Pest Management of Dates and Converting its Waste

into Biofuel

Academic AdvisorProf. Salah Soliman

By. Fares M. AL Makrahy

إدارة آفات التمور وتحويل مخلفاته الى وقود حيوي

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Introduction Date Palm in Egypt

The total of palm inventory in Egypt a 21 million palm trees from 25 species.

28 January 2016The Last Report For The Center For Agricultural Research, Ministry Of Agriculture, Dec 2014

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Stressing that Egypt's production of dates a 1,400,000 tons per year . The area of cultivated land Egypt amounting to 91,673 acres. 40,727 acres of new land. 50,946 acres of old Land.

The Last Report For The Center For Agricultural Research, Ministry Of Agriculture, Dec 2014

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Egypt at the forefront of the world producing for dates palm, Egypt's production of dates 1,000,298, up 100% from production in 1993.

Egypt produces the equivalent of 16.6% of the total world production and about 24.2% of the production of the Arab countries, followed by Saudi Arabia, the Algeria and Iraq.

while not exceeding exports 3% of the world's exports of dates.

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Ministry of Agriculture, July 2015

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FAO StatisticsA -Egypt's production of dates palm from 2009 to 2013

year Production (tonnes)2009 1,270,478

2010 1,352,954

2011 1,373,570

2012 1,470,000

2013 1,501,799

http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E 28 January 2016

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B- Yield of commodity from Date Palm

Year Yield (Hg/Ha)2009 344,0792010 322,5542011 329,7732012 345,8822013 327,311

http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E 28 January 2016

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C-Production of top 5 producers

Countries Production ( Tonnes)Egypt 6,968,801Iran 5,249842

Saudi Arabia 5,106,343Algeria 3,607,887

Iraq 3,025,413

http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E 28 January 2016

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Aim of the Study

Pest Management of Date and Converting the waste into biofuel

Survey the insect pests that attack dates fruits after harvest

Control insects that attack these dates fruits Convert the dates waste into biofuel

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Material and Methods 1- Collection Samples Waste of date fruit Elsaed and Alezaw varities will be collected

from from land and industries). Samples (fully ripe date fruits, about 25 weeks after pollination) were collected randomly with no preference to size, color, appearance or firmness ,put in polyethylene bags and then transferred to the laboratory, kept at 4 C.

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Photos of Dates

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2- Date palm pests

Date palm tree is attacked by a vast range of insect pest species. Such pests are belonged to more than one order, especially Lepidoptera and Coleoptera orders.

Throughout the whole season, all parts of the date palm tree are unfortunately attacked by one or more insect pests that can cause serious damages and economic infestations if there are no any interventions to combat such pests.

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Mansour, M. N. Amany 2008Abdel-Rahman, A. G.; Fouda, M. A.; Mahmoud, H. I.; Agamy, E. A.; Imam, A. I. and Mansour, A. N. M. 2007

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Insect pests that attack date fruits

Date fruits are attacked by more than one economic insect pest species.

The infested fruits are falling either down or within the palm tree fibers constituting the main source of infestation during the next season. So, it is of urgently important to perform the sanitation process to get rid of such fruits.

28 January 2016Mansour, M. N. Amany 2008Abdel-Rahman, A. G.; Fouda, M. A.; Mahmoud, H. I.; Agamy, E. A.; Imam, A. I. and Mansour, A. N. M. 2007

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attacked plant

part Stage Species OrderF L&A Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)

Coleoptera

F As Carpophilus hemipterus (L.)Fl A Tropinota squalida (Scop.)Rt A Haplidia nitidula (Kraatz)Rt A Pentodon dispar (Baudi)F As Coccotrypes dactyliperda (Fab.)

Sp sheath, F A Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

F L Batrchedra amydraula (Meyr.)

Lepidoptera

F As Dudoris (=Virachola) livia (Klug)Sp, Bs, Fs, Lb, Os, F

As Arenipses sabella (Hamp.)

F L&A Ephestia calidella (Guen.)F L&A Ephestia cautella (Walker)F L Myelois ceratonia (Zeller)

Lt, Fs, F As Parlatoria blanchardi (Targ.)HomopteraRt L&A Icerya aegyptiaca (Duglas)

Fs L&A Icerya purchase (Mask.)F L&A Ommatissus binotatus (Fieber)Lt A Anacridium aegypticum (L.)

OrthopteraLt A Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk)Rt N&A Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (L.)F L&A Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) DipteraF L&A Ceratitis capitata (Wles.)Lb L&A Asarcopus palmarum (Horvath) Hemiptera

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Insects that attack Dates fruits

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1 - الحميرة( )دودة البلح الصغرى Batrachedra amydraula

Order: Lepidoptera

the first generation larvae: 20% fall

the second generation larvae 90% fall

fed first generation larvae on small fruits after the contract and see these infected fruits

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Insects that attack Dates fruits

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2 -دودة البلح الكبرى Ephestia Calidella

البلح لدودة الكاملة الحشرة الكبرى

Order: Lepidoptera .

Infect the larvae of this pest types of dry and semi-dry dates.

This insect attack the fruit on the tree and attacking the fruits stored

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Insects that attack Dates fruits

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Ephestia Cautella ودة البلح العامري- د 3

العامري البلح لدودة واليرقة الكاملة حشرة

Order: Lepidoptera .

Infect the larvae of this pest types of dry and semi-dry dates.

This insect attack the fruit on the tree and attacking the fruits stored

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Insects that attack Dates fruits

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4 - ( البلح نواة خنفساء البلح نواة Coccotrypes ( ثاقبةdactyliperda

Order: Coleoptera

This insect infect fruits green dates leading to the fall of the fruits they pierce the fruit core and then lay their eggs in the totals into the nucleus

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Pest control of Date Pest 1- Using Ozone gas on Date Pest Infected fruits will be exposed to ozone gas for different

time intervals ranging from 0 to 60 minutes Eco friendly

2- phostoxin Infected fruits will be exposed to phostoxin for different

time intervals ranging fromrangind from 0 to 10 days. The percentages of moralities will be recorded.

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3- Identification of Total Sugar content

Sucrose Reducing sugars Total soluble

proteins Total Lipids Nitrogen Sodium Potassium

Magnesium Phosphorus Zinc Cobalt Copper Fiber Calcium

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The following contents will be determined in the two varieties of date fruits.

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4- Converting the waste into Biofuel

Date palm were compiled as the best standard raw material for bioethanol Production for two reasons, firstly the produced juices are more purer than the Other sources of sugar or starch, secondly the cost of dates palm juices production is commonly less expensive than the cost of other sources. (Drapcho et. al. 2008)

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Platform for fermentation process

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A . Hydrothermal Extraction:

The dates processing included a several steps starting with washing and destining (kernels separation), then digestion at a high temperature by exposure to direct steam at temperature range of 85°C to 100°C.

Biomass is produced by aerobic Fermentation

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Will be using Microwave to obtain biomass

23B. Fermentation

At the Second Step with anaerobic fermentation both alcohol and biomass are produced, even though the latter is produced at a rate that is lower than that of the previous operation.

Adding yeast or suitable bacteria to dates palm juices, the fermentation process occurs and bioethanol is created. The enzymes mixture present in the yeast act as a catalyst for the glucose.

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Structure of fermentation tank

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C. Distillation/Rectification:

The raw ethanol, which is obtained by fermentation.

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5- Identification of ethanol

Using GC Acetone – Butanol - Ethanol

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References27

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[1] Parekh M, Formanek J, Blaschek HP. Pilot-scale production of butanol by Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 using a low-cost fermentation medium based on corn steep water. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1999;51(2):152- 7.[2] Naik SN, Goud VV, Rout PK, Dalai AK. Production of first and second generation biofuels: a comprsehensive review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 2010;14(2): 578-97.[3] Jones DT, Woods DR. Acetoneebutanol fermentation revisited. Microbiol Rev 1986;50(4):484e524.[4] Du¨ rre P. New insights and novel developments in clostridial acetone/ butanol/isopropanol fermentation. Appl Microbiol Biot 1998;49(6):639e48.[5] Kumar M, Gayen K. Developments in biobutanol production:New insights. Appl Energ 2011;88(6):1999e2012.

[6] Abdel-Rahman A. G.; M. A. Fouda, H. I. Mahmoud, E. A. Agamy, A. I. Imam and A. N. M. Mansour (2007): Observations on the Greater Date Moth (Arenipses sabella) in El-Baharia Oasis – Egypt. The First International Conference of Date Palm – Integrated Crop Management of Date Palm and Its impacts for Producing Clean and Safety Dates. Giza, Egypt. 2-4 Sep., 2007.

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Thank you for your Attention