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Properties of the Ocean
Notes for Oceanography
Solubility, Gases and Nutrients
Temperature variations with latitude. Notice the decrease in salinity at the equator which is due to increased precipitation at the equator
Canada: Department of the Environment 2014
Isopycnal Lines
http://lgmacweb.env.uea.ac.uk/adelie/ADELIEMaps.html
Density Layering at Antarctic Antarctic Drifter Experiment: Links to Isobaths and Ecosystems (ADELIE)
Salinity Levels at Antarctic (PSU) Antarctic Drifter Experiment
http://lgmacweb.env.uea.ac.uk/adelie/ADELIEMaps.html
Instrumentation to determine salinity, temperature and depth
Conductivity, Temperature and Depth (CTD)
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
http://lgmacweb.env.uea.ac.uk/adelie/argo_cycle.jpg
ARGO Floats for Temperature and Conductivity
Ocean Oxygen Concentrations vs Temperature
O2 (ml/L) Salinity ( ‰)
Temperature (°C)
0‰ 10‰ 20‰ 30‰ 40‰
0 10.22 9.54 8.91 8.32 7.77
5 8.93 8.36 7.83 7.33 6.86
10 7.89 7.41 6.95 6.52 6.12
15 7.05 6.63 6.24 5.84 5.52
20 6.35 5.99 5.64 5.32 5.02
25 5.77 5.45 5.15 4.86 4.59
30 5.28 4.99 4.73 4.47 4.24
35 4.85 4.60 4.36 4.14 3.93
Solubility Spectrophotometry Lab: Naranya et al. 2005
http://www.seed.slb.com/en/scictr/watch/climate_change/sinks.htm
Ocean pH
Carbonate Compensation Depth
• The CCD is the depth at which calcareous skeletons of marine animals accumulate at the same rate at which they dissolve. Depending on the mineral structure of CaCO3, the CCD is called calcite
• compensation depth (trigonal structure) or aragonite compensation depth (rhombic structure), respectively.
Approximately 800 meters
CCD
Controlled by…
• pH• Temperature• Pressure• Carbon Availability
Foraminiferans
Coccolithophores
Dissolved Salts and Substances
• Conservative constituents includes those that are not removed or added by living organisms (Duxbury)
• Non-conservation constituents include ions and molecules that can fluctuate through chemical and biological processes (i.e., nitrogen, phosphorus…)
• Redfield Ratio C:Si:N:P = 106:40:16:1
This diagram shows the variations of oxygen and nutrients (here represented by the phosphate ion) with depth in ocean waters.
Check out page 166 in text
Human-caused carbon dioxide
Radiative Fog
Advection Fog
Sea Smoke