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Promoting and AssessingCritical Thinking
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In the chaotic, ever-changing,unpredictable, uncertain world in
health care arena of the 21st
century, nurses need additional
abilities if they are to provide
quality care to individuals,families and communities.
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Additional skills:
Work collaboratively w/ an
interdisciplinary team Provide evidence to support ones
interactions
Draw reasoned conclusions
Document clearly and comprehensively
Provide leadership that leads to positivechange
Be unwilling to merely accept the status
quo or tradition
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Have a questioning mind
Be characterized by the spirit ofinquiry
Contribute to the ongoing
development of nursing science
Be open to new perspectives,
interpretations, & alternatives Be reflective & contemplative
Think critically
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Defining Critical Thinking
Watson & Glaser(1964)
- a composite of attitudes of
inquiry; knowledge of the nature ofvalid inferences, abstractions, &
generalizations; & skills inemploying & applying these attitudes
& this knowledge
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Introduced the idea that critical
thinking also involves ones frame of
mind or attitude
This is important because it
acknowledges that critical thinking ismore than merely a collection of
skills one uses in certain situations,
instead, it is a perspective throughwhich one views all situations.
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Definitions of critical thinking:
Bandman & bandman: reasoning inwhich we analyze the use of
language, formulate problems, clarify& explicate assumptions, weighevidence, evaluate conclusions,
discriminate b/w good & badarguments, & seek to justify thosefacts & values that result in credible
beliefs & actions
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Ennis: reflective & reasonable thinking
that is focused on deciding what to
believe or doLIpman: skillful, responsible thinking
that facilitates good judgment because it
relies upon criteria, is self-correcting, &is sensitive to context
Paul: thinking about your thinking while
youre thinking in order to make your
thinking better
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Critical thinker is nonbiased,
reasoned, & truth-oriented
Critical thinking involves making
judgments
Thinking can be judged to becritical if it holds up to certain
evaluative criteria
Critical thinking is tied to belief or
action
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Critical thinkingis using the powers
of the mind to view the world and toact in a discerning way. It includes
having a questioning attitude,
examining underlying assumptions,and considering the validity of
alternative solutions, in order to
make reasoned judgments that are
sensitive to context.
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Critical thinking is a way ofinteracting
with the worldthat is reflective, open, and
generative
Interacting with the worldengaging w/
ideas as well as people, being curious,
appreciating contextual influences, beinjg
broad rather than narrow, being aware of
ones own values, being involved, being
able to tolerate ambiguity and
uncertainty, and not having tunnel vision
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By reflectivehaving a sound
knowledge base, examining the
whole, being thoughtful, examining
assumptions, being insightful,
drawing conclusions that are wellfounded, and continuously looking at
and investigating ideas and
perspectives, among other things
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Being openbeing flexible and open to
new ideas, considering alternative lines
for reasoning, being creative, havingintellectual curiosity, and continually
rethinking issues, perspectives, and points
of view, including ones own
Being generativecreating new ideas,
proposing alternatives, being willing togrow and take risks, taking responsibility
for initiating change, and constantly
growing and learning
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National League for Nursing
Critical thinking in nusing
practice is a discipline specific,
reflective reasoning process that
guides a nurse in generating,implementing and evaluating
approaches for dealing with clientcare and professional concerns
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Significance: to encourage nurse
educators to think carefully and,
indeed, critically about the
essence of the definition they use
to judge learner achievement inthis significant area.
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Problem-solvinginvolves drawing on
knowledge and experience to address
an immediate problem
Critical thinkingis reflective, involvespersonal investment, is not linear, is
not necessarily focused on solving a
problem or answering a question
- is logical, analytical, and
judgmental
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We dont have to make human
beings smart. They are born
smart. All we have to do is stopdoing things that make them
stupid.
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Strategies That Enhance Critical
Thinking
Thinking is hard work, that is why you dont
see a lot of people doing it.
Discussion Asking effective questions
- questions that probe thinking for clarity,
that hold individuals accountable for theirthinking, and those that move learners to the
internalization of questions they need to ask
themselves to become astute practitioners
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Text interaction
Problem-based learning
Concept mapping
Other strategies:
Case studies
Collaborative learning
Microthemes
Journals
Self-assessment/evaluation
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Assignment: yellow pad
Many employers of nurses say they want all
nurses they hire to be critical thinkers. They
rate critical thinking among the most desirable
skills for their employees. Is it realistic toexpect that all nurses will have highly
developed critical thinking skills? If a nurse
has good problem-solving skills, might that beenough to make her or him a valued
employee?
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Critical thinking and methods to promote
critical thinking have been subjects of concern
for many professional practice fields affectedby increasing technology and access to
information. However, no standard definitions
of critical thinking or methods of teaching andevaluating critical thinking have been
accepted. One common definition of criticalthinking developed by nurses states thatcritical thinking in nursing is an essential
component of professional accountability and
quality nursing care.
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Critical thinkers in nursing exhibit these
habits of the mind: confidence, contextual
perspective, creativity, flexibility,inquisitiveness, intellectual integrity,
intuition, open-mindedness,
perseverance, and reflection. Criticalthinkers in nursing practice the cognitive
skills of analyzing, applying standards,
discriminating, information seeking,logical reasoning, predicting, and
transforming knowledge.
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Whatever definition is accepted, critical
thinking is a very important part of
nursing practice. The complexity of caretoday requires the use of critical thinking
to solve nursing problems for which there
are no textbook answers or availableresources. As greater demands are placed
on the nursing profession by technology
and information, only critical thinking
will provide viable answers.
