Project Title: Production of an Atlas for Hydrogeological Maps of theSouthwestern Desert Egypt Funding Agency: Academy of Scientific Research and Technology (ASRT) as part of the initiative: "Call to All Egyptian Scientists" Beginning of Project: 7.7.2015 End of Project: 7.11.2016 Project P.I.:Assoc. Prof. Salwa Farouk Elbeih Division: Engineering Applications and Water Department: Engineering Applications

About the Project:

The aim of the project is to produce updated hydrogeological maps of the

Southwestern Desert of Egypt, for which the Research Institute for Groundwater

(RIGW), has published a series of hard copy hydrogeological maps of Egypt in

different scales beginning from 1985.The project also aims to produce the final output

of the hydrogeological digital maps previously extracted from a project executed by

the National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences in Collaboration with

the Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority for the capacity building of

both organizations in cooperation with UNDP and UNESCO Cairo office

(EGY/97/011).

The area of the Egyptian Western Desert accounts for about two-thirds of

Egypt's total land area. It stretches from the Northern Mediterranean Sea coast to the

Egyptian-Sudanese border, at the south, and from the Nile Valley in the east till the

Egyptian-Libyan border to the west. It extends from Latitude 22o to 31

oN and from

longitudes 25o 30′ to 36

o E. The project investigated area is bounded from the

Egyptian – Sudanese border to latitude 27 N and between the Nile Valley and the

Great Sand Sea on the west. This project is considered one of the projects that serve

the development plans of the Western Desert in agricultural, industrial, touristic and

urban expansion fields.

Hydrogeological conditions represent a key component in any development

project. In addition, the idea of the project coincides with the governmental plans to

reclaim 1.5 million feddans in the Western Desert. The Western Desert is a virgin area

requiring lots of investments that may support the lateral population spread-out of the

Nile Valley and Delta. The required hydrogeological data include: water levels,

quality, quantity, pumping rates, aquifer thickness, ….etc

The main objective of the project is to produce updated hydrogeological maps of

the Southwestern Desert of Egypt. It is expected that this Atlas would satisfy the

requirements of interested end users; governorates, scientists, investors, researchers,

relevant ministries,….etc. The principle expected output of the project activities

includes a hard copy atlas of hydrogeological maps for the South Western Desert of

Egypt at a scale of 1:250,000. It will hold 20 map sheets; each map sheet will contain:

a hydrogeological map, hydrogeological cross section, legend, description of each

map (climate, location, tabulated data …). Moreover, installing a related electronic

link on NARSS portal will be created.

List of Contents

I- Introduction

Atlas Working Group

Fig. 1: Landsat 8 Images for the covered area of the South Western Desert

Fig. 2: Index of Map Sheets (1:250,000) South Western Desert

II- Climate of the Southwestern Desert

Table 1: Average climatological data of some selected stations in the Southwestern

Desert

III- General Geologic Setting

IV- Hydrogeological Units and the Main Aquifers

Table 2 Hydrogeological units

V-Water Quality

VI-Recharge and Discharge

VII-Groundwater Flow

VIII-Map Legend

Fig. 3: Regional Hydrogeological Overview of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer

System

Table 3- Some characteristics of the main aquifer systems

Fig. 4: Isopach Map of the Sandstone Aquifer System

Fig. 4: Isopach map of the sandstone aquifer system

Fig. 5: Classification of Rock Units and Hydrogeological Units in the Southwestern

Desert

Selected References

The Map Sheets

A- Examples for Hydrogeological maps of the Nile Valley Aquifer System

1. Luxor Map Sheet

2. Abu Simbil Map Sheet

B- Examples for Hydrogeological maps of the Western Desert Nubian Aquifer

System

1. Alwahat El kharga Map Sheet

2. Alwahat El Dakhla Map Sheet

3. BirTarfawi Map Sheet

4. Al Minqar Map Sheet

Appendix: Selected water wells information and Field Photos

Atlas Working Group فريق إعذاد األطلس

Project Principal Investigator ) الباحث الرئيسي(

Assoc. Prof. Salwa Farouk Elbeih سلوى فاروق اليبه./ م.ب.أ

Research Group الفريقالبحثي

Prof. El-Sayed Abbas Zaghloul

Assoc. Prof. Adel A. Shalaby

السيد عباس زغلول./ د.أ

عادل عبد الحويد شلبي./ م.ب.أ

Text Editing إعذاد النص

Prof. El-Sayed Abbas Zaghloul

Assoc. Prof. Salwa Farouk Elbeih

السيد عباس زغلول./ د.أ

سلوى فاروق اليبه./ م.ب.أ

Project Consultant ستشاري المشروع إ

Prof. Joseph B.Khalil (RIGW) (معهد بحوث المياه الجوفية) جوزيف بشرى خليل ./د.أ

Associate Team الفريقالمعاون

GIS Specialist WaelAttiaHamed

Specialist Farag Omar Hassan

Specialist Rabab Ramadan Mohammed

وائل عطيت حاهد / أخصائي ًظن هعلوهاث جغرافيت

فرج عور حسي/ أخصائي

رباب رهضاى دمحم/ أخصائيجيولوجي

IT Staff فريقتكنىلىجيا المعلىمات

Eng.ShimaaAbd-Alla Gad شيواء عبد هللا جاد. م

Production of Maps and Printing

Team

فريق إنتاج الخرائط

Assoc. Prof. Ghada Atta Yousef

Eng. Ahmed Ibrahim Abdelhameed

Mr. Mohammed Soliman Sultan

Mr. Ahmed Mohammed Moustsafa

غادة عطا يوسف./م.ب.أ

أحود إبراهين عبد الحويد. م

دمحم سليواى سلطاى. أ

أحود دمحم هصطفي. أ

Introduction

The hydrogeological map of the Southwestern Desert of Egypt is

one of the outputs of the project “Capacity Building of the Egyptian

Survey and Mining Authority and the National Authority for Remote

Sensing and Space Sciences” in cooperation with UNDP and

UNESCO(UNESCO, 2005). The atlas is produced in 20 map sheets

(Scale 1:250,000) distributed according to the international grid (Figs. 1

and 2).

The symbols and colors of the hydrogeological units are adopted to

conform to the “Hydrogeological MapsA Guide and A Standard Legend”.

The Atlas preparation was carried out by a work group from NARSS.

It is worthy to mention that the full support and understanding of

Prof. Dr. Mohamed MedhatMokhtar, NARSS Chairman, was highly

encouraging in fulfilling this work.Our deep thanks are also extended to

the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology forfunding this

project and great support. Thanks are also extended to the Research

Institute for Groundwater (RIGW) for providing the basic data of

groundwater in the study areas.

Special thanks goes to Prof. Mahmoud Hussein Ahmed NARSS

Co-Chairman for his encouragement and his efforts towards solving any

problem that faces the project.

Fig. 1: Landsat 8 Images for the covered area of the South Western Desert

Fig. 2: Index of Map Sheets (1:250,000) South Western Desert

II- Climate of the Southwestern Desert The South Western Desert of Egypt occupies a portion of the arid zone

belt. Table 1 summarizes the climatological data obtained from the stations

available in the region.

Table 1- Average climatological data of some selected stations in the Southwestern Desert

No. Station Elevation

(masl)

Annual

Mean of

Maximum

temp (ºC)

Annual

Mean of

Minimum

temp (ºC)

Total

annual

rainfall

(mm)

Maximum

Annual

rainfall

(mm)

Annual

Mean

Relative

Humidity

(%)

1 Assyut 1a 29.6

a 14.6

a 20.4

a 24 39.6

a

2 Sohag 61 a 31.8

a 16.8

a 19.4

a 22.8 45.3

a

3 Nag Hammadi 31.4 b 14.7

b 48

b

4 Qena 78 a 29.5

a 14.8

a 87

a 46

a

5 Luxor 1 a 33.5

a 16.1

a 65.1

a 16.2 40.0

a

6 KomOmbo 33.6 b 15.7

b 44

b

7 Aswan 4 a 33.5

a 19.2 14.7

a 14.0 26.9

a

8 Kharga 17 a 32.9

a 16.6

a 46.5

a 28.2 39.4

a

9 Dakhla 91.3 a 32.3

a 14.7

a 7

a 4 36.7

a

10 Farafra 28.3 a 30.5

a 14.4

a 21.7

a 12.5 39.8

a

11 East Uwaynat 35.6 b 12.2

b 34

b

12 Abu Simbil 39 b 12.6

b 31

a

Sources: a)EMA (Egyptian Meteorological Authority). ClimatologicalNormals for Arab Republic of

Egypt. Surface Station, Cairo 2011 (1976 – 2005)

b)Average climatological data of some selected stations of the Western Desert Region and Nile Valley

for the Period 1960-1994 (RIGW, 1996)

III - General Geologic Setting In the following paragraphs, a brief description is given to the geological

successions encountered in the Western Desert, from the Pre-Cambrian to the

Quaternary ages.

III.1. Basement Rocks:-

The basement rocks exposed in the South Western Desert comprise high grade

metamorphic rocks. These older rocks belong to the Archean and Early

Proterozoic. Ordovicean alkaline rocks related to ring complex occur northeast

of Gebel Uwaynat. The Granite rock exposed north east of BirTarfawi area is

due to the uplifted Tarfawi block

III.2. Paleozoic Rocks:-

According to (Hermina et al., 1961) and (Issawi, 1981), the exposed Paleozoic

sedimentary rocks are classified into several rock units ranging in age from

Cambrian to Carboniferous as reported in GilfKebir and Gebel Uwaynat areas

(Fig. 5):

- The Cambrian rocks (Araba Formation) measures about 15 m of arkosic

sandstone overlaid by about 90 m of white sandstone of Naqus

Formation (Issawi and Jux, 1982). The age of this unit was assigned to

the Cambro-Ordovician period.

- The Silurian rocks are differentiated into Sura and WadiTalh Formations

and measur about 45 m of sandstone.

- The Devonian rocks include Wadi Malik and Blitah Formations

attaining 200 m of kaolinitic sandstone.

- The Carboniferous rocks are described as Gilf Formation (Issawi and

Jux, 1982). The thickness is about 200 m of sandstone and marine

claystones and shales exposed in Wadi Malik

III.3. Mesozoic Rock Units:-

III.3.1. Nubia Group:-The term Nubia Sandstone was first introduced by

(Russeger, 1837), as a type locality in Nubia area.(Issawi, 1973) described

the Nubia Formation at Gebel BarqatAshShaib and divided the Nubian

Formation into several members belonging to the Jurassic- Lower

Cretaceous times. It has a wide distribution on the surface and on the

subsurface sections in Egypt.

III.3.2. Upper Cretaceous Marine Rock:-These rocks include the Duwi and

Dakhla Formations (Awad and Ghobrial, 1965). It mainly consists of shale,

clay and mudstone with thin limestone interbeds with phosphatic bands.

III.4. Cenozoic Rock Units:

- Paleogene – Neogene: -The Paleocene-Eocene rock units mainly consist

of limestone, dolomitic limestone and marl which forms the Western

Desert Plateau:

- The Oligocene Basalt: Tertiary basalts also occur as isolated masses in

the form of plugs, flows, sheets, sills and dykes.The Oligocene rocks

consist of gravel fills (Katkut Formation) as described by (Issawi et al.,

1978) and (Said, 1990) who described this unit as inverted wadis.

- The Pliocene rock units are differentiated into several units which show

a wide spectrum of reworked and lacustrine deposits.

III.5. Quaternary:

The Quaternary units are differentiated into the Nile Valley Facies and

the Desert Facies. The Nile Valley sediments ( Said,1982) owe their formation

to the activity of the river throughits long history, while the desert sediments,

are those deposits laid down on some parts of the desert surface during

alternative wet (playa deposits) and dry (sand dunes, sand sheets and inverted

wadis) periods.

IV - Hydrogeological Units and the Main Aquifers

Following the guidelines given by (UNESCO, 1983) and (ANON,

1982), a hydrogeological unit is defined as layers or a complex of layers with

the common hydrogeological characteristics about the type of lithology.

The present work represents a general survey of the groundwater

resources in the South Western Desert of Egypt and the Pre-Quaternary

aquifers. The hydrogeological information is obtained from the

hydrogeological maps of Egypt, Scale 1:100,000, 1:500,000 and 1:2,000,000

(RIGW, 1999).

Referring to the hydrogeological maps and legend and considering the litho-

stratigraphic succession in the South Western Desert of Egypt, the following

are necessary details about the classification of the main hydrogeological units

(Fig.5).

IV-1- Granular Rocks: The granular aquifers are composed mainly of mixed

sand, clay and gravel of Nubia Sandstone of Paleozoic – Lower Cretaceous

ages and the Quaternary sand (Qena Formation) and the alluvial deposits on the

Nile Valley. The sandstone of the Nubia Facies is the main aquifer in the

Western Desert of Egypt and along the Nile Valley fringes in the area from

south to almost Qena latitude.

- The Nile Valley aquifer is dominating one unit in Upper Egypt. It is

composed of Quaternary and Late Tertiary sand and gravel beds

intercalated with clay lenses. The thickness decreases from 300 m to a

few meters towards the desert fringes. Hydraulic contact with the

underlying Nubian Sandstone deep aquifer may be existing. The water

quality is generally good (TDS 500-1500 mg/l) and suitable for drinking

and irrigation.

- The Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Nile Valley: From Aswan district

southward, the Nubian sandstone aquifer is exposed and is considered a

portion of the regional aquifer. Northward, it is concluded underneath a

mantle of sedimentary rocks of different thickness and ages

- The Nubian Sandstone aquifer in the Western Desert: The Western

Desert Basin is exploited particularly in the New Valley area with

depths from 500 to 1000 m or more. The isopach map for the sandstone

aquifer is shown in Fig. 4. The aquifer consists of alternating beds of

sandstone and clay. The clay beds are laterally discontinuous and

separate the sandstone unit into a multi-layered aquifer system bounded

below by impervious basement rocks. Groundwater flow is generally

towards the northeast (Fig. 3) with gradient of the order of 0.5 m/km.

The salinity changes both horizontally and vertically. The salinity

increases from South West to North East and usually decreases with

depth. Table 2 summarizes the general characteristics of the main

hydrogeological units met within the study area in various parts of the

area under consideration.

IV-2- The KarstifiedAquifer : The fissured and karstified carbonate aquifer

complex are represented on the mapsheets. It is generally distinguished into

two horizons, a lower horizon belonging to the Upper Cretaceous and an upper

horizon belonging to the Lower and Middle Eocene. These horizons are

separated by an impervious clay media (Esna Formation) which has a thickness

of ± 100m. The recharge to the aquifer depends essentially on the upward

leakage from the underlying Nubian Sandstone aquifer and occasionally local

rainfall.

IV-3- Fissured Aquifers : Fissured aquifers are composed essentially from the

fissured and weathered zones of the Pre-Cambrian Crystalline basement rocks.

This unit is expected to hold limited quantities of water and well developed in

Gebel Uwaynat area.

IV-4- Non Aquifers: Non aquifers are comprised of Paleocene shales (Esna

Formation) / and the Upper Cretaceous shale and mudstone (Dakhla

Formation). Pliocene clay may also form successive aquicludes in the Nile

Valley system.

Table 2 - Hydrogeological units Lithology

(Rock

type)

Recharge Distribution Productivity Color

No.

Surface Sub-surface

Granular Continuous Continuous Extensive High Dark blue 1

Occasional Limited Local Moderate to

high

Light blue 2

None Limited Extensive Moderate to

high

Light yellow 3

Insignificant Locally Extensive Low to

moderate

Dark yellow 4

Insignificant Limited Local Low to

moderate

Light brown 5

Fissured

and

Karstified

None Locally Extensive Moderate Light green 6

Insignificant Limited Local Low Pink 7

Clay and

shale

None None

Generally local None Dark brown 8

V- Water Quality

Fresh water with TDS value less than 1000 ppm generally occurs in the

Quaternary Nile Valley aquifer, it may be brackish water with a TDS higher

than 1000 ppm at the fringes of the Nile Valley (Table 3). In the Oases of the

Western Desert, the TDS value ranges from 500 ppm to 1500 ppm, in the

Nubian aquifer.

VI- Recharge and Discharge Close to the Nile Valley and the alluvial plain, groundwater recharge is

mainly from irrigation activities. Some of the infiltrating irrigation water drains

through the semi-pervious upper silty clay layer into the aquifer through the

surface drainage system.

On the contrary, the groundwater in the Nubian Sandstone aquifer of the

desert areas seems to be fossil water. The recharge took place during the

ancient pluvial period during the past geological Pleistocene time. Limited

recharge could be expected through the Paleodrainage radar valleys.

VII- Groundwater Flow The regional groundwater flow moves from south to north, turning its

direction towards a north east direction at the uplifted areas (Tarfawi - Abu

Bayan) as shown in fig. 3.

VIII- Map Legend The map legend is a combined version of the international legend for

hydrogeological map (UNESCO, 1983) and (ANON (1982). Integration of the

ACSAD legend was necessary to present features of arid zone hydrogeology. A

classification based on the lithology, recharge, distribution and productivity of

the aquifer, resulted in the establishment of eight main hydrogeological units

(Table 2). These units are represented with solid color fill on the

hydrogeological map. The blue, yellow and green colors are given to indicate

the extension of the Quaternary, Nubian and Carbonate aquifer systems,

respectively. While the contour lines given in violet, orange and green are to

indicate the groundwater level, quality and base of the aquifer respectively. The

vertical and horizontal changes of the main aquifer system are shown in the

cross-section. Lithology of the rocks in outcrop is shown by pattern symbols in

black, based on the geological map of Egypt. The written legend gives the age

of the rocks. Further geological information is given to comprise the geologic

structures especially the main faults.

Surface hydrology is shown in blue where the secondary surface water divides

is represented referring to the occasional flash floods in the wadis.

Man-made features are indicated in red. They include the drilled wells

and the groundwater extraction features and alternations in the groundwater

and surface water regime. The main irrigation and drainage canals in the Nile

Valley are also represented.

Fig. 3: Regional hydrogeological overview of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. Compiled from: CEDARE (2002),

Salem and Pallas (2004), Bakhbakhi (2006)

Table 3- Some characteristics of the main aquifer systems Name of aquifer

complex

Type locality Depth of

top aquifer

Saturated

thickness

Depth to

water table

Salinity

Ppm

Granular rocks Nile Valley 0-20 10-200 5 1500

Nubian Sandstone

complex

Kharga 50-200 500-700 30 1000

Dakhla 200 500-1000 20 1000

East Uwaynat 10-20 100-300 30 1000

Fig. 4: Isopach map of the sandstone aquifer system (LaMoreaux et al. 2008)

Fig.5: Classification of Rock Units and Hydrogeological Units in the Southwestern Desert (Modified after UNESCO, 2005)

تقسيم الىحذات الصخرية والىحذات الهيذروجيىلىجية في جنىب الصحراء الغربية

Selected References

ANON (1982). ACSAD Legend for the water resources map of the Arab

countries. 75 pp.; Damascus.

Awad G.H. and Ghobrial M.G (1965).Zonal stratigraphy of the Kharga Oasis,

Egypt. Geological Survey of Egypt , Paper No. 34, 77pp.

Bakhbakhi, M (2006). Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. IHP-VI, series on

groundwater,10: 75-81. UNESCO, Paris.

CEDARE (2002). Regional Strategy for the Utilization of the Nubian

Sandstone Aquifer System. Draft final report, pp 22-82. Centre for

Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe, Heliopolis

Bahry, Cairo, Egypt

Ebraheem A. M. , H. K. Garamoon ,S. Riad , P. Wycisk and A. M. Seif El

Nasr (2003). Numerical modeling of groundwater resource management

options in the East Oweinat area, SW Egypt. Environmental Geology (2003)

44:433–447

El Nahry A. H., Elewa H. H., and Qaddah A. A. (2010). Soil and

Groundwater Capability of East Oweinat Area, Western Desert, Egypt Using

GIS Spatial Modeling Techniques. Nature and Science, 2010;8(8)

El Osta, M. (2012). Relationships between Hydraulic Parameters of the Nubian

Aquifer and Wells in El Shab Area, South Western Desert, Egypt (A Case

Study). International Journal of Geosciences, 2012, 3, 1107-1119

Elsawwaf, M., J. Feyen, O. Batelaan and M. Bakr (2014). Groundwater–

surface water interaction in Lake Nasser, Southern Egypt. Hydrol. Process. 28,

414–430 (2014)

EMA (Egyptian Meteorological Authority) (2011). Climatological Normals

for Arab Republic of Egypt. Surface Station, Cairo 2011 (1976 – 2005)

Gad, M.I., El-Sheikh, A.E., El Osta, M.M., 2011. Optimal management for

groundwater of Nubian Sandstone Aquifer in Dakhla depression, Western

Desert, Egypt. Int. J. Water Resour. Environ. Eng. 3 (14).

Hermina. M. H., Ghobrial, M.G. &Issawi, B. 1961. The geology of the

Dakhla area Egypt. Geol. Surv., 11 (1961), p. 35 Cairo, Report

Issawi, B. (1981) Geology of the South Western Desert of Egypt. Ann. Geol.

Survey Egypt, 11 (1981), pp. 57–66

Issawi, B. and Jux, V. (1982). Contribution to the stratigraphy of the Paleozoic

rocks in Egypt. Geol. Surv. Egypt, Paper no. 64, pp. 1- 28

Issawi, B. Hassan, M. Y. and Saad, A. A., (1978). Geology of Abu Tartur

Plateau, Western Desert, Egypt. Ann. Geol. Surv. Egypt, 8, p. 91-127

Issawi, B.(1973). Nubian Sandstone: Type Section”, American Association of

Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 57, 4, 741 -745

LaMoreaux Philip E., James W. LaMoreaux, Mostafa M. Soliman, Bashir

A. Memon, Fakhry A. Assaad(2008). Environmental Hydrogeology, Second

Edition, CRC Press, 375 pages.

RIGW, (1999). Hydrogeological map of Egypt. Second edition. Scale 1:

2000,000, Research Institute for Groundwater, National Water Research

Center, Egypt.

Russeger, J. (1837). Kreide und sandstein ,Einfluss von Graint auf letzteren.

Neu. Jahrb. Mineral., 665–669

Said , R. (1990). Cretaceous Paleographic maps. Egypt, In. R. Said (ed.). The

Geology of Egypt. Chapter 23, p. 439-449

Said, R. (1982). The Geological Evolution of the River Nile in Egypt,

ZeitschriftfürGeomorphologie N. F. band 26, heft 3: pp. 305-314.

Salem, O, Pallas and P. (2004). The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System. In

Appelgren, B (ed). Managing Shared Aquifer Resources in Africa. ISARM-

AFRICA. UNESCO, IHP-VI, Series on Groundwater No. 8: 19-21.

UNESCO (1983).International legend for hydrogeological maps, revised

edition.

UNESCO (2005).Capacity Building of The Egyptian Geological and Mining

Authority and The National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences

in Cooperation with UNDP and UNESCO (EGY/97/001 Phase I) (Ended).

USAID (2013). Spectral Soil Mapping for Agricultural Development in El-

Gallaba Plain, Western Desert Egypt (2012 – 2013). Funded by USAID

The Map Sheets

A- Examples for Hydrogeological maps

of the Nile Valley Aquifer System

1- LUXOR MAP SHEET

Luxor Hydrogeological Map Sheet

Luxor Hydrogeological Legend

2- ABU SIMBIL MAP SHEET

Abu Simbil Hydrogeological Map Sheet

Abu Simbil Hydrogeological Legend

B- Examples for Hydrogeological maps

of the Western Desert Nubian Aquifer System

1. Alwahat El kharga Map Sheet

Al Wahat El Kharga Hydrogeological Map Sheet

Al Wahat El Kharga Hydrogeological Legend

2- Alwahat El Dakhla MAP SHEET

Al Wahat El Dakhla Hydrogeological Map Sheet

Al Wahat El Dakhla Hydrogeological Legend

3. BirTarfawi Map Sheet

BirTarfawi Hydrogeological Map Sheet

BirTarfawi Hydrogeological Legend

4. Al Minqar Map Sheet

Al Minqar Hydrogeological Map Sheet

Al Minqar Hydrogeological Legend

Appendix: Selected water wells information and Field Photos

Groundwater well data for some selected wells in Aswan Map Sheet

(USAID 2013)

Groundwater well data for some selected wells in Qena Map Sheet (Field Check 2016)

Map

Sheet

Wel

l No

Well name Lat. N Long. E G.L.

(masl)

Total

well

Depth

(m)

Depth

to

water

(m)

Water

table

(masl)

TDS

(ppm)

Asw

an

A4 West Idfu 24: 57’ 26.4” 32: 45’ 43.8” 129.43 76 53 94.43 1631

A5 West Fares 24: 38’ 25.2” 32: 54’ 15.6” 114.41 66 35 79.41 1331 A16 Drawa 2NW 24: 34’ 6.24” 32⁰ 43’ 14.75” 149.64 60 70 79.64 1733 A18 Barka-1 24: 35’ 8.35” 32: 45 16.27” 144.74 140 64 80.74 674 A20 Mamdouh-1 24: 54 ’32.08” 32:38’ 0.7” 141.74 120 60 81.74 1592 A22 Arafa-1 24: 53’ 36.68” 32: 58’ 55.21” 139.34 100 60 79.34 1631

Map

Sheet

Well

No

Lat. N Long. E G.L.

(masl)

Depth

to

water

(m)

TDS

(ppm)

Qen

a 5 26: 21’ 43.2” 31: 39’ 25.2’’ 156 170 529.83

10 26: 22’ 12’’ 31: 43’ 48’’ 95 120 1297.24

15 26: 17’ 2.4’’ 31: 44’ 38.4’’ 129 80 684.84

23 26: 13’ 22.8” 31: 51’ 46.8” 95 95 1330.17

Groundwater well data for some selected wells in El Sadd El-Ali Map Sheet (USAID 2013)

Map Sheet Well No Well name Lat. N Long. E G.L.

(masl)

Total

well

Depth

(m)

Depth to

water (m)

Water table

(masl)

TDS

(ppm)

El

Sa

dd

El-

Ali

A1 West Aswan 23: 59’ 16.2’’ 32: 44’ 26.4’’ 180 150 71 109 1328

A3 Kurkur Spring 23: 53’ 19.8’’ 32: 19’ 24.6’’ 303 0 0 303 2803 A4 West Idfu 24: 57’ 26.4 32: 45’ 43.8’’ 129.43 76 35 94.43 1631

Groundwater well data for some selected wells in Luxor Map sheet

Map

Sheet

Well

No

Well name Lat. N Long. E G.L.

(masl)

Total well

Depth (m)

Depth to

water (m)

Water

table

(masl)

TDS

(ppm)

Source

Luxo

r

A7 West Esna 25: 30’ 09” 32: 21’ 25.8’’ 130.33 113 59 71.33 1631.00

USAID

2013

A8 West Esna 25: 24’ 16” 32: 25’ 0.6” 122.52 132 52 70.52 1256.00 A9 West Esna 25: 22’ 51.6” 32: 25’ 2.4” 135.14 120 65 70.14 1642.00 A11 West Esna 25: 14’ 7.8” 32: 30’ 30’’ 108.11 114 36 72.11 811.00 A12 West Esna 25: 12’ 5.4” 32: 32’ 15’’ 108.41 125 35 73.41 1058.00 A13 West Esna 25: 4’ 36” 32: 34’ 15.6’’ 136.04 75 54 82.04 1106.00

2 West Luxor 25: 58’ 30’’ 32:16’ 26.4’’ 103.00 37 1843.80 Field Check

2015 11 West Luxor 25: 58’ 44.4’’ 32:25’ 19.2’’ 142.00 90 948.24 35 West Luxor 25: 59’ 2.4” 32:10’ 8.4” 94.00 100 774.40

NILE VALLEY FIELD PHOTOS

Shallow well in west Qena Traditional flood irrigation system in westQena Tomato cultivation in west Luxor

Traditional flood irrigation system in West Sohag Basin-like reservoir to collect water from the wells

in west Luxor

Traditional flood irrigation system in west Sohag

Groundwater well data for some selected wells in Alwahat El Dakhla Map sheet (Gad et al. 2011)

Map

Sheet

Well name G.L.

(masl)

Total

well

Depth

(m)

Water

table

(masl) A

lwa

hat

El

Da

kh

la

Teneida 126.37 1150 116.67 163.26 205 117.96

Balat 121.5 444 116.7 Ismant 112 745 103.6

El Masara 111 1231 111 Mut 107.5 1020 100.5

111 505 111 El Hindaw 104.2 765 109.3 El-Owina 108.85 1123 104.75 Budukhlu 108 687 103.2

El-Gedida 122.5 1174 116.6 El-Mushya 121 472 115.7

El-Qalamun 129 1175 113.1 El-Qasr 115.6 1127 111.5

115 480 109.7

Base map of El Dakhla depression, Western Desert, Egypt (Gad et al. 2011)

Groundwater well data for some selected wells in Alwahat El Dakhla Map sheet (Field Check 2016)

Map

Sheet

Well

No

Lat. N Long. E G.L.

(masl)

Total

well

Depth

(m)

Depth

to

water

(m)

TDS

(ppm)

Alw

ah

at

El

Dak

hla

9 25: 28’ 12’’ 29: 19’ 12'’ 129 20 2444.8

11 25: 27’ 36” 29: 19’ 12’’ 135 50 2510.1

18 25: 30’ 36’’ 29: 20’ 24’’ 129 650 220.8

28 25: 31’ 48” 29: 19’ 48’’ 128 1050 154.9

71 25: 52’ 12’’ 28: 32’ 24” 105 1000 166.4

85 25: 46’ 48’’ 28: 39’ 36’’ 149 800 45 227.2

101 25: 42’ 36’’ 28: 53’ 24’’ 120 110 294.4

ALWAHAT EL DAKHLA FIELD PHOTOS

Governmental well in Teneida - Dakhla Traditional irrigation in newly reclaimed areas in

Teneida

Sand dunes fixation in El Qasr

Government well in West of El Mawhoub Sand dunes in West of El Qalamun Fixed sand dunes (Hummocks) in East of El Qasr

Drainage pond in El - Gedida Sand Dune encroachment on cultivated lands in

South of El Qasr Sabkha with salt accumulation

Groundwater well data for some selected wells in Baris Map sheet

Map Sheet

Well name Lat. N Long. E Total Depth

(m)

Depth to water

(m)

Water table (masl)

G.L. (masl)

TDS (ppm)

Bar

is Baris-6 603 17.5 36

Baris-14 24: 34’00’’ 30: 42’00” 527 9.1 45.09 423

Groundwater well data for some selected wells in Alwahat El Kharga Map sheet

Map Sheet Well name Lat. N Long. E Total well Depth (m)

Depth to water (m)

Water table (masl)

G.L. (masl)

TDS (ppm)

Alw

ahat

El

Kh

arga

El-Mahariq 4 2828.575 264.900 758 71.6 119 El Kharga 10 2817.700 258.175 642 17.1 36.3 800

Bulaq 3 2794.687 255.300 773 36.48

Groundwater well data for some selected wells in Alwahat El Kharga Map sheet (Field Check 2016)

Map

Sheet

Well

No

Lat. N Long. E G.L.

(masl)

Total well

Depth (m)

Depth to

water (m)

TDS

(ppm)

Alw

ah

at

El

Kh

arg

a

8 25:43’12” 30:39’36” 104 100 20 400

18 25:37’12” 30:39’00” 66 70 1158.4

31 25:33’36” 30:37’48” 53 50 448.0

43 25:12’36” 30:31’48” 44 700 236.8

58 25:23’24” 30:34’12” 38 105 227.2

67 25:19’48” 30:33’00” 59 11 7 569.6

72 25:22’48” 30:33’36” 50 27 12 2432.0

Groundwater well data for some selected wells in El - Minqar Map sheet

Well name Lat.N Long.E Elev (masl) Total well depth (m) Total Discharge

(m3/hr)

Groundwater level

(masl)

Salinity (ppm) Source

West Mawhoub 104 818 17855 37.8 818

Abu Minqar 2 26:33’10” 27:39’50” 125.9 536 3000 115-110 108 Updated from (El

Sheikh 2015)

Abu Minqar 1 26:32’50” 27:39’10” 655 370 41.3

ALWAHAT EL KHARGA FIELD PHOTOS

Defense line against sand encroachment north to

Tuleib El-Kharga

Newly reclaimed land using a shallow well north to

Tuleib El-Kharga

Government well with a V-Notch weir to measure

the amount of water

Phytogenic mound west to Assyut-Kharga Road

Government well in Kharga Oasis Government well west to El- Mahariq

Solar cell for groundwater extraction East of

Assyut Kharga road Distribution of water for irrigation east of Asyut-

Kharga Road Local well in one of the local farms in Kharga

Groundwater well data for some selected wells in BirTarfawi Map sheet

Map Sheet

Well No

Well name Depth to

water (m)

Total well

Depth (m)

Water

Level

(masl)

TDS (ppm)

Source

Bir

Tar

faw

i

61 1.10 194.0 225

El - Osta 2012

69 0.40 155.0 200

72 6.15 160.5 200 74 7.00 174.5 200

75 5.70 207.5 180 78 9.05 196.4 180

79 11.30 204.6 180

82 8.70 203.0 180

84 0.80 114 180 Location map of El Shab area, South Western desert, Egypt

(El - Osta 2012) 88 8.55 191 200

1 Dibis 2.5 231 7718.4

Abu Risha

and Al

Temamy,

2016

3 N.Regwa

pool 4 229 3891.2

5 61(Drilled

well) 212 229 979.2

8 Kurayim 3.5 213 7008

13 S.W. Kiseiba

(Drilled

well)

87 188 1254.4

15 Abu el-

Husein 2 184 2828.8

16 Abu el-

Araby 1.5 218 981.76

Location of water points(Abu Risha and Al Temamy, 2016)

EAST OWEINAT FIELD PHOTOS

Pivot irrigation system

Groundwater well equipped with a Pivot irrigation

system

A close view of a groundwater well with a Pivot

irrigation system