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Prokaryote - Bacteria Prokaryote:
**Unicellular, NO internal membranous structures
**(No membrane bound nuclei, mitochondria, etc…)
1. Bacteria –shape & stain color guides initial Rx
A. Shapes:(Diagram in Lab #1 Microscope)
i. Bacillus; rod
ii. Coccus; round
iii. Spiral; curved rod spirochete/syphillus
B. Cell wall: peptidoglycan, AKA murein
C. Reproduction: binary fission (asexual)
D. Treatment – Antibiotics.
• Easier to treat than other microbes – prokaryote targets.
• Discuss unethical survey
E. Bacteriology
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Prokaryote Shapes-Book Pictures p. 78-79 White Book
Meaning – SEM? um?
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Classification-Prokaryote Prokaryote: meaning?
2. Archea Extreme environments & unusual metabolism
A. No cell walls (or made of pseudomurein)
B. Examples – what do their names tell you?
i. Methanogens: Produce CH4 waste from respiration of CO2 & H2
ii. Halophiles: Salt-loving. REQUIRE EXTREME salt – Dead Sea & Great Salt Lake. (NOT ocean or most seas – not salty enough)
iii. Thermophiles: Use sulfur. Ocean vents. Yellowstone “pots”.
Halophile
Locations/Requirements
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Red Sea & Dead Sea are NOT
the same
Obligate halophiles (Archea)
require 20-30% salt Sea %Salinity
Red Sea 4%
Dead Sea 24-33%
Great Salt Lake Variable based on
water level 5-27%
Ocean 3.5%
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Classification- Fungi Eukaryotes
How evolve? Endosymbiotic Theory – Chap 4
1. Fungi (Discovery Video & PPT)
A. Yeasts-unicellular Larger than cocci
i. “Opportunistic” – infection when normal flora destroyed by
antibiotics. Causes thrush, vaginitis, diarrhea.
ii. Yogurt with “active cultures” good for replenishing normal flora
B. Molds & mushrooms-multicellular
i. Mycelia-mass of hyphae Size, shape, segmentation identify
ii. **Tape plates shut-airborne spores Tell survey exposure. Hood.
C. Cell walls; chitin
D. Heterotrophic & ABSORB nutrients (NOT photosynthetic)
E. Reproduction: asexual or sexual (both involve spores)
F. Mycology
Mold Reproduction
• Very complicated
• For the purposes of this class, it is sufficient to know molds can
reproduce sexually or asexually – both involve spores.
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Yeast Pictures-Oral Candidiasis (Candida albicans)
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Ringworm & Athlete’s Foot Pictures
Tinea pedis? Meaning?
• Pseudopod, … athlete’s foot
Tinea capitis? Meaning? What does per capita mean?
• Scalp/head
All ringworm, but diff areas, same genus, diff species
Trichophyton in hair – UV light & glows
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Classification-Protozoa 2. Protozoa
A. Unicellular
B. Examples? Amoebas, Giardia, Malaria
C. No cell wall – allows flexible & rapid movement
D. Movement:
i. Pseudopods
ii. Flagella
iii. Cilia
E. Reproduction: Sexual or asexual
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Giardia Pictures Discussion - Example
Shepherd’s hook
Liquid vs. solid stool
Suckers attach to intestinal wall
Alternate diarrhea & “rabbit” pellets
“Flu” for weeks
Backpacking. Beavers. Tetons.
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Classification – Helminths Discussion - Example
4. Helminths
A. Invertebrate animals (worms), some are infectious
parasites
B. Treatment difficult: As an animal their physiology
very similar to ours. Treatment is often toxic to our
cells.
C. COMPLEX reproductive cycles with multiple stages
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lg-1Vv4-58M
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcXdfofLoj0
3. https://www.google.com/search?q=Giardia&safe=strict&source
=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMz7644oLZAhUFIqwKH
b68D0cQ_AUICigB&biw=1344&bih=755#imgrc=UteYI6qDjXfsAM
:
4. https://www.google.com/search?q=types+of+helminths&safe=s
trict&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi62daM44L
ZAhXn6YMKHZc3BgkQ_AUICigB&biw=1344&bih=755#imgrc=fK
-Mbgj7G3PiSM:
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHX5mlLjSqw
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ab-Cd0k9Y1w
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Pinworm Discussion – Example
Also discussed Guinea Worm Previously
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Prions Prions – Separate category
1. Degenerative diseases of the CNS have been linked to an “infectious
PROTEIN”
2. All prion diseases lead to spongiform encephalitis or “holes” in the
brain”
3. Example disorder: Mad Cow (Show Video/make aware of video)
A. Cattle nervous system
B. Eat BEEF contaminated w/ spinal cord material – CAN’T cook out
C. Spongiform encephalitis years later – diagnosis only on autopsy
D. Prevention: Illegal to use mammal brains in feed, track each cow,
incinerate herd
E. No treatment/cure, fatal
4. Similar diseases:
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob (human),
inherited or spontaneous mutation
• Dura mater tissue (brain) & cornea
transplants & contaminated
surgical equipment
• Scrapie (sheep), Chronic Wasting
Disease (Deer & Elk)
Prion Video
1. Mad Cow
A. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aP-ShyyHiIc
2. Prion Disease
A. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xws0_I-xyOI
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Other Terms Miscellaneous Infectious Disease Terms
1. Host: Organism infected by pathogen
2. Vector: Arthropod or insect that carries organism between hosts, but
does not get the disease itself
A. Lyme disease vector = deer tick
B. Malaria vector = mosquito
3. Reservoir = Site where infectious agent survives.
A. It is a continual source of infection
B. Reservoir can be human, animal or non-living
C. Rabies: reservoir = bats, skunks, …
D. Tetanus: reservoir = soil
E. Cholera: reservoir = water
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Lyme Disease – Discussion only B. Bacterial: Lyme disease
i. Host: Human
ii. Vector: Deer tick
iii. Reservoir: Deer & field mice
iv. Initially – Bullseye rash & “flu-like”. Antibiotics now limit disease.
v. Joints, nervous system (over time). Antibiotics to kill organism, but can’t undo damage.
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Life Cycle-
Lyme Disease
Shape of the bacteria?
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Malaria –
Discussion
only
C. Protozoa: Malaria
i. Host: Human
ii. Vector: Mosquito
iii. Fever, chills, lyzed RBCs
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E. Coli O157 E.coli O157
1. Bacteria
2. SOURCE: **COW INTESTINES
A. MAIN exposure TRANSMISSION - Undercooked beef
(contaminated with bovine intestinal material)
B. Other potential exposure sources; unpasteurized beverages,
spinach
3. Within days the following symptoms occur, including
hemorrhagic colitis & hemolytic uremic syndrome. What do the
terms mean?
• Hemorrhagic colitis
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome
• Dehydration
• Kidney shutdown & death if symptoms not treated in time.
4. Self-limiting. Treat symptoms. NOT antibiotics
Antibiotics MAY be linked to increased incidence
of hemolytic uremia & kidney shutdown, perhaps
due to release of toxins as antibiotic break bacteria
1. Ecoli
A. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ps_Kw4EX7A
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Flesh-eating Strep species
Flesh-eating Strep
1. Bacteria
2. Source & transmission
3. Rapidly growing wound
4. Antibiotics
Video: Flesh Eating Bacteria Amputee
Gets Bionic Hands
Information on Necrotizing Fasciitis from
CDC
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HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
1. Virus
2. Blood & body fluids
3. Sex, needles, transfusions, prenatally
4. No symptoms for years
5. AIDS: Kaposi’s sarcoma, life-threatening pneumonia
(Pneumocystis carinii) yeast & other infections
6. Treatment to delay symptoms, no cure
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Diseases associated with AIDS
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HIV Worldwide Distribution
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Syphillus-p. 729
Syphillus
1. Bacterial (spirochete)
2. Blood & body fluids
3. Sex, prenatal
4. 3 symptomatic stages:
A. 1o (2 weeks- months): Chancre, treatable
B. Latent 2-4 years
C. 2o: Rash
D. 3o: Tissues-brain, blind, aorta, skin
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Prior Knowledge: Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
1. Break apart the words – meaning?
2. Differences?
3. Similarities?
4. Organism examples?
Lab #41 Koch’s Postulates Critical Thinking #1 1. Eighty-one patients became ill and 14 died in an outbreak at St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, Washington,
D.C., in 1965. Epidemiologic evidence suggested a link between infection and wind-blown dust from excavations on hospital grounds. In 1968, 1444 cases of self-limited illness occurred in employees at the health department building in Pontiac, Michigan. Investigations at that time demonstrated that the etiologic agent was present in the condenser of a malfunctioning air-conditioning system. In 1974, at least 20 persons attending a convention at the Bellevue Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia developed pneumonia, and two died. In 1976, 182 people became ill and 29 died at another convention at the Bellevue Stratford Hotel. What would you need to do to identify the causative agent of these outbreaks?
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CDC Information on Legionella
Mayo Clinic Legionnaires
http://www.cdc.gov/24-7/images/cdcdiscovery/legionnaire1.jpg
http://wiki.ggc.edu/images/2/2d/Sy.jpg
Lab #41 Koch’s Postulates Critical Thinking #2
http://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/history.html
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1. Near Four Corners, New Mexico, on May 14, two people living in the same household died within 5 days of each other. Their illnesses were characterized by flu-like symptoms with rapid respiratory failure. The third case was the death of an 8-year-old girl in Mississippi. Over the next 120 days, 53 more people became ill near Four Corners, and 26 died. One man became ill 2 weeks after returning home from a visit to New Mexico. On July 9, a previously healthy woman living in eastern Texas died following acute respiratory distress. The woman had not traveled outside of Texas. What evidence do you have that this is an infectious disease?
http://www.idealpestcontrol.ca/images/17201.jpg
Lab #41 Koch’s Postulates – Penicillium italicum
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P. italicum – smaller bluish colony
P. digitatum – larger olive-green
Both – citrus fruits & $$$ loss in storage & transit
Penicillium = “brush” appearance under scope
Bread, cheese, cold meats…
Farm storage of cereal in bins for feed:
High moisture? Grows & produces toxins – affects animals
Other Penicilliums –
apple rot
Benefits of P. roquefortii?
Blue cheese! Blue caused by the spores! Eat spores by the million!
P. notatum & P.chrysogenum – produce antibiotic penicillin. Why do
fungal species make antibiotics?
Penicillium Photos
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