Properties of Matter

What is matter?

Matter is anything that has mass and volume.

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Classification of Matter

Matter can be divided into 2 categories:SUBSTANCES & MIXTURES

• Substances can NOT be separated into different kinds of matter by physical means.

• Mixtures can be separated into different kinds of matter by physical means.

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What are substances?

– Elements

• Any substance in which all the atoms in a sample are alike, one kind of matter• Examples: Carbon, Sodium and Oxygen

– Compounds

• 2 or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio• Usually has different appearance from elements that make it up• Examples: Water – H2O and Salt - NaCl

Classification of MatterIn science, substances are limited to elements and compounds.

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Classification of Matter

• Atom-smallest possible particle of an element

• Molecule- smallest possible particle of a compound

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What are mixtures? 2 or more substances that can be separated by

physical meansDo not always contain the same amounts of the different substances that make them up

–Homogeneous• same throughout, particles so tiny that cannot be seen, don’t settle out or scatter light • Examples: milk, salt water and cola

–Heterogeneous• a mixture in which different materials can be easily distinguished•Suspension-visible particles settle-muddy water• Examples: Sand/water, Italian salad dressing, pizza and dry soups

Classification of Matter

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Classification of Matter

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H E TE R O G E N E O U SS olu tion

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takes u p sp ace .

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Measuring Matter

Volume of a liquid– Graduated cylinder- read from bottom of meniscus

Volume of solid– Length X Width X Height

Volume of Irregular Shaped Objects– Water Displacement

Indirect Measuring– Large objects-take a core sample and use a formula– Small objects-weigh 100 and then divide weight by

100 to get one small objects weight

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Phases & Properties of Matter

What is the matter?

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Solids - definite shape and volume Atoms are held close together by strong bonds Movement is slow

Crystalline Solids (crystals) - atoms are arranged in regular fashion

• Ex. - ice, salt, diamonds

Amorphous Solids - atoms LACK a regular arrangement

• Ex. - rock, glass, wax

Phases of Matter

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Phases of Matter - ContinuedLiquids - definite volume, but NO definite shape

Bonds are weaker and atoms are spaced farther apart They take the shape of container they are in

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Phases of Matter - Continued

Gases - NO definite volume OR shape

Bonds are weakest and atoms far apart

Expand to fill the container they are in

• Examples - air, oxygen, smoke

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Plasma

• Gas like mixture of + and – charged particles

Movement very rapid

99% of mass of our solar system

Examples: Sun, Stars and Lightning

Phases of Matter - Continued

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Properties of Matter• Physical Properties are the

characteristics of matter that can be changed without changing its composition– characteristics that are directly observable

• Chemical Properties are the characteristics that determine how the composition of matter changes as a result of contact with other matter or the influence of energy

An extensive property of a material depends upon how much matter is is being considered.

An intensive property of a material does not depend upon how much matter is is being considered.

• mass

• length

• volume

• density

• temperature

• color

Extensive and Intensive Properties

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Some Physical Propertiesmass volume density

solid liquid gas

melting point boiling point volatility

taste odor color

texture shape solubility

electrical conductance

thermal conductance

magnetism

malleability ductility specific heat capcity

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Some Chemical Properties

Acidity Basicity (aka Alkalinity)

Causticity Corrosiveness

Reactivity Stability

Inertness Explosiveness

(In)Flammability Combustibility

Oxidizing Ability Reducing Ability

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Some Physical Properties of Iron

• iron is a silvery solid at room temperature with a metallic taste and smooth texture

• iron melts at 1538°C and boils at 4428°C• iron’s density is 7.87 g/cm3

• iron can be magnetized• iron conducts electricity, but not as well as most other

common metals• iron’s ductility and thermal conductivity are about average

for a metal• it requires 0.45 J of heat energy to raise the temperature of

one gram of iron by 1°C

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Some Chemical Properties of Iron

• iron is easily oxidized in moist air to form rust

• when iron is added to hydrochloric acid, it produces a solution of ferric chloride and hydrogen gas

• iron is more reactive than silver, but less reactive than magnesium

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Changes in Matter• Physical Changes - changes in

the properties of matter that do not effect its composition– Heating water

• raises its temperature, but it is still water

– Evaporating butane from a lighter

– Dissolving sugar in water • even though the sugar seems to

disappear, it can easily be separated back into sugar and water by evaporation

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Changes in Matter• Chemical Changes involve a

change in the properties of matter that change its composition– a Chemical Reaction– rusting is iron combining with oxygen

to make iron(III) oxide– burning butane from a lighter changes

it into carbon dioxide and water– silver combines with sulfur in the air to

make tarnish

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Is it a Physical or Chemical Change?

• a physical change results in a different form of the same substance– the kinds of molecules don’t change

• a chemical change results in one or more completely new substances– the new substances have different molecules than the

original substances– you will observe different physical properties because

the new substances have their own physical properties

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Physical Properties of Matter

• Viscosity – • Measure of the material’s resistance to flow• High-viscosity liquids take longer to flow

• Example: Ketchup when comparing to water

• Low-viscosity liquids flow easier• Example: Tomato Juice flows easier than ketchup

• Temperature raising-viscosity decreases except in gases.

                  

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Physical Properties of Matter – Cont.

• Elasticity – • Measure of ability to be stretched and then return to its original size.• Example:Rubber Bands, Elastic, and Playground Balls

Question: Which ball would you rather play basketball?

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• Malleability –

• Ability to be hammered into sheets• Example: Gold &Silver Coins, Aluminum Foil and Soda Cans

Physical Properties of Matter – Cont.

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• Brittleness – • measures a material’s tendency to shatter upon impact• Example: Sulfur, Calcium and Glass

• Hardness –• Resistance to breaking or scratching• Example: diamonds

Physical Properties of Matter – Cont.

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• Luster – • shininess• Example: Gold, Silver, Mercury

• Ductility – • ability to be pulled into wires• Example: Most metals (Copper, Silver)

Physical Properties of Matter – Cont.

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Physical Properties of Matter – Cont.

Tensile Strength-• Measure of how much

pulling, or tension, a material can withstand before breaking

• Property of fibers, ropes, cables, girders

• DuPont Kevlar-5 times tensile strength of steel

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• Density – • The amount of mass in a given volume• How tightly packed the atoms or molecules

are in a substance• Formula to calculate density is:

Density = Mass Volume

• Units are expressed as:• g/mL or g/L for liquids (remember the graduated

cylinder)

• g/cm3 for solids

Physical Properties of Matter – Cont.

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Density of a Fluid

Fluid-• Any matter that is able to flow• Liquids and gases• Density of a liquid might be different from the

density of the same solid• Most materials are denser in solid phase

than their liquid phase• Exception- Water-freezes with air spaces so

it is less dense and floats.• Density of water is 1 g/cm3

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• Buoyancy – • Upward force a fluid exerts on an object•Determines whether the object will sink or float• Example: Buoyancy of water keeping you afloat while swimming

Physical Properties of Matter – Cont.

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Buoyancy

Buoyancy force is LESS then object’s weight, object will SINK

Buoyancy force is equal to the object’s weight, object will FLOAT

Buoyancy force is MORE then object’s weight, object will FLOAT IN AIR