Propolis By Lady Spirit Moon CN, MH, CA, Certified Beekeeper Ambassador to the Center for Honeybee Research www.chbr.org 443 West Rd Hot springs, NC, 28743, USA www.BEeHealing.org [email protected]Cell: 1-828-606-2109
Transcript
Slide 1
Propolis By Lady Spirit Moon CN, MH, CA, Certified Beekeeper
Ambassador to the Center for Honeybee Research www.chbr.org 443
West Rd Hot springs, NC, 28743, USA www.BEeHealing.org
[email protected] Cell: 1-828-606-2109
Slide 2
The word propolis comes, via Latin, from Greek: suburb, bee
glue, from pro- before and polis city; meaning in front or before
the city. It is also possible that the word propolis comes from the
Latin "propolre," which means "coat". (1) Sources of resin (left)
(3) Cedar of Lebanon cone showing flecks of resin as used in the
mummification of Egyptian Pharaohs. (2)
(1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis
(2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin
(3)http://www.panoramio.com/user/5707675/tags/Arauc%C3%A1rias?photo_page=2http://www.panoramio.com/user/5707675/tags/Arauc%C3%A1rias?photo_page=2
(4)http://peacebeefarm.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.htmlhttp://peacebeefarm.blogspot.com/2009_06_01_archive.html
(5)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis
Propolis is gathered from trees from bark, cones, and flower buds.
Propolis is then combined with wax and used to seal larger holes or
line inside hives. (5) Peace Bee Farm(4)
Slide 3
(2)
http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/43853/1/EJFR13-1_004.pdfhttp://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/43853/1/EJFR13-1_004.pdf
(3)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglyconehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglycone
(4) Apigenin molecule :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigeninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apigenin
(5)
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Betula_pendulahttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Betula_pendula
6)
http://www.bees-online.com/Propolis.htmlhttp://www.bees-online.com/Propolis.html
(7)
http://whatyouonceknew.wordpress.com/2012/02/05/balsam-poplar/http://whatyouonceknew.wordpress.com/2012/02/05/balsam-poplar/
Apigenin (4) Propolis is obtained from sap, bark, tree buds, etc.
from all over the world. In Russia the most common source of
propolis are the birch buds (Betula pendula). The outer bark
containing 0.05% flavonoids (Dolgodvorova and Chernyaeva 1977). (1)
To name one of many flavonoids, the inner bark contains the
flavones apigenin, (Kononenko et al. 1975). (2) Apigenin is a
natural product that is the aglycone of several naturally occurring
glycosides.(3) A bee with propolis in her basket. (6) Balsam
Popular Buds (7)
Slide 4
(1)http://mandmbees.bizland.com/Pages/propolis.htmlhttp://mandmbees.bizland.com/Pages/propolis.html
(2)http://www.bees-online.com/Propolis.htmhttp://www.bees-online.com/Propolis.htm
(3)
http://www.jonesbee.com/propolis.htmhttp://www.jonesbee.com/propolis.htm
Aristotle was born c. 322 AD 384 AD Pliny, (c. 61 AD - c.112 AD)
the Roman scholar, wrote much on the use of resins such as propolis
in his massive book, Natural History. (1) Propolis has been used by
Man for centuries for healing purposes. It was first used as folk
medicine during the days of Aristotle around 350 BC as a remedy for
bad bruises and strains. Pliny used propolis for nerve illnesses,
ulcers, and many other serious conditions. (2) A mixture of
propolis and petroleum jelly called propol was used for the
treatment of wound and skin diseases in the Boer War 1888-1902 AD
and also for disinfecting surgical instruments and hands. (3)
Slide 5
3-phenylchromen-4-one (1) Chemical structure of
4-phenylcoumarin (neoflavone backbone). (1)
(1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoflavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoflavonoid
(2, 3)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavonoid
(4)
http://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/7H.htmlhttp://www.webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/7H.html
The 3 Classes of Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids) (from the Latin word
flavus meaning yellow, their color in nature) are what make up
propolis and are a class of plant secondary metabolites. The three
flavonoid classes above are all keytone-containing compounds, and
as such, are flavonoids and flavonols. This class was the first to
be termed "bioflavonoids. *AIC Molecular structure of the flavones
backbone (2-phenyl- 1,4-benzopyrone ), examples: quercetin, and
rutin)(2) Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants and are the
most important plant pigments for flower coloration producing
yellow or red/blue pigmentation in petals designed to attract
pollinator animals. (1) Picture from WebExhibits.Org
Slide 6
Propolis composition varies from hive to hive, from district to
district, and from season to season. Normally it is dark brown in
color, but it can be found in green, red, black, and white hues,
depending on the sources of resin found in the particular hive
area. (6) *AIC Green propolis (4) Red propolis (3) White propolis
(2) Black propolis (5) In northern temperate climates, for example,
bees collect resins from poplars and conifers (the biological role
of resin in trees is to seal wounds and defend against bacteria,
fungi and insects(1).
(1)http://essmextension.tamu.edu/treecarekit/index.php/after-the-storm/tree-damage-and-hazard-assessment/tree-wounds/http://essmextension.tamu.edu/treecarekit/index.php/after-the-storm/tree-damage-and-hazard-assessment/tree-wounds/
(2)Wikipedia (3)Picture from Dreams time. (4)Lustrel.com (5)Chicago
Reader.com
(6)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propolis
Slide 7
2-Phenylethyl (2E)-3-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl) acrylate (1) Though
it can bring up allergic reaction in 1-2 % of the people who come
in contact with prenyl caffeate. (2) Propolis is spasmolytic and it
may thus decrease the blood pressure. *AIC (1)According to Hausen
et al., 1987; Wollenweber et al., 1987; Greenaway et al., 1988;
Hashimoto et al., 1988 prenyl caffeate is a potential contact
allergen. Prenyl caffeate, Biochemical formula: prop-2-enoic acid,
3(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-, 3-methylbut-2-enyl ester 1,1-dimethylallyl
caffeic acid ester Propolis varies in structure and consistency
according to the temperature: hard and brittle at 0-15C (especially
when it ages) *AIC soft and malleable at around 30C sticky between
30 to 60C *AIC it liquefies at temperatures higher than 60-70C
*AIC
Slide 8
If it is slowly warmed up in a bain- marie it splits into two
distinct parts:* AIC (picture 5) - a viscous part which sinks - a
liquid part (the wax of propolis) which floats on the water surface
European propolis usually has a pleasant and sweetish smell of
poplar buds, wax, honey and vanilla. When burnt it exhales a
delicate smell caused by the aromatic resins which became volatile.
The smell of Georgian propolis resembles, in general, propolis from
other areas and regions of USSR. (1) *AIC (Picture 4)
(1)Makashvili, 1972 (2)Patzaichin et al., 1990.
(3)http://www.fanpop.com/clubs/garfield/images/164035
93/title/garfield-photohttp://www.fanpop.com/clubs/garfield/images/164035
93/title/garfield-photo
(4)http://doblelol.com/funny-nerf-videos.htmhttp://doblelol.com/funny-nerf-videos.htm
(5)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bain-mariehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bain-marie
Sour and sometimes bitter. Georgian propolis has a bitter and
pricking taste. The flavonoids from propolis have a bitter and
astringent taste. (2) *AIC (Picture (3)
Slide 9
Solubility: The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract
of propolis solutions (EEP) is maintained in acidic or neutral pH.
(1) PH ranges between 5.2-5.7 (Bracho et al., 1998) (2) * Insoluble
in cold water but will partially dissolve in: * alcohol acetone
ammoniac benzene chloroform ether trichloroethylene, etc. Propolis
can be entirely diluted only by an adequate mixture of solvents.
(3) (1)Scheller, Stanislaw; Szaflarski, J.; Tustanowski, J.;
Nolewajka, E.; Stojko, A. (1977) - Biological properties and
clinical application of propolis. I. Some physico-chemical
properties of propolis, in Arzneimittelforschung, 27 (II)(4),
Seiten 889-90 (abstract).The presence of 19 elements has been shown
in the ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP). Three fractions have
been obtained by filtration through a structural gel that did not
show an initial antibacterial activity when investigated
separately. Fractions 2 and 3 joined together have regained this
activity. EEP solutions maintain their antibacterial activity in
acidic or neutral pH. Insensitivity of EEP solutions on temperature
of 75 degrees C for 30 min has been found. (2)According to the
following authors, four samples of propolis showed that their pH
was in the range of 5.2-5.7: Bracho Prez, Julio Csar (M.Sc);
Fernndez, Mario D. (Prof. Apic.); Guerrini Laura (Dra) (1998)
(Argentina) - Estudio de Calidad de Propleos: Camino a la
Tipificacin, in Ciencia y abejas (8), Epoca II, Numbers 28,29 and
30. Pages: 13. (3)Donadieu, 1994.
(4)http://cesnightmare.com/the-joy-of-water/http://cesnightmare.com/the-joy-of-water/
Partially warm or boiling water (4)
Slide 10
55 % resins 7.5-35% waxes 4.40-19% impurities 10 % volatile
oils 5% pollen 5% fatty acids balsams, terpenes, tannin substances,
salivary gland secretion of the Bees and accidental components (1)
Clearly such major differences in propolis composition are likely
to have considerable effects on its properties. The assumption
sometimes made that propolis is of a similar composition regardless
of sources is incorrect and any supposedly scientific
experimentation using propolis should detail the constituents of
the propolis sample used (Greenaway et al., 1990). (2) Chart
created by author. Information taken from AIC The variations in
quantitative composition of propolis can be considerable. (1)
Slide 11
Some Qualitative Compositions of Propolis * AIC Cinnamic acid
and its derivatives (2) Alpha Amylase (2) Hydrocarbons (2) Short
chain volatile oils (2) (1)Propolis flavonoids are aglycones, they
are lipophilic and practically insoluble in water, in contrast to
most plant flavonoids which occur in glycosidic form (Vassya
Bankova, 2006). (2)All pictures are from Wikipedia Flavonoids(1)
Aldehydes (2) Beta Amylase (2)
Slide 12
Amino Acids (1) Sucrose: a disaccharide of glucose (left) and
fructose (right), important molecules in the body. (1) Other
Important Qualitative Compositions of Propolis (1)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugars
Slide 13
(1)en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitro
(2)http://mct.aacrjournals.org/content/5/7/1790.full.pdf+html In
Vitro (in glass) studies show that flavonoids also have
anti-allergic, anti- inflammatory, Therapeutic potential of
inhibition of the NF-kB pathway in the treatment of inflammation
and cancer. (1) (2)
Slide 14
Flavonoids were found to be strong topoisomerase inhibitors and
induce DNA mutations in the MLL gene, which are common findings in
neonatal acute leukemia, (1,2) The DNA changes were increased by
treatment with flavonoids in cultured blood stem cells. (3) In one
study, a high flavonoid-content diet in mothers seemed to increase
risk of MLL and acute myeloid leukemia in neonates. This result was
not statistically significant though, and when the data on all
types of leukemia in the study were taken together, a beneficial
effect of the high- flavonoid diet was seen.(4,5,6) (1)Thirman MJ,
Gill HJ, Burnett RC, Mbangkollo D, McCabe NR, Kobayashi H et al.
(1993). "Rearrangement of the MLL gene in acute lymphoblastic and
acute myeloid leukemiaswith 11q23 chromosomal translocations". N
Engl J Med 329 (2)Strick R, Strissel PL, Borgers S, Smith SL,
Rowley JD (2000). Dietary bioflavonoids induce cleavage in MLL gene
and may contribute to infant leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97
(9): 47905. doi:10.1073/pnas.070061297. PMC 18311. (3)Barjesteh van
Waalwijk van Doorn-Khosrovani S, Janssen J, Maas LM, Godschalk RW,
Nijhuis JG, van Schooten FJ (2007). Dietary flavonoids induce MLL
translocations in primary human CD34+cells.Carcinogenesis 28 (8):
17039. doi:10.1093/carcin/bqm 102. PMID 17468513. (4)Ross JA
(1998). "Maternal diet and infant leukemia: a role for DNA
topoisomerase II inhibitors?". Int J Cancer Suppl 11: 268.
doi:10.1002/(SICI? 1097-0212(1998)78,11+ 3.0.CO:2-M. PMID 9876473
(5)Ross JA (2000). Dietary flavonoids and the MLL gene: A pathway
to infant leukemia?Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 (9): 44113.
doi:10.1073/pnas.97.9.4411.PMC 34309. PMID 10781030. (6)Spector LG,
Xie Y, Robison LL, Heerema NA, Hilden JM, Lange B et al. (2005).
Maternal diet and infant leukemia: the DNA topoisomerase II
inhibitor hypothesis: a report from the childrens oncology group.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14 (3): 6515.
doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0602. PMID 15767345. Picture
Slide 15
A few people who are sensitive to propolis and tests at the
Edinburgh Royal Infirmary showed that approximately one person in
every two thousand might show a puffy redness of the skin when it
has been touched by propolis. This can be quite a problem for
beekeepers who must continually come into contact with it, but a
silicone barrier cream has been shown to be effective. I suffer
from this allergy myself but it does not afflict any other members
of the family. Also it does not seem to lessen the good effects of
propolis when taken internally or as a gargle. Also it does not
seem to lessen the good effects of propolis when taken internally
or as a gargle. (1) The eye area should be avoided when using
propolis as it irritates the eyes. Prolonged and repeated use of
propolis may increase peoples propensity for developing allergies.
(2) SPECIAL NOTES
(1)http://propolisplusbusiness.blogspot.com/2006/07/natures-source-for-health-care.htmlhttp://propolisplusbusiness.blogspot.com/2006/07/natures-source-for-health-care.html
(2)http://altmedicine.about.com/cs/herbsvitaminsa1/a/Bee_propolis.htmhttp://altmedicine.about.com/cs/herbsvitaminsa1/a/Bee_propolis.htm
Slide 16
Remedies Acne In cases of bad acne and other nasty spots on the
skin a tiny dab of propolis tincture every day (preferably several
times a day) promotes extremely rapid healing and the propolis also
forms an invisible protective coat which protects against renewed
infection allowing reddening to subside, the blemishes to dry, fall
off and soon disappear. (1) * AIC (1)Nature's Medical Miracle
(http://propolisplusbusiness.blogspot.com/).http://propolisplusbusiness.blogspot.com/
(2)http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/capillary+permeabilityhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/capillary+permeability
(3)http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/alveolar+edema.http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/alveolar+edema
Anti-allergy There are about 1-2% of people allergic to propolis,
or more specifically allergic to certain substances present in it,
like prenyl caffeate. As a result of these allergies, propolis is
NOT recommended to those persons who have such an allergy * AIC
Anti-edema Propolis diminishes capillary permeability (ability of
large molecules to pass out of the capillary lumen into surrounding
tissue spaces; inflammation, allergy, poisoning, burns cause
increased permeability resulting in plasma leakage and edema in
surrounding tissues. (2)) and it also has a general dryness effect.
(3) * AIC (2)
Slide 17
Anti-bacterial Propolis sample collected by Apis mellifera
caucasica showed a higher antibacterial activity than collected by
Apis mellifera anatolica and Apis mellifera carnica (1). Some of
the anti-bacterial properties are: Pinocembrin( 2) Pinobanksin (3)
Isalpinin (4) Galangin (5) a diterpenoid of clerodane (6) aromatic
acids and their esters ferulic acid (7) caffeic acid (1) Chemical
composition and antibacterial activity of propolis collected by
three different races of honeybees in the same region. J
Ethnopharmacol. 2005. (2) Papay et al., 1985. (3) Papay et al.,
1985. (4) Papay et al., 1985. (5) Pepeljnjak, 1982; Papay et al.,
1985. (6) Matsuno Tetsuya, 1991. (7) Cizmarik and Matel, 1970. (8)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_cell_structure
Bacteria (8)
Slide 18
Anti- bacterial afffects Flavonoids stimulate hair growth, and
improve the circulation of the blood. They also stimulate
elimination of urine, bile secretion, and endocrine secretion. It
is a well known fact that endocrine secretion, from places such as
the thymus, the thyroid gland, the pancreas and the adrenals has a
beneficial effect on the organism in general. Flavonoids are not
only antibacterial substances, they are also active for the
treatment of ulcers, rheumatism, flu and cold syndromes, irritated
stomachs, and certain breathing problems. * AIC Anti-fungal It is
suggested that high concentrations of propolis extract could be
used as an antifungal agent against tested fungi.(photo 1) * AIC
(1)Inhibitory effect of bee pollen and propolis extracts. Nahrung.
2004.
(2)http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/capillary+permeabilityhttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/capillary+permeability
(3)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscadine.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscadine
Muscadine grapes have 6 x more antioxidants than standard
grapes(3). Anti-septic Related to the general anti-microbial
property; in Georgia, in the country side, many mothers "paint" the
children's toys with propolis. * AIC Photo James Barker
Slide 19
(1) Anti-microbial substances in propolis (Schneidewind et al.,
1975): flavones and flavanols (Ghisalberti, 1979).
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1573%28199606%2910:4%3C335::AID-PTR828%3E3.0.CO;2-7/abstract.
B. Tosi *, A. Donini, C. Romagnoli, A. Bruni, article first
published online: 4 DEC 1998, DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-
1573(199606)10:4 3.0.CO;2-7
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1573%28199606%2910:4%3C335::AID-PTR828%3E3.0.CO;2-7/abstract
Anti-inflammatory According to a recent Oxford University
non-published study propolis has twice the anti-inflammatory effect
of the famous aspirin. Anti-inflammatory properties. * AIC caffeic
acid (Bankova et al., 1983) flavonoids (Marinescu, 1982) bisabolol
(Marinescu, 1982) acacetin (Bankova et al., 1983)
Slide 20
Anti-microbial Some commercial extracts of propolis obtained
with different solvents were tested to evaluate their antibacterial
and antifungal activity. All propolis preparations exhibited
antimicrobial activity, particularly against Gram-positive
bacteria, yeasts and dermatophytes with zones of inhibition ranging
from 3 to 30 mm.(1) (2) * AIC In addition to flavones and
flavanones, there are: cinnamylidene acetic acid - anti-microbial
against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli (3)
And volatile compounds (essential oils) (5) Figure 1: Low-
temperature electron micrograph of a cluster of E. coli bacteria,
magnified 10,000 times. Each individual bacterium is oblong shaped.
Photo by Eric Erbe, digital colorization by Christopher Pooley,
both of USDA, ARS, EMU. Source, (4) (1) Schneidewind et al., 1975):
flavones and flavanols (Ghisalberti, 1979) (2)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1573%28199606%2910:4%3C335::AID-PTR828%3E3.0.CO;2-7/abstract.
B. Tosi *, A. Donini, C. Romagnoli, A. Bruni, article first
published online: 4 DEC 1998, DOI:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199606)10:4 3.0.CO;2-7
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/%28SICI%291099-1573%28199606%2910:4%3C335::AID-PTR828%3E3.0.CO;2-7/abstract
(3) Mochida et al., 1985. (4) http://emu.arsusd http://emu.arsusd
(5)Kivalkina et al., showed in 1975 that the volatile compounds
(etheric oils) from birch and poplar tree propolis has the highest
microbicidal activity against Bacillus anthracis (P. Tenkovskiis
vaccine strain), St. aureus 209, Bacillus subtilis L-2,
Mycobacterium B-5, T. gipseum and E. colli 0-55. The etheric oils
have a relatively high activity on the Gram - positive bacteria and
a low activity on the Gram - negative ones (E. colli). The
petroleum etheric oil extract had higher activity than other
extracts like alcoholic extract and the volatile component from the
native propolis. Makashvili states also in 1972 that the most
active anti-microbial propolis is the strong smelling one,
collected in the mountain regions.
Slide 21
Anti-oxidant Bee propolis contains antioxidant compounds,
flavonoids such as chrysin, and animal research has suggested it
has anti-tumor properties. We compared antioxidant effects among
water and ethanol extracts of Brazilian green propolis, its main
constituents, water-soluble royal jelly, and an ethanol extract of
bee pollen. On the basis of the present assays, propolis is the
most powerful antioxidant of all bee products examined, and its
effect may be partly due to the various caffeic acids it contains.
Pollen exhibits strong antioxidant effects.(1) Anti oxidant
properties: Flavonoids(2) caffeic acid phenethyl ester(3) (1)
Comparison of bee products based on assays of antioxidant
capacities. BMC Complement Altern Med. (2) Vanhaelen and
Vanhaelen-Fastr, 1992. (3) Jaiswal, A. K.; Venugopal, R.; Mucha,
J.; Carothers, A. M.; Grunberger, D. (1997). Molecular structure of
the flavoe backbone (2-phenyl- 1,4-benzopyrone) 2-Phenylethyl
(2E)-3-(3,4- dihydroxyphenyl)acrylate Picture:
http://manbir-online.com/cardiac/anthero.1.htm
Slide 22
Anti-parasitic Parasites like humidity, they also need weak
capillaries, weak skin and internal mucosa (endothelium) of the
host; propolis has the opposite effect, protecting the "host. * AIC
Schistosoma mansoni is a endoparasite that lives in human blood
vessels.(1)
(1)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasites
(2)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolysis
Structure of a proteasome. Its active sites are inside the tube
(blue) where proteins are degraded. (2) Anti-proteolysis
Proteolysis in organisms serves many purposes; for example,
digestive enzymes break down proteins in food to provide amino
acids for the organism, while proteolytic processing of polypeptide
chain after its synthesis may be necessary for the production of an
active protein. It is also important in the regulation of some
physiological and cellular processes, as well as preventing the
accumulation of unwanted or abnormal proteins in cells.(2) Propolis
helps protein production and generally speaking protects the body's
organs, tissues and cell structures. This property is extremely
important in the fight against tumors, because the cancerous cells
and tissues can grow only through proteolysis of the surrounding
structures. *AIC
Slide 23
A colorized SEM of MRSASEM Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Is a
bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes, and is frequently
found in the human respiratory tract and on the skin. Although S.
aureus is not always pathogenic, it is a common cause of skin
infections (e.g. boils), respiratory disease (e.g. sinusitis), and
food poisoning. Disease- associated strains often promote
infections by producing potent protein toxins, and expressing
cell-surface proteins that bind and inactive antibodies. The
emergence of antibiotic-resistant forms of pathogenic S. aureus (1)
(e.g. MRSA, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a
worldwide problem in clinical medicine.(2) *AIC (1)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus (2)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRSA Scanning electron micrograph of
S. aureus; false color added. (1) False color added.
Slide 24
Anti-tumor (Tumor cytotoxicity or inhibition) Propolis
stimulates the immune system. It is anti-proteolytic, protects the
body's structure and helps the genetical energies (Zhong Qi,
according to TCM)(1). Tumor cytotoxicity or inhibition (2): *AIC
caffeic acid phenethyl ester, also known as CAPE (methyl caffeate,
methyl ferulate) artepillin C (3) (1)TCM = Traditional Chinese
Medicine. (2)Grunberger et al., 1988; Inayama et al., 1984:
(3)Matsuno Tetsuya, 1991 cited by Yamamoto, 1996.
Slide 25
Antiviral substances (1) Propolis protects bark, buds, the
skin, the endothelium (internal "skins"), the cell membranes;
viruses cannot penetrate the living structures but enter through
these anatomical structures; viral multiplication is also inhibited
by certain constituents of propolis. ^AIC Besides caffeic acid:
3-methyl-but-2-enyl caffeate (2) Luteolin Quercetin
7-methoxyquercetin (3) 3,7-dimethoxyquercetin (4) (1)Knig and
Dustmann, 1985 (2)Amoros et al., 1994 (3)Knig, 1987. (4)Knig, 1987.
(5)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine_influenza Elecgtron
microscope mage of the rreassorted H1N1 influenza virus
photographed at the CDC Influenza Laboratory. The viruses are 0-120
nanometers in diameter. (5)
Slide 26
Cancer Propolis halted neurofibromatosis tumor growth in a
group of cancer patients in a study done by scientists at
Universitaets Klinikum Eppendorf in Hamburg, Germany. Dysfunction
of the NF1 or NF2 gene coding is the major cause of
neurofibromatosis. Since propolis contains anticancer ingredients
caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and artepillin C (ARC), both of
which block the oncogenic PAK1 signaling pathways, its potential
therapeutic effects on NF tumors were explored in vivo. It was
demonstrated that a CAPE-rich extract of propolis mixed with water
completely suppressed the growth of human NF1 and caused an almost
complete regression of human NF2 (Schwannoma(1)) grafted in mice.
The scientists stressed that although CAPE is not used clinically
due to its poor bioavailability, it can be made soluble with the
addition of lipids (fats). (Phytotherapy Resources, February). *AIC
NF2 anti-bodies by Bethyl Laboratories (2)
(1)http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P35240http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P35240
(2)http://www.bethyl.com/product/A300-578A/NF2_Antibody?referrer=NF2http://www.bethyl.com/product/A300-578A/NF2_Antibody?referrer=NF2
Slide 27
Candida Albicans Dr. Weil, Americas nutrition guru, also speaks
of Candida albicans, when out of control, creates Inflammation of
Autoimmune System Once into the blood stream, Inflammation of the
Autoimmune weakens our ability to fight off diseases from the
common cold, psoriasis, eczema, diabetesand more (1). This work was
carried on by Dr. Cizmarik and Dr. Troupl, of the University of
Bratislava, who tested propolis on a whole range of fungi and
achieved a high standard of results. They extended their trial in
1976 and concluded that propolis is a substance with remarkable
effectiveness for all fungal infections of the skin and body. Anti
Candida properties: Pinocembrin (2) cinnamylidene acetic acid (3)
(1)http://www.drweil.com/drw/u/QAA125503/Concerned-About-Candidiasis.htmlhttp://www.drweil.com/drw/u/QAA125503/Concerned-About-Candidiasis.html
(2)Metzner and Schneidewind, 1978. (3) Mochida et al., 1985. (4)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candida_albicans Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota Class: Saccharomycetes Order:
Saccharomycetales Family: Saccharomycetaceae Genus: Candida
Species: C. albicans Binomial name Candida albicans (C.P.Robin)
Berkhout (1923
Slide 28
Eczema Creams containing propolis used daily. *AIC Canker sores
(aphtha) Propolis tincture swished around in the mouth daily will
heal canker sores. Hepatitis and liver health Effects of Cuban red
propolis on galactosamine-induced hepatitis in rats. Using
transmission electron microscopy and biochemical analysis, the
effect of Cuban red propolis against hepatitis induced by 1,000 mg
kg-1 of galactosamine in rats was studied. An ethanolic extract of
propolis was prepared and it was given to rats at doses of 10, 50
and 100 mg kg-1, 30 min before the hepatotoxin. Propolis extract
prevented hepatocytes alterations induced by galactosamine. It was
mainly seen in rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, nucleus
and plasma membrane of hepatocytes. Propolis extract induced
reversion of the increased activity of alanine aminotransferase and
malondialdehyde concentration in the serum of rats treated with
galactosamine. Pharmacol Res. 1997; Rodrguez S, Ancheta O, Ramos
ME, Remrez D. Electron Microscopy Laboratory, National Center for
Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba. (1) *AIC (1)Pharmacol Res. 1997;
Rodrguez S, Ancheta O, Ramos ME, Remrez D. Electron Microscopy
Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba.
(2)
http://www.onhealth.com/canker_sores_health/page5.htm#canker_sore_picture
(3)
http://www.baraka.lk/what-do-you-know-about-hepatitis/http://www.baraka.lk/what-do-you-know-about-hepatitis/
(4)
http://www.medicinenet.com/eczema_atopic_dermatitis_pictures_slideshow/article.htmhttp://www.medicinenet.com/eczema_atopic_dermatitis_pictures_slideshow/article.htm
Picture (2) Picture (3) Picture (4)
Slide 29
Psoriasis Making a cream of Shea butter (or coconut oil),
propolis pdr, and goldenseal tincture will help heal psoriasis when
used daily. *AIC Various forms of psoriasis (Pictures from Mayo
Clinic) Shingles Herpes Zoster as it is medically termed) At the
symposium on api-therapy at Portoroz in Yugoslavia in September
1978 Dr. Franz Feiks of the Klosterneuburg Hospital in Austria He
tried the treatment on twenty-one cases where each was given a 5%
solution of Melbrosia propolis tincture each day as a dressing on
the affected parts. In all of the twenty-one cases Dr. Feiks,
reported that the pain disappeared in forty- eight hours and did
not reappear. In three of these cases itching persisted for a long
period of time in all the others that common accompaniment to
shingles disappeared. Indeed, in nineteen of the patients the skin
sores were healed without any recurrence so that only two cases had
a new development of their illness. *AIC On a personal note, when I
applied 25% propolis tincture to my shingles, the pain subsided
within moments, pain stopped, as well as the itching. The tincture
did leave a very thin film on the skin. (1)
http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/shingles/ss/slideshow-shingles-pictures
(1)
Slide 30
Genital Herpes People sometimes apply propolis directly to the
skin for wound cleansing, genital herpes and cold sores; as a mouth
rinse for speeding healing following oral surgery; and for the
treatment of minor burns.(1) The study ointments were applied to
affected areas four times daily. In women with vaginal or cervical
lesions a tampon with the appropriate ointment was inserted four
times daily for 10 days Of the women, 66% had vaginal super
infections of microbial pathogens at the initial examination. In
the acyclovir and placebo groups no change in the vaginal flora was
found following treatment whereas in the propolis group the
incidence of super infection was reduced by 55%. *AIC Propolis
ointment should be applied five times a day for cold sores and four
times a day for genital herpes outbreaks. 1.WebmdWebmd 2.Wikipedia
U.S. National Library of Medicine. January 19, 2012.Wikipedia
Picture: Webmd. Symptoms: Fluid-filled blisters that form painful,
crusted sores on the genitals, anus, thighs, or buttocks. Can
spread to the lips through oral contact.
Slide 31
Hepatitis and liver health Propolis extract prevented
hepatocytes (cells of the main tissue of the liver) alterations
induced by. Galactosamine (an amino sugar is a constituent of some
glycoprotein hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH)).
Propolis extract induced reversion of the increased activity of
alanine aminotransferase (an enzyme found mainly in the liver) (1)
The initial phase of hepatitis is called the acute phase. The
symptoms are like a mild flu, and may include: Diarrhea (2) Fatigue
Loss of appetite Mild fever Muscle or joint aches Nausea Slight
abdominal pain Vomiting Weight loss (1) Pharmacol Res. 1997;
Rodrguez S, Ancheta O, Ramos ME, Remrez D. Electron Microscopy
Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research, Havana, Cuba.
(2) http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/145869.php
Slide 32
Hepatitis A Viral diseases generally are contagious. Hepatitis
A is highly contagious. It usually is spread from person to person
via a fecal-oral route, meaning via fecal contamination of food. It
usually is a mild hepatitis, and many people do not know they are
infected. The virus is eliminated by the body rapidly, and it does
not cause long-term damage. Hepatitis B A majority of adults who
contract hepatitis B have none to mild symptoms, and then the virus
resolves spontaneously; however, about 5% of people are not able to
eliminate the hepatitis B virus and develop chronic infection. It
is spread through blood or body fluids. Hepatitis C With acute
hepatitis C, the virus is eliminated in 25% of people. The rest of
the people become chronically infected and later may develop
serious complications such as liver failure and liver cancer. There
is treatment, however, for hepatitis C that usually can prevent the
complications. It is spread through needles and blood. Hepatitis
Virus Hepatitis C Hepatitis Virus
Slide 33
Autoimmune System Disorders: Some Symptoms Eczema (1) Lyme
disease (1)Psoriasis (1) Lupus (1) Yeast infection (1) Canker sore
(1) Pictures are from the Website of Hardin, MD obtained from
various sources. Updated Dec 2, 2010 (1)
http://www.medicinenet.com/rash/related-conditions/index.htm An
autoimmune disorder is a condition that occurs when the immune
system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue. There
are more than 80 different types of autoimmune disorders.
Slide 34
Multiple Sclerosis: An estimated 2.5 million people worldwide
are living with multiple sclerosis, or MS, an autoimmune condition
that causes damage to the protective myelin sheaths around nerve
endings. And that interrupts smooth communication between the
brain, the spinal cord and your organs, bodily systems and muscles.
MS causes an assortment of symptoms, such as: numbness, dizziness,
balance problems, vision problems, pain, stiffness and involuntary
muscle spasms. (4) Iron is enriched within oligodendrocytes and
myelin in both normal and diseased tissue (1). One explanation for
such findings proposes that iron is associated with the
biosynthetic enzymes of myelinogenesis (the process of sequential
of development of myelin sheaths around nerve fibers of the central
nervous system.)(2). Brain iron accumulation has been shown
histologically in neurodegenerative diseases, including MS, and has
been specifically seen in the vessel walls of veins (3).
(1)Francois C, Nguyen-Legros J, Percheron G. Topographical and
cytological localization of iron in rat and monkey brains. Brain
Res. 1981;215:317322. [PubMed]PubMed (2)Connor JR, Snyder BS,
Arosio P. A quantitative analysis of isoferritins in select regions
of aged, parkinsonian, and Alzheimer's diseased brains. J
Neurochem. 1995;65:717724. [PubMed]PubMed (3)Zamboni P. The Big
Idea: iron-dependent inflammation in venous disease and proposed
parallels in multiple sclerosis. J R Soc Med. 2006;99:589593. [PMC
free article] [PubMed]PMC free articlePubMed
(4)http://conditions.healthguru.com/slideshow/just-nerves
Picture
Slide 35
Other uses of Propolis Shingles: (Herpes Zoster as it is
medically termed) At the symposium on api-therapy at Portoroz in
Yugoslavia in September 1978 Dr. Franz Feiks of the Klosterneuburg
Hospital in Austria reported how the immediate pain relieving
effect of propolis in patients with ulcers led him on to decide to
treat the local skin sores of herpes with the same substance. He
tried the treatment on twenty-one cases where each was given a 5%
solution of Melbrosia PLD propolis((pour la dame for the
woman)whose ingredients include Pollen and Royal Jelly.) tincture
each day as a dressing on the affected parts. In all of the
twenty-one cases Dr. Feiks, reported that the pain disappeared in
forty- eight hours and did not reappear. Melbrosia PLD contains: *
AIC Flower pollen 390mg Perga 37mg Royal jelly 100mg Ascorbic acid
20mg Stimulates mitosis and enhance protein biosynthesis: * AIC
Mitosis is related to cellular multiplication Protein biosynthesis
is necessary in any cellular or tissue regeneration processes Wound
healing: * AIC phenolic acids flavonoids ShinglesShingles blisters
scabbing over
Slide 36
When Not to Use Propolis Propolis is not recommended for the
1-2% of people allergic to propolis, specifically allergic to
certain substances present in it, like prenyl caffeate. Below are
some negative reactions that may occur after propolis
administration (internal and/or external): *AIC contact dermatitis
to propolis, like poison ivy (raw or cream, ointment propolis)
cosmetic dermatitis after application of propolis creams, lotions
etc. allergy to propolis inhalations with bronchial spasms oral
mucositis with ulceration (propolis tablets and chewable propolis)
occupational eczema to beekeepers (raw propolis) low Blood Pressure
(propolis is spasmolytic and may decrease blood pressure) (1)
http://www.mayoclinic.org/condition/dermatitis-eczema/multimedia/dermatitis/SLS-20076203?s=2
(2) http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1079570-overview
Chemo-induced Oral Mucositis lesions (2) Contact Dermatitis poison
ivy (1)
Slide 37
Rules on Propolis Administration * AIC first of all test for a
possible allergy start usually with low doses, unless an emergency
forces your hand use several "vehicles" (honey, capsules, creams,
suppositories) use several administration methods to reach your
"target: through the mouth (most usually) through the skin
(propolis ointments "helped" to penetrate in the skin through
massages, acupressure) through suppositories through
physiotherapeutic ways (electrotherapy, phonophoresis, etc.) use
several types of propolis extracts (water, alcohol, fat extracts)
in order to be sure that you have "squeezed" out most of the
active, useful propolis compounds watch for the quantity of
"active" propolis in the commercial products A heavy bleeding for
example, no matter whether internal or external, or a burn or
scald. ALERT Some companies, in their desire to gain maximum of
profits, write "PROPOLIS" in large letters on the label but insert
tiny amounts of it in the product relax the body sufficiently,
obtain sufficient sleep, in order to let the body process all the
precious propolis compounds efficiently Picture
Slide 38
Dosage & Tincture The best dosage and rhythm for all
administration methods can be established by the apitherapist and
varies according to the disease, the patient's structural,
functional and even emotional characteristics. As the tolerance to
propolis is pretty high (even 1 gram/Kg body weight/day can be
tolerated), the amount of propolis can vary largely according to
the therapeutical goals. Raw propolis (3-10 grams a day) can be
swallowed after 5-20 minutes of chewing. Propolis tincture 5-50%
the dose can vary from 5 to 30 drops, three times a day, between
meals, in a tablespoon of water or tea. (1) To make 25 per cent
(1:4) alcohol extract you will need 250g of propolis plus four
times (1,000g) that weight/volume in 90% or more ethanol alcohol.
Heating the alcohol slightly will bring out more of propolis
properties. But be careful as ethanol is flammable. Take 30-40
grams of propolis powder and mix it with 70 ml. of 90 - 96%
alcohol. Leave for a minimum of 14 days, in a dark cool place (not
in refrigerator), but shake/stir 3-6 times per day. It is important
to allow the alcohol molecules to come into contact with as many
propolis compounds as possible, in order to extract them from the
"solid" mass. (You can use 1 cup of propolis pdr and 2 cups of
ethanol alcohol.) If you dont shake often, the powder will settle
to a semi-solid mass and you will have to manually stir it. After
two weeks (the longer the better) the solution can be filtered; the
liquid portion should be stored in a dark green or dark brown
bottle in a cool, dry and dark place. You will have about 30% (if
you wish to know the exact percentage, you need to know how much
wax and other non-soluble in alcohol compounds have been in the
propolis to begin with). If you buy pure, clean propolis powder you
will have the exact. (1)In some cancer cases larger amounts of
propolis extracts (tinctures) needs to be administered. (2) All
from * AIC
Slide 39
The non-soluble remainder of the propolis should, left after
the first extraction, should be mixed again with "fresh" alcohol,
in a proportion of 1:10. This mixture can be left in place for
another 2-3 months. After this period of time you can repeat the
same procedures as above (filtration, storage etc.). The final
solution, in this second extraction can also be called propolis
tincture, but its grade tincture can contain about 3-6% propolis
substances. Administration (internal and/or external) Here are some
negative reactions that can possibly occur in allergic people after
propolis contact dermatitis to propolis (raw or cream, ointment
propolis) cosmetic dermatitis after application of propolis creams,
lotions etc. allergy to propolis inhalations with bronchial spasms
oral mucositis with ulceration (propolis tablets and chewable
propolis) occupational eczema to beekeepers (raw propolis) low
Blood Pressure (propolis is spasmolytic and may decrease the blood
pressure) The general advice for the use of all bee products is to
test for allergy by using only very small, even tiny amounts to
begin with. So, start with only one drop of propolis tincture
diluted in a soupspoon of tea or water; use less than 10-50 mg. in
raw form to chew; or apply externally in ointments on very small
body areas only. The limits in the use of propolis are similar to
those specified for honey or pollen: weak body inefficient
absorption obstacles on the way to the "target" areas incorrect
administration All from * AIC Picture
Slide 40
Propylene Glycol * AIC Use only 10% raw propolis, or 100g, to 1
liter of glycol because glycol is not as effective solvent as
alcohol. You may need to use a little heat to help the propolis
dissolve. * Do not drink more than 1.5g of glycol a day. Propylene
glycol tinctures can be used in the same way. Indeed, external use
on wounds and burns may be more appropriate because the liquid does
not sting as much as the alcohol-based product. It is not advisable
for humans to consume more than 1.5g of glycol per day. So if you
are taking the tincture internally on a regular basis, it is
probably better to use one that is alcohol-based. (1) Water extract
* AIC Take 10 grams of propolis powder and mix it with 100 ml. of
clean and pure water (1:10). Leave it for about 10 hours, but, if
possible, shake the receptacle as often as possible. After 10
hours, filter the solution. What is left can be used in alcoholic
or fat extracts, or it can be chewed or swallowed as is the case
with raw propolis. The fluid which is obtained (the water propolis
extract), has a taste and aroma specific to propolis and can be
used in various ways: to drink, as mouth water (combined with a few
drops of essential oils and herbal extracts), to gargle in throat
related diseases, or in external applications Other Products * AIC
Creams Ointments Mouth Sprays And more (1)James Fearnley's book
`Bee Propolis Natural Healing from the Hive, copyright 2001 James
Fearnley. Propolis on screened inner cover. usually mixed with
beeswax.
Slide 41
Thank you Unless otherwise indicated, information with ** AIC
is information taken from the Apitherapy Internet Course.