species of the genus Dalbergia in International Xylaria APPENDIX II, number

of samples and geographic distribution according to

https://ildis.org/cgi-bin/Araneus.plversion~10.01 in May 16th 2020

https://www.tropicos.org/ in August 09th 2020.

Species No. of specimens

Origin

Dalbergia sp. 185 Varied

Dalbergia latifolia 84 Asia/India, China

Dalbergia nigra 81 South America/Brazil

Dalbergia sissoo 80 Asia/India

Dalbergia melanoxylon 72 Africa/Tanzania, Senegal

Dalbergia arbutifolia 70 Africa/Tanzania

Dalbergia retusa 51 Central America/Mexico

Dalbergia frutescens 34 South America/Brazil

Dalbergia oliveri 34 Asia/Vietnam, Cambodia

Dalbergia purpurascens 31 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia greveana 30 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia cochinchinensis 27 Asia/Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos

Dalbergia madagascariensis 26 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia stevensonii 26 North America

Dalbergia ecastaphyllum 20 Africa/Congo

Dalbergia cearensis 19 South America/Brazil

Dalbergia monticola 19 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia tucurensis 18 Central America

Dalbergia spruceana 15 South America/Brazil

Dalbergia lanceolaria 14 Asia/Sri Lanka

Dalbergia monetaria 14 South America, Suriname, Guyana

Dalbergia cultrata 13 Asia/Myanmar

Dalbergia boehmii 12 Africa/Congo

Dalbergia chlorocarpa 11 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia maritima 10 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia chapelieri 9 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia trichocarpa 9 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia brownei 7 América

Dalbergia granadillo 7 Central America

Dalbergia pervillei 7 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia villosa 7 South America/Brazil

Dalbergia congestiflora 6 Central America/Mexico

Dalbergia glauca 6 South America/Brazil

Dalbergia hostilis 6 Africa

Dalbergia hypoleuca 6 Central America/Costa Rica

Dalbergia inundata 6 South America/Brazil

Dalbergia mollis 6 Asia/Madagascar

Dalbergia tricolor 6 Africa/Madagascar

https://ildis.org/cgi-bin/Araneus.plversion~10.01https://www.tropicos.org/

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Dalbergia baronii 5 Africa/Tanzania

Dalbergia decipularis 5 South America/Brazil

Dalbergia saxatilis 5 Tropical Africa

Dalbergia xerophila 5 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia assamica 4 Asia

Dalbergia hupeana 4 Asia/China

Dalbergia normandii 4 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia bariensis 3 Asia/Thailand, Vietnam

Dalbergia glaucescens 3 South America/Brazil

Dalbergia mimosella 3 Tropical Asia/Indonesia/Philippines

Dalbergia paloescrito palo-escrito 3 Central America/Mexico

Dalbergia pterocarpifolia 3 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia berterii 2 Caribbean/Dominican Republic

Dalbergia cana 2 Tropical Asia/India

Dalbergia carringtoniana 2 Africa/Angola

Dalbergia glabra 2 Central America

Dalbergia glomerata 2 Central America

Dalbergia hemsleyi 2 Tropical Asia/India

Dalbergia humbertii 2 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia louvelii 2 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia neoperrieri 2 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia nitidula 2 Africa

Dalbergia obovata 2 Africa/South Africa

Dalbergia odorifera 2 Asia/China

Dalbergia ovata 2 Tropical Asia/India

Dalbergia peltieri 2 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia variabilis 2 South America/Venezuela

Dalbergia aturensis 1 South America/Venezuela

Dalbergia balansae 1 Asia/China

Dalbergia banetoana 1 No information

Dalbergia berteroi 1 No information

Dalbergia bracteolata 1 Tropical Africa

Dalbergia brasiliensis 1 South America/Brazil

Dalbergia calycina 1 Central America/Mexico

Dalbergia cana 1 Asia/Myanmar

Dalbergia comorensis 1 No information

Dalbergia cuscatlanica 1 South America/Brazil

Dalbergia dongnaiensis 1 Tropical Asia/Thailand

Dalbergia elata 1 Tropical Africa

Dalbergia emirnensis 1 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia flava 1 No information

Dalbergia foliosa 1 South America/Brazil

Dalbergia funera 1 Central America

Dalbergia goetzei 1 Africa/Tropical

18

Dalbergia gracilis 1 South America/Bolivia

Dalbergia hainanensis 1 Asia/China

Dalbergia ikopensis 1 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia kerrii 1 Tropical Asia/Burma

Dalbergia kurzii 1 Tropical Asia/Burma

Dalbergia lactea 1 Africa

Dalbergia lanceolata 1 No information

Dalbergia lemurica 1 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia lindeniana 1 South America/

Dalbergia lineata 1 South America/Brazil

Dalbergia mammosa 1 Tropical Asia/Indochina

Dalbergia melanocardium 1 Central America/Mexico

Dalbergia minahassae 1 Tropical Asia/Philippines

Dalbergia miscolobium 1 South America/Brazil

Dalbergia nigrescens 1 Tropical Asia/Thailand

Dalbergia orientalis 1 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia paniculata 1 Tropical Asia/India

Dalbergia pseudobaroni 1 No information

Dalbergia riparia 1 South America/Peru

Dalbergia toxicaria 1 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia tsiandalana 1 Africa/Madagascar

Dalbergia violacea 1 South America/Brazil

19

Table 5. Species with more than ten specimens considering the samples of all Xylaria

in APPENDIX III.

Species No. of samples

Origin

D. nigra 165 South America/Brazil, Southeast, Northeast

D. frutecens 116 South America/Brazil

D. latifolia 116 Asia/India, China

D. sissoo 87 Asia/India

D. melanoxylon 79 Africa/Tanzania, Senegal

D. arbutifolia 70 Africa/Tanzania

D. retusa 69 Central America, Mexico

D. cearensis 63 South America/Brazil, Northeast

D. spruceana 48 South America/Brazil, Amazonas, Pará

D. oliveri 35 Asia/Vietnam, Cambodia

D. decipularis 34 South America/Brazil, Bahia, Ceará

D. purpurascens 31 Africa/Madagascar

D. cochinchinensis 31 Asia/Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos

D. greveana 30 Africa/Madagascar

D. madagascariensis 26 Africa/Madagascar

D. stevensonii 26 Central America

D. miscolobium 20 South America/Brazil, Midwest, Southeast

D. ecastaphyllum 20 Africa/ Congo

D. monticola 19 Africa/Madagascar

D. tucurensis 18 Central America

D. lanceolaria 14 Asia/ Sri Lanka

D. monetaria 14 South America/Suriname, Guyana

D. brasiliensis 14 South America/Brazil

D. cultrata 13 Asia/Myanmar

D. chlorocarpa 11 Africa/Madagascar

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The results presented in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and APPENDICES I, II, and III show that there

is a large number of Dalbergia samples deposited in xylaria around the world, but the

majority with a restricted number of specimens. Only twenty-five species have more

than ten specimens (Table 5), and among them, seven are from Brazil.

In addition to the xylaria sampled in this work, contacts were made with curators of

international and national xylaria not available online. Some curators do not have

access to the information due to the Coronavirus pandemic. As soon as the institutions'

20

work returns to normal, this information can be added. With the inclusion of

information from the international xylaria of Hamburg (RBHw), Beijing (CAFw), and the

Brazilian collections of Belém CPATU and Salvador (PJPSw), the number of specimens

for many species is expected to increase.

To build a robust and safe identification model for Dalbergia species in international

trade, we suggest collecting Dalbergia spectra from all naturally occurring continents of

the genus (i.e., Africa, Asia, South and Central Americas) and choose the best-

represented species (i.e., twenty-five species with more than ten samples per species),

presented in Table 5.

With the information provided in this work and the data from the important xylaria

mentioned above, it will be possible to plan the project's next stages.

It is important to emphasize that it is necessary to review the scientific nomenclature

of the species in the collections, to be in accordance with the taxonomic advances

within this group. Some inconsistencies were observed in the xylaria databases, which

indicate the need for this review. On the other hand, it is worth recognizing that

taxonomists visit herbariums more frequently than xylaria resulting in the outdated

information of theXylaria. Species placed in synonym, for example, can change the

number of specimens per species and, if they remain with the outdated nomenclature,

it can induce inaccurate results.

6 REFERENCES

• CITES Checklist website: http://checklist.cites.org 20/05/2020.

• CITES Wood ID: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information

retrieval. H. G. Richter, K. Gembruch, G.Koch. version 2014

• CORADIN,V. T. R.; CAMARGOS, J. A. A.; PASTORE, T. C. M.; CHRISTO, A. G.

Madeiras comerciais do Brazil: chave interativa de identificação baseada em

caracteres gerais e macroscópicos = Brazilian commercial timbers:interactive

identification key based on general and macroscopic features. Serviço Florestal

Brazileiro, Laboratório de Produtos Florestais: Brasília, 2010. CD-ROM.

• UNEP-WCMC (Comps.) 2014. Checklist of CITES species. CITES Secretariat,

Geneva, Switzerland and UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Accessed

on [Date].

• UNEP-WCMC (Comps.) 2020. Checklist of CITES species – CITES Identification

Manual. CITES Secretariat, Geneva, Switzerland, and UNEPWCMC, Cambridge,

United Kingdom. Accessed on 20/05/2020

• ROSKOY Y.R., BISBY F.A. ZARUCCHI J.L., SCHRIRE B.D. & WHITE R. J.(eds) ILDIS

World Database of Legumes: draft checklist, version10 ILDIS Reading, UK,2006

21

WEBSITES

• https://www.africamuseum.be/en/research/collections_libraries/biology/collec

tions/xylarium/search

• https://bioportal.naturalis.nl/

• http://bbg.criwi.org.cn/

• https://collections.nmnh.si.edu/search/botany/

• https://dataverse.cirad.fr/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.18167/DVN1/CDHU

51&version=3.0

• https://ecbot.science.kw.org/

• https://www.iawa-

Website.org/uploads/soft/Abstracts/Index%20Xylariorum%204.1.pdf

• https://ildis.org/LegumeWeb10.01.shtml

• http://www.splink.org.br

• http://www.theplantlist.org/

• https://www.thuenen.de/en/infrastructure/the-thuenen-centre-of-

competence-on-the-origin-of-timber/the-scientific-wood-collection-xylothek/

• https://www.tropicos.org/nameSearch

• http://www.worldfloraonline.org/

about:blankabout:blankabout:blankabout:blankabout:blankabout:blankabout:blankabout:blankhttps://www.iawa-website.org/uploads/soft/Abstracts/Index%20Xylariorum%204.1.pdfhttps://www.iawa-website.org/uploads/soft/Abstracts/Index%20Xylariorum%204.1.pdfhttps://ildis.org/LegumeWeb10.01.shtmlabout:blankhttp://www.theplantlist.org/about:blankabout:blankhttps://www.tropicos.org/nameSearchhttp://www.worldfloraonline.org/

22

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I DALBERGIAS IN BRAZILIAN XYLARIA CACAO RESEARCH CENTER – CEPECw Xylarium ID number Scientific name Origin

CEPECw No information Dalbergia decipularis No information

CEPECw No information Dalbergia nigra No information

EMÍLIO GOELDI MUSEUM – M. Goeldi MGw

Xylarium ID number Scientific name Origin

M. Goeldi MGw

7129 Dalbergia ecastophylum Brazil/Pará

M. Goeldi MGw

3951 Dalbergia gracilis

M. Goeldi MGw

137 Dalbergia inundata Brazil/Amazonas

M. Goeldi MGw

6870 Dalbergia inundata

M. Goeldi MGw

1092 Dalbergia riedelii

M. Goeldi MGw

1236 Dalbergia riparia Brazil/Amazonas

M. Goeldi MGw

6724 Dalbergia riparia

M. Goeldi MGw

5414 Dalbergia spruceana Brazil/Pará

M. Goeldi MGw

78 Dalbergia Brazil/Pará

M. Goeldi MGw

2019 Dalbergia Brazil/MT

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PARANÁ UFPR (no record in the Index Xylariorum)


UFPR No information Dalbergia brasiliensis Brazil



23

UFPR No information Dalbergia discipularis Brazil

UFPR No information Dalbergia riparia Brazil

UFPR No information Dalbergia violaceae Brazil

UFPR No information Dalbergia nigra Brazil

UFPR No information Dalbergia variabilis Brazil

UFPR No information Dalbergia miscolobium Brazil

UFPR No information Dalbergia melanoxylon Mozambique

FOREST INSTITUTE OF SÃO PAULO – SPSFw


SPSFw 4642 Dalbergia bariensis Asia/ Japan

SPSFw 496 Dalbergia brasiliensis

SPSFw 1943 Dalbergia cearensis





SPSFw 4679 Dalbergia cochinchinensis Asia

SPSFw 309 Dalbergia decipularis Brazil/BA

SPSFw 4226 Dalbergia frutescens

SPSFw 4678 Dalbergia latifolia Asia

SPSFw 4887 Dalbergia latifolia

SPSFw 4239 Dalbergia miscolobium

SPSFw 5637 Dalbergia miscolobium

SPSFw 242 Dalbergia nigra

SPSFw 451 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/ES




SPSFw 3391 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/SP






24


SPSFw 5630 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/SP




SPSFw 4865 Dalbergia retusa Mexico

SPSFw 5638 Dalbergia retusa Nicaragua

SPSFw 4872 Dalbergia sissoo Pakistan

SPSFw 209 Dalbergia sp.

SPSFw 954 Dalbergia sp. Brazil/MT

SPSFw 2034 Dalbergia sp. Brazil/AL







SPSFw 578 Dalbergia spruceana Brazil/PA

SPSFw 695 Dalbergia spruceana Brazil/PA

SPSFw 2943 Dalbergia spruceana



FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY – FPBw


LPF FPBw 2746 Dalbergia bariensis No information

LPF FPBw 3607 Dalbergia bariensis Asia

LPF FPBw 3895 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil

LPF FPBw 4958 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/CE

LPF FPBw 5013 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/NE







25




LPF FPBw 3605 Dalbergia cochinchinensis Asia

LPF FPBw 3919 Dalbergia cochinchinensis Vietnam

LPF FPBw 3415 Dalbergia congestiflora Mexico

LPF FPBw 3904 Dalbergia congestiflora Mexico

LPF FPBw 1690 Dalbergia decipularis Brazil/BA

LPF FPBw 3044 Dalbergia decipularis No information

LPF FPBw 5012 Dalbergia decipularis Brazil/NE

LPF FPBw 3932 Dalbergia frutecens Brazil

LPF FPBw 1693 Dalbergia frutecens Brazil/ES

LPF FPBw 5019 Dalbergia frutecens Brazil/NE

LPF FPBw 4452 Dalbergia glauscencens Linhares/ES

LPF FPBw 3918 Dalbergia glomerata Guatemala

LPF FPBw 3345 Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. India

LPF FPBw 4016 Dalbergia latifolia Australia

LPF FPBw 3437 Dalbergia melanoxylon Tanzania

LPF FPBw 3989 Dalbergia melanoxylon Tanzania

LPF FPBw 1672 Dalbergia miscolobium Paraopeba/MG

LPF FPBw 1929 Dalbergia miscolobium Brazil/DF

LPF FPBw 2729 Dalbergia miscolobium Brazil/DF

LPF FPBw 1729 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/MG

LPF FPBw 2997 Dalbergia nigra No information

LPF FPBw 3211 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/MG

LPF FPBw 3494 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/BA

LPF FPBw 3495 Dalbergia nigra Bahia/BA

LPF FPBw 4353 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/ES

LPF FPBw 3451 Dalbergia retusa Mexico

LPF FPBw 3488 Dalbergia retusa Costa Rica

LPF FPBw 3868 Dalbergia retusa Costa Rica

LPF FPBw 3940 Dalbergia retusa Mexico

LPF FPBw 4029 Dalbergia sissoo France

LPF FPBw 2733 Dalbergia sp. Pará

LPF FPBw 3294 Dalbergia sp. Madagascar

LPF FPBw 4106 Dalbergia sp. No information

LPF FPBw 5197 Dalbergia sp. China

LPF FPBw 5318 Dalbergia sp. Brazil/MG

LPF FPBw 2235 Dalbergia spruceana Brazil/PA

LPF FPBw 2532 Dalbergia spruceana Brazil/AC

LPF FPBw 2745 Dalbergia stevensonii No information

LPF FPBw 3920 Dalbergia stevensonii Belize

LPF FPBw 3921 Dalbergia stevensonii Belize

LPF FPBw 1698 Dalbergia villosa var. barretoana

No information

26

INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF SÃO PAULO IPT – BCTw


BCTw 18568 Dalbergia bariensis Tropical Asia

BCTw 5164 Dalbergia brasiliensis Brazil/RJ

BCTw 6082 Dalbergia brasiliensis Brazil/RJ

BCTw 6192 Dalbergia brasiliensis Brazil/SC

BCTw 1444 Dalbergia brasiliensis Brazil/SP

BCTw 5320 Dalbergia brasiliensis Brazil

BCTw 4970 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/PE

BCTw 18818 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/CE

BCTw 18817 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/MA

BCTw 1464 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/PA

BCTw 19778 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil




BCTw 9090 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/BA

BCTw 7831 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/RS


BCTw 5061 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/PA


BCTw 18816 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/PI

BCTw 18569 Dalbergia cochinchinensis Tropical Asia

BCTw 12755 Dalbergia decipularis Brazil/BA










BCTw 14626 Dalbergia decipularis Brazil/CE

BCTw 18839 Dalbergia decipularis Brazil/CE

BCTw 4573 Dalbergia ecastaphyllum Brazil/SP

BCTw 12855 Dalbergia foliolosa Brazil/ES

BCTw 1484 Dalbergia frutescens

BCTw 5054 Dalbergia frutescens Brazil/BA

BCTw 14858 Dalbergia frutescens Brazil/RJ

27

BCTw 1486 Dalbergia frutescens Brazil/ES

BCTw 14857 Dalbergia frutescens Brazil/RJ

BCTw 18842 Dalbergia frutescens Brazil/CE

BCTw 8754 Dalbergia frutescens Brazil/PR

BCTw 4998 Dalbergia frutescens frutescens

Brazil/SP

BCTw 6058 Dalbergia frutescens frutescens

Brazil/RJ

BCTw 18475 Dalbergia glaucescens Brazil/ES

BCTw 9322 Dalbergia granadillo Mexico

BCTw 9321 Dalbergia granadillo Mexico

BCTw 18439 Dalbergia granadillo

BCTw 9323 Dalbergia granadillo Nicaragua

BCTw 15194 Dalbergia latifolia India



BCTw 18570 Dalbergia latifolia Tropical Asia

BCTw 12663 Dalbergia melanoxylon Mozambique

BCTw 18888 Dalbergia melanoxylon Tanzania

BCTw 17025 Dalbergia melanoxylon Africa

BCTw 12900 Dalbergia miscolobium Brazil/MG

BCTw 1587 Dalbergia miscolobium Brazil/SP


BCTw 15956 Dalbergia miscolobium Brazil/DF



BCTw 18840 Dalbergia miscolobium Brazil/CE


BCTw 5312 Dalbergia nigra

BCTw 12176 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/BA

BCTw 1473 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/ES

BCTw 1475 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/MG



BCTw 10174 Dalbergia nigra Brazil






BCTw 8360 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/PE




28

BCTw 3086 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/PR
















BCTw 2852 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/PA




BCTw 6057 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/RJ


BCTw 7490 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/RJ





BCTw 15193 Dalbergia paniculata India

BCTw 9316 Dalbergia retusa Nicaragua


BCTw 9315 Dalbergia retusa Panama



BCTw 9319 Dalbergia retusa Costa Rica

BCTw 9320 Dalbergia retusa Brazil

BCTw 18437 Dalbergia sissoo Pakistan

BCTw 5896 Dalbergia sissoo India

BCTw 1465 Dalbergia sissoo

BCTw 9645 Dalbergia sissoo Egypt

BCTw 10513 Dalbergia sp. Brazil



BCTw 7645 Dalbergia sp.

29












BCTw 11621 Dalbergia sp. France




BCTw 15139 Dalbergia sp. Germany



BCTw 18648 Dalbergia sp. Nicaragua

BCTw 11607 Dalbergia sp. USA






BCTw 7304 Dalbergia spruceana Brazil











BCTw 10821 Dalbergia spruceana

BCTw 2401 Dalbergia stevensonii Belize

BCTw 5296 Dalbergia stevensonii British Honduras

BCTw 5295 Dalbergia stevensonii Malaysia

BCTw 12619 Dalbergia tucurensis Honduras

BCTw 1610 Dalbergia villosa Brazil

BCTw 2757 Dalbergia villosa Brazil

BCTw 7274 Machaerium or Dalbergia Brazil

30

NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR AMAZONIAN RESEARCH – INPAw Xylarium ID number Scientific name Origin

INPAw 156 Dalbergia inundata Brazil/AM




INPAw 9151 Dalbergia nigra USA

INPAw 6098 Dalbergia retusa

INPAw 8965 Dalbergia retusa Nicaragua

INPAw 7422 Dalbergia riparia Brazil/AM

INPAw 1138 Dalbergia spruceana Brazil

INPAw 1608 Dalbergia spruceana Brazil/AM





INPAw 7270 Dalbergia spruceana Brazil/Pará


INPAw 9661 Dalbergia spruceana Brazil/Pará

RIO DE JANEIRO BOTANICAL GARDEN – RBw


RBw 5579 Dalbergia barretoana Brazil/MG

RBw 3946 Dalbergia berterii Brazil

RBw 2304 Dalbergia brasiliensis Brazil/SP

RBw 7707 Dalbergia brasiliensis Brazil/RJ



RBw 7242 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/CE


RBw 5325 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/BA


RBw 6397 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/MG


RBw 5967 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/PI

RBw 6131 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/BA

RBw 489 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil

31

RBw 6125 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/MA

RBw 3603 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/PE

RBw 937 Dalbergia cubilquitzensis Brazil

RBw 5314 Dalbergia decipularis Brazil/BA


RBw 7245 Dalbergia decipularis Brazil/CE




RBw 6336 Dalbergia decipularis Brazil/MG

RBw 6330 Dalbergia decipularis Brazil/MG

RBw 6731 Dalbergia elegans Brazil/ES

RBw 6523 Dalbergia foliolosa Brazil/DF

RBw 3569 Dalbergia frutescens Brazil/SC

RBw 8618 Dalbergia frutescens Brazil/RJ




RBw 5312 Dalbergia frutescens Brazil/MG



























32























RBw 1719 Dalbergia glaucescens Argentina/Jujuy

RBw 6453 Dalbergia hortensis Brazil/DF

RBw 522 Dalbergia hupeana China

RBw 360 Dalbergia hypoleuca USA

RBw 3997 Dalbergia hypoleuca Costa Rica

RBw 5439 Dalbergia inundata Brazil/AM

RBw 3433 Dalbergia latifolia India

RBw 9474 Dalbergia Brazil/RJ

RBw 9473 Dalbergia Brazil/RJ

RBw 7235 Dalbergia lineata Brazil

RBw 1300 Dalbergia melanoxylon Brazil

RBw 3171 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/SP

RBw 99 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/ES

RBw 1646 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/MG

RBw 6396 Dalbergia nigra BrazilMG

RBw 2222 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/RJ




RBw 3434 Dalbergia retusa Brazil

RBw 3955 Dalbergia sissoo Egypt

RBw 342 Dalbergia spruceana Brazil/PA

RBw 8 Dalbergia spruceana Brazil/ES

33

RBw 670 Dalbergia stevensonii Honduras

RBw 1392 Dalbergia stevensonii Brazil

RBw 1407 Dalbergia stevensonii Brazil

RBw 8195 Dalbergia variabilis Brazil

RBw 8195 Dalbergia variabilis Brazil/SC

RBw 8195 Dalbergia variabilis Brazil/SC

RBw 2223 Dalbergia variabilis Brazil/RJ

RBw 6077 Dalbergia violacea Brazil/CE

RBw 3510 Dalbergia violacea Brazil/MG

RBw 1894 Dalbergia sp. Brazil/RJ

RBw 3568 Dalbergia sp. Brazil/SP

RBw 4562 Dalbergia sp. Brazil/BA

RBw Dalbergia sp. Brazil/MG

RBw 6371 Dalbergia sp. Brazil/MG

RBw 6373 Dalbergia sp. Brazil/DF

RBw 6226 Dalbergia sp. Brazil/BA


RBw 1355 Dalbergia sp. Brazil/MG

RBw 8631 Dalbergia sp. Brazil/RJ



RBw 1565 Dalbergia sp. Brazil/SP

UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO, USP – SPFw


SPFw 4067 Dalbergia Brazil/RJ

SPFw 4954 Dalbergia Brazil/MG

SPFw 650 Dalbergia Brazil/PA

SPFw 3970 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/PA

SPFw 4203 Dalbergia cearensis Brazil/RS

SPFw 3973 Dalbergia decipularis Brazil/BA

SPFw 4397 Dalbergia decipularis Brazil/CE

SPFw 201 Dalbergia frutescens Brazil

SPFw 2822 Dalbergia frutescens Brazil/PR




SPFw 3104 Dalbergia frutescens Brazil/SP



34



SPFw 3974 Dalbergia frutescens

SPFw 4118 Dalbergia frutescens frutescens

Brazil/SP

SPFw 4955 Dalbergia frutescens tomentosa

Brazil

SPFw 421 Dalbergia/ Machaerium Brazil/DF

SPFw 2305 Dalbergia miscolobium Brazil/MG



SPFw 3983 Dalbergia miscolobium Brazil/SP


SPFw 3971 Dalbergia nigra Brazil

SPFw 3972 Dalbergia nigra

SPFw 4031 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/PA



SPFw 4279 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/ES

SPFw 4963 Dalbergia nigra Brazil/SP

SPFw 2156 Dalbergia retusa Nicaragua/Irena

SPFw 3784 Dalbergia spruceana

SPFw 4187 Dalbergia spruceana Brazil/PA

SPFw 2070 Dalbergia subcymosa Brazil/PA

SPFw 1180 Dalbergia variabilis Brazil/SC

SPFw 3984 Dalbergia villosa Brazil/MG

VALE CORPORATION FOREST RESERVE – CVRDw Xylarium ID number Scientific name Origin

CVRDw No information Dalbergia nigra No information

CVRDw No information Dalbergia decipularis No information

CVRDw No information Dalbergia elegans No information

CVRDw No information Dalbergia retusa No information

CVRDw No information Dalbergia frutecens No information

35

APPENDIX II DALBERGIA IN INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA BELGIUM – TERVUREN: Tw


Tervuren Tw Tw39211 Dalbergia arbutifolia Africa/Tanzania







































36































Tervuren Tw Tw22473 Dalbergia bariensis Asia/ Thailand

Tervuren Tw Tw30852 Dalbergia bariensis Asia/Vietnam



Tervuren Tw Tw50615 Dalbergia bariensis

Tervuren Tw Tw50616 Dalbergia bariensis

Tervuren Tw Tw21191 Dalbergia boehmii Africa/Congo






Tervuren Tw Tw52598 Dalbergia boehmii Africa/Senegal

Tervuren Tw Tw53839 Dalbergia boehmii Africa/Gambia

Tervuren Tw Tw17764 Dalbergia cearensis South America/ Brazil

37





Tervuren Tw Tw59321 Dalbergia chapelieri Africa/ Madagascar







Tervuren Tw Tw20646 Dalbergia cochinchinensis Asia











Tervuren Tw Tw49122 Dalbergia ecastaphyllum Africa/ Congo





Tervuren Tw Tw49744 Dalbergia ecastaphyllum Caribbean/Cuba

Tervuren Tw Tw36071 Dalbergia greveana Africa/Madagascar

















38


Tervuren Tw Tw13161 Dalbergia latifolia Asia/India






Tervuren Tw Tw3840 Dalbergia latifolia Asia/Indonesia



Tervuren Tw Tw64456 Dalbergia latifolia

Tervuren Tw Tw64492 Dalbergia latifolia

Tervuren Tw Tw66370 Dalbergia madagascariensis

Africa/Madagascar


Africa/Madagascar


Africa/Madagascar


Africa/Madagascar


Africa/Madagascar


Africa/Madagascar


Africa/Madagascar


Africa/Madagascar


Africa/Madagascar


Africa/Madagascar


Africa/Madagascar


Africa/Madagascar


Africa/Madagascar

Tervuren Tw Tw13288 Dalbergia melanoxylon Africa










39






Tervuren Tw Tw15001 Dalbergia nigra South America/Peru




Tervuren Tw Tw18402 Dalbergia nigra South America/Brazil

Tervuren Tw Tw19314 Dalbergia nigra South America/Suriname




Tervuren Tw Tw9907 Dalbergia nigra

Tervuren Tw Tw53735 Dalbergia purpurascens Africa/Madagascar





Tervuren Tw Tw17575 Dalbergia retusa North America/Costa Rica


Tervuren Tw Tw19315 Dalbergia retusa South America/Suriname




Tervuren Tw Tw13912 Dalbergia sissoo Asia/India

Tervuren Tw Tw17419 Dalbergia sissoo Asia/Taiwan

Tervuren Tw Tw18067 Dalbergia sissoo Asia/Pakistan

Tervuren Tw Tw19626 Dalbergia sissoo Asia/Taiwan


Tervuren Tw Tw44721 Dalbergia sissoo Africa/Congo



Tervuren Tw Tw53288 Dalbergia sissoo Asia/Nepal

Tervuren Tw Tw12888 Dalbergia sp. Check link










40






























Tervuren Tw Tw17573 Dalbergia stevensonii Central America/Honduras

Tervuren Tw Tw18489 Dalbergia stevensonii Central America/Belize

Tervuren Tw Tw36072 Dalbergia stevensonii Central America/Honduras



Tervuren Tw Tw64814 Dalbergia xerophila Africa/Madagascar





ENGLAND – KEW: K-Jw


41

KEW K-Jw 6228 Dalbergia cultrata Asia/ Myanmar


KEW K-Jw 6231 Dalbergia cultrata Asia/Thailand



KEW K-Jw 21232 Dalbergia cultrata


KEW K-Jw 21234 Dalbergia cultrata


KEW K-Jw 70720 Dalbergia cultrata Asia/India

KEW K-Jw 38321 Dalbergia frutescens South America/Brazil





KEW K-Jw 6238 Dalbergia lanceolaria Asia/India

KEW K-Jw 6239 Dalbergia lanceolaria Asia/Sri Lanka





KEW K-Jw 21239 Dalbergia lanceolaria





KEW K-Jw 6243 Dalbergia latifolia



KEW K-Jw 6246 Dalbergia latifolia Asia/Sri Lanka

KEW K-Jw 6247 Dalbergia latifolia Asia/Sri Lanka

KEW K-Jw 6248 Dalbergia latifolia Asia/India




KEW K-Jw 6252 Dalbergia latifolia Asia/China










42





KEW K-Jw 71404 Dalbergia latifolia Asia/Thailand






KEW K-Jw 91263 Dalbergia latifolia Asia/Indonesia


KEW K-Jw 6258 Dalbergia melanoxylon


KEW K-Jw 6261 Dalbergia melanoxylon Africa/Sudan


KEW K-Jw 6263 Dalbergia melanoxylon Africa/Congo






KEW K-Jw 24751 Dalbergia melanoxylon Africa/Kenya

KEW K-Jw 69907 Dalbergia melanoxylon Africa/South Africa

KEW K-Jw 73493 Dalbergia melanoxylon Africa/Kenya

KEW K-Jw 91488 Dalbergia melanoxylon Africa/Sudan


KEW K-Jw 6269 Dalbergia nigra South America/Brazil




KEW K-Jw 6273 Dalbergia nigra



KEW K-Jw 100556 Dalbergia nigra






KEW K-Jw 6276 Dalbergia oliveri Asia/Myanmar

KEW K-Jw 6277 Dalbergia oliveri Asia/Thailand




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KEW K-Jw 91393 Dalbergia oliveri Asia/Thailand

KEW K-Jw 6290 Dalbergia sissoo Asia/India


KEW K-Jw 6292 Dalbergia sissoo Africa/Egypt



KEW K-Jw 6296 Dalbergia sissoo




















KEW K-Jw 38329 Dalbergia villosa South America/Brazil






FRANCE MONTPELLIER: CIRAD CTFw Xylarium ID number Scientific name Origin

44

CIRAD CTFw 30606 Dalbergia assamica Asia/ China

CIRAD CTFw 31025 Dalbergia assamica Asia/ China

CIRAD CTFw 34391 Dalbergia assamica Asia/ Vietnam

CIRAD CTFw 1476 Dalbergia assamica var. laccifera

Asia/ Laos

CIRAD CTFw 3721 Dalbergia baronii Africa/ Madagascar



CIRAD CTFw 26626 Dalbergia berteroi Caribbean/ Dominican Republic

CIRAD CTFw 25805 Dalbergia boehmii Africa/ Burkina Faso

CIRAD CTFw 31501 Dalbergia boehmii Tanzania

CIRAD CTFw 25507 Dalbergia bracteolata Africa/ Madagascar

CIRAD CTFw 33750 Dalbergia brasiliensis South America/Brazil

CIRAD CTFw 1477 Dalbergia cana Asia/ Laos

CIRAD CTFw 22209 Dalbergia carringtoniana Africa/ Angola

CIRAD CTFw 3387 Dalbergia cearensis South America/ Brazil






CIRAD CTFw 1463 Dalbergia chapelieri Africa/ Madagascar

CIRAD CTFw 12673 Dalbergia chapelieri

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Project Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and … · 2020. 11. 20. · 1 Project...

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