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HFN Yvjagd| Vgyjv| 

Lg{nb Anenv`n Nmhgl  HFN/FFN -Hnveg|`bk) 

Ognl`bk Wb`sgvt`|p/ Tpomg| 

 An nv`n N hgl 

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YVJAGD\ VGYJV\

JB

Dwt|jhgv Vgon|`jbtm`yt Hnbnkghgb| `b Vg|n`o`bk 

-N t|wlp jb doj|m`bk Fwt`bgtt) 

\m`t vgyjv| `t twfh`||gl nt |mg ynv|`no cwoc`oohgb| jc HFN yvjkvnh

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\m`t vgyjv| `t twfh`||gl nt |mg ynv|`no cwoc`oohgb| jc HFN yvjkvnh

 Yvjagd| Twygvs`tjv 

Twfh`||gl Fp 

Twfh`tt`jb Ln|g

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Hv" Tmnhtw Wll`b Tmne`f

Ogd|wvgv jc Hnveg|`bk

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@L(>>9>9>9;47

Hnajv `b Hnveg|`bk

HFN/ Lgy| jc Fwt`bgtt Nlh`b`t|vn|`jb

Ognl`bk Wb`sgvt`|p/ Tpomg|

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Og||gv jc \vnbth`||no

9; Cgfvwnvp/ 69>6

\j

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Ognl`bk Wb`sgvt`|p/ Tpomg|

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T`v/

[`|m vgtygd| @ nh anenv`n tgge`bk pjwv e`bl n||gb|`jb vgknvl`bk |m`t vgyjv|"@ mnsg yvgynvgl

hp vgyjv| jb Dwt|jhgv Vgon|`jbtm`y Hnveg|`bk `b Vg|n`o`bk - fntgl jb doj|m`bk fwt`bgtt)"Fp

nbnopq`bk |mg vg|n`o hnveg| yvnd|`dnoop nbl wt`bk snv`jwt |jjot @ |v`gl |j yvgynvg hp vgyjv| jb

hp |jy`d" @ t`bdgvgop cjooj{gl pjwv kw`lgo`bg cjv yvgynv`bk hp vgyjv|"

Bj{/ hp yvjagd| vgyjv| vgnlp cjv twfh`tt`jb" @ mjyg |m t vgyjv| {`oo hgg| pjwv vg~w`vghgb|t"

Tj e`blop nddgy| |m`t vgyjv| nbl jfo`kg |mgvgfp"

Jfgl`gb|op pjwvt/

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

Lg{nb Anenv`n Nmhgl

@L( >>9>9>9;47

HFN -Hnajv `b Hnveg|`bk)

Lgynv|hgb| jc Fwt`bgtt Nlh`b`t|vn|`jb

Ognl`bk Wb`sgvt`|p/ Tpomg|

 Anenv`n N hgl  

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Dgv|`c dn|g jc Djhyog|`jb

\J [MJH @\ HNP DJBDGVB

\m`t `t |j dgv|`cp |mn|/ Lg{nb Anenv`n Nmhgl/ @L$ >>9>9>9;47/HFN/ Lgynv|hgb| jc 

Fwt`bgtt Nlh`b`t|vn|`jb jc Ognl`bk Wb`sgvt`|p/ Tpomg|( mnt twddgttcwoop djhyog|gl m`t

yvjagd| {jve jb ‛Dwt|jhgv Vgon|`jbtm`y Hnbnkghgb| `b Vg|n`o`bk-fntgl jb doj|m`bk

fwt`bgtt)” wblgv hp twygvs`t`jb" Nt nb `b|gkvno ynv| jc |mg HFN yvjkvnh/ nc|gv djhyog|`bk

m`t dvgl`|t `b dontt nd|`s`|`gt/ Lg{nb Anenv`n Nmhgl mnl fggb wblgv hp l`vgd| twygvs`t`jb

lwv`bk m`t yvjagd| {jve |`hg"

Lwv`bk |mg yvjagd| {jve ygv`jl/ Lg{nb Anenv`n Nmhgl mnt |negb nbl dnvv`gl jw| hp

`bt|vwd|`jbt |j yvgynvg |mg yvjagd| vgyjv|" Mg mnt djoogd|gl |mg bgdgttnvp `bcjvhn|`jb nbl

wblgvkjbg |mvjwkm |mg ~wno`|n|`sg nbl ~wnb|`|n|`sg t|wl`gt" Nc|gv djhyog|`bk |mg/ t|wl`gt mg

mnt yvgynvgl |m`t vgyjv|"

@b |m`t vgknvl/ @ {jwol notj o`eg |j dgv|`cp |mn|/ Lg{nb Anenv`n Nmhgl yvjagd| {jve nbl vgyjv|

`t g}dowt`sg nbl vgyvgtgb|n|`sg nt ygv hp ebj{oglkg" Mg mnt gnvbgt|op {jvegl mnvl `b |m`t

vgknvl"

@ {`tm gsgvp twddgtt |j m`t o`cg"

ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ

Hv" Tmnhtw Wll`b Tmne`f

Ogd|wvgv jc Hnveg|`bk

Lgynv|hgb| j c Fwt`bgtt Nlh`b`t|vn|`jb

Ognl`bk Wb`sgvt`|p/ Tpomg|

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NDEBJ[OGLKGHGB\

@ {jwol o`eg |j ndebj{oglkg |mg kw`lnbdg nbl gccjv| jc @b|gvbtm`y nbl yondghgb| djhh`||gg

cjv nvvnbk`bk twdm n b`dg yvjkvnh cjv dj(vgon|`bk |mgjvg|`dno ognvb`bk {`|m vgno o`cg t`|wn|`jb"

@|”t n yogntwvg |j djbsgp hp mgnv|`gt| kvn|`|wlg nbl kvgg|`bk |j hp mjbjvnfog twygvs`tjv  Hv"

Tmnhtw Wll`b Tmne`f/ Ogd|wvgv jc Hnveg|`bk/ Lgynv|hgb| jc Fwt`bgtt Nlh`b`t|vn|`jb/

Ognl`bk Wb`sgvt`|p" [`|mjw| m`t dj(jygvn|`jb `| {jwol mnsg bj| fggb yjtt`fog |j yvgynvg |mg

vgyjv| `b|j n b`dg gbl`bk"

@ {jwol notj o`eg |j ndebj{oglkg nbl |mnbet |mg cjooj{`bk ygvtjbbgo {mj mnt g}|gblgl |mg`v

{mjog(mgnv|gl dj(jygvn|`jb cjv yvgynv`bk |mg vgyjv|"

Hv Hl Cjptno nmhgl nbl Tnogm Nmhgl |mg j{bgv jc Tnogm doj|m t|jvg nbl vgnlphnlg djvbgv

cjv |mg`v e`bl kw`lnbdg nbl twyyjv| lwv`bk hp yvjagd| {jve"

Hv Emno`o Nmhgl |mg j{bgv jc Emno`o Vgnlphnlg nbl Hv H`b|w |mg hnbnkgv jc Nonm` doj|m

cjv djvl`noop mgoy`bk `b ln|n djoogd|`jb nbl yvgynv`bk hp yvjagd|"

@ nh notj j{g |j Hv Ygvsgq Nmhgl nbl Hjm` Wll`b cjv gnvbgt| dj(jygvn|`jb"

C`bnoop/ @ {jwol o`eg |j djbsgp hp mgnv|`gt| |mnbet nbl kvn|`|wlg |j noo jc hp |gndmgvt/cv`gblt/ nbl hnbp j|mgvt {mj g}|gbl |mg`v twyyjv| |j yvgynvg |mg vgyjv|"

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YVGCNDG

[g tmnoo fg fgbgc`|gl jc fp jwv glwdn|`jb `c {g dnb gccgd|`sgop nyyop |mg `bt|`|w|`jbno

glwdn| jb `b yvnd|`dno c`golt" Mgbdg/ {g noo bggl yvnd| dn o ognvb`bk |j nyyop |mgjvg|`dno

ebj{oglkg `b vgno {jvol" \m`t vgyjv| `t bj| jbop n vgyjv| fw| `| `t |mg vgcogd|`jb jc hp yvnd|`dno

g}ygv`gbdg `b vg|n`o hnveg|" @ |v`gl |j yvgtgb| mgvg |mjtg |m`bkt {m`dm @ yvnd|`dnoop

gbdjwb|gvgl nbl dojtgop jftgvsgl `b vgno hnveg|"

@ |v`gl hp fgt| |j djblwd| gccgd|`sg t|wlp fp djoogd|`bk dwvvgb| ln|n" Gsgb |mjwkm `c h`t|neg

nyygnvt/ `| `t |vwop wblgt`vnfog" Tj @ {jwol vg~wgt| |j ojje n| |mg hn||gv {`|m hgvd`cwo gpgt"

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G}gdw|`sg Twhhnvp

\m`t vgyjv| mnt fggb hnlg {`|m hp yvnd|`dno ebj{oglkg jc mj{ vg|n`ogvt hnbnkg dwt|jhgv

vgon|`jbtm`yt" Dwt|jhgvt nvg |mg e`bk `b vg|n`o fwt`bgtt nbl vg|n`ogv nd|t nt n cnd`o`|n|jv |j

cwoc`oo |mg bgglt jc |mg`v dwt|jhgv -e`bk)"

Vg|n`ogvt ghymnt`qg hn`bop jb DVH |j dvgn|g ojpno dwt|jhgv" Ojpno dwt|jhgvt nvg |mg

hn}`hwh yvjc`| kgbgvn|`bk tjwvdg jc vg|n`ogv" DVH gbnfog vg|n`ogvt |j `lgb|`cp |mg`v fgt|

dwt|jhgvt nbl hnbnkg djbco`d|`bk dwt|jhgv" Gccgd|`sg DVH `hyoghgb|n|`jb `t yjtt`fog `c noo

|mg wb`|t jc n vg|n`ogv nd| t`hwo|nbgjwtop |j gbtwvg fg||gv tgvs`dg nbl tn|`tcp dwt|jhgv

wb`~wgop" Yvjygv noojdn|`jb jc vgtjwvdgt nbl t|vn|gk`gt |j vg|n`b ojpno dwt|jhgv nvg `b|gkvno

ynv| jc DVH"

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\NFOG JC DJB\GB\T

\`|og Bj Dmny|gv 9>(Tdjyg/Jfagd|`sgt/Hg|mjljojkp nblO`h`|n|`jbt

Y"B(9>(94

>"9 Tdjyg jc |mg t|wlp 9>

>"> T`kb`c`dnbdg jc |mg t|wlp 9>

>"6 Jfagd|`sg jc |mg t|wlp 9>

>"4 Vgtgnvdm Hg|mjljojkp 96

>"< O`h`|n|`jbt jc |mg Vgyjv| 94

Dmny|gv  — 96 -\mgjvg|`dno Cvnhg{jve) 9<(>6 

6"9 @b|vjlwd|`jb 9<

6"> M`t|jvp jc DVH 97

6"6 [mp Dwt|jhgv Vgon|`jbtm`y Hnbnkghgb|: 93

6"4 [npt |j eggy dwt|jhgv cjv o`cg 93

6"< \m`bkt bggl |j ljbg cjv DVH 9;

6"7 Egp DVH yv`bd`yogt 9=

6"3 DVH yvjkvnht 90

6";  Nvdm`|gd|wvg jc DVH >9(>>

6"=

\jjot bgglgl cjv DVH>6

Dmny|gv  — 94 -DVH `b Vg|n`o`bk) >4(63

4"9 [mn| t vg|n`o`bk: >4

4"> Bgdgtt`|p jc DVH `b vg|n`o`bk >4

4"6 Mj{ vg|n`ogvt fgbgc ||gl fp DVH ><

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4"4 Tn|`tcnd|`jb lv`sgvt cjv fw`ol`bk vgon|`jbtm`yt `b vg|n`o`bk >7

4"< Yvjdgtt jc DVH `b vg|n`o`bk >3(63

4"7 Djoogd| bk Dwt|jhgv ln|n >3(>;

4"7"> Dwt|jhgv ln|nfntg  >3(>;

4"7"6 Nyyvjndmgt cjv djoogd|`bk bcjvhn|`jb  >;

4"3  Nbnopq bk dwt|jhgv ln|n nbl `lgb|`cp |nvkg| dwt|jhgv  >=(69

4"3"> Ln|n h`b`bk  >=

4"3"6 Hnveg| fnteg| nbnopt t  >=

4"3"4 @lgb| cp`bk hnveg| tgkhgb|  >=

4"3"< @lgb| cp`bk fgt| dwt|jhgvt  >=(69

4"3"<"> O`cg|`hg snowg  >0

4"3"<"6 Dwt|jhgv ypvnh`l  >0

4"3"<"4 VCH -Vgdgbdp/ Cvg~wgbdp/ Hjbg|nvp)Nbnopt`t  69

4"; Lgsgojy`bk DVH yvjkvnht 6>(66

4";"> Vg|n`b`bk |mg fgt| dwt|jhgvt  6>

4";"6 Djbsgv|`bk kjjl dwt|jhgvt b|j fgt| dwt|jhgvt  6>(66

4";"4 Lgno`bk {`|m wbyvjc`|nfog dwt|jhgvt  66

4"= @hyoghgb|`bk DVH yvjdgtt `b vg|n`o`bk 64(63

4"="> Dv`|`dno twddgtt cnd|jv hyoghgb|n|`jb jc DVH `b vg|n`o`bk  6<

4"="6 Vgntjbt cjv DVH hyoghgb|n|`jb cn owvg b vg|n`o`bk  67

4"="4 Twkkgt|`jb cjv twddgttcwo `hyoghgb|n|`jb jc DVH `b 

vg|n`o`bk 

63

4"0 Djbdowt`jb 63

4">9 Vgcgvgbdgt 6;

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>"9 Tdjyg jc |mg T|wlp

\mg tdjyg jc |m`t vgyjv| `t |j nbnopqg |mg dwt|jhgv vgon|`jbtm`y hnbnkghgb| -DVH) `b

vg|n`o`bk -doj|m`bk fwt`bgtt) cvjh |mg t|nkgt jc djoogd|`bk dwt|jhgv `bcjvhn|`jb |j |mg

twddgttcwo `hyoghgb|n|`jb"

>"> T`kb`c`dnbdg jc |mg t|wlp 

\mg DVH -dwt|jhgv vgon|`jbtm`y hnbnkghgb|) `t nb `b|gkvn|gl gccjv| |j t|vgbk|mgb |mg

bg|{jve jc vgon|`jbtm`y cjv |mg hw|wno fgbgc`| jc fj|m |mg vg|n`ogv nbl dwt|jhgv" \mg f`kkgt|

hnbnkghgb| dmnoogbkg `b |mg bg{ h`oogbb`wh jc o`fgvno`qn| jb nbl kojfno`qn|`jb cjv n

fwt`bgtt `t |j hn`b|n`b kjjl vgon|`jbtm`y {`|m |mg e`bk  — |mg dwt|jhgv" \m`t t|wlp `t jc kvgn|

t`kb`c`dnbdg fgdnwtg

  N 7' `bdvgntg `b |mg dwt|jhgv vg|gb|`jb {`oo `bdvgntg |mg yvjc`| wy |j >67'"

  @| djt|t c`sg |`hgt hjvg |j n||vnd| n bg{ dwt|jhgv |mnb |j tgvsg nb jol jbg"

  69' jc |mg djhynbp”t ojpno dwt|jhgvt nddjwb| cjv |mg =9' jc `|t vgsgbwgt"  

  \j t|wlp jb dwt|jhgv vgon|`jbtm`y hnbnkghgb| mnt gbnfogl hg |j ebj{ nfjw| |mg

DVH yvnd|`dgt nljy|gl `b |mg vg|n`o `blwt|vp -doj|m`bk fwt`bgtt)"

>"6 Jfagd|`sgt jc |mg t|wlp 

  \j t|wlp |mg dwvvgb| yvnd|`dgt jc DVH `b vg|n`o`bk"

  \j c`bl jw| |mg `hynd| jc DVH jb |mg yvjc`|nf`o`|p jc |mg doj|m`bk fwt`bgtt"

  \j t|wlp |mg cnd|jvt nccgd|`bk |mg DVH yvnd|`dgt"

  \j t|wlp |mg hg|mjlt nbl |jjot cjv `hyoghgb|`bk DVH `b vg|n`o tgd|jv -doj|m`bk

fwt`bgtt)

  \j t|wlp |mg bgdgtt`|p jc DVH `b vg|n`o tgd|jv nt {goo nt twkkgt|`bk |mgh |mg

{npt cjv twddgttcwoop `hyoghgb|`bk `|"

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>"4 Vgtgnvdm Hg|mjljojkp

N vgtgnvdm lgt`kb `t t`hyop n yonb cjv t|wlp `b djoogd|`bk nbl nbnopq`bk |mg ln|n" @| mgoyt |mg

vgtgnvdmgv |j djblwd| |mg t|wlp `b nb gdjbjh`dno hg|mjl nbl vgogsnb| |j |mg yvjfogh"  

Vgtgnvdm hg|mjljojkp `t n tpt|ghn|`d {np |j tjosg n vgtgnvdm yvjfogh"

>"4"> Hp vgtgnvdm lgt`kb cjv DVH nbnopt`t `b vg|n`o`bk

\mg t|wlp djblwd|gl mgvg `t g}yojvn|jvp nbl lgtdv`y|`sg" @ notj dojtgop jftgvsgl |mg vg|n`o

hnveg| tj jftgvsn|`jbno |gdmb`~wg yonpgl s`|no vjog `b hp t|wlp"

>"4"6 Djoogd|`jb jc |mg ln|n

\mgvg nvg |{j |pygt jc ln|n @ djoogd|gl cjv hp t|wlp"

Yv`hnvp ln|n — yv`hnvp ln|n `t |mn| ln|n {m`dm `t djoogd|gl cjv |mg c`vt| |`hg" \mgtg ln|n nvg

fnt`dnoop jftgvsgl nbl djoogd|gl fp |mg vgtgnvdmgv cjv |mg c`vt| |`hg" @ mnsg djoogd|gl yv`hnvp

ln|n fp nte`bk ~wgt|`jbt"

Tgdjblnvp ln|n — tgdjblnvp ln|n nvg |mjtg ln|n {m`dm nvg yv`hnv`op djoogd|gl fp |mg j|mgv" @

wtgl tgdjblnvp ln|n |j jf|n`b t|vwd|wvg jc lj`bk hp t|wlp" @ notj wtgl g}`t|`bk o`|gvn|wvg |j

donv`cp DVH djbdgy|"

>"4"4 Ln|n djoogd|`jb

Ln|n `t djoogd|gl | s`n wt`bk ~wgt|`jbbn`vg"

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>"< O`h`|n|`jbt jc Dwt|jhgv Vgon|`jbtm`y Hnbnkghgb| 

  Fp t|wlp`bk n cg{ vg|n`o hnveg| `| `t mnvl |j nttwhg |mg jsgvnoo DVH yjo`dp wtgl `b

vg|n`o `blwt|vp"

  @bcjvhn|`jb kn|mgvgl cvjh vg|n`ogvt hnp bj| cwoop |vw|mcwo fgdnwtg bj vg|n`ogv tmj{t

|mg`v {gnebgtt"

  Onde jc vg|n`ogv ebj{oglkg nfjw| hjlgvb DVH djbdgy|"

  \`hg djbt|vn`b| `t wbnsj`lnfog o`h`|n|`jb jc hp t|wlp"

  Nt cg{ {jvet mnt fggb ljbg gnvo`gv `b |m`t vgknvl tj tdnvd`|p jc tgdjblnvp ln|n `t notj

|mgvg"

  @bnlg~wn|g l`tdojtwvg jc |nd|`dno `bcjvhn|`jb fp vg|n`ogv `t notj |mg yvjfogh"

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6"9 @b|vjlwd|`jb

\mg f`kkgt| hnbnkghgb| dmnoogbkg `b |mg bg{ h`oogbb`wh jc o`fgvno`qn|`jb nbl kojfno`qn|`jbcjv n fwt`bgtt `t |j tgvsg nbl hn`b|n`b kjjl vgon|`jbtm`y {`|m |mg e`bk —  |mg dwt|jhgv" @b |mg

ynt| yvjlwdgvt |jje |mg`v dwt|jhgvt cjv kvnb|gl/ fgdnwtg n| |mn| |`hg |mg dwt|jhgvt {gvg bj|

lghnbl`bk bjv mnl no|gvbn|`sg tjwvdg jc twyyop jv twyyo`gvt" Fw| |jlnp |mgvg `t n vnl`dno

|vnbtcjvhn|`jb" \mg dmnbk`bk fwt`bgtt gbs`vjbhgb| `t dmnvnd|gv`qgl fp gdjbjh`d

o`fgvno`qn|`jb/ `bdvgnt`bk djhyg|`|`jb/ m`km djbtwhgv dmj`dg/ lghnbl`bk dwt|jhgv/ hjvg

ghymnt`t jb ~wno`|p nbl snowg jc ywvdmntg g|d"

Noo |mgtg dmnbkgt mnsg hnlg |jlnp”t yvjlwdgv tm`c| cvjh |vnl`|`jbno hnveg|`bk |j hjlgvb

hnveg|`bk" Hjlgvb hnveg|`bk dnoot cjv hjvg |mnb lgsgojy`bk n yvjlwd|/ yv d`bk `|/ yvjhj|`bk

`| nbl hne`bk `| nddgtt`fog |j |nvkg| dwt|jhgv" @| lghnblt fw`ol`bk |vwt|/ n f`bl`bk cjvdg nbl

snowg nllgl vgon|`jbtm`y {`|m |mg dwt|jhgvt"

‟Dwt|jhgv vgon|`jbtm`y hnbnkghgb| -DVH) `t n fwt`bgtt t|vn|gkp |j nd~w`vg nbl hnbnkg |mg

hjt| snownfog dwt|jhgv vgon|`jbtm`yt" DVH vg~w`vgt n dwt|jhgv(dgb|v`d fwt`bgtt ym`ojtjymp nbl 

dwo|wvg |j twyyjv| gccgd|`sg hnveg|`bk/ tnogt nbl tgvs`dg yvjdgttgt" DVH nyyo`dn|`jbt dnb gbnfog

gccgd|`sg dwt|jhgv vgon|`jbtm`y hnbnkghgb|/ yvjs`lgl |mn| nb gb|gvyv`tg mnt |mg v`km| ognlgvtm`y/ t|vn|gkp nbl dwo|wvg"‘  

\mg yvjdgtt jc lgsgojy`bk n djjygvn|`sg nbl djoonfjvn|`sg vgon|`jbtm`y fg|{ggb |mg fwpgv nbl

tgoogv `t dnoogl dwt|jhgv vgon|`jbtm`y hnbnkghgb| tmjv|op dnoogl DVH"

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6"> M`t|jvp jc DVH

Dwt|jhgv Vgon|`jbtm`y Hnbnkghgb| -DVH) `t jbg jc |mjtg hnkb`c`dgb| djbdgy|t |mn|

t{gy| |mg fwt`bgtt {jvol `b |mg >009”t {`|m |mg yvjh`tg jc cjvgsgv dmnbk`bk |mg {np

fwt`bgttgt thnoo nbl onvkg `b|gvnd|gl {`|m |mg`v dwt|jhgv fntgt"

@b |mg fgk`bb`bk‣

\mg >0=9”t tn{ |mg ghgvkgbdg jc ln|nfntg hnveg|`bk/ {m`dm {nt t`hyop n dn|dm ymvntg

|j lgc`bg |mg yvnd|`dg jc tg||`bk wy dwt|jhgv tgvs`dg kvjwyt |j tygne `bl`s`lwnoop |j noo jc 

n djhynbp”t dwt|jhgvt"

Nlsnbdgt `b |mg >009‐t

@b |mg >009”t djhynb`gt fgknb |j `hyvjsg jb Dwt|jhgv Vgon|`jbtm `y Hnbnkghgb| fp

hne`bk `| hjvg jc n |{j({np t|vgg|" @bt|gnl jc t`hyop kn|mgv`bk ln|n cjv |mg`v j{b wtg/

|mgp fgknb k`s`bk fnde |j |mg`v dwt|jhgvt bj| jbop `b |gvht jc |mg jfs`jwt kjno jc 

`hyvjsgl dwt|jhgv tgvs`dg/ fw| `b `bdgb|`sgt/ k`c|t nbl j|mgv ygvet cjv dwt|jhgv ojpno|p"

\vwg DVH djhgt jc nkg

Vgno Dwt|jhgv Vgon|`jbtm`y Hnbnkghgb| nt `|”t |mjwkm| jc |jlnp" @bt|gnl jc cggl`bk

`bcjvhn|`jb `b|j n t|n|`d ln|nfntg cjv cw|wvg vgcgvgbdg/ DVH fgdnhg n {np |j

djb|`bwjwtop wyln|g wblgvt|nbl`bk jc dwt|jhgv bgglt nbl fgmns`jv" @b vgdgb| pgnvt

mj{gsgv/ tgsgvno cnd|jvt mnsg djb|v`fw|gl |j |mg vny`l lgsgojyhgb| nbl gsjow|`jb jc 

DVH" \mgtg `bdowlg1 (

  \mg kvj{`bk lg(`b|gvhgl`n|`jb yvjdgtt

  Nlsnbdgt `b `bcjvhn|`jb |gdmbjojkp

  \mg kvj{|m `b tgvs`dg gdjbjhp"

  \mg |j|no ~wno`|p hjsghgb|"

  Dmnbk`bk Dwt|jhgv g}ygd|n|`jbt

  @b|gbtg djhyg|`|`jb"

  Vg|n`b`bk dwt|jhgvt `t ogtt g}ygbt`sg |mnb nd~w`v`bk bg{ jbgt"

  Bgdgtt`|p |j mnsg kojfno nddjwb| hnbnkghgb| cjv |mg dwt|jhgvt"

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6"6 [mp — dwt|jhgv vgon|`jbtm`y hnbnkghgb|:

  N tn|`tc`gl dwt|jhgv `b >9 pgnvt {`oo fv`bk >99 hjvg dwt|jhgvt |j |mg djhynbp"

  @| djt|t 7 |`hgt hjvg |j n||vnd| n bg{ dwt|jhgv |mnb |j tgvsg nb jol jbg"

  69' jc |mg djhynbp”t ojpno dwt|jhgvt nddjwb| cjv =9' jc `|t vgsgbwgt" -Ynvg|j”t

yv`bd`yog)"

  \mg dmnbdgt jc tgoo`bk |j nb g}`t|`bk dwt|jhgv nvg > `b 6/ |mg dmnbdgt jc tgoo`bk |j n

bg{ dwt|jhgv nvg > `b >3"

6"4 [npt |j eggy dwt|jhgvt cjv o`cg 

>" Gsgvp ynv| jc |mg djhynbp”t hnveg|`bk gccjv| tmjwol fg kgnvgl |j{nvlt fw`ol`bk o`cg|`hg

vgon|`jbtm`yt"

6" Ygjyog {nb| |j lj fwt`bgtt {`|m cv`gblop ygjyog" \j mnsg gccgd|`sg vgon|`jbt n cv`gblop

n||`|wlg hwt| ygvhgn|g `b |mg jvknb`qn|`jb"

4" @bcjvhn| jb |gdmbjojkp lgsgojyhgb|t tmjwol fg yjt |`sgop wtgl |j tgvsg |mg dwt|jhgvt"

<" \mg djhynbp tmjwol no{npt fg cog}`fog |j fgbl `|t vw ogt nbl yvjdglwvgt `b |mg do`gb|”t

cnsjv"

7" \mg djhynbp tmjwol djhhwb`dn|g {`|m `|t dwt|jhgvt gsgb {mgb `| `t bj| |vp`bk |j tgoo

tjhg|m`bk"

3" \mg djhynbp dnb djhhwb`dn|g nbl lgsgojy t|vjbkgv dwt|jhgv fjbl`bk fp yvjs`l`bk

c`bnbd`no nbl tjd`no fgbgc`|t"

;" \mg djhynbp tmjwol |vp |j ebj{ noo `|t dwt|jhgvt `bdowl`bk |mg`v o`cgt|pogt/ mjff`gt/ o`egt

nbl l`to`egt g|d"

=" \mg djhynbp tmjwol hneg `| n yj`b| |j lgo`sgv hjvg |mnb {mn| `t yvjh`tgl"

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 6"< \m`bkt bggl |j ljbg cjv DVH  

N kjjl DVH yvjkvnh dnb `hyvjsg dwt|jhgv tgvs`dg fp cnd`o`|n|`bk djhhwb`dn|`jb `b

tgsgvno {npt 1

  Yvjs`lg yvjlwd| `bcjvhn|`jb/ yvjlwd| wtg `bcjvhn|`jb/ nbl |gdmb`dno ntt`t|nbdg |mn|

nvg nddgtt`fog 6< mjwvt n lnp/ ; lnpt n {gge"

  @lgb|`cp mj{ gndm `bl`s`lwno dwt|jhgv lgc`bgt ~wno`|p/ nbl |mgb lgt`kb n tgvs`dg

t|vn|gkp cjv gndm dwt|jhgv fntgl jb |mgtg `bl`s`lwno vg~w`vghgb|t nbl g}ygd|n|`jbt"

  Yvjs`lg n cnt| hgdmnb`th cjv hnbnk`bk nbl tdmglwo`bk cjooj{(wy tnogt dnoot |j nttgtt

yjt|(ywvdmntg djkb`|`sg l`ttjbnbdg/ vgywvdmntg yvjfnf`o`|`gt/ vgywvdmntg |`hgt/ nbl

vgywvdmntg cvg~wgbd`gt"  Yvjs`lg n hgdmnb`th |j |vnde noo yj`b|t jc djb|nd| fg|{ggb n dwt|jhgv nbl |mg

djhynbp/ nbl lj `| `b nb `b|gkvn|gl {np tj |mn| noo tjwvdgt nbl |pygt jc djb|nd| nvg

`bdowlgl/ nbl noo wtgvt jc |mg tpt|gh tgg |mg tnhg s`g{ jc |mg dwt|jhgv -vglwdgt

djbcwt`jb)"

  Mgoy |j `lgb|`cp yj|gb|`no yvjfoght ~w`deop/ fgcjvg |mgp jddwv"

  Yvjs`lg n wtgv(cv`gblop hgdmnb`th cjv vgk`t|gv`bk dwt|jhgv djhyon`b|t -djhyon`b|t

|mn| nvg bj| vgk`t|gvgl {`|m |mg djhynbp dnbbj| fg vgtjosgl/ nbl nvg n hnajv tjwvdg jc 

dwt|jhgv l ttn|`tcnd|`jb)"

  Yvjs`lg n cnt| hgdmnb`th cjv mnblo`bk yvjfoght nbl djhyon`b|t -djhyon`b|t |mn| nvg

vgtjosgl ~w`deop dnb `bdvgntg dwt|jhgv tn|`tcnd|`jb)"

  Yvjs`lg n cnt| hgdmnb`th cjv djvvgd|`bk tgvs`dg lgc`d`gbd`gt -djvvgd| |mg yvjfogh

fgcjvg j|mgv dwt|jhgvt g}ygv`gbdg |mg tnhg l`ttn|`tcnd| jb)"

  Wtg `b|gvbg| djje`gt |j |vnde dwt|jhgv `b|gvgt|t nbl ygvtjbno`qg yvjlwd| jccgv`bkt

nddjvl`bkop"

  Wtg |mg @b|gvbg| |j gbknkg `b djoonfjvn|`sg dwt|jh`qn|`jb jv vgno(|`hg dwt|jh`qn|`jb"

  Yvjs`lg n cnt| hgdmnb`th cjv hnbnk`bk nbl tdmglwo`bk hn`b|gbnbdg/ vgyn`v/ nbl jb(

kj`bk twyyjv| -`hyvjsg gcc`d`gbdp nbl gccgd|`sgbgtt)"

  \mg DVH yvjkvnh dnb fg `b|gkvn|gl `b|j j|mgv dvjtt(cwbd|`jbno tpt|ght nbl |mgvgfp

yvjs`lg nddjwb|`bk nbl yvjlwd|`jb `bcjvhn|`jb |j dwt|jhgvt {mgb |mgp {nb| `|"

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6"7 Egp DVH yv`bd`yogt

6"7"> L ccgvgb|`n|g Dwt|jhgvt

Noo dwt|jhgvt nvg bj| g~wno5 vgdjkb`qg nbl vg{nvl fgt| dwt|jhgvt l`tyvjyjv|`jbn|gop"

Wblgvt|nbl`bk gndm dwt|jhgv fgdjhgt ynv|`dwonvop `hyjv|nb|"

[mn| DVH bgglt |j wblgvt|nbl {m`og l`ccgvgb|`n|`bk dwt|jhgvt `t1

(  Tgbt`|`s`|`gt/ \nt|gt/ Yvgcgvgbdgt nbl Ygvtjbno`|`gt

(  O`cgt|pog nbl nkg

(  Dwo|wvg Fndekvjwbl nbl glwdn|`jb

(  Ympt`dno nbl ytpdmjojk`dno dmnvnd|gv`t|`dt

6"7"6   L ccgvgb|`n|`bk Jccgv`bkt

  Oj{ snowg dwt|jhgv vg~w`v`bk m`km snowg dwt|jhgv jccgv`bkt"

  Oj{ snowg dwt|jhgv {`|m yj|gb|`no |j fgdjhg m`km snowg `b bgnv cw|wvg"

  M`km snowg dwt|jhgv vg~w`v`bk m`km snowg tgvs`dg"

6"7"4  Eggy`bk G}`t|`bk Dwt|jhgvt

Kvnl`bk dwt|jhgvt cvjh sgvp tn|`tc`gl |j sgvp l`tnyyj`b| tmjwol mgoy |mg jvknb`qn|`jb `b

`hyvjs`bk `|t dwt|jhgv tn|`tcnd|`jb ogsgot nbl tdjvgt" Nt |mg tn|`tcnd|`jb ogsgo cjv gndm

dwt|jhgv `hyvjsgt/ tj tmnoo |mg dwt|jhgv vg|gb|`jb {`|m |mg jvknb`qn|`jb"

6"7"< Hn}`h`q`bk O`cg |`hg snowg

G}yoj`| wy(tgoo`bk nbl dvjtt(tgoo`bk yj|gb|`no" Fp `lgb|`cp`bk o`cg t|nkg nbl o`cg gsgb| |v`kkgv yj`b|t

fp dwt|jhgv/ hnveg|gvt dnb hn}`h`qg tmnvg jc ywvdmntg yj|gb|`no " 

6"7"<   @bdvgntg Ojpno|p

Ojpno dwt|jhgvt nvg hjvg yvjc`|nfog" Nbp djhynbp {`oo o`eg `|t h`bltmnvg t|n|wt |j

`hyvjsg cvjh fg`bk n twtygd| |j fg`bk nb nlsjdn|g" Djhynbp mnt |j `bsgt| `b |gvht jc `|t

yvjlwd| nbl tgvs`dg jccgv`bkt |j `|t dwt|jhgvt"

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6"3 DVH Yvjkvnht

6"3"> Jbg(|j(jbg Hnveg|`bk

Hgg|`bk nbl tn|`tcp`bk gndm dwt|jhgv”t bggl wb`~wgop nbl `bl`s`lwnoop" @b |mg hntt hnveg|t

`bl`s`lwno`qgl `bcjvhn|`jb jb dwt|jhgvt `t bj{ yjtt`fog n| oj{ djt|t lwg |j |mg vny`l

lgsgojyhgb| `b |mg `bcjvhn|`jb |gdmbjojkp nbl lwg |j nsn`onf`o`|p jc tdnonfog ln|n

{nvgmjwtgt nbl ln|n h`b`bk yvjlwd|t" Fp wt`bk jbo`bg `bcjvhn|`jb nbl ln|nfntgt jb

`bl`s`lwno dwt|jhgv `b|gvnd|`jbt/ hnveg|gvt n`h |j cwoc`oo |mg wb`~wg bgglt jc gndm hntt(

hnveg| dwt|jhgv" @bcjvhn|`jb jb `bl`s`lwno dwt|jhgvt `t w|`o`qgl |j lgsgojy cvg~wgbdp

hnveg|`bk/ `b|gvnd|`sg hnveg|`bk/ nbl nc|gvhnveg|`bk yvjkvnht `b jvlgv |j lgsgojy

vgon|`jbtm`y {`|m m`km(p`gol`bk dwt|jhgvt"

6"3"6 Djb|`bw`|p Hnveg|`bk Yvjkvnht

\neg |mg tmnyg jc hghfgvtm`y nbl ojpno|p dnvl yvjkvnht {mgvg dwt|jhgvt nvg jc|gb

vg{nvlgl cjv |mg`v hghfgv nbl ojpno|p vgon|`jbtm`yt {`|m |mg hnveg|gvt" \mg fnt`d yvgh`tg jc 

djb|`bw`|p hnveg|`bk yvjkvnht `t |j vg|n`b dwt|jhgvt nbl `bdvgntg ojpno|p |mvjwkm ojbk(|gvh

tygd`no tgvs`dgt |mn| mnt n yj|gb|`no |j `bdvgntg hw|wno snowg |mvjwkm ognvb`bk nfjw| gndm

j|mgv"

6"3"4 Ynv|bgv`bk Yvjkvnht

\mg |m`vl |pyg jc DVH yvjkvnht `t ynv|bgv`bk vgon| jbtm`yt fg|{ggb dwt|jhgv nbl hnveg|gvt

|j tgvsg gbl wtgv bgglt" @b |mg hntt hnveg|t/ |{j |pygt jc ynv|bgv`bk yvjkvnht nvg hjt|

djhhjb1 dj(fvnbl`bk nbl ncc`b`|p ynv|bgv`bk"

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 6"; Nvdm`|gd|wvg jc DVH 

\mgvg nvg |mvgg ynv|t jc nyyo`dn|`jb nvdm`|gd|wvg jc DVH1

  Jygvn|`jbno ( nw|jhn|`jb |j |mg fnt`d fwt`bgtt yvjdgttgt -hnveg|`bk/ tnogt/ tgvs`dg)

  Nbnop|`dno ( twyyjv| |j nbnopqg dwt|jhgv fgmns`jv/ `hyoghgb|t fwt`bgtt `b|goo`kgbdg

no`eg |gdmbjojkp

  Djoonfjvn|`sg ( gbtwvgt |mg djb|nd| {`|m dwt|jhgvt -ymjbg/ ghn`o/ cn}/ {gf/ tht/ yjt|/

`b ygvtjb)

 6";"> Jygvn|`jbno DVH 

Jygvn|`jbno DVH hgnbt twyyjv|`bk |mg &cvjb| jcc`dg& fwt`bgtt yvjdgttgt/ {m`dm `bdowlg

dwt|jhgv djb|nd| -tnogt/ hnveg|`bk nbl tgvs`dg)" Jygvn|`jbno DVH yvjs`lgt |mg cjooj{`bk

fgbgc`|t1

  Lgo`sgvt ygvtjbno`qgl nbl gcc`d`gb| hnveg|`bk/ tnogt/ nbl tgvs`dg |mvjwkm hwo|`(

dmnbbgo djoonfjvn|`jb"

  Gbnfogt n 439(lgkvgg s`g{ jc pjwv dwt|jhgv {m`og pjw nvg `b|gvnd|`bk {`|m |mgh"

  Tnogt ygjyog nbl tgvs`dg gbk`bggvt dnb nddgtt djhyog|g m`t|jvp jc noo dwt|jhgv

`b|gvnd|`jb {`|m pjwv djhynbp/ vgknvlogtt jc |mg |jwdm yj`b|"

\mg jygvn|`jbno ynv| jc DVH |py`dnoop `bsjosgt |mvgg kgbgvno nvgnt jc fwt`bgtt1

4  Tnogt cjvdg nw|jhn|`jb -TCN)( TCN |jjot nvg lgt`kbgl |j `hyvjsg c`gol tnogt

yvjlwd|`s`|p" Egp `bcvnt|vwd|wvg vg~w`vghgb|t jc TCN nvg hjf`og tpbdmvjb`qn|`jb nbl

`b|gkvn|gl yvjlwd| djbc`kwvn|`jb"

<  Dwt|jhgv tgvs`dg nbl twyyjv| -DTT) ( DTT nw|jhn|gt tjhg tgvs`dg vg~wgt|t/

djhyon`b|t/ yvjlwd| vg|wvbt/ nbl `bcjvhn|`jb vg~wgt|t"

7   Gb|gvyv`tg hnveg|`bk nw|jhn|`jb -GHN) ( GHN yvjs`lgt `bcjvhn|`jb nfjw| |mg

fwt`bgtt gbs`vjbhgb|/ `bdowl`bk djhyg|`|jvt/ `blwt|vp |vgblt/ nbl hndvj(gbs`vjbhgb|no

snv`nfogt 

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 6";"6 Nbnop|`dno DVH 

@b nbnop|`dno DVH/ ln|n kn|mgvgl {`|m`b jygvn|`jbno DVH nbl*jv j|mgv tjwvdgt nvg nbnopqgl

|j tgkhgb| dwt|jhgvt jv |j `lgb|`cp yj|gb|`no |j gbmnbdg do`gb| vgon|`jbtm`y" G}nhyogt jc 

Dnhyn`kbt l`vgd|gl |j{nvlt dwt|jhgvt nvg1

  Nd~w t`|`jb1 Dvjtt(tgoo/ wy(tgoo

  Vg|gb|`jb1 Vg|n`b`bk dwt|jhgvt {mj ognsg lwg |j hn|wv`|p jv n||v`|`jb"

  @bcjvhn|`jb1 Yvjs`l`bk |`hgop nbl vgkwonv `bcjvhn|`jb |j dwt|jhgvt"

  Hjl`c`dn|`jb1 No|gv`bk lg|n`ot jc |mg |vnbtnd|`jbno bn|wvg jc |mg dwt|jhgvt+

vgon|`jbtm`y"

Nbnopt`t jc Dwt|jhgv ln|n hnp vgon|g |j jbg jv hjvg jc |mg cjooj{`bk nbnoptgt1

Djb|nd| dmnbbgo jy|`h`qn|`jb/ Djb|nd| Jy|`h`qn|`jb/ Dwt|jhgv Nd~w`t`|`jb * Vgnd|`sn|`jb * 

Vg|gb|`jb/ Dwt|jhgv Tgkhgb|n|`jb/ Dwt|jhgv Tn|`tcnd|`jb Hgntwvghgb| * @bdvgntg/ Tnogt

Djsgvnkg Jy|`h`qn|`jb/ Cvnwl Lg|gd|`jb nbl nbnopt`t/ C`bnbd`no Cjvgdnt|t/ Yv`d`bk

Jy|`h`qn|`jb/ Yvjlwd| Lgsgojyhgb|/ Yvjkvnh Gsnown|`jb/ V`te Nttgtthgb| nbl Hnbnkghgb|

Ln|n djoogd|`jb nbl nbnopt`t `t s`g{gl nt n djb|`bw`bk nbl `|gvn|`sg yvjdgtt" \mgvgcjvg/ hjt|

twddgttcwo nbnop|`dno DVH yvjagd|t |neg nlsnb|nkg jc n ln|n {nvgmjwtg |j yvjs`lg tw`|nfog

ln|n"

 6";"4 Djoonfjvn|`sg DVH 

Djoonfjvn|`sg DVH cnd`o`|n|gt `b|gvnd|`jbt {`|m dwt|jhgvt |mvjwkm noo dmnbbgot -ygvtjbno/

og||gv/ cn}/ ymjbg/ {gf/ g(hn`o) nbl twyyjv|t dj(jvl`bn|`jb jc ghyojpgg |gnht nbl dmnbbgot"

@| `t n tjow|`jb |mn| fv`bkt ygjyog/ yvjdgttgt nbl ln|n |jkg|mgv tj djhynb`gt dnb fg||gv tgvsg

nbl vg|n`b |mg`v dwt|jhgvt" \mg ln|n*nd|`s`|`gt dnb fg t|vwd|wvgl/ wbt|vwd|wvgl/ djbsgvtn|`jbno

nbl*jv |vnbtnd|`jbno `b bn|wvg" Djoonfjvn|`sg DVH yvjs`lgt |mg cjooj{`bk fgbgc`|t1

  Gbnfogt gcc`d`gb| yvjlwd|`sg dwt|jhgv `b|gvnd|`jbt ndvjtt noo djhhwb`dn|`jbt

dmnbbgot

  Gbnfogt {gf djoonfjvn|`jb |j vglwdg dwt|jhgv tgvs`dg djt|t

  @b|gkvn|gt dnoo dgb|gvt gbnfo`bk hwo|`(dmnbbgo ygvtjbno dwt|jhgv `b|gvnd|`jb

  @b|gkvn|gt s`g{ jc |mg dwt|jhgv {m`og `b|gvnd|`jb n| |mg |vnbtnd|`jb ogsgo

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6"= \jjot Bgglgl cjv DVH

6"="> Dwt|jhgv ln|nfntgN kjjl dwt|jhgv `bcjvhn|`jb tpt|gh tmjwol djbt`t| jc n vgkwonv coj{ jc `bcjvhn|`jb/

tpt|ghn|`d djoogd|`jb jc `bcjvhn| jb |mn| `t yvjygvop gsnown|gl nbl djhynvgl nkn`bt| l`ccgvgb|

yj`b|t `b |`hg/ nbl `| mnt twcc`d`gb| lgy|m |j wblgvt|nbl |mg dwt|jhgv nbl nddwvn|gop nb|`d`yn|g

|mg`v fgmns`jvno yn||gvbt `b cw|wvg" \mg dwt|jhgv ln|nfntg mgoyt |mg djhynbp |j yonb/

`hyoghgb|/ nbl hjb`|jv dwt|jhgv djb|nd|" Dwt|jhgv vgon|`jbtm`yt nvg `bdvgnt`bkop twt|n`bgl

fp `bcjvhn|`jb tpt|ght" Djhynb`gt nvg `bdvgnt`bkop nll`bk ln|n cvjh n snv`g|p jc tjwvdgt |j

|mg`v ln|nfntgt" Dwt|jhgv ln|n t|vn|gkp tmjwol cjdwt jb yvjdgttgt |j hnbnkg dwt|jhgv

nd~w`t`|`jb/ vg|gb|`jb/ nbl lgsgojyhgb|"

6"="6Ln|n H`b`bk cjv DVH1 Tjhg Vgogsnb| `ttwgt

Ln|n h`b`bk `t nb `hyjv|nb| gbnfogv cjv DVH" Nlsnbdgt `b ln|n t|jvnkg nbl yvjdgtt`bk

|gdmbjojk`gt mnsg hnlg `| yjtt`fog |jlnp |j t|jvg sgvp onvkg nhjwb|t jc ln|n `b {mn| nvg

dnoogl ln|n {nvgmjwtgt nbl |mgb wtg ln|n h`b`bk |jjot |j g}|vnd| vgogsnb| `bcjvhn|`jb" Ln|n

h`b`bk mgoyt `b |mg yvjdgtt jc wblgvt|nbl`bk n dwt|jhgv fp yvjs`l`bk |mg bgdgttnvp

`bcjvhn|`jb nbl cnd`o`|n|gt `bcjvhgl lgd`t`jb(hne`bk"

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4"9 [mn| `t vg|n`o`bk:

Vg|n`o`bk `t |mg fwt`bgtt nd|`s`|p |mn| `bsjosgt tgoo`bk yvjlwd|t*tgvs`dgt |j dwt|jhgvt cjv |mg`v

bjb(djhhgvd`no/ `bl`s`lwno jv cnh`op wtg" Bjvhnoop/ vg|n`o`bk `t |mg c`bno t|nkg jc |mg

l`t|v`fw|`jb yvjdgtt"

DVH -Dwt|jhgv Vgon|`jbtm`y Hnbnkghgb|) `b vg|n`o`bk n`lt |j `bdvgntg gcc`d`gbdp/ tgvsgt |j

n`l |mg tnogt wb`| `b noo jc `|t gccjv|t/ hnbnkgt |j fjjt| tnogt/ nbl cwblnhgb|noop djb|v`fw|gt |j

|mg jsgvnoo lgsgojyhgb| jc |mg fwt`bgtt" @| notj hnbnkgt |j {jve |j{nvlt jvknb`qn|`jbno

kjnot" \m`t `t ndm`gsgl |mvjwkm n djbd`tg t|wlp jc yj|gb|`no dwt|jhgvt"

\mg`v yvgcgvgbdgt nvg |negb `b|j djbt`lgvn|`jb nbl wtgl |j djjvl`bn|g nbl `hyoghgb| n

dwt|jhgv dgb|v`d fwt`bgtt t|vn|gkp |mn| cjdwtgt yv`hnv`op jb |mg dwt|jhgv/ p`golt |j vgdjvl`bk

|mg `hyjv|nbdg jc m`t `lgnt nbl twkkgt|`jbt nbl vgtwo|t `b `bdvgntgl dwt|jhgv vg|gb|`jb"

4"> Bgdgtt`|p jc DVH `b vg|n`o`bk

Vg|n`ogv wtg DVH djbdgy| |j |mg cjooj{`bk vgntjbt |mn| @ hn`bop cjwbl cvjh hp

jftgvsn|`jb1(

  \j ebj{ |mg`v dwt|jhgvt” bgglt nbl {nb|t `b dwt|jh`qgl {np"-Tmjyeggygvt yw| `b

h`bl {mn| |mg v ojpno dwt|jhgv tgge cvjh |mgh nbl {mn| nvg |mg |nt|gt nbl

yvgcgvgbdgt jc n ynv|`dwonv dwt|jhgv)

  \j lgo`sgv |mg lgt`vgl yvjlwd|t ~w`deop `b |mg mnblt jc |mg`v dwt|jhgv-dnoo |mg

dwt|jhgv {mgb n lgt`vgl yvjlwd| vgndmgl `b tmjy jv tjhg|`hgt tgbl `| |j dwt|jhgvt)

  @ notj cjwbl {mgb nbp bg{ yvjlwd|t jv lgt`kb djhg `b tmjy vg|n`ogvt `bcjvh `| |j

tygd`c`d dwt|jhgv/ tjhg|`hgt |mgp `bcjvh dwt|jhgv nfjw| `c nbp yvjlwd|t yv`dg cnoot

jv nbp l`tdjwb| t nsn`onfog -cjv yvjhj|`jbno nd|`s`|`gt)

  Fp nyyop`bk DVH djbdgy| n vg|n`ogv dnb ebj{ {mj hjt| yvjc`|nfog dwt|jhgv nbl {mj`t ogtt yvjc`|nfog nbl |mwt dnb hn`b|n`b vgon|`jb {`|m |mjtg {mj yvjs`lgt fgt| snowg"

  Fp djb|`bwjwtop hn`b|n`b`bk djhhwb`dn|`jb {`|m dwt|jhgv vg|n`ogv dnb ebj{ |mg`v

dmnbk`bk lghnblt nbl dnb fv`bk |mg `bbjsn|`sg yvjlwd|t"

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4"6 Mj{ vg|n`ogv fgbgc`|gl fp DVH

@c n vg|n`ogv fgdjhgt nfog |j hn`b|n`b t|vjbk vgon|`jbtm`y {`|m dwt|jhgv |mgb `| kgbgvn|g n

bwhfgvt jc fgbgc`| cjv |mgh {m`dm `bdowlgt1(

  Vg|n`ogv dnb kgbgvn|g hn}`hwh tnogt fp vgyg|`|`sg ywvdmntg jc ojpno dwt|jhgv"

  Fp wb`~wgop lgo`sgv`bk |mg lgt`vgl yvjlwd|t |mgp dnb fgt| hgg| |mg bgglt nbl

vg~w vghgb|t jc |mg`v dwt|jhgv"

  Kvgn|gv tnogt gbtwvg hn}`hwh yvjc`| ogsgo"

  [mgbgsgv ojpno dwt|jhgv cvg~wgb|op s`t`| |mg t|jvg |mn| |`hg vg|n`ogv dnb `bc`vh |mgh

nfjw| j|mgv nll`|`jbno yvjlwd|t nbl tgoo `| -dvjtt(tgoo`bk)"

  Fp nyyop`bk DVH djbdgy| vg|n`ogv dnb gbtwvg dwt|jhgv tn|`tcnd|`jb {m`dm |mgb ognlt

|j yjt`|`sg {jvl jc hjw|m djhhwb`dn|`jb nbl |mwt vg|n`ogv vgyw|n|`jb nbl bg{

dwt|jhgv fntg `bdvgntg"

  Fp wt`bk DVH djbdgy| vg|n`ogv dnb yvj|gd| dwt|jhgv `b djhyg|`|`jb- ojpno dwt|jhgv

t|np dojtg |j vg|n`ogv gsgb `c |mgp ljb”| kg| nyyvjyv`n|g yvjlwd|t jv tgvs`dg fgdnwtg jc 

vgon|`jb)

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4"4 \jy tn|`tcnd|`jb lv`sgvt cjv fw`ol`bk t|vjbk vgon|`jbtm`yt `b Vg|n`o`bk 

@b jvlgv |j tn|`tcp n dwt|jhgv nbl vg|n`b |mgh ojbkgv |`hg n vg|n`ogv hwt| bggl |j ebj{ {mn|

dwt|jhgv nvg tgge`bk cvjh vg|n`ogv" [mn| lv`sgt cjv |mg`v tn|`tcnd|`jb: @ nbnopqgl cjooj{`bk

cnd|jvt |mn| n dwt|jhgv no{npt ghymnt`qg1(

… Ygvtjb(|j(ygvtjb g}ygv`gbdg  “  |mg t|jvg mnt mgoycwo/ cv`gblop/ ebj{oglkgnfog ghyojpggt

{mj nb|`d`yn|g dwt|jhgv bgglt nbl g}dggl dwt|jhgv g}ygd|n|`jbt"

… T|jvg g}ygv`gbdg  “ |mg t|jvg `t dognbgl/ {goo(lgt`kbgl/ jvknb`qgl/ nlg~wn|gop t|jdegl {`|m

~wno`|p hgvdmnbl`tg nbl yvjs`lgt &cwb& g}ygv`gbdgt"

… Yv`dg nbl snowg  “ |mg yv`dg |mn| dwt|jhgvt ynp cjv kjjlt `t hn|dmgl fp |mg ygvdg`sgl snowg

|mn| |mgp vgdg`sg cjv hne`bk |mg ywvdmntg"

… Hnveg|`bk nbl djhhwb`dn|`jbt  “ |mg t|jvg+t yvjhj|`jbt nvg {goo(djhhwb`dn|gl/ gntp |j

vglggh nbl snownfog |j dwt|jhgvt"

… Ln|n b|gkvn|`jb nbl nbnop|`dt  “ |mg t|jvg yvjs lgt |mg tnhg yvjlwd| tgogd|`jb nbl yvjlwd|@bcjvhn|`jb ndvjtt noo tnogt dmnbbgot/ nbl wtgt `bcjvhn|`jb cvjh n djbtwhgv+t ynt|

ywvdmntgt |j yvjs`lg fg||gv tgvs`dg"

\j fw`ol gblwv`bk dwt|jhgv vgon|`jbtm`yt/ vg|n`ogvt notj bggl |j yvjs`lg tmjyy`bk g}ygv`gbdgt

|mn| nvg djbt`t|gb| {`|m djbtwhgv lgt`vgt nbl g}ygd|n|`jbt" \m`bkt |mn| nvg bgglgl |j gbtwvg

tmjyy`bk g}ygv`gbdg nvg1(

… Gntg(jc(wtg  “ Tmjyy`bk `t mnttog(cvgg5 |mg vg|n`ogv hnegt |mg dwt|jhgv cggo {godjhg5 |mg

vg|n`ogv hgg|t noo dwt|jhgv g}ygd|n|`jbt"

… T|vjbk nttjd`n|`jb  “ Vg|n`ogv `t |jy(jc(h`bl5 |mg dwt|jhgv cggot kjjl vgdjhhgbl`bk |mg

vg|n`ogv |j cnh`op nbl cv`gblt5 |mg dwt|jhgv cggot |mn| |mg vg|n`ogv yvjs`lgt |mg fgt| snowg

djhynvgl |j djhyg|`|jvt"

… Tgoc(gt|ggh  “ Tmjyy`bk k`sgt |mg dwt|jhgv n tgbtg jc cnh`o`nv`|p5 |mg dwt|jhgv fgo`gsgt

tmjyy`bk vgcogd|t |mg`v kjjl awlkhgb|5 tmjyy`bk hnegt |mg dwt|jhgv cggo o`eg |mgp &c`| `b"&

… Yv`dg vgon|`jbtm`y  “ \mg dwt|jhgv gbajpt |ne`bk nlsnb|nkg jc tygd`no jccgvt nbl oj{ yv`dgt"

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4"< Yvjdgtt jc DVH `b vg|n`o`bk

DVH `t nb `|gvn|`sg yvjdgtt |mn| |wvbt dwt|jhgv ln|n `b|j dwt|jhgv ojpno|p |mvjwkm l`ccgvgb|

|pygt jc nd|`s`|`gt" Ogsp nbl [g`|q lgtdv`fgl DVH `b vg|n`o`bk |mvjwkm n tpt|ghn|`d yvjdgtt(

@ nbnopqgl |mg vg|n`o hnveg| nbl DVH `b vg|n`o`bk -doj|m`bk fwt`bgtt)"\m t vgyjv| t lgtdv fgl

jb |mg fnt`t jc |m`t hjlgo" @ |v`gl |j lgtdv`fg |mg nyyo`gl DVH `b vg|n`o`bk fwt`bgtt"

\mg yvjdgtt jc DVH `b vg|n`o`bk `t |mwt lgtdv`fgl fgoj{ tg~wgb|`noop(

4"7 Djoogd|`bk dwt|jhgv ln|n

\mg c`vt| t|gy jc DVH t djbt|vwd|`bk n dwt|jhgv ln|nfntg" \m t ln|nfntg `t vgcgvvgl |j nt n

dwt|jhgv ln|n {nvgmjwtg/ djb|n`bt noo |mg `bcjvhn|`jb |mg c`vh mnt djoogd|gl nfjw| `|t

dwt|jhgvt nbl `t |mg cjwbln|`jb cjv twftg~wgb| DVH nd|`s`|`gt"

4"7"> Dwt|jhgv Ln|nfntg

@lgnoop |mg ln|nfntg djb|n`bt |mg cjooj{`bk `bcjvhn|`jb1

 M t|jv`gt jc ywvdmntgt(vg|n`ogv eggy |mg `bcjvhn|`jb jc |mg ywvdmntgt hnlg fp ynv|`dwonv

dwt|jhgv" \m`t `bcjvhn|`jb mgoyt vg|n`ogv |j ebj{ nfjw| dwt|jhgv"

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Dwt|jhgv djb|nd|(@ cjwbl |mn| nohjt| gsgvp vg|n`ogv eggy |mg `bcjvhn|`jb jc dwt|jhgv `b jvlgv

|j hneg cw|wvg djhhwb`dn|`jb" Wtwnoop vg|n`ogvt tgge dwt|jhgv nllvgtt nbl ymjbg bwhfgvt"

Dwt|jhgv yvgcgvgbdgt(vg|n`ogv eggyt `bcjvhn|`jb jc dwt|jhgv yvgcgvgbdgt nbl dmj`dgt" Cvjh

hp t|wlp @ cjwbl |mn| vg|n`ogv eggy gbjwkm `bcjvhn|`jb nfjw| dwt|jhgv tgogd|`jb jc doj|mt/

|mg vgk`jbno yvgcgvgbdgt jc d oj|mt/ `bcjvhn|`jb jc dwt|jhgv yvgcgvgbdgt jc ~wno`|p nbl lgt`kb"

Fntgl jb |mgtg yvgcgvgbdgt vg|n`ogvt jc|gb djb|nd| {`|m dwt|jhgv {mgbgsgv n bg{ lgt`kb jv

dmnbk`bk yn||gvb djhgt `b hnveg|"

4"7"6 Nyyvjndmgt cjv djoogd|`bk `bcjvhn|`jb

 Nte`bk cjv `bcjvhn|`jb(@b kgbgvno @ tn{ vg|n`ogv nte dwt|jhgv |j yvjs`lg |mg`v nllvgtt nbl

djb|nd| bwhfgv {mgbgsgv |mgp hneg ywvdmntg"

Wt`bk cvg~wgb| tmjyygv dnvl nbl dvgl`| dnvl `bcjvhn|`jb(\m`t `t jc|gb wtgl fp fvnblgl vg|n`o

dmn`b t|jvg |j djoogd| `bcjvhn|`jb {mgbgsgv n dwt|jhgv gbvjoo `b n ojpno|p yvjkvnh fp k`s`bk

lgtdv`y|`sg `bcjvhn|`jb nfjw| m`h jv vg|n`ogv djoogd| `bcjvhn|`jb cvjh dvgl`| dnvl |vnbtnd|`jb

wtgl fp dwt|jhgv" \mjwkm @ mnsg bj| cjwbl nbp vg|n`ogvt wtg |mgtg |pygt jc djoogd|`bk

`bcjvhn|`jb `b hp |gvv`|jvp"

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4"3 Nbnopq`bk dwt|jhgv ln|n nbl @lgb|`cp`bk |nvkg| dwt|jhgvt

\m`t `t tgdjbl t|gy jc DVH yvjdgtt `b vg|n`o`bk" Fp nbnopq`bk dwt|jhgv ln|nfntg nbl wt`bk

|mg `bcjvhn|`jb vg|n`ogvt lgsgojy yvjkvnht cjv fw`ol`bk dwt|jhgv ojpno|p"

Cjooj{`bk nvg |mg |gdmb`~wgt vg|n`ogv wtg |j nbnopqg dwt|jhgv(

4"3"> Ln|n h`b`bk

Ln|n h`b`bk `t |mg |gdmb`~wg |mn| vg|n`ogv wtg |j wblgvt|nbl |mg`v dwt|jhgv fwp`bk yn||gvb nbl

mgoyt |mgh cjv lgd`t`jb hne`bk"

@ cjwbl hnbp vg|n`ogvt wtg |mg`v onvkg ln|n {nvgmjwtg |j yw| gbjwkm `bcjvhn|`jb nfjw|

dwt|jhgv |mgb wtg ln|n h`b`bk |gdmb`~wg |j g}|vnd| |mg vgogsnb| `bcjvhn|`jb {m`dm `t snownfog

|j tgvsg tygd`c d dwt|jhgv"

4"3"6 Hnveg| fnteg| nbnopt`t

Hnveg| fnteg| nbnopt`t `t n tygd`c`d |pyg jc ln|n nbnopt`t |mn| cjdwtgt jb djhyjt`|`jb jc 

fnteg| jv yvjlwd|t ywvdmntgl fp n dwt|jhgv lwv`bk n tmjyy`bk jddnt`jb"

@ jftgvsgl |mn| noo vg|n`ogv cjooj{ {mn| `|gh dwt|jhgv wtwnoop fwp `b n tmjyy`bk nbl |mgp lj

tj |j nvvnbkg |mg`v hgvdmnbl`qg `b n {np tj |mn| dwt|jhgv c`bl |mg`v lgt`vgl yvjlwd|t {mgb

|mgp bg}| |`hg djhg `b ywvdmntg"

4"3"4 @lgb|`cp`bk hnveg| tgkhgb|t

Dwt|jhgv ln|n nbnopt`t t notj gttgb| no cjv hnveg| tgkhgb|`bk" @ jftgvsgl |mn| vg|n`ogv jb |mg

fnt t jc ln|n h`b`bk nbl fnteg| nbnopt`t hnegt n ygvdgy|`jb nfjw| dwt|jhgv ywvdmntg" @| |mgb

mgoyt vg|n`ogv |j nljy| tygd`c`d yjo`dp cjv tn|`tcp`bk kvjwy jc dwt|jhgv bgglt {mj ywvdmntg

t`h`onv hgvdmnbl`qg

4"3"< @lgb|`cp`bk fgt| Dwt|jhgvt

Wt`bk `bcjvhn|`jb `b |mg dwt|jhgv ln|nfntg vg|n`ogvt dnb lgsgojy n tdjvg jv bwhfgvt

`bl`dn|`bk mj{ snownfog |mgp nvg |j |mgh" Fgt| dwt|jhgvt nvg lg|gvh`bgl fp(

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 4"3"<"> O`cg|`hg snowg

O`cg|`hg snowg `t |mg g}ygd|gl djb|v`fw|`jb cvjh |mg dwt|jhgv |j |mg vg|n`ogv”t yvjc`|t jsgv m`t

jv mgv gb|`vg vgon|`jbtm`y {`|m vg|n`ogv"

Hjt| jc |mg vg|n`ogv vgtyjblgl |j hg |mn| |mgp gt|`hn|g o`cg|`hg snowg fp nbnopq`bk dwt|jhgv

ynt| ywvdmntg/ kvjtt hnvk`b cvjh |mgtg ywvdmntgt nbl djt|t |mgp tygbl |j kg| |m`t dwt|jhgv"

Djt|t `bdowlg |mg`v nlsgv|`t`bk nbl yvjhj|`jbno gccjv|t |j nd~w`vg dwt|jhgv"

Fp nbnopq`bk O\S vg|n`ogv fgo`gsgt |mn| n dwt|jhgv {mj hneg |mg ywvdmntg yn||gvb `b ynt|

{`oo djb|`bwg tnhg yn||gvb `b cw|wvg"

 4"3"<"6 Dwt|jhgv ypvnh`l 

N djhhjbop wtgl tgkhgb|n|`jb jc dwt|jhgv `t wt`bk ypvnh`l nyyvjndm" [m`dm `t tmj{b

fgoj{1(

\m`t tdmghg nooj{t vg|n`ogvt |j lgsgojy hjvg nyyvjyv`n|g t|vn|gk`gt cjv gndm kvjwy jc |mg

tgkhgb|t"

Yon|`bwh tgkhgb|t(@ ntegl vg|n`ogvt nfjw| |mg`v yon|`bwh dwt|jhgvt" \mgp vgtyjblgl |mgp

vgknvl yon|`bwh dwt|jhgv |mjtg {mj hneg |mg`v hjt| ywvdmntg nbl o`nfog cjv kvgn|gv yvjc`|"

\mgp |vgn| |mgtg dwt|jhgvt {`|m hwdm dnvg nbl g}dowt`sg tgvs`dg" Yon|`bwh dwt|jhgv notj

fgdjhg ojpno |j dwt|jhgv nbl fgdjhg ogtt yv`dg tgbt`|`sg fgdnwtg jc kjjl vgon|`jb" Vg|n`ogv

jc|gb vgcgvt |mg`v ‗egp dwt|jhgv nt Yon|`bwh– 

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Kjol(\mgp nvg bj| nt ojpno nt yon|`bwh" \mjwkm |mgp hneg t`kb`c`dnb| ywvdmntg cvjh vg|n`ogv

fw| |mgp nvg yv`dg tgbt`|`sg nbl tj |mgp s`t`|t hnbp t|jvg" @ jftgvsgl |m`t |pyg jc dwt|jhgv

{mj nd|wnoop dnb”| cwoop vgop jb n ynv|`dwonv vg|n`ogv vn|mgv |mgp tgge cjv tw`|nfog jccgv`bkt

cvjh djhyg|`|jvt" Tjhg jc |mgh l`vgd|op fonhg dojtg vg|n`ogvt `c |mgp kg| cg{gv yv`dgt |j

j|mgv"

 @vjb(\mgp mnsg hjlgt| O\S |j vg|n`ogv tj hwdm n||gb|`jb `t bj| k`sgb |j |m`t dn|gkjvp" @ tgg

vg|n`ogv yvjs`lg snowg `c ywvdmntg `t hnlg nbl |vp |j hj|`sn|g cjv vgywvdmntg"

 Ognl(\mgp nvg `vv`|n|`bk dwt|jhgvt {mj nd|wnoop lj bj| ywvdmntg fw| kj tmjy |j tmj{

hgvdmnbl`qg" @ tn{ hnbp dwt|jhgvt jc |m`t dn|gkjvp `b hp doj|m`bk fwt`bgtt"

 4"3"<"4 VCH -Vgdgbdp/ Cvg~wgbdp/ Hjbg|nvp) Nbnopt`t

Vgdgbdp vgcgvt mj{ vgdgb| n ywvdmntg `t hnlg" Cvg~wgbdp hgnbt mj{ cvg~wgb| dwt|jhgv

ywvdmntgt nbl hjbg|nvp vgcgvt mj{ hwdm |mgp mnsg fjwkm|"

@ jftgvsgl cvjh hp vgtgnvdm vg|n`ogv k`sg yv`jv`|p |j |mjtg dwt|jhgvt {mj hneg cvg~wgb|

ywvdmntg jv ywvdmntg `b kvgn|gv sjowhg |mnb |mjtg {mj djhgt tgntjbnoop nbl ogtt cvg~wgb|op"

Vg|n`ogvt notj {g`km| snowg fntgl jb |mgtg dv`|gv`n"

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4"; Lgsgojy`bk DVH yvjkvnht

@b |m`t tgd|`jb @ {jwol o`eg |j lgtdv`fg |mg t|vn|gk`gt jv yvjkvnht vg|n`ogvt wtg |j hn`b|n`b

DVH `b vg|n`o`bk"

4";"> Vg|n`b bk |mg fgt| dwt|jhgv -dwt|jhgv vg|gb|`jb)  

Cjooj{`bk nvg |mg t|vn|gk`gt |mn| @ cjwbl vg|n`ogv wtg |j vg|n`b |mg`v fgt| dwt|jhgv1(

Yvjs`l`bk `bdgb|`sgt jv l`tdjwb|t(hjt| jc |mg vg|n`ogv @ cjwbl jccgv l`tdjwb|gl yv`dg jv

`bdgb|`sgt |j |mg`v ojpno dwt|jhgv" Lwv`bk hp jftgvsn|`jb @ tn{ hnbp dwt|jhgvt djhg cvjh

ojbk l`t|nbdg |j kg| `bdgb|`sgt jb |mg`v ywvdmntgt"

Tygd`no dwt|jhgv tgvs`dg(Vg|n`ogvt yvjs`lg wbwtwno m`km ~wno`|p tgvs`dg |j vg|n`b |mg`v fgt|

dwt|jhgvt" @ tn{ vg|n`ogvt jccgv lv`bet/ |gn jv cjjlt |j kvgg| |mg`v ojpno dwt|jhgvt" J|mgv

tgvs`dg `bdowlgt ~w`de djhyon`b tjos`bk/ eggy jv vgyond`bk vg|wvbgl `|gh/ ntt`kb`bk tygd`no

tnogtygvtjb |j tgvsg ojpno dwt|jhgv g|d"

Ygvtjbno`qn|`jb(Fp wt`bk `bcjvhn|`jb djoogd|gl nfjw| dwt|jhgv vg|n`ogvt bj{ dnb hgg| |mg

dwt|jhgv bgglt wb`~wgop nbl `b dwt|jh`qgl {np" @ tn{ hjt| jc vg|n`ogv eggy tjhg `|ght cjv

jbop ojpno dwt|jhgv" Tjhg|`hgt vg|n`ogv eggyt jvlgv {`|m lgt`vgl vg~w`vghgb|t nbl |mgb

tgvsgt |mjtg yvjlwd|t |j tn|`tcp |mg`v wb`~wg bgglt" @b doj|m`bk fwt`bgtt |m`t t|vn|gkp m`kmopnyyo`gl"

 @bcjvhno djhhwb`dn|`jbt(@ tggb |m`t yjo`dp m`kmop nyyo`gl fp doj|m`bk vg|n`ogv" \mgp jc|gb

|noe `bcjvhnoop {`|m ojpno dwt|jhgvt nbl eggy vgon|`jbtm`yt no`sg"

4";"6 Djbsgv|`bk kjjl dwt|jhgvt `b|j fgt| dwt|jhgvt

@ yvgs`jwtop m`kmo`km|gl nfjw| dwt|jhgv ypvnh`l "Fp |m`t t|vn|gkp vg|n`ogvt |vp |j djbsgv|

kjjl nbl `vjb `b|j yon|`bwh" Vg|n`ogv cjooj{t |{j nyyvjndmgt |j lj |m`t(

Dvjtt tgoo`bk —  tgoo bk n djhyoghgb|nvp yvjlwd| `b n tygd`c`d |vnbtnd| jb" @ tn{ tjhg vg|n`ogvt

wvkgt cjv ywvdmnt`bk n |`g {mgb n dwt|jhgv fwp n tm`v|" Tjhg j|mgv ywvtwgt |j tgoo ygvcwhgt

nbl nyynvgot {`|m |mg hn`b yvjlwd|t"

 Nll(jb tgoo`bk(Fp |m`t nyyvjndm n vg|n`ogv |vp |j tgoo nll`|`jbno yvjlwd|t {`|m hn`b yvjlwd|t"

Hnbp vg|n`ogv @ tggb |vp |j ywvtwg dwt|jhgv |j tgoo bg{ yvjlwd|t nbl on|gt| jccgv`bk jv

nvvnbkghgb|t {`|m |mg |vnl`|`jbno yvjlwd|t"

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4";"4 Lgno`bk {`|m wbyvjc |nfog dwt|jhgv

Noo dwt|jhgvt nvg bj| g~wnoop yvjc`|nfog" Tjhg dwt|jhgvt no{npt dvgn|g yvjfogh" \mg vg|wvb

jc tjol yvjlwd|/ djhyon`b`bk wbbgdgttnv`op/ lghnblt cjv hjt| djt|op nd|`s`|`gt nvg yvjfogh

dvgn|gl fp twdm dwt|jhgvt" @ ntegl vg|n`ogv mj{ |mgp hnbnkg |mgtg wbyvjc`|nfog dwt|jhgvt/|mgp vgyo`gl1(

  [g jccgv ogtt tgvs`dgt nbl gccjv|t |j hgg| |mg bgglt jc |mgtg dwt|jhgvt"

  Tgge yv dg cjv djt|op tgvs`dgt nbl lj bj| yvjs`lg l`tdjwb|gl yv`dg jv yvjhj|`jbt nt |j

lglwd| |mgh"

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4"= @hyoghgb|`bk DVH yvjdgtt `b vg|n`o`bk

\mg `hyoghgb|n|`jb jc n dwt|jhgv vgon|`jbtm`y hnbnkghgb| -DVH) tjow|`jb `t fgt| |vgn|gl nt

n t`}(t|nkg yvjdgtt/ hjs`bk cvjh djoogd|`bk `bcjvhn|`jb nfjw| pjwv dwt|jhgvt nbl yvjdgtt`bk

`| |j wt`bk |mn| `bcjvhn|`jb |j `hyvjsg hnveg|`bk nbl |mg dwt|jhgv g}ygv`gbdg" @ mgvg {jwol

o`eg |j lgtdv`fg mj{ vg|n`ogvt -`b doj|m`bk fwt`bgtt) nd|wnoop kj |mvjwkm |mgtg t|gyt {mgb |mgp

`hyoghgb| DVH `b |mg`v fwt`bgtt1

  T|nkg jbg ( Djoogd|`bk `bcjvhn|`jb

Nt @ l`tdwttgl gnvo`gv |mn| gsgvp vg|n`ogvt bggl |j mnsg n dwt|jhgv ln|nfntg {mgvg |mgp eggy

bgdgttnvp `bcjvhn|`jb nfjw| dwt|jhgv" @ tn{ vg|n`ogv hn`bop wtg |mgtg `bcjvhn|`jb |j

dn|gkjv`qg nbl tgkhgb| |mg dwt|jhgv {`|m l`ccgvgb| bgglt nbl vg~w`vghgb|t"

  T|nkg |{j ( T|jv`bk `bcjvhn|`jb

Jbop djoogd|`bk `bcjvhn|`jb `t bj| gbjwkm |j `hyoghgb| DVH" Cvjh hp t|wlp @ tn{ vg|n`ogv

eggy |mg dwt|jhgv `bcjvhn|`jb cjv ojbkgv |`hg `b jvlgv |j djhhwb`dn|g `b cw|wvg" [mgbgsgv

nbp nllvgtt jv djb|nd| bwhfgv `t dmnbkgl `| vg~w`vgt |j wyln|g yvjhy|op"

  T|nkg |mvgg ( Nddgtt bk bcjvhn|`jb

Nddgtt`bk `bcjvhn|`jb hgnbt wt`bk `bcjvhn|`jb |j hneg djbbgd|`jb" Hjt| jc |mg vg|n`ogv dnoo

|j |mg`v dwt|jhgv nbl yvjs`lg `bcjvhn|`jb nfjw| |mg`v yvjlwd|t gsgb `| `t bj| ntegl fp

dwt|jhgv"

  T|nkg cjwv ( Nbnopq bk dwt|jhgv fgmns`jv 

Noo dwt|jhgvt bj| tgge tnhg tgvs`dg" @ jftgvsgl dwt|jhgv bgglt nbl vg~w`vghgb|t nvg

l`ccgvgb| nbl |mg vgntjbt cjv dmjjt`bk vg|n`ogv notj l`ccgv ndvjtt |mg`v ygvdgy|`jb" Vg|n`ogvt

nd|wnoop nbnopqg |mgtg l`sgvtg dwt|jhgvt fp wt`bk ln|n h`b`bk jv fp lgno`bk ojbkgv |`hg"

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  T|nkg c`sg ( Hnveg|`bk hjvg gccgd|`sgop

Hnveg|`bk gccgd|`sgop |j `bcjvh nbl ywvtwg dwt|jhgv `t nbj|mgv t|gy jc vg|n`ogv |j hnbnkg

dwt|jhgvt” vgon|`jbtm`y/ @ jftgvsgl vg|n`ogv djb|`bwjwtop `bcjvh |mg`v ojpno dwt|jhgv fntg

{mgbgsgv nbp bg{ |vgblt djhgt jv `c |mgp jccgv nbp yvjhj|`jbno yndenkg"

  T|nkg t`} ( Gbmnbd`bk |mg dwt|jhgv g}ygv`gbdg

Gbmnbd`bk dwt|jhgv g}ygv`gbdg `t vg~w`vgl |j hnbnkg dwt|jhgv yvjfoght ~w`deop" Hjt| jc 

g}ygv`gbdgl vg|n`ogv @ tggb mns`bk |mg nf`o`|p |j wblgvt|nbl dwt|jhgv |mvjwkm n t`bkog ojje"

\mgtg vg|n`ogvt dnb gnt`op mnblog {mgb nbp djhyon`b nv`tgt"

 4"="> Dv`|`dno Twddgtt Cnd|jvt cjv @hyoghgb|n|`jb jc DVH `b vg|n`o`bk

Dv`|`dno twddgtt cnd|jvt nvg |mjtg goghgb|t {m`dm vgtyjbt`fog cjv twddgttcwoop `hyoghgb|`bk

|mg DVH `b vg|n`o`bk" \mg egp DTC cjv DVH `b vg|n`o`bk nvg1

  Djoonfjvn|`sg gccjv|t(N twddgttcwo DVH vg~w`vgt dojtg djjvl`bn|`jb cvjh noo

lgynv|hgb|t" N vg|n`ogv bgglt |j hnbnkg noo |mg ghyojpggt twdm nt tnogt |gnh/ hgl`n/ nbl

c`bnbdg nw|mjv`|p djjvl`bn|`jb"

  Twcc`d`gb| Vgtjwvdgt

@b twddgttcwo vg|n`o`bk n vg|n`ogv hwt| mnsg dogsgv nbl g}ygv`gbdgl ygvtjbbgo/ kjjl

ympt`dno gs lgbdg/ nbl twcc d`gb| t|jde" @ tn{ dwt|jhgv t{`|dm |j j|mgv vg|n`ogv `c |mg tmjy

mnsg onde jc lgdjvn|`jb/ `btwcc`d`gb| `bsgb|jvp jv cg{gv nttjv|hgb|t

  Dognvop Lgc`bgl Jfagd|`sg

\mgvg hwt| fg n yvjh`tg |j gbtwvg DVH" Vg|n`ogv jc|gb tg| tygd`c`d jfagd|`sgt nbl |mgb

nd| |j ndm`gsg |mgtg jfagd|`sgt"

   Hnbnk bk Dmnbkg

Yvjlwd|t jc vg|n`ogvt dmnbkg |`hg |j |`hg" Gtygd`noop `b doj|m`bk fwt`bgtt @ tn{ dmnbk`bk

jc lgt`kb nbl yv`dg nvg `b n lvnhn|`d {np" Tj vg|n`ogvt hwt| bggl |j djyg {`|m |mgtg

dmnbkgt |j tgvs`dg dwt|jhgv fg||gv"  

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 4"="6 Vgntjbt cjv DVH @hyoghgb|n|`jb Cn`owvg `b vg|n`o`bk

Nb wblgvt|nbl`bk jc |mg dmnoogbkgt nbl dv`|`dno twddgtt cnd|jvt `t ynvnhjwb| |j DVH twddgtt"

\mg hn`b vgntjb cjv DVH cn`owvgt `b vg|n`o`bk `bdowlgt1

  Dwt|jhgv cjdwt

Hnbp vg|n`ogvt mnsg ondg jc dwt|jhgv cjdwt" Vn|mgv |mnb ghymnt`q`bk jb dwt|jhgv @ cjwbl

hnbp jc vg|n`ogvt awt| vgop jb tgoo`bk yvjlwd|t nbl kgbgvn|`bk yvjc`|t"

  [gne Hnbnkghgb|  

@b vg|n`o`bk hjt| jc tmjyygv mnsg onde jc |vn`b`bk jb DVH/ onde jc DVH wblgvt|nbl`bk/onde jc djhhwb`dn|`jbt nbl dmnbk`bk fwt`bgtt |vgblt nbnopt`t"

  DVH Yvjagd| Hnbnkghgb| 

\mgvg `t h`tno`kbhgb| fg|{ggb DVH yvjagd| nbl fwt`bgtt vg~w`vghgb|t/ {`|m wbvgno`t|`d

kjnot/ |`hgo`bgt/ djwyogl {`|m n onde jc yonbb`bk nbl `btwcc`d`gb| vgyjv|`bk nbl djb|vjo"

  \gnh Hghfgvt

\mgvg `t onde jc twyyjv|/ `bdgb|`sgt/ nbl onde jc |gdmb`dno ebj{oglkg nhjbk tnogtygvtjb

|j tn|`tcp dwt|jhgv bgglt"

   Ln|n # [nvgmjwtg Vg~w`vghgb|t

Hjt| jc vg|n`ogvt mnsg yjjv ~wno`|p ln|n/ `bdjbt`t|gb| ln|n {nvgmjwt`bk tpt|gh nbl

onde`bk jc wyln|`bk ln|n |`hgop"

DVH `b vg|n`o `t cn`o`bk fgdnwtg |mg djvvgd| dnynf`o`|`gt nvg bj| fg`bk fw`o| n| |mg gb|gvyv`tg

ogsgo" \mg vg~w`t`|g dmnbkgt `b vg|n`ogv dwo|wvg/ fgmns`jv nbl n||`|wlg nvg bj| fg`bk

`hyoghgb|gl yvjygvop |j gbtwvg DVH `b vg|n`o`bk"

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4"="4 Twkkgt|`jbt cjv twddgttcwo DVH `hyoghgb|n|`jb b Vg|n`o`bk

  \mgvg tmjwol fg hjvg nbl hjvg ghymnt`t k`sgb fp |mg vg|n`ogv cjv tn|`tcp`bk |mg

dwt|jhgv wy |j n nyg} o`h`| nbl fp yvjs`l`bk |mg w|`o`|p jc gsgvp ygbbp jc hjbgp n

dwt|jhgv tygbl |j fwp `|"

  \mgvg tmjwol fg hjvg wtg jc `bcjvhn|`jb |gdmbjojkp |j djoogd| `bcjvhn|`jb |`hgop"

  \mg vg|n`ogv tmjwol fg cog}`fog |j fgbl `|t vwogt nbl yvjdglwvgt `b |mg dwt|jhgvt cnsjv"

@c nbp dwt|jhgv `b|gb|`jb `t nttwhgl cjv bj| fwp`bk |mnb hnbnkg m`h djvl`noop vn|mgv

tmj{`bk bgko`kgbdg"

  \mg vg|n`ogv bgglt |j cjdwt jb `bcjvhno vgon|`jbtm`yt nbl djhhwb`dn|`jbt {`|m

dwt|jhgvt"

  Vg|n`ogvt bggl |j lgsgojy |vn`b`bk yvjkvnht |j wblgvt|nbl DVH yvjdgtt nbl tgvsg

dwt|jhgv fg||gv"

  Vg|n`ogv hwt| bggl |j ebj{ {mn| |mg lv`sgvt cjv dwt|jhgv tn|`tcnd|`jb nbl

l`ttn|`tcnd|`jb nvg"

  Noo |mg ghyojpggt hwt| bggl |j djjygvn|g {`|m gndm j|mgv cjv |mg twddgtt jc DVH"

4"0 Djbdowt`jb

DVH `t fnt`dnoop |mg djoogd|`jb nbl l`t|v`fw|`jb jc ‗noo– ln|n |j ‗noo– nvgnt jc fwt`bgtt" \mg

ln|n dnb |mgb mgoy hnveg| |mg djhynbp/ mgoy wy tgoo |j g}`t|`bk dwt|jhgv/ wblgvt|nbl

dwt|jhgvt fg||gv tj |mn| dwt|jhgvt dnb fg k`sgb fg||gv tgvs`dg nbl nooj{t |mgh |j `b|gvnd|

{`|m |mg vg|n`ogv fp {mn|gsgv hgnbt |mgp {`tm" Dwt|jhgv Vgon|`jbtm`yt nvg ndm`gsgl fp |mg

vg|n`ogv {jve`bk |jkg|mgv |j k`sg dwt|jhgvt {mn| |mgp vgnoop {nb|" DVH `t n fwt`bgtt t|vn|gkp

|j dvgn|g nbl twt|n`b ojbk(|gvh/ yvjc`|nfog dwt|jhgv vgon|`jbtm yt" Fp gbtwv`bk gccgd|`sg DVH

yvjdgtt `b vg|n`o t|jvg n vg|n`ogv bj| jbop fgbgc`||gl fp kvgn|gv tnogt nbl yvjc`|nf`o`|p fw| notj

dnb fw`ol n t|vjbk t|jvg `hnkg vgon|`sg |j djhyg|`|jv"  

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4">9 Vgcgvgbdgt

>" H`dmngo Ogsp/ nbl Fnv|jb N [g`|q" -6994)/ ‟Vg|n`o`bk Hnbnkghgb| -7|m

 Gl`|`jb)‘/ Bg{ Lgom`1 \n|n

HdKvn{(M`oo"Dm(>>/ yy"447(439

6" Lnccp/ D" ->000)/ &Jbdg n dwt|jhgv/ no{npt n dwt|jhgv&/ Bg{ Lgom`1 MnvygvDjoo`bt"

4" O oanblgv/ S" nbl Vjjt @" -6996)/ &Dwt|jhgv vgon| jbtm`y ogsgot1 Cvjh tywv`jwt |j |vwg vgon|`jbtm`yt&/  

 Ajwvbno jc Tgvs`dgt Hnveg|`bk/ Sjo" >3 Bj";/ yy" 704(3><"

<" m||y1**vg|n`o"nfjw|"djh*jl*kojttnvp*k*DVH"m|h( Vg|v`gsgl jb 7|m Cgfvwnvp 69>> n| 0"47 y" h

7" gb"{`e`ygl`n"jvk*{`e`*Vg|n`o(Vg|v`gsgl jb <|m Cgfvwnvp 69>> n| >9"77 y" h 

3"m||y1**{{{"kjjkog"djh"fl*tgnvdm:mo8fb#bja8>#kfs86#f`{8>96<#f`m833;#|fh8`tdm#tn8>#~

8DVH%`b%vg|n`o`bk#j~8DVH% b%vg|n o`bk#n~8c#n~`8#n~o8#ktZth8t#ktZwyo84=<39o<>7<;o9o<469=o;o;o9o9o9o9o=;3o>7<6o7(>">o6o9 

;"m||y1**{{{"kjjkog"djh"fl*tgnvdm:~8DVH%`b%vg|n`o`bk#mo8fb#bja8>#kfs86#f`{8>96<#f`m833

;#tjwvdg8obht#g`8w4G}\3OWA0L{v^g^30K=FN#tn8]#j`8hjlgZo`be#d|8hjlg#dl8>#sgl89DLN

^ZNWjNN 

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Nfjw| |m`t ~wgt|`jbbn`vg

Lgnv T`v/

\m`t `t Anenv`n Nmhgl/ n t|wlgb| jc HFN/ Ognl`bk Wb`sgvt`|p/ Tpomg|" @ nh n| |mg gbl jc hp

t|wlp fw| |j cwoop djhyog|g hp HFN @ bggl |j twfh`| n yvjagd| vgyjv|" Hp yvjagd| vgyjv| `t

fntgl jb Dwt|jhgv vgon|`jbtm`y hnbnkghgb| `b vg|n`o`bk -doj|m`bk fwt`bgtt)"Cjv |m`t ywvyjtg

@ mnsg dnhg `b c`gol |j djoogd| ln|n nbl nbnopqg yvnd|`dno t`|wn|`jb"

@ mgvgfp djhg |j pjw {`|m n ~wgt|`jbbn`vg" @ mjyg pjw {`oo fg e`bl gbjwkm |j djjygvn|g {`|m

hg |j djhyog|g hp t|wlp"

@ nttwvg pjw |mn| bj ln|n {`oo fg l`tdojtgl |j |m`vl ynv|p {`|mjw| pjwv yv`jv ygvh`tt`jb" @b

nll`|`jb/ |m`t vgyjv| hnp mgoy pjw |j gccgd|`sgop wtg DVH djbdgy| `b pjwv t|jvg"

[`|m fgt| vgknvlt

Lg{nb Anenv`n Nmhgl

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HFN/ Lgy| jc Fwt`bgtt Nlh`b`t|vn|`jb

Ognl`bk Wb`sgvt`|p

Tpomg|

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^wgt|`jbbn`vg cjv DVH `b Vg|n`o`bk

>" Mnsg pjw gsgv mgnvl nfjw| Dwt|jhgv vgon|`jbtm`y Hnbnkghgb| djbdgy|:

n) Pgt

f) Bj

6" Cvjh pjw s`g{yj`b| mj{ pjw lgc`bg DVH:

‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣ 

4" Nvg pjwv dwt|jhgv”t bgglt dognvop lgc`bgl:

n) Pgt

f) Bj

<" Lj pjw mnsg nbp dwt|jhgv ln|nfntg cjv djoogd|`bk ln|n nfjw| dwt|jhgv:

n) Pgt

f) Bj

7" [mn| |pyg jc `bcjvhn|`jb lj pjw eggy `b pjwv ln|nfntg:

‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣"""""""""""""""" 

3" Mj{ pjw dontt`cp jc tgkhgb| pjwv dwt|jhgv:

‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣" 

;" Mj{ pjw lg|gvh`bg pjwv fgt| dwt|jhgv:

‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣"" 

=" [mn| nvg |mg DVH yvjkvnht pjw mnsg:

‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣" 

0" Lj pjw djblwd| dwt|jhgv tn|`tcnd|`jb twvsgpt:

n) Pgt

f) Bj

>9" Lj pjw djhhwb`dn|g vgtwo|t jc pjwv dwt|jhgv tn|`tcnd|`jb twvsgpt vgkwonvop |mvjwkmjw|

|mg djhynbp:

n) Pgt f) Bj

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>>" Lj pjw nd|`sgop tgge jw| dwt|jhgv djhhgb|t nbl djhyon`b|t:

n) Pgt

f) Bj

>6" Mj{ lj pjw kg| dwt|jhgv djhhgb|t nbl djhyon`b|t:

n) Cndg |j cndg `b|gvs`g{"

f) \joo cvgg bwhfgvt/ cjvhno twvsgpt"

d) J|mgvt hgnbt

>4" Mj{ lj pjw kg| `bcjvhn|`jb nfjw| |mg dwt|jhgvt:

n) Cndg |j cndg `b|gvs`g{t

f) Twvsgpt"

d) Nbp j|mgv hgnbt"

><" Lj pjw k`sg djbdgtt`jbt |j pjwv vgkwonv dwt|jhgv:

n) Pgt

f) Bj

>>" Lj pjw |neg cgglfnde cvjh pjwv dwt|jhgvt:

n) Pgt

f) Bj

>6" Lj pjw dwt|jh`qg pjwv yvjlwd| jv tgvs`dgt nddjvl`bk |j |mg dwt|jhgv:

n) Pgtf) Bj

>4" Lj pjw mnsg n djbdgy| jc ‗`b|gvbno tgvs dg–:  

n) Pgt"

f) Bj"

><" Lj pjw djhhwb`dn|g {`|m pjwv dwt|jhgvt cvg~wgb|op:

n) Pgt"

f) Bj"

>7" Lj pjw vgkwonvop vgs`g{ |mg fwt`bgtt yvjdgtt |j go`h`bn|g bjb snowg( nll`bk nd|`s`|`gt

nbl `hyvjsg dwt|jhgv tn|`tcnd|`jb:

n) Pgt

f) Bj"

>3" @t |mg {jve`bk gbs`vjbhgb| `t djblwd`sg |j |mg {goo(fg`bk nbl hjvnog jc noo ghyojpggt:

n) Pgt

f) Bj"

7/23/2019 Project report on CRM in Retailing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/project-report-on-crm-in-retailing 45/45

>;" @t |mgvg djhh`|hgb| cvjh |jy hnbnkghgb| |j twyyjv| |mg dwt|jhgv(cjdwtgl tgvs`dg

djbdgy|:

n) Pgt

f) Bj

>=" @t |mgvg nbp `hyvjsghgb| `b nsgvnkg tnog ygv dwt|jhgv:

n) Pgt

f) Bj

>0" @t |mgvg nbp `hyvjsghgb| `b dwt|jhgv vgtyjbtg vn|g |j |mg hnveg|`bk nd|`s`|`gt:

n) Pgt

f) Bj

69" @t |mgvg nbp `hyvjsghgb| `b dwt|jhgv vg|gb|`jb nbl ojpno|p:

n) Pgt

6>" [mn| nvg pjwv t|vn|gk`gt |j vg|n`b ojpno dwt|jhgv:

‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣ 

69" Mj{ lj pjw `hyoghgb| DVH `b pjwv vg|n`o jw|og|:

‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣ 

64" Lj pjw djbt`lgv nbp cnd|jvt cjv twddgtt nbl cn`owvg jc DVH: @c  — Pgt/ |mgb/ {mn| nvg

|mgtg:

n) Pgt

f) Bj

Vgtyjblgb|t Bnhg nbl T`kbn|wvg

‣‣‣‣‣"‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣‣