284. ENGINE ANALYSIS AND EMISSION TESTING

ON STRAIGHT VEGETABLE OIL (SVO) BLENDED

WITH PETROL AS SUBSTITUTE FUEL IN CI

ENGINES

PROJECT REFERENCE NO.: 39S_B_BE_097

COLLEGE : JAWAHARLAL NEHRU NATIONAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BRANCH : MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GUIDES : MR. V. ASHOK, DR. L.K. SREEPATHI

STUDENTS : MR. DARSHAN T. DEVANG

MR. CHETHAN H.

MR. DARSHAN A.B.

MR. POORNA CHANDRA K.

INTRODUCTION: The depleting fossil fuel resources, increases the price of fuel

continuously. At one point of time the whole resources may come to end. Keeping this in

view many researchers identified various alternative fuels and tested successfully. In the

present investigation the Analysis and emission characteristics of single cylinder four stroke

direct injection diesel engine using Pongamia pinnata seed oil i.e., as Straight Vegetable Oil

(SVO) by avoiding Transesterification process as an alternate fuel is evaluated.

High viscosity is one important difference between Pongamia seed oil and commercial diesel

fuel. So, Here Pongamia pinnata seed oil is blended with Petrol at various proportions and

finally reached the desired viscosity as that of diesel. . The experimental data for various

parameters such as Viscosity, Density, Flash and Fire Points, SFC are analyzed before and

after blending to desired Percentages. A single cylinder, four stroke, constant speed, air

cooled, direct injection diesel engine is used for the experiment.

The Analysis of the engine is done through Visual Inspection, as this engine is tested for

100hrs of running without change in any engine condition, blending ratio or modification in it.

and the emissions such as CO, HC, O2 ,CO2, K, HU is measured using exhaust gas analyzer

for initial diesel and blend for every 25hrs of running. Acceptable Viscosity and other

parameters were obtained with blends containing 20% of Petrol in Pongamia pinnata seed

oil on mass basis.

The pongamia pinnata seed cultivation in India is abundantly done and the availability of

pongamia pinnata seeds is also high. The oil obtained by crushing these seeds can be used

as an alternate fuel and they are also non edible. pongamia pinnata seed oil is used directly

by avoiding Transesterification process i.e. SVO and it is blended with appropriate

percentage of petrol in order to meet the properties of diesel fuel, as a substitute fuel for CI

engines. The engine Analysis and emission characteristics are acceptable. Also due to the

high availability of pongamia seed oil the impact of fossil fuel on Indian economy can be

minimized. If mass production of oil is done, it will favour the agricultural sector of our

country [1].

Alternate fuels should be easily available at low cost, be environment friendly and fulfill

energy security needs without sacrificing engines operational condition [2]. For the

developing countries, fuels of bio-origin provide a feasible solution to the twin crises of fossil

fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Now bio -fuels are getting a renewed attention

because of global stress on reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and clean development

-mechanism (CDM).The fuels of bio-origin may be alcohol, vegetable oils, biomass and bio

gas. Some of the fuels can be used directly while others need to be formulated to bring the

relevant properties close to the conventional fuels. For diesel engines, a significant research

has been directed towards using vegetable oils and their derivatives as fuels [3].

Diesel engines are the most efficient prime movers. From the point of view of protecting

global environment and concerns for long -term energy security, it becomes necessary to

develop alternative fuels with properties comparable to petroleum based fuels. Unlike rest of

the world, India’s demand for diesel fuel is roughly six times of gasoline hence seeking

alternative to mineral diesel is a natural choice.

Pongamia seed oils have comparable energy density, cetane number, heat of vaporization

and stoichiometric air / fuel ratio with mineral diesel. In addition they are bio degradable,

non-toxic and have a potential to significantly reduce pollution.

Pongamia seed oil and its derivatives in diesel engines, lead to substantial reductions in

emissions of sulfur dioxides, hydrocarbons (HC), Harridge unit (HU), light absorption co-

efficient (K), carbon monoxide (CO), poly aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), smoke, particulate

matter (PM) and noise. Furthermore, contribution of bio fuels to greenhouse effect is

insignificant, since carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted during combustion is recycled in

photosynthesis process in plants [4].

Bio fuel are produce locally, which decreases the nation’s dependence upon foreign energy

and can employ hundreds or thousands of workers, creating new jobs in rural areas and

crop cultivation of biodiesel plants will boost the rural Economy.

Objectives of the project:

Engine Analysis And Emission Testing

Analyzing the CI engine and its components on using SVO blended with petrol.

Running the engine for 100 hrs using 80% of SVO +20% petrol on mass basis.

Experimenting on CI engine by use of straight vegetable oil blended with petrol in order

to know the emission is increased or reduced after usage of fuel.

In order to reduce emission Percentage.

EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY

Block diagram

Fuel property testing

Viscosity and density measurement formula

Viscosity is the property of the fluid which measures the resistance to flow.

Unit: Dynamic viscosity –poise and Kinematic viscosity - centistokes.

Kinematic Viscosity is the ratio of absolute viscosity to the density and the

calculation of the Diesel, SVO and (SVO+PETROL) for various blends are

Pongamia pinnata

seeds

Pongamia pinnata

(SVO) oil extracted

Sedimentation and filtration

Testing the Pongamia oil properties, such

as viscosity, density, flash and fire points.

Blending the petrol to the pongamia seed oil till it meets

the viscosity and other values that of diesel

Dis-assemble the CI engine and analysing the

components, parts of CI engine

Assemble the CI engine and running the engine with

(80%pongamia seed oil+20% petrol) by mass basis.

Running the engine for 100hrs by using

(80%pongamia seed oil+20% petrol) by mass basis

blend.

Emission test is done at initial for

diesel and for blend at every 25 hrs

Engine Analysis is done after running100 hrs.

For 5 Litre Blend (Mass Basis)

[80%]SVO: 4,290.45ml [20%]Petrol: 1,366ml

----------------------------------- Total : 5,656.5ml

determined by using the Redwoods viscometer .Viscosity of the fluids varies with

the temperature.

Formula: Kinematic viscosity: 0.247t-(50/t) Cst (t>100sec)

0.26t – (179/t) Cst (t<100sec)

“t” denotes redwood second

DENSITY: It is the ratio of mass per volume.

Formula: Mass/volume gm/cc

Weight of the empty 50cc flask, W1 in gm.

Weight of the (flask with oil), W2 in gm.

Net weight W= (W2-W1)/50 gm /cc.

Experimental values of various blends represents the viscosity of various SVO with

Petrol blends

sl.no Substance at Room

temp Redwood

sec Kinematic Viscosity

cst Density gm/cc

1 Petrol

0.73

2 Diesel 35 3.98 0.82

3 SVO 202 49.73 0.93

4 SVO+Petrol (97+3%) 142 34.72 0.93

5 SVO+Petrol (95+5%) 121 29.47 0.91

6 SVO+Petrol(90+10%) 88 20.42 0.90

7 SVO+Petro (85+15%) 69 15.35 0.91

8 SVO+Petro (80+20%) 54 10.73 0.89

9 SVO+Petrol(75+25%) 44 7.01

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 kin

em

ati

c v

isco

sity

(c.

st)

(SVO+ Petrol)Blend %

kinematic viscosity V/S Blend %

viscosity

Result of viscosity testing – Graph

Fig .3.9 Variation of viscosity with petrol percentage

Above graph indicates kinematic viscosity v/s blend % (SVO + Petrol). As observed in the

Fig. 3.9, viscosity of the blend decreases with increase in the percentage of petrol in the

blend. 25 % petrol blend shows a viscosity value of 7cst. However, the 25% mix would have

higher chances of back fire in the engine. Hence, 20% petrol blend with SVO was used for

further testing.

Engine Experimental Setup Nearly all agricultural tractors pump sets, farm machinery, and transport vehicles use direct

injection diesel engines. Keeping the specific features of diesel engines in mind, a typical

engine system widely used in the agricultural sector in developing countries has been

selected for present experimental investigations. Here present study was carried out to

investigate the analysis and emission test of Pongamia oil blended with petrol in a stationary

single cylinder diesel engine and to compare it with diesel fuel. The test were conducted on

a four stroke, air cooled, direct injection diesel engine having rated power of 7.5kw at a

constant speed of 1500rpm (Fig. 4.1). The engine was coupled with water load pump .The

specifications of the engine are given in Table 4.1

Fig 4.1Engine Setup Used For the Project Work

Engine Specification

Valve Timing Operation

Length of the flywheel =124.5cm

1cm - 360/124.5 = 2.89o

Valve Timing Measurements Values

Fig.4.2 valve time movements

Valve timing operation is conducted to know the inlet and outlet valve operations during the running period of the engine. The table 4.2 shows the valve opening and closing at certain angle.

EXHAUST GAS ANALYZER

Emission testing process is carried out to compare the emission norms of blended fuel (SVO+PETROL) with that of diesel.

The exhaust gas composition was measured using exhaust gas analyzer (I3SIS) as shown in (Fig 5.1) It measures various gas emissions like carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen,

Hydrocarbons, and the oxides of nitrogen concentration in the exhaust gas.

Engine Type Four Strokes, Single Cylinder, direct injection

Diesel Engine, air cooled.

Bore Diameter 102 mm

Engine Power 10 hp

RPM 1500 rpm

Type Of Starting Crank Starting

Load Type Water pump

No of cylinder 01

Sl no VALVE

OPERATION ANGLE IN DEGREES

1 IVO (BTDC) 4.046

2 IVC (ABDC) 30.63

3 EVO (BBDC) 29.478

4 EVO (BTDC) 2.89

Fig 5.1Exhaust Gas Analyser

Table6.1 Exhaust Gas Analyser Specifications

ENDURANCE TEST

In the long-term endurance test, the effect of use of (SVO+PETROL blend) and their blends

on various engine parts v/s mineral diesel fuel were studied. For this purpose, diesel engines

were subjected to constant operating conditions with same blend fuels. The assessment of

wear of various parts of diesel-fuelled engines was done in long-term endurance test after

dismantling various parts of the engine.

After the completion of Preliminary running in and fuel consumption test, the engines were

dismantled completely and examined physically for the conditions of the various critical parts

before endurance test was commenced. After physical examination, the dimensions of

various moving, vital parts were recorded e.g. cylinder head, cylinder bore/ cylinder liner,

piston, piston-rings, gudgeon pin, valves (inlet and exhaust), valve seats (inserts), valve

guide, valve springs, big-end bearing, small-end bush, camshaft etc. The engines were re-

assembled and mounted on suitable test beds and again run-in for 100 hours. This test was

carried out to take care of any misalignments occurring during dismantling and re-

assembling of the engine. This test continues until the completion of 100hrs.During the

running-in period, none of the critical components listed above were replaced.

Emission test cycle is a protocol contained in an emission standard to allow repeatable and

comparable measurement of exhaust emissions for different engines or vehicles. Test cycles

specify the specific conditions under which the engine or vehicle is operated during the

emission test. There are many different test cycles issued by various national and

international governments and working groups. Specified parameters in a test cycle include

Measuring quantity Range

CO 0-10%

CO2 0-20%

HC 0-20000PPM

O2 0-22%

NOX 0-5000PPM

DIS-

ASSEMBLE

D ENGINE

a range of operating temperature, speed, and load. Ideally these are specified so as to

accurately and realistically represent the range of conditions under which the vehicle or

engine will be operated in actual use. Because it is impractical to test an engine or vehicle

under every possible combination of speed, load, and temperature, this may not actually be

the case. Vehicle and engine manufacturers may exploit the limited number of test

conditions in the cycle by programming their engine management systems to control

emissions to regulated levels at the specific test points contained in the cycle, but create a

great deal more pollution under conditions experienced in real operation but not represented

in the test cycle. This results in real emissions higher than the standards are supposed to

allow, undermining the standards and public health.

Disassembled engine after the endurance

test

After the completion of the long term

endurance test the engine parts are dis-

assembled and it is shown in (Fig 6.1) to

check the certain engine parts such as

cylinder head, valve seating, piston, fuel

injector through visual inspection method

to know the changes in the engine parts and

to compare with initial condition .

6.2 Results And Discussions

Fig 6.2. Cylinder Head before endurance Fig 6.3 Cylinder head after endurance

Test Test

Fig 6.2shows the photograph of cylinder head before start endurance test. The cylinder

head is subjected to initial service to remove the particles adhere to the head.

Fig 6.3shows the photograph of cylinder head after completing the 100 hours test. It have

been observed that carbon deposition occurs on the cylinder head due to incomplete

combustion. It is observed that, around the valve seat of the cylinder head, higher amount of

carbon is deposited.

Valve Seating

Fig 6.4 Valve seating before endurance Test Fig 6.5 Valve seating after endurance Test

Fig 6.4 shows the photograph of valve seating of the testing engine before endurance test.

Upper and inner surface of the seating’s are cleaned before subjecting to the experiment.

Fig 6.5 shows the photograph of valve seating of the engine after the endurance test. By

observing the photograph through visual inspection the carbon content deposition is more

on the valve seating. Due to which the valve operation may be blocked or changed.

Piston Rings

Fig 6.6 Piston rings before endurance test Fig 6.7 Piston rings after endurance test

Fig 6.6 shows the photograph of pistons rings before endurance test. It consists of 3

compression rings and 2 oil rings .During the new pistons rings are subjected to experiment.

Surface of the rings are clean.

Fig 6.7 represents the photograph of piston rings after the endurance test. By observing the

photo of piston rings carbon deposition on the rings is lesser compared to other elements.

Rings do not undergo any type of the wear.

Head Gasket

Fig 6.8 Head Gasket before endurance test Fig 6.9 Head Gasket after endurance test

Fig 6.8 represents the photograph of head gasket before endurance test. The surface of the

material is flat and does not contain any type of deposition.

Fig 6.9 represents the photograph of head gasket after the endurance test. The surface of

the gasket contains black carbon patches .The surface does not have any type of wear or

damage during the experiment.

Piston

Fig 6.10 Side view of piston before Endurance test Fig 6.11 Side view of piston after Endurance test

Fig 6.10shows the photographs of side view of cleaned piston before the endurance test.

Later after 100 hrs endurance test Fig6.11shows the photograph of side view of piston

observed that some slightly ware on surface, and no carbon deposited on surface of piston.

Piston Top view

Fig 6.12 Piston top view before Endurance test Fig 6.13 Piston top view after Endurance test

Fig 6.12shows the photographs of top view of piston before endurance test. The top surface

contain little black marks observed before subjected to experiment.

Fig 6.13 shows the photograph of top view of piston after the 100 hrs endurance test.

Observed that whole top surface of piston covered by carbon deposition due to incomplete

fuel combustion.

Engine Inlet and Outlet Valves

Fig 6.14 Engine Inlet and Outlet Valves before endurance test

Fig 6.15 Engine Inlet and Outlet Valves after endurance test

Fig 6.14shows the photograph of inlet and outlet valve before endurance test. Valves are

operated by cam action. Bottom and top surface of the valves free from

Fig 6.15shows the photograph of inlet and outlet valve after the 100 hrs endurance test.

From the figure, we can observe that more carbon deposition occurs on the bottom and

middle portion of the valves. This may lead to change in valve movements.

Fuel Injector

Fig 6.16 Fuel Injector before Endurance test Fig 6.17 Fuel Injector after Endurance test

Fig 6.16shows the photographs of fuel injector before endurance test. The injector contains

three nozzles to atomize the blended fuel during the combustion period. The surface is clean

and does not contain any type of deposition layer before subjecting to the experiment. The

tip of the nozzle made up of brass material.

Fig 6.17shows the photographs of fuel injector after the 100 hrs endurance test. As

Observed that little oil grease substance adhere to the tip of the outer surface of the nozzle,

due to thickness of SVO but the tip of nozzle did not blocked.

Emission Test Results And Discussions

Emission Test Results

represents the emission test results of diesel at initial condition and blended fuel

(SVO+PETROL) for very 25hrs.

From the table we can observed that blended fuel emission norms are lower compared to

diesel fuel because of the lower content of carbon and hydrogen of the blended fuel.

The smoke density parameters such as HU, k units of the blend are lowered when compared

to diesel due to uniform combustion rate of the fuel. The HC unit is goes on decreasing due

to lower content of carbon and hydrogen.

Higher the viscosity of the SVO affects the atomization process resulting in localized rich

mixtures of the blend. This should result in higher CO formation .But the oxygen content in

the fuel in addition to the air supplied during combustion helps to reduce CO formation.

Hence by the above readings the emission percentages are reduced, when compared to the

diesel emission reading at initial condition.

OBSERVATION

1. After running for 100hrs, the carbon deposition on the engine parts are visually inspected

and carbon deposition is extracted by physically, and amount of carbon content on the engine

parts is determined by electronic weighing machine.

EMISSION

TEST

Electronic Weighing Machine

Piston head -2.39 gms

Outlet valve – 0.44gms

Inlet valve -0.49gms

Valve seatings -1.52gms

Expected Outcome of the project:

The outcome of project is useful in deciding

• Use of SVO in CI engines.

• Engine durability can be studied.

• Optimum blend of SVO and petrol with reference to emission levels.

• Effect of using SVO in engine for longer duration.

• Promotion of usage SVO to farmers in their diesel pump sets.

• Emission characteristics

• Economic viability

APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

Generators in Small scale industries and institutes can use direct SVO has fuel

source

Domestic usage

Farmers –use of tiller, water pump set, tractor, which are run by diesel, so by use of

the (SVO) they can effectively utilize this.

About 80% of Indian railways are running with the diesel, hence we can utilize there

in large quantity.

Scope for future work: By this project work, we can say that pongamia pinnata oil which is

used in blending with petrol in the form of straight vegetable oil, i.e transesterification

process is avoided. Hence in future this will help in developing the bio-fuel engines in

automobiles in large scale. And also emission is reduce by using SVO.

It will be very useful to country like ours , because we dependent mostly on railways,

Then here usage of diesel is more, hence by using these fuels instead of diesel, the

country economy increases, and our country will be in top. As these are eco-friendly

and non-harmful to humans.

CONCLUSION

The main aim of the present investigation was to reduce the viscosity of Pongamia seed oil

(SVO) close to that of conventional fuel to make it suitable for use in single cylinder, air

cooled, vertical and direct injection diesel engine and to evaluate the Emission testing of the

engine with modified Pongamia seed oil. Significant reduction in viscosity was achieved by

blending with Petrol on mass basis. The bio-fuel from SVO is blended with Petrol at varying

proportions. It is observed that 20% of petrol blend with SVO blended fuel properties is

nearer to that of diesel fuel properties. Emissions from the blends were also acceptable. Bio-

fuel use could preserve the environmental air quality by decreasing harmful emissions

released by regular diesel fuel. Bio fuel are produce locally, which decreases the nation’s

dependence upon foreign energy and can employ hundreds or thousands of workers,

creating new jobs in rural areas and crop cultivation of biodiesel plants will boost the rural

Economy. Hence they can be used as alternate fuel without any modification, operational

difficulties in existing diesel engine.

* ~ * ~ *