Prokaryotic Microbes Supplemental instruction Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010...

Prokaryotic Prokaryotic MicrobesMicrobes

Supplemental instruction

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]

Fall 2010

For Dr. Wright’s Bio 7/27 Class

Updated: Monday, July 12, 2010

Picture from http://www.buildinggreentv.com/node/7088 http://steveaoki.dimmak.com/blog/2009/11/useless-information-4-bacteria/ http://www.scienceclarified.com/As-Bi/Bacteria.html

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.buildinggreentv.com/node/7088

http://steveaoki.dimmak.com/blog/2009/11/useless-information-4-bacteria/

http://www.scienceclarified.com/As-Bi/Bacteria.html

ProkaryotesProkaryotes -Domain _________ and _________. -classified based on _______ source and _______ source.carbon(C)energy

http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/27-01-HeatLovingProkaryotes.jpghttp://ceh.iu.edu/CMS/CEHImages/20059c67-7045-442f-b7b6-

38ed4fbd1d20.jpg

http://earth-cards.com/pseudomonas_bacteria.jpg

BacteriaArchaea

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2010 www.science-i.com

http://www.science-i.com/

Cells need energy (ATP)Cells need energy (ATP)-ATP -Electrons used for ATP synthesis transferred to the molecule(=_______________________)-Terminal electron acceptors(TEA) eg. O2 for aerobes We, humans are aerobic organisms.

Universal energy carrier

terminal electron acceptors


Many pathogens are aerobic chemooganotrophs.We are aerobic chemoorganotrophs!


•Early earth -Anoxic (anaerobic environment) -Few organic material (few living organisms)

-Anaerobes, chemotrophs TEA: S, CO2

Fermenters ~ TEA as organic(Pyruvates) Create aerobic environment

*Earliest earth __________________

•Later earth - Aoxic - Aerobes TEA: O2

Create aerobic environment Anaerobes can live mouth due to aerobes consume O2 .

Anaerobic chemolithotrophs



•Aerobes - terminal electron acceptor is ______.

( most / least) efficient at generating ATP -Obligate aerobes, Facultative anerobes(if O2 presence)

•Anaerobes - terminal electron acceptor is ____________ - Do not use Krebs cycle (e.g., CO2, S, SO4-, NO3- or NO2-)

( less / most ) efficient than aerobic respiration -Methanogens, sulfur bacteria, …

•Fermenters - terminal electron acceptor _____________. (e.g. pyruvate)

(most / least) efficient at generating ATP -Facultative anerobes(if O2 absent) E.Coli

Terminal electron acceptorTerminal electron acceptor

oxygen

inorganic molecule

organic molecule



Classified by energy (ATP) sourceClassified by energy (ATP) source

•PhototrophsPhototrophs -ATP from ________ -serve as food sources for other organisms. -Aquatic, lakes, bogs, upper layer of muds -Photosynthetic organisms Anoxygenic don’t generate O2 e.g. purple bacteria, green bacteria Oxygenic generate O2 e.g. plants, algae, cyanobacteria,

sunlight

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EzEapCZZxAU/SdfaPJkVPmI/AAAAAAAAA_o/-S2QQsiHZDM/s320/Spirogyra_conjugation.jpg

http://www.hikingwithafieldmicroscope.com/00%20CONTENTS/05%20Salt%20Flats/Salt%20Flats.html



•Organotrophs Organotrophs = Chemorganotrophs -Organisms use organic sources(like glucose or sugar)

- Aerobes O2 as TEA most efficient at generating ATP

- Anerobes inorganic molecules(e.g., S, SO4-, NO3-

or NO2-) as TEA Sulfur bacteria, fermenters, Archea


•Lithotrophs Lithotrophs = Chemolithotrophs - Some use inorganic molecules (lithotrophs) eg. H2

- Anaerobic environments eg. GI tract in human -TEA: CO2 or Sulfur(S) - Most Archea living in hydrothermal vent, Aquatic bacteria.-Methanogens (energy from H2,CO2 as TEA)

Picture from http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/27-01-HeatLovingProkaryotes.jpg


http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/27-01-HeatLovingProkaryotes.jpg

Cells need Carbon (C)Cells need Carbon (C)

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009

•AutotrophsAutotrophs - Carbon source from ______. - make sugar (organic compound)

•Heterotrophs(organotrophs)Heterotrophs(organotrophs) - Carbon source organic molecules(sugar or glucose) from ____________. - produce inorganic molecules e.g. CO2

CO2

autotrophs

http://phobia.itqb.unl.pt/grfx/biofilm-image.jpg

Methanogens - A group of archaea - Anaerobic chemolithotrophs - ATP from H2

- TEA: CO2

- may live a/w fermenters fermenter produce H2, CO2 - produce methane and water - sewage, intestinal tracts, etc. - Hard to culture in the lab. - Future energy source for human.



organic coumpounds •Anaerobic chemoorganotrophsAnaerobic chemoorganotrophs -ATP from __________________ -Sulfur bacteria, fermenters, Archea

http://www.treehugger.com/2007/09/09-week/

Sulfur & sulfur-reducing bacteriaSulfur & sulfur-reducing bacteria-Anaerobic respiration-TEA: S, Sulfate(SO4

2-) reduce to form H2S or HSO4−,

- Sulfur cycle - Rotten-egg small since H2S is generated. - live in anaerobic soils - Produce H2S turn mud and water black. - Most mesophiles or thermophiles


Sulfur reducing ArchaeaSulfur reducing Archaea-TEA: S, Sulfate(SO4

2-)-Hyperthermophiles~ live Hydrothermal vents


•Anaerobic chemoorganotrophsAnaerobic chemoorganotrophs (Con’td)

FermentersFermenters-Clostridium obligate anaerobes endospores (dormant form) vegetative cells live in anaerobic conditons created by aerobes. ferment cellulose, sugar, ethanol foul-smell

-Lactic acid bacteria obligate fermenters. *can live in O2 presence. But not use O2

produce lactic acid normal flora; live in mouth,throat, vigina, GI tract

Milk products: cheese, yogurt Streptococcus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus,…



-Yeast *but yeast is eukaryotes. bread, beer, wine makes CO2

-Propionibacterium used in cheese production makes CO2

•Anaerobic chemoorganotrophsAnaerobic chemoorganotrophs (Con’td)

Fermenters (Con’td)Fermenters (Con’td)



There are three major groups of photosynthetic bacteria.There are three major groups of photosynthetic bacteria.


• Purple bacteria ~ anoxygenic ( do not produce O2 ) Photosynthetic system(pigments) in cell membranecell membrane.

• Cyanobacteria ~ oxygenic ( produce O2 ) use water as an electron donor Photosynthetic system(pigments) in phycobilisomes

• Green bacteria. ~ anoxygenic ( do not produce O2 ) Photosynthetic system(pigments) in a vesicles(chlorosomes)chlorosomes).

Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria ~Oxygenic phototrophsxygenic phototrophs -oxygenic phototrophs. *generate O2

-Primary producers - Contain chlorophyll and psychobiliproteins to harvest energy from light.

-Nitrogen fixers metabolize nitrogen.

-Heterocyst Specialized thick-walled cell Protect enzyme from oxygen. Helps provide nutrients for other organisms Do not generate O2

-”Blooms” Excessive growth of cyanobacteria

http://www.whoi.edu/cms/images/1_47872.jpg




Purple bacteria~Anoxygenic phototrophsPurple bacteria~Anoxygenic phototrophs-Photosynthetic pigments within cell membranecell membrane

-Gram negative-Most aquatic habitats-Electron source from H2S or organic compounds.- do not use electron source from water do not produce oxygen

-Purple sulfur bacteriaPurple sulfur bacteria live in sulfur spring Energy from H2S, H2, organic(pyruvate) gas vesicles(sulfur granules) sulfur oxidizer!

-Purple non-sulfur bacteriaPurple non-sulfur bacteria live a variety of aquatic habitats, moist soils, paddy fields… lack gas vesicles organic molecules as source of electrons or other diverse metabolismPicture from http://starcentral.mbl.edu/microscope/portal.php?pagetitle=assetfactsheet&imageid=12327 http://climatechange.thinkaboutit.eu/think2/post/climate_change_by_pre-

modern_farmers/



Green bacteria~Anoxygenic phototrophsGreen bacteria~Anoxygenic phototrophs-Photosynthetic pigments within chlorosomes-Gram negative-harder to observe

-Green sulfur bacteriaGreen sulfur bacteria Electron source from H2S,( H2S S ) All strict anaerobes gas vesicels(sulfur granules) sulfur oxidizer!

None is chemotrophs •Green non-sulfur bacteriaGreen non-sulfur bacteria diverse metabolism; alternative use H2 or H2S All strict anaerobes gas vesicels None is chemotrophs; organic molecules as source of electrons. Grow in the dark aerobically using chemotrophic metabolism. Only Chloroflexus can be grown in pure culture.Picture from http://talesfromechocanyon.blogspot.com/2008/06/romvets-tackle-west-thumb-geyser-basin_16.html

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