Properties of Matter

MSFWBAT:• differentiate among element, compound, homo- and

hetero-genous mixtures• describe the arrangement and distances among

particles in the solid, liquid, and gas state• differentiate between chemically bonded and

physically blended

Drill – 9/27

• What is matter?• What are the phases of matter?

MatterHas mass and Takes up space

Can only be Separated Chemically, uniform and definite composition

Can be separatedPhysically, not definitecomposition

cannot be Separated intoSimpler substance

Contains two Or more elements

Uniform throughout

Not uniformthroughout

WS:

Gas

assumes the shape and volume of its container

particles can move past one another

compressible -lots of free space between particles

flows easily particles can move past one another

Liquid

assumes the shape of the part of the container which it occupies

particles can move/slide past one another

not easily compressible little free space between particles

flows easily particles can move/slide past one another

Solid

retains a fixed volume and shape rigid - particles locked into place

not easily compressible little free space between particles

does not flow easily rigid - particles cannot move/slide past one another

States of Matter

Deposition

Drill 9.28

• What factor(s) dictate what particular phase a substance exists in?

• 1. temperature (which is relative speed of particles of the substance)

• 2. pressure • 3. distance between particles (can be related to

pressure, but is not the same thing here)• Any change to these variables can (theoretically)

cause a phase change in any kind of matter

9.28

• a. distinguish between physical and chemical properties

• b. contrast physical and chemical changes• c. use law of cons of mass and energy to prove

that mass remains constant during both physical and chemical changes

Physical & Chemical Properties!

• Physical properties: Do not change the chemical nature of matter

• Chemical properties: Do change the chemical nature of matter

Properties of Matter• Physical Properties– Characteristics of a substance that can be observed or

measured without changing the substance’s composition

– Types of Physical Properties:color solubility mass magnetismodor hardness densitymelting point electrical conductivityboiling point

Properties of Matter• Chemical Properties– describe chemical changes of a substance

– Types of Chemical Propertiesrust rot decomposeferment grow

Classify the following as chemical or physical properties

• Freezing point• Leaves rot• A nail rusts• Water turns to steam• Something dissolves• It explodes• Reacts to form a gas• Try some more on the next slide

• It reacts to form carbon dioxide• It smells bad• It is shiny• It is cut in half• Tastes sweet• A candle melts• A balloon is blown up with air• It burns• Red color

Physical & Chemical Changes

• In a physical change, nothing new is created, the matter has just changed to another phase, separated or combined.

• In a chemical change, the substances are altered chemically and display different physical and chemical properties after the change.

Changes in MatterPhysical Changes

- changes which do not alter the identity of a substance

Types of Physical Changescrush or tear

changes in state (between solid/liquid/gas)

Changes in Matter

Chemical Changes- changes (reactions) which alter the identity of a substance

**After a chemical change occurs a new substance is formed**

Types of Chemical Changesburning cooking

chemical reaction with another substance

Physical Separations

• Predict how to separate each of the following heterogeneous mixtures:– Salt and pepper– Sand and iron filings– Mud (dirt from the water)– Fruit salad (the different types of fruit)

Focusing questions

• Indicate if the following are physical or chemical changes:

1. Wood burning2. Plants growing3. Cutting paper4. Ice melting

• “Separate This” WS

Techniques for Physical Separations

• Filtration• Evaporation• Centrifugation• Chromatography• Decantation• Crystallization• Distillation

Filtration Evaporation Centrifugation Chromatography Decantation Crystallization Distillation

Filtration

• A mixture is poured into a funnel fitted with a piece of filter paper.

• Used for beer production and tap water (to remove solid impurities)

Evaporation

• A homogenous mixture is heated so that the water evaporates and just leaves the solid behind

Centrifugation• Really fast spinning

forces the solid or denser substance to the bottom of a sample

Chromatography• A mixture is allowed to move along a fixed

material. The components of the mixture move at different speeds (based on their attraction to the solvent and the material) and so they separate from each other.

Decantation• Let the solid settle and then

pour off the liquid, using something to block the solid

Crystallization

• The process of forming crystals. Used to separate solids from solution.

DistillationWhen a solution is heated, the liquid with a lower boiling point evaporates. The hot vapor that formed can be condensed back to liquid again on a cold surface. EVAPORATION + CONDENSATION

Chemical Separations

• Electrolysis• Chemical Reactions• Decomposition

ElectrolysisUsing electric current to force a chemical reaction with a separation occurring at the electrodes

Focusing question

• How would you separate a mixture of salt, sand, iron filings, ethanol and water into each of the components?

Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy

• Matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only changed in form.

Energy

• Energy is the capacity to do work or to produce heat

• Forms of Energy

– Potential – stored energy– Kinetic – energy of motion

Measuring EnergyA calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius degree

1 cal = 1 gram x 1 C0

The SI unit of energy is the joule (J)

1 cal = 4.184 J