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PRONOMINALS & REFERENCE

Parmi Utami Reni Atika Lestari Pandu Raharja

GROUP J

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PRONOMINALS

• Pronominal takes place of a NP.• Pronominal is used to avoid repeating a NP.• A NP which pronominal refers to is called as an

antecedent.

Samuel is a father. Samuel has a son.Samuel is a father. He has a son.

Samuel is as an antecedent of He.He refers to Samuel.

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PERSONAL PRONOMINALSCASE

NOMINATIVE OBJECTIVE POSSESIVE

NUMBER SING PL SING PL SING PL

PERSON

1st I WE ME US MY/MINE OUR/OURS

2nd YOU YOU YOU YOU YOUR/YOURS YOUR/YOURS

3rd

HE

THEY

HIM

THEM

HIS/HIS

THEIR/THEIRSSHE HER HER/HERS

IT IT ITS/-

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PRONOMINAL-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT

• Pronominal & its antecedent should agree in:

1. Number (singular/plural)

2. Gender (male/female/neuter)

3. Person (1st/2nd/3rd person)

4. Case (subject/object/possesive)

I have a nephew. Their name is Adam

I have a nephew. Her name is Adam

I have a nephew. My name is Adam

I have a nephew. Him name is Adam

I have a nephew. His name is Adam

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ANTECEDENT SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESIVE

David He Him His/His

Lucy She Her Her/Hers

David & Lucy They Them Their/Theirs

David, Lucy & I We Us Our/Ours

A pen It It Its/-

The pens They Them Their/Theirs

PRONOMINAL-ANTECEDENT AGREEMENT

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THE USAGE OF PRONOMINALS

• Nominative Pronominals– before predicate

• Objective Pronominals– after predicate– after preposition

• Internal Possesive Pronominals– before a NP

• Independent Possesive Pronominals– without a NP

We will have a test next week.

Someone gives me the cake.

Marsha’s father is proud of her

Bima saves his money in the bank.

Yours is on the table.

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LET’S PRACTICE!

Retno is one of our friend. Retno is funny. We love Retno. Retno’s style often makes us laugh. Retno’s is different from the others.

Retno is one of our friend. She is funny.Welove her.Her style often makes us laugh. Hers is different from the others.

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REFERENCE

• A relation between objects in which one object designates by which to connect to or to link to another object.

• The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object.

• The second object is called the referent of the first object.

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THE RULES1. Pronominal & its antecedent can’t be in the same clause.Eva is looking at her in the long mirror.

Her ≠ Eva

Eva knows that Mike is looking at her in the long mirror.

Her = Eva

1st clause 2nd clause

One clause

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THE RULES2. Pronominal & its antecedent can’t be in the same NPOrsino’s eloquence about him.

Him ≠ Orsino

A play that Marlowe wrote about Shakespeare’s treatment of him.

Him = Marlowe

1st NP 2nd NP

One NP

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THE RULES2. Pronominal & its antecedent can’t be in the same NP

NP

Det N’

S’ N’

NPthat Marlowe wrote aboutplay a

NPN’

N PP

treatment of himShakespeare’s

N

N’N

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THE RULES3. Pronominal can precede its antecedent only if the pronominal is in a lower ranked clauseLower ranked clause is same as an embedded clause or a subordinate clause

Because he is very sleepy, Agus goes to bed earlier.

He saw that the dentist had examined Agus.

SC IC

Differ from this one!

He ≠ Agus

He = Agus

IC SC

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THANK YOU

LET’S DO THE BEST

FOR OUR TEST