ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of our friends and mywbut . We would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.

We are highly indebted to mywbut for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project & also for their support in completing the project.

We would like to express my gratitude towards my parents ,friends & member of mywbut for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in completion of this project.

We would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to all persons for giving us such attention and time.

INTRODUCTION:-

ORIGIN OF THE WORD ROBOT:-

-The word robot was first used more than 60 years ago by karel capek,a Czechoslovakian writer , in his play R.UR., or Rossum”s universal Robot.

-He derived robot from the Czech word robota which means “drudgery” or “compulsory labor”.

-later in a letter written by him to oxford English Dictionary, he is reported to have quoted his brother Josef capek as the actual originator.

Defination of Robots:-

A reprogrammable,Multifunctional manipulator designed to move,parts,tools or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of variety of tasks.

-The science of building and programming robots.

-A machine whose behavior can be programmed.

-A robot have ability of sense and giving interact to the outer world or a physical output.

-Surprisingly,there is no exact definition of a robot

-Today, people use “robot”for almost any machine

designed to be clever.

Defination of Robots:-

A reprogrammable,Multifunctional manipulator designed to move,parts,tools or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of variety of tasks.

-The science of building and programming robots.

-A machine whose behavior can be programmed.

-A robot have ability of sense and giving interact to the outer world or a physical output.

-Surprisingly,there is no exact definition of a robot

-Today, people use “robot”for almost any machine

designed to be clever.

THE ROBOT CONTROL LOOP:-

Sensors:- Sensors provide

awareness of the environment by sensing things. Sensors are the core of robots. It is the system that alerts the robots.

sensing can be in different forms like:-

-light

-sound

-heat

-chemicals

-force

-object proximity

-Magnetic & Electric Fields

-Physical orientation

-resists

-:ACTUATORS:-

LOCOMOTION:--leg

-wheels

-Other exotic means

MANIPULATIONS:-Degree of freedom- independently controllable components of motion.

Arms:-

-convenient method to allow full movement in 3d

-more often used in fixed robots due to power & weight.

-even more difficult of freedom

Grippers:-

-may be very simple to pick up objects.

-may be complex device with fingers on the end of an arm.

-probably need feedback to control grip force.

DEGREES OF FREEDOM

Each plane in which a robot can maneuver:-

-ROTATAE BASE OF ARM

-PIVOT BASE OF ARM

-BEND ELBOW

-WRIST UP AND DOWN

-WRIST LEFT AND RIGHT

-ROTATE WRIST

THE PURPOSE OF ROBOTS:-

- dirty tasks

-Repetitive tasks.

-Dangerous tasks.

-impossible tasks

-Robots assisting the handicapped.

-Can operate equipments at much higher precious than humans.

-cheaper on a long term basis

EXPLORATION:-

-Space Missions.

-Robots in the Antarctic.

-Underwater Exploration.

MEDICAL SCIENCE:-

-surgical assistant

ASSEMBLY:-

FACTORIES PARTS-

-handling

-assembly

-painting

-surveillance

-security

-Home help

ROBOTIC APPLICATIONS

BASIC ELECTRONICS

ELECTRICITY CAN BE BROKEN DOWN INTO:-

Electric chargeVoltageCurrentresistance

Electrically , all materials fall into three catagories:-

CONDUCTORSINSULATORSSEMI-CONDUCTORS

CONDUCTORS:-Have 1 valence electronsMaterials in which electron can move freely from atom to atom .Metals are good conductorsIts allow current to flow with minimum resistance.

INSULATORS:-Have 8 valence electrons.Material in which electrons tend to stay put and do not flow easily from atom to atom.Its used to prevent the flow of electricity

SEMICONDUCTORS:-Have 4 valence electronsMaterial which are neither conductors nor insulators.Example are carbon, germanium and siliconAt O’K it acts as insulators, above O’K it acts as conductors.

CONDUCTORS:-Have 1 valence electronsMaterials in which electron can move freely from atom to atom .Metals are good conductorsIts allow current to flow with minimum resistance.

INSULATORS:-Have 8 valence electrons.Material in which electrons tend to stay put and do not flow easily from atom to atom.Its used to prevent the flow of electricity

SEMICONDUCTORS:-Have 4 valence electronsMaterial which are neither conductors nor insulators.Example are carbon, germanium and siliconAt O’K it acts as insulators, above O’K it acts as conductors.

VOLTAGE:-It refers to the possibility of doing workAny charge has the potential to do the work of attracting a similar charge or repulsing an opposite charge.Symbol is ‘E’ or ‘V’Unit is ‘VOLT’ (V)1 volt is a measure of the amount of work required to move 1C of charge.

CURRENT:-When charge is forced to move because of a potential difference current is produced.Free electrons can be forced to move with relative ease,since they require little work to be moved.So current is charge in motion.The more electrons in motion the greater the current.Symbol is ‘I’.Unit is ‘Ampre’(A).

“VOLTAGE IS THE CAUSE AND CURRENT IS THE EFFECTS.”

RESISTANCE:--Opposition to the flow of current is tremed as resistance.-The fact that a wire can become hot from the flow of current is evidence of resistance.-Conductors haver very little resistance.-Insulators have large amounts of resistance.-Symbol is ‘R’.-Unit is ‘ohm’

CIRCUITS:- A circuits is a closed path in which electricity always flow and do something useful work.

-CLOSE CIRCUITS-OPEN CIRCUITS

D.C:- -D.C stands for ‘DIRECT CURRENT’Circuits that are powered by battery sources are termed DC.-This is because the battery maintains the same polarity of output voltage. The plus and minus sides remains constant. Flow of charges in one direction.

A.C:--AC stands for ‘ALTERNATING CURRENT’-The resulting current , therefore periodically reverse in direction.-The power output in our India is 50 Hz.-All audio signals are AC also.

Ohm’s Law:--The amount of currents in a circuit is dependent on its resistance and -the applied voltage. Specifically I=E/R-Current I=E/R-Voltage E=IR-RESISTANCE R=E/I

WIRING:-

LED:- Its stands for ‘LIGHT EMITTING DIODE’A light emitting diode is essentially a PN junction opto-semiconductor that emits a monochromatic light when operated in a forward biased direction.LEDs convert electrical energy into light energy.Due to the cutting voltage (Vc) or forwarde voltage drops led produced different color band.

TYPICAL CUTTING VOLTAGE FOR COMMON 5MM LED-

RED≈ 1.66V-2.2V (2V)GREEN≈2.5V-3.8V (2.8)BLUE≈2.8V-5V (3.3V)WHITE≈2.8V-5V (3.3V)

SERIES LED CONNECTION IS ADVANTAGEOUS OVER PARALLEL:-

-In series connection voltage remains difference that depends upon voltage source

-but, in parallel current remain difference but does not depends upon voltage source, it depends upon the chemical composition of elements which is not possible to know .

‘So series connection is advantageous over parallel one’

RESISTORS:--A resistors is a passive two-terminal electrical component.-It reduced flow of current in circuit- Unit is Ohm (Ω)

TYPES OF RESISTORS:-FIXED RESISTORSVARIABLE RESISTORS

SOME COMMON RESISTORS VALUE:-

BrBOG-10kGrVRG-4K7BrBRG-1KRRBrG-220EBrBBrG-100E

MOSEFET:-

The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a type of field-effect transistor (FET). It has an insulated gate, whose voltage determines the conductivity of the device. This ability to change conductivity with the amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. Although FET is sometimes used when referring to MOSFET devices, other types of field-effect transistors also exist.

Although the MOSFET is a four-terminal device with source (S), gate (G), drain (D), and body (B) terminals, the body (or substrate) of the MOSFET is often connected to the source terminal, making it a three-terminal device like other field-effect transistors. Because these two terminals are normally connected to each other (short-circuited) internally, only three terminals appear in electrical diagrams.

The main advantage of a MOSFET over a regular transistor is that it requires very little current to turn on (less than 1mA), while delivering a much higher current to a load (10 to 50A or more).

The MOSFET is by far the most common transistor in both digital and analog circuits, though the bipolar junction transistor was at one time much more common.

-:IC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:-Several types of both linear switching regulators are available in integrated circuits form.Generally the linear regulators are three terminal devices, that provides either positive or negative output voltage.The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage Vi applied to one input terminal, a regulated output dc voltage Vo from second terminal,and the third terminal grounding.

7805 FIXED VOLTAGE REGULATOR:-

The series 7805 regulators are the three terminal devices that provides a fixed positive output voltage.An unregulated input voltage Vi is filtered by a capacitor C1 and connected to the IC’s IN terminal.The IC’s OUT terminal provides a regulated +12V which is filtered by capacitor C.

The third IC terminal is connected to ground.

CHARACTERISTICS OF 7805 VOLTAGE REGULATOR-

-Linear -D.C -positive to positive -fixed output voltage regulator.

CAPACITOR USED IN CIRCUIR -

To Aviod voltage lag.To Removing pulsating A.C.

PARTAMETER 7805CMIN TYP MAX

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

IO-5mA – 1A, Vi-7V to 20V, PD≤15W25OC

4.8 5 5.2

OUTPUT VOLTAGE

IO-5mA – 1A, Vi-7V to 20V, PD≤15W0OC to 125oC

4.75 5.25

DROUPOUT VOLTAGR

IO=1A 2REQUIRED DATA:-

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

PARTAMETER 7805CMIN TYP MAX

LINE REGULATION

VI-VO=3V to 40V 0.01 0.04

REFERENCE VOLTAGE

VI-VO=2.5V to 40v, PD≤20W,IO=10Ma to 1500mA

1.2 1.25 1.3

INPUT VOLTAGE 0.3V 40V

LM-317 ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE REGULATOR-

Voltage regulator are also available in circuit configurations that allows to set the output voltage to a desired regulated value.The LM317 is an example of an adjustable voltage regulator.It can be operated over range of voltage from 1.2 to 37V.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LM317 VOLTAGE REGULATOR-

Variable voltage Output.D.C Output Positive voltage regulatorThree terminals regulator.

REQUIRED DATA:-

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

-:555 TRIMER IC:-

INTRODUCTION:-

Introduced by signetics in 1972, most popular is NE555 by STM electronics and Fairchild Semiconductor.The 555timer IC is an integrated circuit used in a variety of timer , pulse generation , and oscillator applications.The 555 is used to provide time delay, as an oscillator , and as a flip-flop element.It gets its name from the three 5k ohm resistors which give the two comparators reference voltage.Depending on the manufacture , the standard 555 package include 25 trasistors , 2 diodes and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-PIN DIP package.It is available in low power CMOS type ICM7555 package and 556 Dual Timer with two timer in one IC and 558 which is Quad timer.

INTERNAL LAYOUT:-

VOLTAGE DIVIDER

VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORK-Resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected in series .Each resistors is 5k ohms,so one third of the 5v supply voltage drops across each-time

CURRENT DIVIDER:-A current divider circuit is a circuit in which the main current from the power source is divided up in the circuit and, thus, different amounts of current are allocated to different parts of the circuit.

MATHEMATICAL FORMULA:-

-Two voltage comparator are inside the 555IC. -Whenever the voltage is higher at the + input , the output value is + .-The output is 0 volts under all other conditions.

VOLTAGE COMPARATOR

THE FLIP FLOP

RS FLIP-FLOP-Whenever the output of comparator A is a positive voltage, the Q BAR output become a positive voltage , which is called a LOGIC HIGH.

THE DISCHARGE TRANSISTORSNPN TRANSISTORS-

-The NPN transistor acts like a switch.-It turns on and passes current between the emitter and the collector when a -positive voltage is present at the base

THE OUTPUT BUFFER

--It produced a high voltage.-It’s provides sufficient output to power external circuit.-The output buffer receives its input from the QBAR Output of the RS flip-flop.-The buffer’s output voltage goes positive when the QBAR terminal of the RS flip-flopis a logic low.

PIN DESCRIPTION

PIN 1- GROUND- The ground pin connects the 555 trimer to the negative supply rail.

PIN 2-TRIGGER- When ‹1/3 VCC this makes the output high. It monitors the discharging of the timing capacitor in an astable circuit.

PIN 3-OUTPUT-The output pin can drive any TTL circuit and is capable of sourcing or sinking up to 200 mA of current at an equal to VCC-1.5V so small speakers , LED’s or motors can be connected directly to the output.

PIN 4-RESET-When less than about 0.7V this makes the output low ,overriding other inputs. When not required it should be connected to +VCC.

PIN 5-CONTROL VOLTAGE-This can be used to adjust the threshold voltage which is set internally to be 2/3 VCC . Usually this function is not required to 0V with a 10 nF capacitor to eliminate electrical noise.

PIN 6-THRESHOLD- When ›2/3 VCC this make the output low. It monitors the charging of the timing capacitor in astable and monostable circuits.

PIN 7-DISCHARGE- The discharge pin is connected directly to the collector of an internal NPN transistor which is used to “discharge” the timing capacitor to ground when the output at pin 3 switch “LOW”.

PIN 8-Supply +Vcc- This is the power supply pin and for general purpose TTL 555 timers is between 4.5V and 15V (18V absolute Maximum).

MODES OF OPERATION

The 555 Timer IC has three modes of operation-

MONOSTABLE: In this mode, the 555 functions as a "one-shot"pulse generator. Applications include timers, bounce free switches ,touch switches, frequency divider and so on.

BISTABLE: The 555 can operate as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not connected and no capacitor is used. Uses include bounce-freelatched switches.

ASTABLE, the free running mode: The 555 can operate as an oscillator. Uses include LED and lamp flashers, pulse generation ,logic clocks, tone generation, security alarms, pulse position modulation and so on. The 555 can be used as a simple ADC, converting an analog value to a pulse length.

The 555 timeracts as a “single" pulse generator.The pulse begins when the 555 timer receives a signal at the trigger input that falls below a third of the voltage supply.The width of the output pulse is determined by the time constant of an RC network, which consists of a capacitor (C) and a resistor (R). The output pulse ends when the voltage on the capacitor equals 2/3 of the supply voltage. The output pulse width can be lengthened or shortened to the need of the specific application by adjusting the values of R and C.

MONOSTABLE MODE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MONOSTABLE MODE

The output pulse width of time t, which is the time it takes to charge C to 2/3 of the supply voltage, is given by

t=RC ln (3)

where t is in seconds, R is in ohms and C is in farads. While using the timer IC in monostable mode, the main disadvantage is that the time span between any two triggering pulses must be greater than the RC time constant.

BIASTABLE MODEBistable mode, the 555 timer acts as a flip-flop. The trigger and reset Inputs are held high via Pull-up resistors while the threshold input is simply grounded. Thus configured, pulling the trigger momentarily to ground acts as a set and transitions the output pin to Vcc (high state). Pulling the reset input to ground acts as a reset‘ and transitions the output pin to ground (low state). No capacitors are required in a bistable configuration. Pin 5 (control) is connected to ground via a small-value capacitor (usually 0.01 to 0.1 uF); pin 7(discharge) is left floating.

ASTABLE MODEIn astable mode, the 555 timer puts out a continuous stream of

rectangular pulses having a specified frequency. the capacitor is charged through R1 and R2, and discharged only through R2, since pin 7 has low Impedance to ground during output low intervals of the cycle, therefore discharging the capacitor .In the astable mode, the frequency of the pulse stream depends on the values of R1, R2 AND C

The 555 Timer IC being -easy to use, -low price, -and good stability

is used widely in many applications. Some of which we are going to show you now, namely:

1. Blinking LED lights2. Police Car Siren3. Light Detector4. Mosquito Repellant

APPLICATIONS OF 555

-The 555 timer is used to blink an array of LEDs’.- The timer is used in ASTABLE mode which gives us pulsed output. -According to the above formula the frequency of the blink is approximately 2.2Hz. -The frequency can be changed by either changing the value of resistance or the capacitor.

BLINKING LED LIGHTS

S R Q0 0 NO CHANGE0 1 01 0 11 1 FORBIDDEN

RESTRICTEDSR FEED BACK:-

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

ELECTRONIC TOY PIANO BY USING 555 TIMER CIRCUIT

A simple electronic toy piano can be easily constructed using the popular 555 timer IC. 555 Timer can be easily wired as Astable, Monostable or Bistable multivibrator.

We all know that Sound is a Mechanical Wave as it is produced by to and fro movement of particles of the medium. Displacement of particles are in the same direction as propagation of sound waves, so sound is a Longitudinal Wave. The to and fro motion of particles in the medium creates compression (high pressure) and rarefactions (low pressure) in the medium, so sound is a Pressure Wave.

A tone is a sound which is produced by a regular vibration. So it has only one frequency even though intensity/amplitude can vary. A Loudspeaker is an electronic transducer which converts electric signals to pressure variations to make the sensation of sound. To make this diaphragm of the loudspeaker will vibrate according to the frequency and amplitude of electric signals. Audible frequency range of humans is from 20Hz to 20KHz, so we are going to

TOY PIANO CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-DIAGRAM:-

CIRCUIT COMPONENTS:-555 Timer IC6 Resistors- R1 to R6

Potentiometer – RV1

Capacitor – C1 and C2

Speaker of capacity 8 ohms

TOY PIANO CIRCUIT DESIGN:-

The 555 IC is a timer IC that produces frequency. 555 timer IC is operated in astable multivibrator mode. The supply voltage VCC is 6V. Six 1k resistors are connected in series. Second and sixth pins are shorted to allow retriggering of 555 timer IC after every timing cycle. These two pins are grounded through a capacitor. Fourth pin is reset pin it is shorted with eighth pin i.e. VCC to avoid sudden resets. Seventh pin is discharge pin. It is connected to series resistors through a variable resistor. Output is taken from third pin. The obtained frequency is applied to the 8 ohms speaker through a 10 microfarad capacitor.

HOW TO OPERATE TOY PIANO:-

Initially Power the circuit. Now press the first button from right. It produces a tone with high pitch. Now press the second button it’s pitch is slightly lower than the first button. Now press the next button. Likewise, press all the buttons in order to listen the tones produced by them. This is similar to tones produced by a piano. At a time only one button can be pressed

APPLICATIONS OF TOY ORGAN CIRCUIT:-

• It is used to produce different types of tones and sounds by changing the resistor values.

• We can use it as a best birthday gift for the kids.

• We can also use this circuit as a Machine gun by changing the resistor and capacitor values

DC MOTOR CONTROLLER BY USING PWM:-

ABSTRACT:-In this circuit, the DC motor is operated by a 555 integrated circuit. The IC 555 in this circuit is being operated in Astable mode. In this mode, the circuit can be used as a pulse width modulator with a few small adjustments to the circuit. The frequency of operation of the circuit is provided by the passive parameters of resistances and capacitances attached to it. The resistance between pin-7 and pin- 8, the resistance between pin-6 and pin-7 and the capacitance between pin-2 and the ground govern the frequency of operation and duty cycle of the IC 555 in Astable mode. The duty cycle is governed by the resistor which is in between pin-6 and pin-7 of the IC 555 timer. So, by taking advantage of the circuits working, we can change the 555 Astable multivibrator into a pulse width modulator by using a variable resistor instead of a constant resistor in between pin-6 and pin-7.

One of the best things about this circuit is that we can make it work as an astable multivibrator with little hardware and by little cost which can save both the cost involved in making it as well as the space on the printed circuit board is saved. if we want a sophisticated pulse width modulator which works more accurately and which can have more adjusting capabilities, then it is better to use a microcontroller based pulse width modulator than the one which we are using now. However, the circuit or the application for which we are using a pulse width modulator is not so sensitive and hence does not demand so much of accuracy. In such a case, the circuit which we are using with a bare IC 555 is better as it saves our monetary as well as space resources in building the circuit. The duty cycle of the circuit can be changed by changing the resistance between pin-7 and pin-6. If we increase the duty cycle, the speed of the motor increases and if we decrease the duty cycle, the speed of the motor decreases

PWM TECHNIQUE

GOAL “To explain PULSE WIDTH MODULATION technique in brief.”

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Basics

There are many forms of modulation used for communicating information. When a high frequency signal has amplitude varied in response to a lower frequency signal we have AM (amplitude modulation). When the signal frequency is varied in response to the modulating signal we have FM (frequency modulation. These signals are used for radio modulation because the high frequency carrier signal is needs for efficient radiation of the signal. When communication by pulses was introduced, the amplitude, frequency and pulse width become possible modulation options. In many power electronic converters where the output voltage can be one of two values the only option is modulation of average conduction time.

LINEAR MODULATION :-The simplest modulation to interpret is where the average ON time of the pulses varies proportionally with the modulating signal. The advantage of linear processing for this application lies in the ease of de-modulation. The modulating signal can be recovered from the PWM by low pass filtering. For a single low frequency sine wave as modulating signal modulating the width of a fixed frequency (fs) pulse train the spectra is as shown in Fig. Clearly a low pass filter can extract the modulating component fm.

SAWTOOTH PWM:- The simplest analog form of generating fixed frequency PWM is by comparison with a linear slope waveform such as a saw tooth. As seen in Fig the output signal goes high when the sine wave is higher than the saw tooth. This is implemented using a comparator whose output voltage goes to logic HIGH when ne input is greater than the other. Other signals with straight edges can be used for modulation a rising ramp carrier will generate PWM with Trailing Edge Modulation.

It is easier to have an integrator with a reset to generate the ramp in Fig but the modulation is inferior to double edge modulation. Fig. Trailing Edge Modulation

REGULAR SAMPLED PWM :-The scheme illustrated above generates a switching edge at the instant of crossing of the sine wave and the triangle. This is an easy scheme to implement using analog electronics but suffers the imprecision and drift of all analog computation as well as having difficulties of generating multiple edges when the signal has even a small added noise. Many modulators are now implemented digitally but there is difficulty is computing the precise intercept of the modulating wave and the carrier. Regular sampled PWM makes the width of the pulse proportional to the value of the modulating signal at the beginning of the carrier period. In Fig 1.5 the intercept of the sample values with the triangle determine the edges of the Pulses. For a saw tooth wave of frequency fs the samples are at 2fs.

There are many ways to generate a Pulse Width Modulated signal other than fixed frequency sine sawtooth. For three phase systems the modulation of a Voltage Source Inverter can generate a PWM signal for each phase leg by comparison of the desired output voltage waveform for each phase with the same sawtooth. One alternative which is easier to implement in a computer and gives a larger modulation depth is using space vector modulation

MODULATION DEPTH:-

For a single phase inverter modulated by a sine-sawtooth comparison, if we compare a sine wave of magnitude from -2 to +2 with a triangle from -1 to +1 the linear relation between the input signal and the average output signal will be lost. Once the sine wave reaches the peak of the transgle the pulses will be of maximum width and the modulation will then saturate. The Modulation depth is the ratio of the current signal to the case when saturation is just starting. Thus sine wave of peak 1.2 compared with a triangle with peak 2.0 will have a modulation depth of m=0.6.

THEORY:-COMPONENTS USED:-

BATTERY

CAPACITOR

VARIABLE REGULATOR

IC 555 TIMER

RESISTOR

MOTOR

DIODE

MOSEFET

WIRE

DC MOTORDC Motor is a Machine which converts Electrical energy into Mechanical energy. .It takes Electrical energy as input and produces Mechanical rotations of the MOTOR shaft. .DC Motors are widely used in many industrial applications and in day to day life.

ADVANTAGES There various advantages are:

PWM technique enables greater efficiency of DC Motor. PWM technique improves speed control and reduces power loss. Internal Motor resistance can be easily overcome. The pulses reach full supply voltage which in turn produces more Torque.

DISADVANTAGES

Increased Complexity. Speed obtained is less than the specified speed due to losses. Speed remains limited.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

“To explain working of the pwm circuit.”

BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM :-

As shown in block diagram there are mainly three blocks: Astable Multivibrator, Monostable Multivibrator and Driving Circuit.

The Basic Blocks are explained below:

Astable Multivibrator: This block produce square pulses of same frequency according to time constant RC. These pulses are fed to next block as triggering pulses.

• Monostable Multivibrator: This block produces square pulses of variable frequencies. The frequency of output pulse can be varied by changing the value of resistor shown in figure. These pulses are fed to the driving circuit.

Driving Circuit: This block provides power required to drive the motor. As the frequency of output pulses of Monostable multivibrator changes, the average voltage supplied to motor changes. Hence, the speed of motor changes

CONCLUSION From the project work, following points can be concluded. It fulfils all the requirements for its application. The motor responds to the average value of the pulses and not to the individual pulses as the chopper works at high frequency. Changing the duty-cycle of the pulse by changing the speed of regulator changes the average voltage level. It is possible to improve overall performance of the motor speed.

REMOTE CONTROL CAR

ABSTRACT:-Simple remote control cars commonly sold as toys can provide a viable starting platform for the development of low-cost intelligent Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) for the study of robot collectives. Remote control car is often a radio control device, cable between control and vehicle, or an infrared controller. Remote control are basically of two types one which is wired and the other one is wireless. Wireless consists of receiving and detecting sensors. Remote control can easily control the movements. The history of remote control begins in the late 1960’s where a British company produces commercially viable RC cars with the help of nitro gases. Later in 1970’s Japanese firm produced electrical cars which are suitable for remote control. Remote control car includes the entities such as Mechanical elements such as wheels, Sensors such as IR sensors, proximity sensors, Motors, Driving mechanisms like pulleys, chains, Power supply unit, Electronic unit which includes circuits, Control unit which as microprocessors.

INTRODUCTION :-A remote control vehicle is defined as any vehicle that is remotely controlled by a means that does not restrict its motion with an origin external to the device. This is often a radio control device, cable between control and vehicle, or an infrared controller. A remote control vehicle or RCV differs from a robot in that the RCV is always controlled by a human and takes no positive action autonomously. Remote control car includes the entities such as Mechanical elements such as wheels, Sensors such as IR sensors, proximity sensors, Motors, Driving mechanisms like pulleys, chains, Power supply unit, Electronic unit which includes circuits, Control unit which as microprocessors

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:-

DC Motors (500rpm) DPDT switches 3- core shield wireBattery (9V)Plastic box (chassis)Connecting wires and battery capsWheels (50mm diameter)Remote control box.Caster Wheel

PROCEDURE Solder the ribbon wire strip with the each motors. Do it for two motors. Place the motors in the chasis Tighten the motors with the two in tape.Motor Is Placed In The ChasisNow, attach each wheels with the motors. Tighten the wheels with the motorPlace the wire as given in the diagram.Motors Tighten With The ChasisNow Check Whether The All The Soldered Wires With The Motors Are Working. All The two Motors Should Work Properly.

PROCEDURE:-

Now Give The Connections For The Dpdt Switch.Two Dpdt Switches Are Enough For The Wired Rc Car Project..Here I Used Two Dpdt Swiches

connections for the two dpdt switches are shown in the diagram

give the connections as per the connections in the diagram.

the connection is that the left side motors are for one switch.

and the right side t motors in the carare for another switches.

this is how the connections are there in the diagram.

PROCEDURE:-And Connect The Two Positive Ends Of The Dpdt Switches And Also Connect Two Negative Ends Of The Dpdt Switches. And Give These Ends To The Battery. The Middle Two Pins In Both The Dpdt Switch Are For The Battery Connections.Give The Wire Connections As Shown In The Diagram For The Box. Place The Wires In The Box Through The Specified Hole. Now Connect The Wires With Battery. Now Check The Wired Remote Controlled Car Is Working According To The Following Instructions. Now check whether car working properly,whether it moves left, right ,front back and rotate 360 degree towards left and right side.If Wired Remote Controlled Car Follows This Instructions Then theWired Rc Car is perfect.

WORKING PROCEDURE -The motors are fixed to the chassis body and the tiers are fitted to the motor shafts. The 9V battery is connected to the center terminals of both DPDT switches. RIGHT SIDE DPDT SWITCH: Connect the right side motors to the top terminals of right side DPDT switch. Connect it normally (+ ve and - ve ) so that the two motors on right side rotates clockwise when the switch is pressed to top position. Just cross the connections of the top terminals to the bottom terminals using two wires, so that your right side motors rotate anti-clockwise when the switch is pressed to bottom position. LEFT SIDE DPDT SWITCH: Connect the left side motors to the top terminals of left side DPDT switch. Connect it inverted (-ve and +ve ) so that the two motors on left side rotates anti-clockwise when the switch is pressed to top position. Just cross the connections of the top terminals to the bottom terminals using two wires, so that your left side motors rotate clockwise when the switch is pressed to bottom position. Both the batteries are connected in opposite directions to complete the circuit. The DPDT switches help in changing in direction of current in both ways. This helps in motion in all directions. For motion in one direction the current should flow in same direction in all four motors for turning of car in any one direction-current should flow in only two of the motors on the same side. Now the car is ready for the movement.

MOVEMENT LEFT DPDT SWITCH RIGHT DPDT SWITCHFORWARD TOP TOPREVERSE BOTTOM BOTTOM

LEFT ------ TOPRIGHT TOP ---

3600 LEFT BOTTOM TOP3600 RIGHT TOP BOTTOM

DPDT SWITCH WORK:-

ADVANTAGES Can control movements more comfortably.Can reach remote parts. Helps in imaging in places inhabitable to humans such as rovers used in space research.Smaller in size so it can be portable Cheap in manufacturing remote controlling devices.

DISADVANTAGES

Works using battery which has to be regularly replaced. Has distance limit in controlling devices. Disturbing wires with the danger to get caught. Complicated circuit which may get cut due to lose connections. Motors will not run at the same specified speed after more usage, which as to be replaced.

APPLICATIONS Remote controlled vehicles are used to clear explosives as bomb disposal. Used in radiological survey. They are used as quad copter for aerial photography. RC car is used in road side bomb sweeper. Can be used in movie making. Used in RC water auger Used in remote control police vehicle.

Remote control vehicles have various scientific uses including hazardous environments, working in the Deep Ocean, and space exploration. Remote control car is used by police to detect bombs, or some chemicals, etc- It detects chemicals with its high powered sensors. The majority of the probes to the other planets in our solar system have been remote control vehicles. Remote control cars are used by many police and military department bomb-squads to defuse or detonate explosives. Instead of renting expensive life-sized aircraft for aerial scenes in movie making, we can adopt the application of remote control vehicles in movie making. We can use RC water auger in situations where involving boat-borne drug by smugglers

CONCLUSION:-We analyze successfully the working of DPDT switches. We got the idea of practical circuit connections. We conclude that addition of extra motors will help in gaining more speed significantly. As per calculations theoretical velocity was found to be 5.23 m/s while the actual velocity we got was 1.2 m/s which was a practically a good result. 77.16% of velocity is lost in friction. If we rotate the motor which are connected in series, the other motor also rotates in same direction due to induced current.All the motors do not run at the same specified speed (5oo rpm). Increase in the weight of the car will decrease the speed of the car.

CONCLUSION ON PROJECT REPOERT

Here after seven days of workshop we had made this project report on basis of ours knowledge , learning & skills. We enjoy the learning of “BASIC ROBOTICS”.We get such oppurtunity to gather knowledge and we did our best to understand it and learn the facts rather than by hearting the facts . we get the actuall knowledge through this workshop. We get practical knowledge also. We all toghether had try to made all circuit and the RC CAR, and our efforts give us success in completing all the circuits. We are very much thankfull to mywbut team for proper guidence and help.Its great workshop for the growing enginners like us. And glad to be part of this workshop.