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MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

ON

MICROCONTROLLER BASED

SOLAR INVERTER CUM TRACKER

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

B.TECH

IN

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

FROM

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KUKRUKSHETRA

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY:

DEPARTMENT OF ECE RAJDEEP MAJUMDAR

TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION & RESEARCH INTEGRATED INSTITUTIONS

KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY

KURUKSHETRA

1



Ack!"#$%$'$(

It is a great pleasure to present this Major project report as a partial fulfillment of the B. Tech course to

the department of electronics and communication at TERII, while making this project we gained

tremendous knowledge about electronics components and circuit making. This knowledge we gained is

surely to be needed in the future of ours.

2



P)$*+c$

ife is a long journey, wherein each one of us crosses number of milestones. E!ery stoppage teaches usa lot. "e, being the students of B. Tech, learnt a plethora of things from different kinds of books whichwere referred to for making this project.

The #$years of the B. Tech course helped in lots of learning. %uch has been the presentationsand projects which enhanced our learning by adding on to our world of knowledge. &nd minor projectis one of the parts to enhance our skills.

It was a great e'perience for which we thank to all the our parents, faculty members,

administration of TERII, affiliated to (urukshetra )ni!ersity.

3



D$c#+)+(!

"e students of *th semester B. Tech electronics and communication engineering, hereby assure that the

information pro!ided in this major report is appropriate to the best of our knowledge.

%)BMITTE+ B-

&nkit o!il / Roll 0o. 123*415

Rahul (aushik / Roll 0o. 123*421

Rajdeep Majumdar $ Roll 0o. 123*4#6

7radeep (ashyap /Roll 0o. 123*484

4



C!($(-

4. Introduction5. %olar In!erter

a. The solar tracker i. Introduction to solar tracker

ii. Types of solar tracker iii. %olar tracking technologies a!ailablei!. 9omponents used in the solar tracker !. 7rogramming done

b. The solar battery charger

i. 9onstructionii. "orking

iii. :acts about battery chargersi!. Types of battery chargers

c. The %olar 7anel

i. Introduction

ii. Types of solar paneliii. Mounting systemsi!. %olar panel used in the project

d. The Rechargeable battery

i. Type of battery usedii. )sage and applications

iii. 9harging and dischargingi!. +epth of discharge!. Types of battery a!ailable

e. The In!erter ; Motor used.

i. 9onstructionii. +atasheetiii. "orking

i!. :acts about solar in!erter !. Types of solar in!erter

!i. %olar charge controller !ii. 9auses of In!erter failure

1. :uture prospects

#. 9onclusion2. References

I()!%c(!

5



&s the sources of con!entional energy deplete day by day, resorting to alternati!e sources of energy

like solar and wind energy has become need of the hour.

%olar Tracker and In!erter is a critical component in a solar energy system. The in!erter

con!erts +9 power output into &9 current that can be fed into the grid and directly influences the

efficiency and reliability of a solar energy system. &nd the solar tracker tracks the position of the sun in

the atmosphere and control the solar panel motor accordingly so that the solar panel recei!es the

ma'imum sunlight radiation. In most occasions, 553<&9 and 443<&9 are needed for power supply.Because direct output from solar energy is usually 45<+9, 5#<+9, or #*<+9, it is necessary to use

+9$&9 in!erter in order to be able to supply power to 553<&9 electronic de!ices. In!erters are

generally rated by the amount of &9 power they can supply continuously. In general, manufacturers

pro!ide 2 second and 4=5 hour surge figures which gi!e an indication of how much power is supplied

by the in!erter.

4. %olar Tracker and the In!erter re>uire a high efficiency rating. %ince use of solar cells

remains relati!ely costly, it is paramount to adopt high efficiency in!erter to optimi?e the

performance of solar energy system.

5. @igh reliability helps keep maintenance cost low. %ince most solar power stations are built in

rural areas without any monitoring manpower, it re>uires that in!erters and trackers ha!e

competent circuit structure, strict selection of components and protecti!e functions such as

internal short circuit protection, o!erheating protection and o!ercharge protection.

1. "ider tolerance to +9 input current plays an important role since the terminal !oltage !aries

depending on the load and sunlight. Though energy storage batteries are significant in pro!iding

consistent power supply, !ariation in !oltage increases as the batteryAs remaining capacity and

internal resistance condition changes especially when the battery is ageing, widening itsterminal !oltage !ariation range.

#. In mid$to$large capacity solar energy systems, in!ertersA power output should be in the form

of sine wa!es which attain less distortion in energy transmission. Many solar energy power

stations are e>uipped with gadgets that re>uire higher >uality of electricity grid which, when

connected to the solar systems, re>uires sine wa!es to a!oid electric harmonic pollution from

the public power supply network.

T/$ S!#+) ()+ck$)

& %olar tracker is a de!ice used for orienting a solar photo!oltaic panel or lens towards the sun by

using the solar or light sensors connected with the machine using a motor, since the position of the sun

!aries throughout the day, hence to get ma'imum solar radiation at the solar panel.

6



ItAs a !ery necessary function for solar$electro systems for following ad!antages-

• Increase %olar 7anel utput

• ma'.efficency of the panel

• Ma'imi?e 7ower per unit &rea

• &ble to grab the energy throughout the day .

T01$- !* -!#+) ()+ck$):

• %ingle &'is %olar Tracker.

• +ual &'is %olar Tracker.

2. S#$ A3- S!#+) T)+ck$):

%ingle a'is solar trackers can either ha!e a hori?ontal or a !ertical a'le. Thehori?ontal type is used in tropical regions where the sun gets !ery high at noon, butthe days are short. The !ertical type is used in high latitudes Csuch as in )(D wherethe sun does not get !ery high, but summer days can be !ery long.

7



4. D+# A3- T)+ck$)- :

+ouble a'is solar trackers ha!e both a hori?ontal and a !ertical a'le and so can track the

%uns apparent motion e'actly anywhere in the world.

This type of system is used to control astronomical telescopes, and so there is

plenty of software a!ailable to automatically predict and track the motion of the sun

across the sky.

+ual a'is trackers track the sun both East to "est and 0orth to %outh for added

power output Cappro' #3F gainD and con!enience.

8



SolarTracker

Technology

1.Passive

Trackers2.ActiveTrackers

3. Open

LoopTrackers

P)$-$( ()+ck T$c/!#!0 +5+#+6#$:

%olar tracker Technologies , can be di!ided into three main types depending on the type of dri!e and

sensing or positioning system that they incorporate.

9



• P+--5$ ()+ck$)- - use the sunAs radiation to heat gases that mo!e the tracker across the sky.

• Ac(5$ ()+ck$)- - use electric or hydraulic dri!es and some type of gearing or actuator to mo!e

the tracker.

• O1$ #!!1 ()+ck$)- - use no sensing but instead determine the position of the sun through pre

recorded data for a particular site.

2. P+--5$ 7 G+- 8 T)+ck$)-

7assi!e trackers use a compressed gas fluid in two canisters each place in west ; east of

the tracker. The mechanism is in such a way that if one side cylinder is heated other side piston

rises causing the panel to tilt o!er the sunny side.

This affects the balance of the tracker and caused it to tilt. This system is !ery

reliable and needs little maintenance.

A%5+(+$- :

They are cheaper ; effecti!ely increase the efficiency of the solar panel.

D-+%5+(+$-:

gas tracker will !ery rarely point the solar panels directly to the sun, due to the

temperature !aries from day to day and !ercast days are also a problem can damage

the panel.

"hen the sun appears and disappears behind clouds, causing the gas in the

li>uid in cylinders to e'pand and contract resulting in erratic mo!ement of the de!ice,often causes damage.

10



4. Ac(5$ T)+ck$)-:

&cti!e trackers- measure the light intensity from the sun by using Glight sensors Gto

determine where the solar modules should be pointing. ight sensors are positioned on

the tracker at !arious locations in specially shaped holders.If the sun is not facing the tracker directly there will be a difference in light

intensity on one light sensor compared to another and this causes to determine in which

direction the tracker has to tilt with the help of the stepper or dc motor in order to be

facing the sun. +R&"B&9(%- n o!ercast days it will be not so working properly due

to clouds.

11



9. O1$ L!!1 S!#+) T)+ck$)-:

pen loop trackers determine the position of the sun using computer

controlled algorithms or simple timing systems.

T'$% T)+ck$)-

& timer is used to mo!e the tracker across the sky. Incremental mo!ementthroughout the day keeps the solar panel pointing the sun.

A%5+(+$-: can be utili?e as one or two a'es panels.D-+%5+(+$: +oes not take into account the seasonal !ariation in sun position.

A#((%$ ; A<'(/ T)+ck$)- It uses the astronomical data or sun position algorithms to determine the position

of sun for any gi!en time and location by using micro controller.nce the position has been calculated, the modules are mo!ed using ser!o

motors and there position measured by encoders built into the tracker frame.

12



T/$ 1!"$) VS. ('$ c)5$ !* + -!#+) -0-($'

%olar tracker enabledCdotted green lineD, and

%olar tracker disabledCnormal blue lineD

C!'1!$(- -$% -$% (/$ S!#+) ()+ck$)

4. Microcontroller )sed-

&T*6%25 from &TME 9orporation

:eatures-

* bit processor 9ompatible with M9%$24 7roducts

*( Bytes of In$%ystem 7rogrammable CI%7D :lash MemoryEndurance- 4333 "rite=Erase 9ycles#.3<+9 to 2.2<+9 perating Range:ully %tatic peration- 3 @? to 11 M@?

13



Three$le!el 7rogram Memory ock 528 ' *$bit Internal R&M

15 7rogrammable I= inesThree 48$bit Timer=9ountersEight Interrupt %ources:ull +uple' )&RT %erial 9hannelow$power Idle and 7ower$down Modes

Interrupt Reco!ery from 7ower$down Mode"atchdog Timer +ual +ata 7ointer 7ower$off :lag

D$-c)1(!

The &T*6%25 is a low$!oltage, high$performance 9M% *$bit microcomputer with *( bytes of

:lash programmable memory. The de!ice is manufactured using &tmelAs high$density non!olatile

memory technology and is compatible with the industry$standard M9%$24 instruction set. By

combining a !ersatile *$bit 97) with :lash on a monolithic chip, the &tmel &T*6%25 is a powerful

microcomputer which pro!ides a highly$fle'ible and cost$effecti!e solution to many embedded controlapplications.

14



5. <oltage regulator )sed-

%H*327I fi'ed !oltage regulator from &)( %emiconductors 9orp.-

:eatures

Internal %hort 9ircuit 9urrent imiting

15



Ma'imum utput 9urrent C4& Ma'.DThermal !erload 7rotection

utput Transistor %afe &rea 7rotection

Input !oltage Range C<inD-2 $ 12 <+9utput <oltage C<outD- #.H2 / 2.52 <+9utput current CIoutD- 2m& / 4333m&

7ower dissipation C7dD- 5 / 53.* " at Tj of 52 9

perating junction temperature CTjD- C$13D $ 452 9utput noise !oltage C<nD- #3 / 4H3 uVrms , : J 43 @? / 433(@? and Tj J52 °9

1. +.9. geared motor with brushes-:eatures-

ong ser!ice life

%ilent operation"ide range of speeds

perating !oltage- 8 <+9 / 5#.2 <+9

R7M- 4.*2 at 5#.2 <+9Ma' tor>ue- 3.2 0mMa'imum power output- *.5 "

perating Temperature- C$2D 9 $ 82 9

#. Relays-Type of relay used- %7+T C%ingle 7ole +ouble ThrowD

:eatures-

%olenoid operating !oltage- 8 <+9Ma'imum passing input- 5#3 <+9

Ma'imum utput current- 43&

16



P)!)+'' D!$:

&+93*14 900E9TI0%

9% EK) 71.3

9( EK) 71.4

+ EK) 71.5

LI07)T ; )T7)T

+I EK) 71.# L %&R 7&0E <T&E %E0%R

9@R EK) 71.2 L 9@&RI0 90TR RE&

+R EK) 71.H L &+ 90TR RE&

+%E

R 3353@

17



<&4- +% 4

<&5- +% 4

<&1- +% 4

&+9<&- +% 4

B):- +% 4

90T4- +% 4

90T5- +% 4

IM- +% 4

:&%- +% 4

9: BIT :&%.3 L <ER 9@&RE :&

B: BIT :&%.4 L " B&TT :&

9%E

R 3333@

NM7 M&I0

R 333B@ LTimer Interrupt3

NM7 9)0T+"0

M&I0- M< %7,O23@

M< 71,O3::@

18



M< 74,O3::@

9R 9@R

9R +R

9& 7"R+E&

9& I0IT

%ETB 9(

%ETB +

%ETB 9%

%ETB +I

M< <&4,O33@

M< <&5,O33@

M< <&1,O33@

M< :&%,O33@

&+9@&R- M< B):,O#3@

9& 9M+

M< +7TR,OR9@&R

RE7- 9R &

M<9 &,P&Q+7TR

N %9REE04

M< B):,&

9& +&T

I09 +7TR

%NM7 RE7

19



%9REE04- M< B):,O*3@

9& 9M+

M< +7TR,OM%4

@ERE- 9R &

M<9 &,P&Q+7TR

N 0EST

M< B):,&

9& +&T

I09 +7TR

%NM7 @ERE

0EST- M< B):,O393@

9& 9M+

M< +7TR,OM%5

@ERE4- 9R &

M<9 &,P&Q+7TR

N <ER

M< B):,&

9& +&T

I09 +7TR

%NM7 @ERE4

<ER- 9& 0E%E9+E&

9& 0E%E9+E&

9& 9E&R

M< B):,O393@

9& 9M+

20



M< +7TR,OM%H

@ERE5-9R &

M<9 &,P&Q+7TR

N 90<ERT

M< B):,&

9& +&T

I09 +7TR

%NM7 @ERE5

90<ERT- 9& ++E&

9R 9% L I0ITI&TE 90<ER%I0

%ETB 9(

9R 9( L :IR%T 99(

%ETB 9(

9R 9( L %E90+ 99(

M< &,O33@ L 9E&R &

M< R2,O3*@ L * 99( 7)%E%

&&I0- M< 9,+

R9 &

%ETB 9(

9R 9(

+N0 R2,&&I0

%ETB 9%

21



M< &+9<&,&

M< B,OH6+

M) &B L 7R+)9T I0 &B

M< R4,B L @I@ BTE I0 B

M< R5,& L " BTE I0 &

9& @ES5B9+

M< <&4,RH

M< <&5,R8

M< <&1,R2

9& %E0+<&59+

9@E9(- N0B B:,9@E9(5 L %EE I: &0 :&% &RE %ET ,i,e " B&TT :& R B&TT

:) :&

NB +I,90<ERT

9@E9(5-N0B 9:,7R9EE+

NB +I,0I@T

%NM7 90<ERT

7R9EE+-NB +I,0I@T

9R +R L :: &+

22



9R B: L 9E&R " B&TT :&

M< &,<&5 L %EE I: B&TT.I% :)

SR &,O3#@

N :)9@

9R 9@R L 900E9T B&TT. T 7&0E

M< +7TR,OM%# L +I%7& 9@&RI0 M%

M< IM,O33@

9& %E0+%T&T59+

NM7 90<ERT

:)9@- %ETB 9: L%ET <ER9@&RE :&

%ETB 9@R L+I%900E9T B&TT.:RM 7&0E

M< T@3,O319@ L%T&RT 2 MI0 TIMER @ERE

M< T3,O3B3@ L+I%900E9T B&TT :RM 7&0E

M< 90T4,O533+

M< 90T5,O13+

%ETB ET3

%ETB TR3

%ETB E&

M< +7TR,OM%2 L +I%7& B&TT.:) M%

M< IM,O34@

9& %E0+%T&T59+

NM7 90<ERT

0I@T- 9R 9@R L RE900E9T B&TT. T 7&0E

9R TR3 L %T7 TIMER3 I09&%E IT% R)00I0

23



9R 9: L 9E&R <ER 9@&RE :&

%ETB +R L 900E9T &+ T B&TT.

M< &,<&4

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N "B&T

M< +7TR,OM%1 L +I%7& &+ 0 M%

M< IM,O35@

9& %E0+%T&T59+

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"B&T- %ETB B:

9R +R L +I%900E9T &+ :RM B&TT.

M< +7TR,OM%8 L +I%7& B&T." &0+ &+ :: M%

M< IM,O31@

9& %E0+%T&T59+

NM7 90<ERT

24



S!#+) I5$)($)

%olar$powered lighting systems are already a!ailable in rural as well as urban areas. These

include solar lanterns, solar home lighting systems, solar streetlights, solar garden lights and solar

power packs. &ll of them consist of four componentsL solar photo!oltaic module, rechargeable battery,

solar charge controller and load.

In the solar$powered lighting system, the solar charge controller plays an important role as the

systemAs o!erall success depends mainly on it. It is considered as an indispensable link between thesolar panel, battery and load.

There are few sections of the solar in!erter they are-

4. The solar battery recharger,5. The solar panel1. Rechargeable battery#. The in!erter.

The abo!e mentioned in!erter circuit is integrated with a microcontroller that controls rotation of solar

panel. & motor is attached which enables solar panel to function as a tracker as it captures radiant sun

beam at different periods . E!ery time motor contolled by an microcontroller induces de!iation of panel

at ceratin angles to get ma'imum throughput

25



T/$ S!#+) B+(($)0 C/+)$)

The solar battery recharger as the name suggest it is in fact a battery charger which charges a sealed

rechargeable battery of 8< #.2 &@ in this case. The solar battery charger deri!es its power from the

45< 233m& solar panel. The solar panel which in turn con!erts the sunlight to electrical energy. The

charger con!erts the raw 45< from the solar panel to a regulated !oltage feed for the sealed

rechargeable battery.

The solar battery recharger features-

4. 9ustom controllable !oltage regulation.5. &uto cut$off when battery is fully charged.1. :iltered input from the solar panel.

#. 0o current back flows from the battery.2. <ery simple, compact and efficient.

26



BATTERY CHARGER

This unit charges the batteries until they reach a specific !oltage and then it trickle charges the

batteries until it is disconnected.

& simple charger e>ui!alent to a &9$+9 wall adapter. It applies 133m& to the battery at all times,

which will damage the battery if left connected too long.

& battery charger is a de!ice used to put energy into a secondary cell or CrechargeableD battery by

forcing an electric current through it.

The charge current depends upon the technology and capacity of the battery beingcharged. :or e'ample, the current that should be applied to recharge a 45 < car battery

will be !ery different from the current for a mobile phone battery.

27

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_battery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_battery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone










C!-()c(!

R$=)$% c!'1!$(-:

4. M 14H adjustable !oltage regulator.5. 4*3 ohm resistance.1. ): I0#33H 4w :ast diode.#. 8.*< 4w ener diode.2. 4 ( ohm resistor.

8. B92#* 070 transistor.H. 4 ( potentiometer.*. <eroboard.6. Breadboard Cfor testingD.

43. "ires.44. Microcontroller 45. Motor

R$=)$% (!!#-:

4. %oldering iron.5. %older wire.

1. %oldering flu'

#. @ot glue gun.2. "ire cutters.8. "ire strippers.

H. 7liers.*. +igital multimeter.

R$=)$% -k##-:

28



4. ood with a soldering iron.5. 9an read schematics.

9ircuit +iagram-

9onnect the components as shown in the abo!e circuit diagram.

If necessary the abo!e circuit can be connected first on a breadboard for testing then on a !eroborad

permanently.

:or the connection of the M 14H !oltage regulator the following +atasheet is needed-

29



General Description

The LM117 series of adjustable 3-terminal positive voltage

regulators is capable of supplying in excess of 1!" over a 1#$ to

37$ output range They are exceptionally easy to use and re%uire

only t&o external resistors to set the output voltage 'urther( both

line and load regulation are better than standard fixed regulators

"lso( the LM117 is pac)aged in standard transistor pac)ages&hich are easily mounted and

handled

*n addition to higher performance than fixed regulators( the

LM117 series offers full overload protection available only in *+,s

*ncluded on the chip are current limit( thermal overload protection

and safe area protection "ll overload protection circuitry remains

fully functional even if the adjustment termi-

nal is disconnected

ormally( no capacitors are needed unless the device is sit-

uated more than . inches from the input filter capacitors in &hich

case an input bypass is needed "n optional output capacitor can

be added to improve transient response The adjustment

terminal can be bypassed to achieve very high ripple rejection

ratios &hich are difficult to achieve &ith stan-

dard 3-terminal regulators

/esides replacing fixed regulators( the LM117 is useful in a

&ide variety of other applications 0ince the regulator is float- ing and

sees only the input-to-output differential voltage( supplies of several

hundred volts can be regulated as long as

Typical Applications

1.2V-25V Adjustable Regulator

2.31

'ull output current not available at high input-output voltages

4eeded if device is more than . inches from filter capacitors

5ptional U improves transient response 5utput capacitors in the range

of 1µ' to 1µ' of aluminum or tantalum electrolytic are commonly used

to provide improved output impedance and rejection of transients

30



the maximum input to output differential is not exceeded( ie(

avoid short-circuiting the output

"lso( it ma)es an especially simple adjustable s&itching reg-

ulator( a programmable output regulator( or by connecting a fixed

resistor bet&een the adjustment pin and output( the LM117 can be

used as a precision current regulator 0upplies &ith electronic

shutdo&n can be achieved by clamping the adjustment terminal to

ground &hich programs the output to1#$ &here most loads dra& little current

'or applications re%uiring greater output current( see LM1!

series 63" and LM138 series 6!" data sheets 'or the neg-

ative complement( see LM137 series data sheet

Features

V 9uaranteed 1: output voltage tolerance 6LM317"

V 9uaranteed max 1:;$ line regulation 6LM317"

V 9uaranteed max 3: load regulation 6LM117

V 9uaranteed 1!" output current

V "djustable output do&n to 1#$

V +urrent limit constant &ith temperature

V <= <roduct >nhancement tested

V 8 d/ ripple rejection

V 5utput is short-circuit protected

L11!"L#1!A"L#1! $ac%age &ptions

$art &utput

'u((i) $ac%age*u+ber ,urrent

LM117( LM317 ? T5-3 1!"

LM317"( LM317 T T5-## 1!"

LM317 0 T5-#.3 1!"

LM317"( LM317 >M< 05T-##3 1"

LM117( LM317"( LM317 @ T5-32 !"

LM117 > L++ !"

LM317"( LM317 MAT T5-#!# !"

'&T-22# s. T&-252 D-$a%/

$ac%ages

2.3!B

'cale 101

31



,onnection Diagra+s

T&-# / T&-# 3/

etal ,an $ac%age etal ,an $ac%age

2.331

+"0> *0 5CT<CT

2.33 4otto+ Vie*' $ac%age *u+ber 36#A

+"0> *0 5CT<CT

4otto+ Vie'teel $ac%age

*' $ac%age *u+ber 62A or 62,

T&-27# '/ T&-226 T/'ur(ace-ount $ac%age $lastic $ac%age

2.33!

Top Vie

2.33#

Front Vie*' $ac%age *u+ber T6#4

T&-27# '/'ur(ace-ount $ac%age

2.33.

'ide Vie*' $ac%age *u+ber T'#4

,era+ic Leadless,8ip ,arrier 9/



:-Lead '&T-22# 9$/

T&-252 DT/

2.3!2

Front Vie*' $ac%age *u+ber $6:A

2.3..

Front Vie*' $ac%age *u+ber TD6#4

&rdering ;n(or+ation

$ac%age

T5-3Metal +an

6?

T5-##

3- Lead

T5-#.3

3- Lead

05T-##3

B- Lead

T5-32

Metal +an

6@

L++

T5-#!#

3- Lead

A-<ac)

Te+perature

Range

− !!D+ ≤ TE ≤ =1!D+

D+ ≤ TE ≤ =1#!D+

− !!D+ ≤ TE ≤ =1!D+

− BD+ ≤ TE ≤ =1#!D+

D+ ≤ TE ≤ =1#!D+

D+ ≤ TE ≤ =1#!D+

D+ ≤ TE ≤ =1#!D+

−BD+ ≤ TE ≤ =1#!D+

−!!D+ ≤ TE ≤ =1!D+−!!D+ ≤ TE ≤ =1!D+

−BD+ ≤ TE ≤ =1#!D+

D+ ≤ TE ≤ =1#!D+

−!!D+ ≤ TE ≤ =1!D+

D+ ≤ TE ≤ =1#!D+

− BD+ ≤ TE ≤ =1#!D+

&utput

,urrent

1!"

1!"

1!"

1!"

1!"

1!"

1"

1"

!"

!"

!"

!"

!"

!"

!"

&rder

*u+ber

LM117? 0T>>L

LM317? 0T>>L

LM117?;883

LM317"T

LM317T

LM3170

LM3170F

LM317>M<

LM317>M<F

LM317">M<

LM317">M<F

LM117@

LM117@;883

LM317"@

LM317@

LM117>;883

LM317MAT

LM317MATF

LM317"MAT

LM317"MATF

$ac%age

ar%ing

LM117? 0T>>L <=

LM317? 0T>>L <=

LM117?;883

LM317"T <=

LM317T <=

LM3170 <=

1"

7"

LM117@ <=

LM117@;883

LM317"@ <=

LM317@ <=

LM117>;883

LM317MAT

LM317"MAT

Transport

edia

! <er /ag

! <er /ag !

<er /ag

B! Cnits;Gail B!

Cnits;Gail

B! Cnits;Gail

! Cnits Tape and Geel

1) Cnits Tape and Geel #)

Cnits Tape and Geel 1)

Cnits Tape and Geel #)

Cnits Tape and Geel

! <er /ox

# <er Tray

! <er /ox

! <er /ox

! Cnits;Gail

7! Cnits;Gail

#!) Cnits Tape and Geel

7! Cnits;Gail

#!) Cnits Tape and Geel

*',

Draing

?#"

?#+

T3/

T03/

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@3"

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Absolute a)i+u+ Ratings 6Note 1

;( ilitary"Aerospace speci(ied deices are re<uired=

please contact t8e *ational 'e+iconductor 'ales &((ice"

Distributors (or aailability and speci(ications.

<o&er Aissipation *nternally Limited

*nput-5utput $oltage Aifferential =B$(−3$

0torage Temperature −.!D+ to =1!D+Lead Temperature

Metal <ac)age 60oldering( 1 seconds 3D+

>0A Tolerance 6Note 5

3 )$

L11! 9lectrical ,8aracteristics

6Note 3



&perating Te+perature Range

LM117 −!!D+ ≤ TE ≤ =1!D+

LM317" −BD+ ≤ TE ≤ =1#!D+

LM317 D+ ≤ TE ≤ =1#!D+

$reconditioning

Thermal Limit /urn-*n "ll Aevices 1:

0pecifications &ith standard type face are for TE H #!D+( and those &ith bold(ace type apply over (ull &perating Te+perature

Range Cnless other&ise specified( $* − $5CT H !$( and *5CT H 1 m"

L11! 6Note 2

$ara+eter ,onditionsin Typ a) >nits

3$ ≤ 6$* − $5CT ≤ B$(Geference $oltage

Line Gegulation

Load Gegulation

Thermal Gegulation

"djustment <in +urrent

"djustment <in +urrent +hange

Temperature 0tability

Minimum Load +urrent

+urrent Limit

GM0 5utput oise( : of $5CT

Gipple Gejection Gatio

Long-Term 0tability

Thermal Gesistance( θE+

Eunction-to-+ase

Thermal Gesistance( θE"

Eunction-to-"mbient

6o @eat 0in)

1 m" ≤ *5CT ≤ *M"F 6Note 3

3$ ≤ 6$* − $5CT ≤ B$ 6Note 4

1 m" ≤ *5CT ≤ *M"F 6Note 3( Note 4

# ms <ulse

1 m" ≤ *5CT ≤ *M"F 6Note 3

3$ ≤ 6$* − $5CT ≤ B$

TM* ≤ TE ≤ TM"F

6$* − $5CT H B$

6$* − $5CT ≤ 1!$

? <ac)age

@( > <ac)age

6$* − $5CT H B$

? <ac)age

@( > <ac)age

1 @I ≤ f ≤ 1 )@I

$5CT H 1$( f H 1# @I( + "AE H µ'

$5CT H 1$( f H 1# @I( + "AE H 1 µ'

TE H 1#!D+( 1 hrs

? 6T5-3 <ac)age

@ 6T5-32 <ac)age

> 6L++ <ac)age

? 6T5-3 <ac)age

@ 6T5-32 <ac)age

> 6L++ <ac)age

1.26

1.5

6.5

3

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:;$

:

:;J

µ "

µ "

:

m"

"

"

:

d/

d/

:

D+;



W!)k:

The circuit uses a 45 !olt solar panel and a !ariable !oltage regulator I9 M 14H.

The solar panel consists of solar cells each rated at 4.5 !olts. 45 !olt +9 is a!ailable fromthe panel to charge the battery. 9harging current passes through +4 to the !oltage

regulator I9 M 14H. By adjusting its &djust pin, output !oltage and current can beregulated.

<R is placed between the adjust pin and ground to pro!ide an output !oltage of 6 !olts to

the battery. Resistor R1 Restrict the charging current and diode +5 pre!ents discharge of

current from the battery. Transistor T4 and ener diode + act as a cut off switch whenthe battery is full. 0ormally T4 is off and battery gets charging current.

"hen the terminal !oltage of the battery rises abo!e 8.* !olts, ener conducts and

pro!ides base current to T4. It then turns on grounding the output of M 14H to stopcharging.

The solar panel powers the charger in 45< which is regulated and the sent to the battery

for charging.

35



F+c(- +6!( 6+(($)0 c/+)$)-

This unit charges the batteries until they reach a specific !oltage and then it trickle

charges the batteries until it is disconnected

& simple charger e>ui!alent to a &9$+9 wall adapter. It applies 133m& to the

battery at all times, which will damage the battery if left connected too long.

& battery charger is a de!ice used to put energy into a secondary cell or

CrechargeableD battery by forcing an electric current through it.

The charge current depends upon the technology and capacity of the battery beingcharged. :or e'ample, the current that should be applied to recharge a 45 < car battery

will be !ery different from the current for a mobile phone battery

C/+)$ )+($

This is often denoted as C and signifies a charge or discharge rate e>ual to the capacity of

a battery di!ided by 4 hour. :or e'ample C for a 4833 m&h battery would be 4833 m&

Cor 4.8 ampsD. 5C is twice this rate and 4=5C is half the rate.

A11#c+(!-%ince a battery charger is intended to be connected to a battery, it may not ha!e !oltage

regulation or filtering of the +9 !oltage output. Battery chargers e>uipped with both

!oltage regulation and filtering may be identified as battery eliminators.

M!6#$ 1/!$ c/+)$)

Most mobile phone chargers are not really chargers, only adapters that pro!ide a power

source for the charging circuitry which is almost always contained within the mobile

phone. Mobile phones can usually accept relati!ely wide range of !oltages, as long as it

is sufficiently abo!e the phone batterys !oltage. @owe!er, if the !oltage is too high, it

can damage the phone. Mostly, the !oltage is 2 !olts or slightly higher, but it can

sometimes !ary up to 45 !olts when the power source is not loaded.

Battery chargers for mobile phones and other de!ices are notable in that they come in a

wide !ariety of +9 connector $styles and !oltages, most of which are not compatible with

other manufactureAs phones or e!en different models of phones from a single

manufacturer.

36








http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_eliminator


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector









http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector



)sers of publicly accessible charging kiosks must be able to cross$reference

connectors with de!ice brands=models and indi!idual charge parameters and thus ensure

deli!ery of the correct charge for their mobile de!ice. & database$dri!en system is one

solution, and is being incorporated into some of the latest designs of charging kiosks.

The Ionhub charger can simultaneously charge se!eral electronic de!ices- i7od 0ano,

Ra?r , 0intendo +% ite, BlackBerry, portable +<+ player , and electric sha!er .

There are also human$powered chargers sold on the market, which typically

consists of a dynamo powered by a hand crank and e'tension cords. There are also solar

chargers.

9hina and other countries are making a national standard on mobile phone

chargers using the )%B standard.

B+(($)0 c/+)$) *!) 5$/c#$-

There are two main types of charges for !ehicles-

• To recharge a fuel !ehicles starter battery, where a modular charger is used.

• To recharge an electric !ehicle CE<D battery pack.

B+(($)0 $#$c()c 5$/c#$

These !ehicles include a battery pack , so generally use series charger.

& 43 &mpere$hour battery could take 42 hours to reach a fully charged state from

a fully discharged condition with a 4 &mpere charger as it would re>uire roughly 4.2

times the batterys capacity.

37

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Nano

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razr

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS_Lite

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BlackBerry


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD_player


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shaver

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Nano

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razr

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS_Lite



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shaver

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB




7ublic E< charging heads Caka- stationsD pro!ide 8k" Chost power of 53* to 5#3

<&9 off a #3 amp circuitD. 8k" will recharge an E< roughly 8 times faster than 4k"

o!ernight charging.

Rapid charging results in e!en faster recharge times and is only limited by

a!ailable &9 power and the type of charging system W54X.

n board E< chargers Cchange &9 power to +9 power to recharge the E<s packD can

be-

• Isolated- they make no physical connection between the &=9 electrical mains and

the batteries being charged. These typically employ some form of Inducti!echarging. %ome isolated chargers may be used in parallel. This allows for an

increased charge current and reduced charging times.

• 0on$isolated- the battery charger has a direct electrical connection the &=9 outletswiring. 0on$isolated chargers cannot be using in parallel.

7ower :actor 9orrection C7:9D chargers can more closely approach the ma'imum current

the plug can deli!er, shortening charging time.

38

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_charger#cite_note-20%23cite_note-20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A/C

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_charging


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Factor_Correction

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_charger#cite_note-20%23cite_note-20

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A/C

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Factor_Correction



T/$ S!#+) P+$#

I()!%c(!

& solar panel Calso solar module, photo!oltaic module or photo!oltaic panelD is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells, also known as photo!oltaic cells. The solar

panel can be used as a component of a larger photo!oltaic system to generate and supply

electricity in commercial and residential applications.

Because a single solar panel can produce only a limited amount of power, manyinstallations contain se!eral panels. & photo!oltaic system typically includes an array of

solar panels, an in!erter, and sometimes a battery and interconnection wiring.

%olar panels use light energy CphotonsD from the sun to generate electricity

through the photo!oltaic effect. The structural Cload carryingD member of a module can

either be the top layer or the back layer. The majority of modules use wafer$ based crystalline silicon cells or thin$film cells based on cadmium telluride or silicon.

The conducting wires that take the current off the panels may contain sil!er, copper or

other non$magnetic conducti!e transition metals.

The cells must be connected electrically to one another and to the rest of thesystem. 9ells must also be protected from mechanical damage and moisture. Most solar

panels are rigid, but semi$fle'ible ones are a!ailable, based on thin$film cells.

Electrical connections are made in series to achie!e a desired output !oltage

and=or in parallel to pro!ide a desired current capability.

39



%eparate diodes may be needed to a!oid re!erse currents, in case of partial or total

shading, and at night. The p$n junctions of mono$crystalline silicon cells may ha!eade>uate re!erse current characteristics that these are not necessary. Re!erse currents

waste power and can also lead to o!erheating of shaded cells. %olar cells become lessefficient at higher temperatures and installers try to pro!ide good !entilation behind solar

panels.

%ome recent solar panel designs include concentrators in which light is focused

by lenses or mirrors onto an array of smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a

high cost per unit area Csuch as gallium arsenideD in a cost$effecti!e way.

+epending on construction, photo!oltaic panels can produce electricity from a range

of fre>uencies of light, but usually cannot co!er the entire solar range Cspecifically,ultra!iolet, infrared and low or diffused lightD. @ence much of the

incident sunlight energy is wasted by solar panels, and they can gi!e far higherefficiencies if illuminated with monochromatic light. Therefore, another design

concept is to split the light into different wa!elength ranges and direct the beams onto

different cells tuned to those ranges. This has been projected to be capable of raising

efficiency by 23F.

9urrently the best achie!ed sunlight con!ersion rate Csolar panel efficiencyD is

around 54F in commercial products, typically lower than the efficiencies of their cells inisolation. The energy density of a solar panel is the efficiency described in terms of peak

power output per unit of surface area, commonly e'pressed in units of watts per s>uare

foot C"=ft5D. The most efficient mass$produced solar panels ha!e energy density !alues of

greater than 41 "=ft5 C4#3 "=m5D.

40



%olar panel we used

41



T01$- !* -!#+) 1+$#

9urrently there are four main types of solar panels that you can easily get they are

Monocrystalline %ilicon 7anels, 7olycrystalline %ilicon 7anels, %tring Ribbon %ilicon

7anels, and &morphous %ilicon 7anels.

M!!c)0-(+##$ S#c! P+$#- $ Monocrystalline Cor single$crystalD silicon solar

panels ha!e a return electricity rate of anywhere from 4#F to 4*F. These panels are

made from one continuous sheet of silicon that has pieces of metal nailed to the edges to

increase the conducti!ity and to e'cite the electrons.

Monocrystalline panels are more e'pensi!e than some of the other types of solar panels that you can buy but they are also more effecti!e, so in the long run youAre better

off buying these panels if you can afford the up front cost.

P!#0c)0-(+##$ S#c! P+$#- $ 7olycrystalline Cor multi$crystalD silicon panes

ha!e an electricity return rate of about 45F$4#F so they are less efficient than

monocrystalline silicon solar panels. These panels are made up of lots of indi!idual 7<

cells that ha!e metal conducting materials nailed to the sides that will help e'cite the

electrons and also connect the cells together.

7olycrystalline silicon panels are the cheapest solar panels to produce so they are

usually the cheapest for consumers to buy. The maintenance costs of polycrystalline

silicon panels is lower than the maintenance cost of monocrystalline solar panels because

if one of the cells on a polycrystalline panel is damaged you can ha!e the indi!idual cell

replaced without ha!ing to replace the entire panel.

S() R66! S#c! P+$#- / %tring ribbon silicon panels are made in a similar

way to the polycrystalline silicon panels and ha!e about the same electricity return rate.

The difference between string ribbon silicon panels and polycrystalline silicon panels is

that the 7< cells in a string ribbon panel are made of strips of silicon attached to metal

bars that connect the strips to form a cell. )sing strips of silicon to form the cell instead

42



of using one solid s>uare of silicon make the production cost of string ribbon silicon

panels a bit lower than the production cost of polycrystalline silicon panels.

A'!)1/!- S#c! P+$#- / &morphous silicon panels ha!e the lowestelectricity return rate of any type of solar panels. Traditionally amorphous silicon solar

panels ha!e an electricity return rate of between 2F$8F. ThatAs because these panels

arenAt made with crystalline silicon. They are composed of a piece of semi conducti!e

metal, like copper, with a thin silicon film o!er the top that is attached to some metal

pieces.

These panels are !ery cheap to produce but when youAre buying solar panels for

home use you need to consider the long term efficiency of the type of panel that youAre

buying. )nfortunately, though cheap to begin with they do not produce much energy,

therefore amorphous silicon panels are not going to be cost effecti!e in the long run.

T!1 ($ 1)!%c$)-

The top ten solar panel producers Cby M" shipmentsD in 5343 were-

4. %untech

5. :irst %olar

1. %harp %olar

#. ingli

2. Trina %olar

8. 9anadian %olar

H. @anwha %olarone

*. %unpower

6. Renewable Energy 9orporation

43.%olarworld

43



M!( S0-($'-

T)+ck$)-

%olar trackers increase the amount of energy produced per panel at a cost of

mechanical comple'ity and need for maintenance. They sense the direction of the %unand tilt the panels as needed for ma'imum e'posure to the light.

F3$% )+ck-

:i'ed racks hold panels stationary as the sun mo!es across the sky. The fi'ed rack sets

the angle at which the panel is held. Tilt angles e>ui!alent to an installations latitude arecommon.

G)!% '!($%

44



& ground mounted solar panel system installation using precast concrete ballasted

footings.

round mounted solar power systems consist of solar panels held in place by racks or

frames that are attached to ground based mounting supports.

round based mounting supports include-

7ole mounts, which are dri!en directly into the ground or embedded in concrete.

:oundation mounts, such as concrete slabs or poured footings

Ballasted footing mounts, such as concrete or steel bases that use weight to secure

the solar panel system in position and do not re>uire ground penetration. This type of

mounting system allows for decommissioning or relocation of solar panel systemswith no ground e'ca!ation.

45



& roof mounted solar panel system installed using flat roof precast concrete ballasted

footings.

46



47



T/$ R$c/+)$+6#$ B+(($)0:

The battery used in this project is a rechargeable sealed lead sulphate battery rating 8<

#.2&@

This type of battery is e'cellent for rechargeable purpose

& rechargeable battery or storage battery is a group of one ormore electrochemical cells. They are known as secondary cells because

their electrochemical reactions are electrically re!ersible. Rechargeable batteries come in

many different shapes and si?es, ranging anything from a button cell to megawatt systemsconnected to stabili?e an electrical distribution network. %e!eral different combinationsof chemicals are commonly used, including- lead/acid, nickel cadmium C0i9dD, nickel

metal hydride C0iM@D,lithium ion Ci$ionD, and lithium ion polymer Ci$ion polymerD.

Rechargeable batteries ha!e lower total cost of use and en!ironmental impact thandisposable batteries. %ome rechargeable battery types are a!ailable in the same si?es as

disposable types. Rechargeable batteries ha!e higher initial cost, but can be recharged

!ery cheaply and used many times.

& rechargeable lithium polymer 0okia mobile phone battery

48

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_cell#Rechargeable_variants

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_energy_storage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93cadmium_battery


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_battery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_polymer_battery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battery_sizes


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_cell#Rechargeable_variants

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_energy_storage





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_battery

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_polymer_battery


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia




U-+$ +% +11#c+(!-

Rechargeable batteries are used for automobile starters, portable consumerde!ices, light !ehicles Csuch as motori?ed wheelchairs, golf carts, electric bicycles, and

electricforkliftsD, tools, and uninterruptible power supplies. Emerging applications

in hybrid electric !ehicles and electric !ehicles are dri!ing the technology to reduce costand weight and increase lifetime.

0ormally, new rechargeable batteries ha!e to be charged before useL newer low

self$discharge batteries hold their charge for many months, and are supplied charged toabout H3F of their rated capacity.

rid energy storage applications use rechargeable batteries for load le!eling,

where they store electric energy for use during peak load periods, and for renewable

energy uses, such as storing power generated from photo!oltaic arrays during the day to be used at night. By charging batteries during periods of low demand and returning

energy to the grid during periods of high electrical demand, load$le!eling helps eliminate

the need for e'pensi!e peaking power plants and helps amorti?e the cost of generators

o!er more hours of operation.

The )% 0ational Electrical Manufacturers &ssociation has estimated that ).%.

demand for rechargeable batteries is growing twice as fast as demand fornonrechargeables.

49



50



51



The project

T/$ I5$)($)

%ince normal dc canAt be used in most applications due to which there is a

re>uirement that somehow the dc is changed to ac for this the in!erter is used which

con!erts the dc to ac of suitable range for use in house hold appliances.

In this project the dc from the sealed rechargeable battery of 8< is fed to the

in!erter which then con!erts it to ac of 4#3< / 553< this makes it possible to recharge

normal mobile chargers.

&n in!erter is an electrical de!ice that con!erts direct current C+9D to alternating

current C&9D, the con!erted &9 can be at any re>uired !oltage and fre>uency with the use

of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits.

%olid$state in!erters ha!e no mo!ing parts and are used in a wide range of

applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric

utility high$!oltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. In!erters are

commonly used to supply &9 power from +9 sources such as solar panels or batteries.The in!erter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.

52



P+)(- )$=)$%:

4. 5 9T4384 transistors

5. 433uf electrolytic capacitor.1. 3.*mm enamelled copper wire.

#. # ): I0#33H +iodes.

2. 4 ( ohm 4" resistor.

8. 553 ohm resistor.H. ed.

*. #Hnf capacitor.

6. 43 nf capacitor.43. 433 nf capacitor.

44. <eroboard.45. Breadboard Cfor testingD41. "ires.

R$=)$% (!!#-:

6. %oldering iron.

43. %older wire.

44. %oldering flu'45. @ot glue gun.41. "ire cutters.

4#. "ire strippers.

42. 7liers.48. +igital multimeter.

R$=)$% -k##-:

1. ood with a soldering iron.#. 9an read schematics.

53



C)c( %+)+':

9onnect the components as shown in the diagram

K4,K5 J 9T4384

R4 J 4( R

R5 J 553R

94 J 43n:

95 J 433n:

91 J #Hn:

9# J 433uf electrolytic capacitor.

4 J H3 times,

54



PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

S0-($' O1$)+(!

The main theme of our project is hybrid power generation and it is nothing but

the combination of wind mill and solar tracker, using this concept we can obtain

ma'imum power. "e gi!e high priority to renewable energy sources and then authori?ed

power system. %o authori?ed power supply used as option.

E31$)'$(+# -$(1 "(/ 1/!(!)+1/-

55



F()$ 1)!-1$c(-:

The solar inverter made by us is just a prototype or ma!in" uture proje#ts

$hi#h in#orporate advan#ed te#hnolo"ies li!e mi#ro #ontrolled solar tra#!in"%

#har"e #ontrol% et#& this is to sho$ that solar inverters are very #heap and

easy to install so that the ener"y demands are shited on usin" rene$able

sour#es o ener"y& There is more advan#ements pendin" in this 'eld $hi#h

$ill revolutionise the ener"y stream and solar ener"y $ill be playin" the

most important role o all&

56



R$*$)$c$-

(o$stu)$or!&#om

*ll datasheet &#om

+i!ipedia&#om

* boo! ,200 transistor #ir#uits- by .ollin /it#hell&

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