What is Matter?◦ Stuff that makes up everything in the universe

What are Properties of Matter?◦ Hardness, texture, shape, temperature,

flammability, size, color◦ Matter can change properties (ex: solid to a

liquid) What are characteristic properties?

◦ A quality of a substance that never changes and can be used to identify the substances

◦ Used to identify unknown matter

What is boiling?◦ The process that occurs when vaporization takes

place inside a liquid as well as on the surface.◦ At what temperature does a substance boil?◦ Boiling Point: temperature at which a substance

changes from a liquid to a gas What is melting?

◦ The change in state from a solid to a liquid◦ Melting Point: The temperature at which a

substance changes from a solid to a liquid◦ What do you think? Do all substance have the

same melting point?

Substance Melting Point (0C) Boiling Point (0C)

Water 0 100

Chloroform -64 61

Ethanol -117 79

Propane -190 -42

Table Salt 801 1,465

What are physical changes?◦ Alters the form of a substance but does not

change its identity◦ Examples: boiling point, melting point

What are chemical changes?◦ A change in which one or more substances

combine or break apart to form new substances◦ Examples: burning wood, melting table sugar◦ Chemical Activity: a characteristic property of a

substance that indicates its ability to undergo a specific chemical change

Mixtures

Two or more substances that are mixed together but Not chemically combined

Individual substances keep their separate properties

Classify mixtures by how well mixed they are

Solution: A very well-mixed mixture

Pure Substances

A substance made of only one kind of matter and having definite properties

Every sample is always the same, no matter of the form

Elements and compounds

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Homo: ? Hetero: ?

Homogeneous:

Heterogeneous:

Solute

A substance dissolved in another substance

Usually smaller amount

Dissolved substance

Solvent

A liquid in which substances are dissolved forming a mixture

Usually greater amount

Dissolving substance

Universal Solvent is water

When a substance is soluble, it means that it can be dissolved easily.

Example? Salt and water When a substance is saturated it is unable to

hold or contain more; it is full. When a substance is insoluble, it means that it is

NOT easily dissolved. Example? Sand and water

Mass is how much matter is in an object. Weight is a measure of the force of gravity

on an object. Weight changes when gravity changes;

mass does not. Volume is the amount of space that matter

occupies

Density is the measurement of how much mass of a substance is contained in a given volume

Formula: D = M/V Problem:

◦ A bottle floats on the water. It has a volume of 36 cubic centimeters, and a mass of 9 grams. What is the density of the wood?

http://www.ask.com/bar?q=states+of+matter+for+kids&page=1&qsrc=178&ab=3&u=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.howstuffworks.com%2Fscience-projects-for-kids-states-of-matter.htm

Three States of Matter◦ Solids, Liquids, Gases

Defined mainly by whether or not they hold their volume and shape.

To define the states of matter, we need to examine their properties

Has a definite shape and a definite volume The particles that make up the solid are

packed very closely together Each particle is tightly fixed in one position,

thus giving it its shape and volume The particles vibrate back and forth

States of Matter

No shape of its own; takes on the shape of its container

Has a definite volume Does not easily compress or expand The particles in the liquid are packed

closely together, but can move around each other freely

Can change its volume The volume and the shape of a gas is the

volume and shape of its container The volume of a gas is the same as the

volume of the container. It’s measured in cubic centimeters,

milliliters or Liters, etc

Heat is energy which spontaneously flows from an object with a high temperature to an object with a lower temperature.

The measure of the total motion of all the particles of a substance is called heat energy

Temperature is the measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance

Thermometer is an instrument that measures the temperature of a system in a quantitative way

Why is this important? It leads us to the next question….

The transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase to another

It can be either endothermic or exothermic Exothermic releases heat Endothermic absorbs heat Basic Phase Changes

◦ Solid to liquid◦ Liquid to gas◦ Gas to liquid◦ Liquid to solid◦ Solid to a gas

The phase or state of matter can change when the temperature changes.

Generally, as the temperature rises, matter moves to a more active state.

As the temperature decreases, matter moves to a less active state.

Phase describes a physical state of matter. If energy is added (like increasing the temperature or increasing pressure) or if energy is taken away (like freezing something or decreasing pressure) you have created a physical change.

Plasma is a lot like gas, but the atoms are different because they are made up of free electrons and ions of the element.

It takes a very special environment to keep plasmas going.

They are different and unique from the other states of matter.

Evaporation is the process that occurs when vaporization takes place only on the surface of a liquid.

Condensation is the change of state from a gas to a liquid.

Specific Heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius.

Latent heat is the amount of energy released or absorbed by a chemical substance during a change of state (i.e. solid, liquid, or gas), or a phase transition.

Immiscible means incapable of being mixed

Latent Heat of Fusion is the energy required to change a gram of a substance from the solid to the liquid state without changing its temperature.

Latent Heat of Vaporization is the energy required to change a gram of a liquid into the gaseous state at the boiling point.

Solutions are groups of particles that are mixed up in a completely even distribution.

Solutions have an even concentration throughout the system.

Example: Sugar in water Mixtures are everywhere. Examples: sand & water, air, oceans &

beach Every solution is a mixture, but NOT every

mixture is a solution.

Look at Substance A and Substance B.Describe each in as much detail as possible.Do you think either is a pure substance?

Why?

Chem4Kids.com: Matter: Solutions