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Prophet MuhammadProphet Muhammad

IslamIslamBrief HistoryBrief Historyandand

TeachingsTeachings

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ArabiaArabia in 600 ADin 600 AD

Populated by variousPopulated by various ArabicArabic--speaking peoplespeaking people BedouinBedouin -- organized in tribesorganized in tribes

Caravan meerchants and agriculturalists,Caravan meerchants and agriculturalists,living either in oases in the north, or in theliving either in oases in the north, or in themore fertile and thickly settled areas to themore fertile and thickly settled areas to thesouthsouth

Intense tribal loyalties & warfareIntense tribal loyalties & warfare

Arab culture revered oral story tellingArab culture revered oral story telling

Majority ofArabs followed polytheistic religions &Majority ofArabs followed polytheistic religions &worshipped idolsworshipped idols

Few tribes followed Judaism, Christianity orFew tribes followed Judaism, Christianity orZoroastrianismZoroastrianism

City ofCity ofMeccaMecca was a religious & trade centerwas a religious & trade center

Rich mixtures of cultureRich mixtures of culture

Ka'abaKa'aba -- temple founded by Abrahamtemple founded by Abraham

Yearly pilgrimage to siteYearly pilgrimage to site

Much social injustice & economic disparityMuch social injustice & economic disparity

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Muhammad (Muhammad (570570 632632)) Born atBorn at MeccaMecca into theinto the QurayshQuraysh tribetribe

Orphaned at an early age & raised by uncleOrphaned at an early age & raised by uncle Illiterate but very articulate & well likedIlliterate but very articulate & well liked

Became a successful merchantBecame a successful merchant traveled northtraveled north

Married older wealthy widowMarried older wealthy widow at 25at 25 -- KhadijahKhadijah

Saw a crisis in Arab societySaw a crisis in Arab society

610 AD.610 AD.the divine callthe divine call

Visited while meditating in cave by theVisited while meditating in cave by the ArchangelArchangel

GabrielGabriel who commanded him to recite verses sentwho commanded him to recite verses sentby Godby God

Revelations continued for the next 22 yearsRevelations continued for the next 22 years

Revelations collected in the QuranRevelations collected in the Quran

Revelations directly related to the needs of theRevelations directly related to the needs of theArab peopleArab people

First memorized the verses & passed them to hisFirst memorized the verses & passed them to his

wife & close relativeswife & close relatives Small band of followers would memorize theSmall band of followers would memorize the

recitationsrecitations

First convertsFirst converts wife, cousin Ali, kinsman Abu Bakrwife, cousin Ali, kinsman Abu Bakr

Starts preaching in 612Starts preaching in 612

New recruits mainly from slaves and lower classesNew recruits mainly from slaves and lower classes

Night journey to JerusalemNight journey to Jerusalem

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MuhammadMuhammad 612612--622 AD622 AD -- inin MeccaMecca preaching and gaining followerspreaching and gaining followers

Seen as a trouble maker for attacking theSeen as a trouble maker for attacking theestablishmentestablishment

Attempts to assasinate himAttempts to assasinate him

AD 622AD 622the Hejirathe Hejira to Medinato Medina

Request to resolve dispute between rival tribesRequest to resolve dispute between rival tribes

With followers moved to neighboring city ofWith followers moved to neighboring city ofMedinaMedina

Year 622 as the start ofthe Muslim calendarYear 622 as the start ofthe Muslim calendar

622622--630 AD630 AD------inin MedinaMedina Becomes leader of cityBecomes leader of city

Develops concept ofDevelops concept ofUmmahUmmah -- communitycommunity

Mecca and Medina in conflictMecca and Medina in conflict

Unites the surrounding tribesUnites the surrounding tribes

630 Mecca captured without fight

Cleansed the Kaaba of idolsCleansed the Kaaba of idols

632632 firstfirst HajjHajjor pilgrimageor pilgrimage

By his death in 632, Muhammad had united the entireBy his death in 632, Muhammad had united the entireArabian peninsulaArabian peninsula

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MECCAN PERIODMECCAN PERIOD

T

o establishO

nenessT

o establishO

nenessof Godof God

WarnerWarner

Giver of Glad TidingsGiver of Glad Tidings

Day of GodDay of God

MEDINAN PERIODMEDINAN PERIOD

Social OrderSocial Order

Law & JusticeLaw & Justice EquityEquity

UmmahUmmah

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Religion ofMuhammadReligion ofMuhammad Islam is the religion of submission or surrender toIslam is the religion of submission or surrender to

AllahAllah Simple and uncompromising faith in oneness of GodSimple and uncompromising faith in oneness of God

Muhammad did not believe he was preaching a newMuhammad did not believe he was preaching a newreligionreligion

Did not reject Judaism and ChristianityDid not reject Judaism and Christianity

Sent by God in order to complete and perfect thoseSent by God in order to complete and perfect thoseteachingsteachings

Accepted Abraham, Moses and Jesus as prophetsAccepted Abraham, Moses and Jesus as prophets

Muhammad is the messenger of GodMuhammad is the messenger of God

Last in a long line of prophetsLast in a long line of prophets

Chosen by God to preach repentance and submission toChosen by God to preach repentance and submission toGodGod

Judgment DayJudgment Day Allah rewards the faithful with aAllah rewards the faithful with aparadise filled with eternal pleasureparadise filled with eternal pleasure

Warns of the inevitable apocalypse & end of theWarns of the inevitable apocalypse & end of the

worldworld Humanity will be forced to atone for sinsHumanity will be forced to atone for sins

Images of heaven (oasis) & hell (desert)Images of heaven (oasis) & hell (desert)

Belief in PredestinationBelief in Predestination Whatever happens, good and evil, proceeds fromWhatever happens, good and evil, proceeds from

divine willdivine will

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QuranQuran -- KoranKoran MeansMeans RecitationRecitation

RecitationRecitation Communicating directly with GodCommunicating directly with God

Provides a guide for living as a MuslimProvides a guide for living as a Muslim

Revelations from God delivered through theRevelations from God delivered through theangel Gabriel to Mohammed over 22 yearsangel Gabriel to Mohammed over 22 years

Revelations came from a heavenly bookRevelations came from a heavenly bookcontaining Gods wisdomcontaining Gods wisdom

Mother of the BookMother of the Book

Final uncorrupted revelation of GodFinal uncorrupted revelation of God

Contains 114Contains 114 surassuras versesverses

Arranged by the length of suraArranged by the length of sura

Contents: TContents: Theological dogma, ceremonialheological dogma, ceremonialregulations, laws related to social, civil andregulations, laws related to social, civil andcriminal behaviorcriminal behavior

ThemesThemes Oneness ofAllah, his attributes,Oneness ofAllah, his attributes,the ethical duties of man, and comingthe ethical duties of man, and comingretributionretribution

Quran must remain in ArabicQuran must remain in Arabic

Translations not authenticTranslations not authentic

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Writing ofthe QuranWriting ofthe Quran

None of Quran was written during Muhammads lifeNone of Quran was written during Muhammads life Still an oral scriptureStill an oral scripture

Words of the Prophet at first memorized & written onWords of the Prophet at first memorized & written onparchment or clay by followersparchment or clay by followers

Zayd ibn ThabitZayd ibn Thabit one of Muhammeds secretariesone of Muhammeds secretaries

Began gathering the verses of the Quran soon afterBegan gathering the verses of the Quran soon afterhis deathhis death

Interviewed closest associatesInterviewed closest associates Sorted into a type of orderSorted into a type of order

Uthman (644Uthman (644--656)656) Third CaliphThird Caliph created an official andcreated an official andfinal versionfinal version

Committee charged with compiling Quran in 651Committee charged with compiling Quran in 651

Wanted to avoid controversyWanted to avoid controversy

Collect and authenticate versesCollect and authenticate verses

Strict criteria for authenticityStrict criteria for authenticity 2 eyewitnesses had to testify that each verses had2 eyewitnesses had to testify that each verses had

been recorded in the presence of Muhammadbeen recorded in the presence of Muhammad

Then verified with companions of MuhammadThen verified with companions of Muhammad

Approved verses amassed into single textApproved verses amassed into single text

Uthman then ordered all other texts destroyedUthman then ordered all other texts destroyed

Quran not altered sinceQuran not altered since

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Legacy ofMuhammadLegacy ofMuhammad

Concept ofConcept ofUmmahUmmah Community ofAllahCommunity ofAllah First attempt to create a social organization out of faith instead of tribalFirst attempt to create a social organization out of faith instead of tribal

relationshipsrelationships

Vision of social justice for allVision of social justice for all

Weak & vulnerable should be protected & treated with respectWeak & vulnerable should be protected & treated with respect

Prophet, lawgiver, religious leader, chief judge, commander ofProphet, lawgiver, religious leader, chief judge, commander ofthe army and civil head of statethe army and civil head of state

Inspiration as role model for living divinely inspired lifeInspiration as role model for living divinely inspired life By studying details of his external life Muslims stove to acquire hisBy studying details of his external life Muslims stove to acquire his

interior attitude of perfect surrender to Godinterior attitude of perfect surrender to God

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IslamIslam Islam is open to all who accept its tenetsIslam is open to all who accept its tenets

Prohibition against idolatry or graven imagesProhibition against idolatry or graven images

Islam has no organized hierarchyIslam has no organized hierarchy

No religious authority, clerical elite or priesthood to act as intermediaryNo religious authority, clerical elite or priesthood to act as intermediary

Mullahs (teachers) occupy positions of authority because of theirMullahs (teachers) occupy positions of authority because of theirknowledge of the Quranknowledge of the Quran

Sunna or HadithSunna or Hadith -- written collection ofArab oral traditions concerning life ofwritten collection ofArab oral traditions concerning life of

MuhammadMuhammad

Address issues not specifically covered in the QuranAddress issues not specifically covered in the Quran

ShariaSharia Islamic LawIslamic Law

Three sourcesThree sources Quran, Sunna andQuran, Sunna and IjtihadIjtihad analytic reasoning to coveranalytic reasoning to coverlocally raised issueslocally raised issues

Quran prohibits alcohol and gamblingQuran prohibits alcohol and gambling

JihadJihad Call for Holy War against infidels????Call for Holy War against infidels????

Quran insists that there be no coercion in matters of faithQuran insists that there be no coercion in matters of faith

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The Five Pillars ofFaithThe Five Pillars ofFaith1. Profession ofFaith1. Profession ofFaith -- ShahadahShahadah

There is no God but Allah (God), andThere is no God but Allah (God), andMuhammad is His Prophet.Muhammad is His Prophet.

First and last words heardFirst and last words heard

Most repeated words by MuslimsMost repeated words by Muslims

Person a Muslim once profession isPerson a Muslim once profession isrepeatedrepeated

2. Prayer2. Prayer SalatSalat

Direction toward MeccaDirection toward Mecca

5 times a day5 times a day Call ofCall ofMuezzinMuezzin

Dawn, midday, midDawn, midday, mid--afternoon, sunsetafternoon, sunset& nightfall& nightfall

Create sense of solidarity and socialCreate sense of solidarity and socialequalityequality

Body posture essentialBody posture essential

Must use ArabicMust use Arabic

Friday noon prayer is only mandatory publicFriday noon prayer is only mandatory publicprayer for all adult malesprayer for all adult males

3. Charity3. Charity ZZakatakat purificationpurification

Compassion for the poorCompassion for the poor

2.5 % of wealth expected2.5 % of wealth expected

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The Five Pillars ofFaithThe Five Pillars ofFaith

4. Fasting4. Fasting -- SawmSawm RamadanRamadan based on lunarbased on lunar

calendarcalendar different eachdifferent eachyearyear

Daylight hours during monthDaylight hours during monthof Ramadanof Ramadan

5. Pilgrimage to5. Pilgrimage to KaabaKaaba ininMeccaMecca HajjHajj

All those who can affordAll those who can afford

and physically fitand physically fit Ideal of equality & unityIdeal of equality & unity

among believersamong believers

Unites cultures and ideasUnites cultures and ideas

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WomenWomen in Islamin Islam UnderArabian preUnderArabian pre--Islamic law of status,Islamic law of status,

women had virtually no rightswomen had virtually no rights

No limitations were set on men's rights toNo limitations were set on men's rights tomarry or to obtain a divorce.marry or to obtain a divorce.

Islamic law provided women with new legalIslamic law provided women with new legalrightsrights

Reforms affected marriage, divorce, andReforms affected marriage, divorce, andinheritanceinheritance

Islamic law restricted the polygamyIslamic law restricted the polygamy

Women could obtain a divorceWomen could obtain a divorce

Women could inherit and keep their ownWomen could inherit and keep their ownpropertyproperty

Marriage was no longer viewed as a "status"Marriage was no longer viewed as a "status"but rather as a "contract"but rather as a "contract"

Law doesn't require women to wear veilsLaw doesn't require women to wear veils

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Islam AfterMuhammadIslam AfterMuhammad

ShiitesShiites Only descendants ofOnly descendants ofFatima or her husband AliFatima or her husband Alishould succeed Mohammedshould succeed Mohammed Death of Imam Hussein (son ofDeath of Imam Hussein (son of

Ali) most celebrated event inAli) most celebrated event inShiite calendarShiite calendar

SunnisSunnis any follower of Islamany follower of Islamshould be eligible to leadshould be eligible to lead Division political & religiousDivision political & religious

Never settled to this dayNever settled to this day

Series of Caliphs governed theSeries of Caliphs governed theIslamic StateIslamic State

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Struggle forSuccessionStruggle forSuccessionNumber of conflicting parties sought to succeed MuhammadNumber of conflicting parties sought to succeed Muhammad

CompanionsCompanions belonged to Muhammads tribe or hadbelonged to Muhammads tribe or hadaccepted mission earlyaccepted mission early

LegitimistsLegitimists heir must belong to family of Muhammadheir must belong to family of Muhammad Ali paternal cousin, husband of daughter Fatima & one of firstAli paternal cousin, husband of daughter Fatima & one of first

believersbelievers

Aristocracy of QurayshAristocracy of Quraysh UmayyadsUmayyads Held reigns of power & wealth in preHeld reigns of power & wealth in pre--Islamic daysIslamic days

Companions triumphed with selection of abuCompanions triumphed with selection of abu--BakrBakr

RashidunRashidun -- Fourrighteous caliphs (632Fourrighteous caliphs (632--661 AD)661 AD) All were close associates and relatives of MuhammadAll were close associates and relatives of Muhammad

Abu Bakr (632Abu Bakr (632--634)634) FatherFather--inin--law of Muhammadlaw of Muhammad and one ofand one offirst believersfirst believers

Umar (634Umar (634--644)644) main military genius who carried Islam forwardmain military genius who carried Islam forwardfrom the Arabian peninsulafrom the Arabian peninsula

Uthman (644Uthman (644--656)656) -- empire fell into a civil war called theempire fell into a civil war called the FitnaFitna

In 656 Uthman is assassinated by followers ofAliIn 656 Uthman is assassinated by followers ofAli

AliAli (656(656--661)661) Muhammad's sonMuhammad's son--inin--law and cousinlaw and cousin Many refused to accept Ali as a leaderMany refused to accept Ali as a leader

Killed by assassinKilled by assassin

Umayyad dynastyUmayyad dynasty claims the caliphateclaims the caliphate Damascus capitalDamascus capital

Abbasid dynastyAbbasid dynasty 754754 seizes caliphateseizes caliphate

al Mansural Mansur(754(754--775) builds new capital at Baghdad775) builds new capital at Baghdad

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Conquest & ExpansionConquest & ExpansionExpansion ofIslamic empire against Byzantine &Expansion ofIslamic empire against Byzantine &

Sassanid (Persian) empiresSassanid (Persian) empiresAbuAbu--BakrBakrOrdersOrders jihadjihad(holy struggle) against the "infidel"(holy struggle) against the "infidel"

Christian orByzantine Empire north ofArabiaChristian orByzantine Empire north ofArabia

Damascus becomes capitalDamascus becomes capital

UmarUmar

637637 Defeated great Persian Sassanid armyDefeated great Persian Sassanid army

639639 Conquers AlexandriaConquers Alexandria base ofByzantine navybase ofByzantine navy

643643 Arabs to border of IndiaArabs to border of India

Tariq ibn ZaidTariq ibn Zaid crossed from North Africa (Morocco) intocrossed from North Africa (Morocco) intoSpain in 711Spain in 711

Expansion stopped in France in 732Expansion stopped in France in 732 Charles MartelCharles Martel

Military victoriesMilitary victories

Justice not fanaticismJustice not fanaticism

No longer making war with otherArabsNo longer making war with otherArabs

Use of cavalry and camelsUse of cavalry and camels Remarkable mobilityRemarkable mobility

High morale from religious enthusiasmHigh morale from religious enthusiasm

Conquered peoples more open to IslamConquered peoples more open to Islam

Reduced heavy burden of taxationReduced heavy burden of taxation

No persecution of FaithsNo persecution of Faiths

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The Spread ofIslamThe Spread ofIslam

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Islamic UnityIslamic Unity Arabic became language of business,Arabic became language of business,

government & literaturegovernment & literature

Uniform enforcement of law contributed to growthUniform enforcement of law contributed to growthof united cultureof united culture

Vast trade network extended from India to theVast trade network extended from India to theMediterraneanMediterranean

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Rich Cultural AchievementsRich Cultural Achievements Many Islamic centers of culture and scienceMany Islamic centers of culture and science

BaghdadBaghdad

CairoCairo

DamascusDamascus

CordobaCordoba

AlexandriaAlexandria

ScholarshipScholarship

Produced notable scientists, astronomers,Produced notable scientists, astronomers,mathematicians, doctors and philosophersmathematicians, doctors and philosophers

Importance of reading the Qur'an producedImportance of reading the Qur'an produceda comparatively high level of literacy in thea comparatively high level of literacy in thegeneral populacegeneral populace

Heirs to Hellenistic LearningHeirs to Hellenistic Learning

Maintained Classical learningMaintained Classical learning

Translation of Greek textsTranslation of Greek texts -- AristotleAristotle MedicineMedicine

ArchitectureArchitecture

Mosques, Palaces &MinaretsMosques, Palaces &Minarets

ArtArt

Geometric patterns, calligraphy, metalGeometric patterns, calligraphy, metalworkwork

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Science & MedicineScience & MedicineMuslim scientistsMuslim scientists Saw no contradiction between religion andSaw no contradiction between religion and

laws governing natural worldlaws governing natural world

Scientific method bornScientific method born

Utilized Classical Greek medical textsUtilized Classical Greek medical texts

AlchemyAlchemy beginnings of chemistrybeginnings of chemistry

Muslim medicineMuslim medicine

Advanced techniques & ideasAdvanced techniques & ideas

Theory that disease born through airTheory that disease born through airborn organismsborn organisms

Study of anatomyStudy of anatomy

Vascular & cancer surgeryVascular & cancer surgery

Study of light, lenses & physiology ofStudy of light, lenses & physiology of

eyeeye led to cameraled to camera Use of anestheticsUse of anesthetics

PharmaciesPharmacies

HospitalsHospitals separate disease inseparate disease indifferent wardsdifferent wards

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Pioneers ofMedicinePioneers ofMedicineRaziRazi (865(865 925)925) Rhazes in the WestRhazes in the West

Authored more than 100 books onAuthored more than 100 books onmedicinemedicine

First to diagnose and treat smallpoxFirst to diagnose and treat smallpox

Ibn SinaIbn Sina (980(980 1037)1037) Known as AvicennaKnown as Avicenna

Contributions in philosophy, music,Contributions in philosophy, music,mathematics, geography & literaturemathematics, geography & literature

Utilized experimentation & observationUtilized experimentation & observation

wrotewrote anon of MedicineCanon of Medicineencyclopedia of medicineencyclopedia of medicine

Study of infectious diseaseStudy of infectious disease Main medical text for 6 centuriesMain medical text for 6 centuries

Printed extensively throughout the WestPrinted extensively throughout the West

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MathematicsMathematics

Introduced Arabic numeralsIntroduced Arabic numerals originallyoriginally

from Indiafrom India

Replaced Roman numeralsReplaced Roman numerals

Included the zeroIncluded the zero made for complexmade for complex

calculationscalculations

Perfected use of decimals and fractionsPerfected use of decimals and fractions

Invented AlgebraInvented Algebra

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TradeTrade

Seaborne Trade developed from Persian GulfSeaborne Trade developed from Persian Gulf

Began to sail to China to tradeBegan to sail to China to trade

Traveled to Russia and Central Asia by landTraveled to Russia and Central Asia by landAble to travel from Europe to AsiaAble to travel from Europe to Asia

-- Silk, furs, gold and precious stones, spices,Silk, furs, gold and precious stones, spices,

and slavesand slaves-- Orange tree, sugar, and paperOrange tree, sugar, and paper

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Abraham: Infancy/FamilyAbraham: Infancy/Family

Moses:T

oddlerhood/T

ribeMoses:T

oddlerhood/T

ribe

Jesus: Childhood/LoveJesus: Childhood/Love

Muhammad: Adolescence/NationMuhammad: Adolescence/Nation

An Ever Advancing CivilizationAn Ever Advancing Civilization

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Where are Muslims Today?Where are Muslims Today?

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