Proposal of LAKE SHASTA CAVERNS

as a

Potential National Natural Landmark

An example of

GEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE

in the

SOUTHERN CASCADE Region

Matthew W. Doyle General Manager

Lake Shasta Caverns &

John L. Winther Owner/President

Lake Shasta Caverns

20359 Shasta Caverns Road Lakehead, CA 96051

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Potential NNL Site Proposal Site Identification (Provide a site identify the physiographic region and category of natural, refer to site proposal guidelines which provide a description and map of physiographic regions, and classification schemes for geologic and(or) ecologic features.)

1. Site Name: LAKE SHASTA CAVERNS

2. State: CALIFORNIA

3. County: SHASTA

4. Physiographic Region: SOUTHERN CASCADE REGION

5. Category of Feature: GEOLOGICAL

Submitter Information

1. Name: MATTHEW W. DOYLE / JOHN L. WINTHER

2. Title: GENERAL MANAGER / OWNER

3. Organization: LAKE SHASTA CAVERNS

4. Street Address 1 20359 SHASTA CAVERNS ROAD

5. Street Address: 2

6. City: LAKEHEAD

7. State: CALIFORNIA

8. tel: 530-238-2341

9. fax: 530-238-2386

10. email: ShastaCav@aol.com

Submitter’s experience with proposed site / knowledge relating to the particular features at the site (Note the experience and qualifications of the person(s) submitting the site proposal – degrees, docent experience, natural resource management, industry experience, and teaching – as applicable. Submitters should describe specific experience with the site – field classes, field trips associated with professional meetings, resource management, docent work, owner-manager, etc.)

John L. Winther President and owner of the company, has been involved in the overall operations of the company since before it was opened to the public in 1964. Recognizing that he owns a national treasure, John wants to make sure that Lake Shasta Caverns is perpetually protected and believes that the NNL program will assist in this pursuit. He has a B. S. in civil engineering (1961) and an MBA (1963). He was involved in the development of our Underground Classroom program, and has been involved in our effort to provide a nature oriented approach to our guests overall experience at Lake Shasta Caverns. He is also the President and owner of Delta Wetlands, a California

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Corporation involved in the development of over 9000 acres of wetland dependant wildlife species habitat in the Delta area of California. Matthew W. Doyle He has been an employee of Lake Shasta Caverns since January 2001. After being promoted to General Manager in 2003, he has continued the process of caring for the cave. Obtaining intimate knowledge of the cave from tremendous amounts of time spent in it, Matthew has realized the importance of this particular underground resource. His management of the proposed site includes, but is not limited to, Natural Resource Management, Logistical Operations, day-to-day operations and promoting the significance of Lake Shasta Caverns to its patrons, both foreign and local. He also oversees the Underground Classroom, a project started by the company in 2001. Over 11,000 students have attended since its inception and encompasses a large number of schools located in Northern California. Location (Create a map showing the location of the proposed NNL in relation to highways, roads, cities, towns, prominent peaks, drainages, etc., as appropriate, and below provide a narrative description of the site location based on this map. All locations mentioned in this description should be identified on the location map.) Lake Shasta Caverns is located on the east side of the McCloud arm of Shasta Lake approximately 2 miles north of the McCloud and Pitt arm confluence. The natural entrance of the caverns is located approximately 1950 feet above sea level (or 800 feet above full crest of Shasta Lake) on the southwestern side of North Gray Rocks. Parcel description: Southwest Quarter of the Southwest Quarter of Section 13, Township 34 North, Range 4 West. Cave man made entrance GPS coordinates: North 40° 47.840, West 122° 16.669; Elevation 1775 feet. Cave man made exit GPS coordinates: North 40° 47.827, West 122° 16.607; Elevation 1905 feet. Map and Photo References:

• Figure 1 • Figure 2 • Figure 3 • Figure 4 • Figure 5 • Map 1 • Map 2 • Map 3

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USGS Quadrangles (list the names of maps that include the proposed area):

• 1:24,000: O’BRIEN, 665-4

• 1:100,000: REDDING

• 1:250,000: REDDING

Access (Describe the main vehicle routes to the area, note the locations of trailheads. Note any areas having restricted access or locked gates, and contact information for making arrangements to visit the property.)

Lake Shasta Caverns is located approximately 17 miles north of Redding, California via Interstate 5. From exit 695/Shasta Caverns Road, there is a county maintained road leading to the Lake Shasta Caverns’ ticket counter and ferry landing. Upon purchase of a ticket visitors are taken across the lake, by boat, to the east side of the McCloud arm of Shasta Lake. Once Patrons have reached the east side of the McCloud arm, they are taken up a 2 mile road to the entrance of the caverns for completion of the tour. A smaller ticket booth and gift store is located on the eastern side of the arm. This allows the purchase of tickets by those who arrive by their own watercraft. Guided tours are given of the cave through out the year. When the cave is not being toured both the entrance and exit are secured with locking steel doors deter vandalism and undesired air circulation. The only key holder is Lake Shasta Properties, Inc. D.b.a. Lake Shasta Caverns. Lake Shasta Caverns’ brochure gives further insight to ticket purchase locations. (See Figure 2) Ownership (If known, describe the ownership pattern of the proposed area in relation to the extent of the significant natural feature(s). If available, list contact information for owners and land managers. A map showing parcels and suggested perimeter of the area may be attached but is not required.)

The original recorded ownership of the area in which Lake Shasta Caverns is located was by the Central Pacific Railroad. This was deeded to the railroad by the United States Government. W.C. Bruson, an agent for the Central Pacific Railroad, had sold this land to Cora L. Moxley in 1905. Upon Cora Moxley’s death in 1935, a portion of the estate was sold to a Mr. Wood and a Mr. Gerard. Lake Shasta Caverns, known as the Baird Caves at this time, was carved out of the estate and sold to Grace M. Tucker in 1944. In 1960 Mrs. Tucker interested Roy, Glenn, and Edward Thompson in the development of the cave system as a show cave. Lake Shasta Properties, Inc. was the corporation formed by the alliance. The Thompson brothers bought and obtained full rights from Grace Tucker in 1960. Presently John L. Winther and wife Patricia Winther are the sole owners. Setting (Briefly describe the overall setting of the area in terms of the geography, geology, ecology and climate, or other physical environmental factors relating to the natural feature. For example, the setting of coastal sites might include discussion of ocean currents; some landforms may reflect climatic influences as well as regional tectonics; inland wetlands situated along fault zones should discuss geologic structure and hydrology, etc. In essence, summarize the context for the occurrence of significant natural features.)

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The Klamath Mountain Belt is estimated to be around 250 million years old. The primary mineral located within the proposal site is Limestone; a sedimentary deposit. Volcanic activity is noticeable in the area with Mt. Shasta to the north and Mt. Lassen to the southeast. Topsoil in the area is rust colored due to large amounts of iron oxide within the soil. As Pangaea (the super continent during the Permian period) started to separate during the late Jurassic period the subduction of the tectonic plates started to ripple much of the western coast of North America, forming many of the mountain ranges we see in California. Build of sediment was also taking place at this time due to this mountain belt being submerged under a Jurassic Pacific Ocean. As millions of years passed soil eroded, sea level dropped and smaller faults formed, allowing ideal conditions for development of these caverns within North Gray Rocks. An aerial view of North Gray rocks can be seen in Figure 4. Extent of Significant Natural Feature(s) and Suggested Perimeter (Using a USGS topographic map as a base map, delineate the extent of the key natural feature(s) and a suggested perimeter of the area proposed as a potential NN. Below, explain how this perimeter is defined. Explain any differences between suggested perimeter and extent of the key natural feature.) Due to the nature of caves being subterranean, it is suggested that the property parcel in which the cave is located to be the proposal site. Unfortunately there have been no actual property line surveys completed as a result of the extreme topography. On the enclosed maps the property lines have been transposed onto the USGS topographic maps. Also the approximate property lines have been delineated in one of the included aerial photographs. As for the cave itself a Brunton and Tape survey is provided for clarification of subterranean content. Map reference:

• Map 1 • Map 2 • Map 3 • Figure 3

• Figure 4• Figure 5• Figure 6

Characterization of the Natural Feature and Its Regional Context (Define the type of natural feature represented at the site, applying the classification systems for geologic and ecologic processes and features used by the NNL Program. Briefly characterize the natural feature, in general, as it occurs throughout the physiographic region, noting the various components that typically are represented with the particular feature. Note regional distribution or other occurrences, if known. Regional characterization and distribution should be in the context of physiographic regions applied by the NNL Program.)

Lake Shasta Caverns is a superior example of a karst terrain landform, which is still active and growing. Initial formation started with the upheaval of the mountain in which it is located. Natural faulting allowed for fissures to form, in various sizes, within the limestone rock.

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Portions of this faulting are evident in several rooms of this particular cave system. These fissures allowed for the basis of the cave formation. As rain traveled through the atmosphere and soil layer rich in decaying vegetation, it collected carbon dioxide (CO2) and formed a weak carbonic acid (H2CO3). Calcite, the major mineral found in limestone, is soluble in weak acids. As the carbonic acid continued through the limestone it dissolved the calcite in the limestone creating a calcium bicarbonate solution. The erosion allowed for the enlargement of the fissures until they become distinctive “rooms.” As time progressed the water table within the mountain dropped and was replaced by oxygen. As the solution of entered these “rooms” it was able to vent carbon dioxide, simply reversing the process of becoming a solution. During the loss of carbon dioxide, calcite was released from the solution, allowing the calcite to affix itself to rock or previous calcite deposits. As the deposits continued they started to form a speleothem. This process remains active to this day. To date, there have been eight rooms open for public viewing (See Figure 6: Discovery, Thompson, Dome, Crystal [aka Lake Room], Basement, Richardson, Popcorn, and Cathedral Rooms). Each one of these rooms offers diverse varieties of speleothem as well as an insight to different stages of cave development. Caves are an important component of the Southern Cascades physiographic region. Many of the caves in the region are lava tubes associated with large lava flows. A few are large limestone caves, and the most significant development of limestone caves is in the Lake Shasta area. Within the Lake Shasta area there are a number of small caves and three important larger cave systems that are geologically and hydrologically complex systems. These caves are Lake Shasta Caverns, Potter Creek Cave, and Samwel Cave. Of the three, the largest and most complex cave system is Lake Shasta Caverns, and for this reason it is being nominated for National Natural Landmark Status. Additionally, new passages were discovered in Lake Shasta Caverns during development of the cave as a show-cave, and cave formations in these areas are in nearly pristine condition. The geologic complexity of the caves in the Lake Shasta region is shown by the attached stereogram sketches of Stone Man Cave (now Lake Shasta Caverns) and Samwel Cave (Figures 24 & 25). Both were sketched in the 1950s by Arthur Lange, an early California speleologist. The stereograms provide a vertical perspective of the cave systems. The stereogram of Lake Shasta Caverns predates the discovery of several deeper chambers in the cave. The stereogram of Lake Shasta Caverns is from the Ray deSaussure library archives, American Cave Conservation Association. The stereogram of Samwel Cave was published in Treganza (1964). Contrasts to Local Caves: Although there are a few cave systems within the physiographic region, Lake Shasta Caverns would be the best candidate for proposal. Lake Shasta Caverns simply represents the best choice from a geologic and hydrologic perspective. In addition, preservation and great care has been implemented in all aspects of the operations to preserve this unique environment. Two of the closest caves, Potter Creek and Samwel, have been known for their paleontological and archeological values. However many excavations through out the years have removed most,

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if not all, materials. These caves have formed in the same manner as Lake Shasta Caverns, with evident similarities such as location and vertical extent. Nevertheless these caves lack the size and ornamentation found in Lake Shasta Caverns. Currently both of theses caves are closed to the public, except for permission by the local Department of Forestry. Oregon Caves would be another comparable cave. Once again both Oregon Caves and Lake Shasta Caverns are very much the same in vertical and solution development. The largest difference between the two caves is climate. The Oregon Caves are close in proximity of the coast. This of course would mean higher humidity and cooler mean temperatures. Lake Shasta Caverns is located in the foothills just north of the Sacramento Valley, resulting in drier air and higher mean temperatures. There are also noticeable differences in latitude as well as elevation between the two caves. Due to unavailability of precise maps at the time of this proposal, the submitters are unsure of whether or not Oregon Caves are located in the same physiographic region. Theses caves are in no doubt comparable to the proposed site. On the other hand the submitters of this proposal feel that Lake Shasta Caverns truly is the best representative of a solutional limestone cave in this physiographic region, warranting further study and possible acceptance as a National Natural Landmark. This is not only for the size and ornamentation, but for its capability of remaining a highly pristine environment, uncommon for the developed caves within the vicinity. Site Description: Significant Natural Features (Describe the significant natural features at the proposed site with particular attention to addressing NNL significance criteria: Primary criteria of illustrative character and present condition; and Secondary criteria of diversity, rarity, and value for science and education. Detail the various components that together contribute to the illustrative character of the natural feature. For example, features relating to recent alpine glaciations will comprise both erosional and deposition landforms at a variety of scales, from the outcrop to map scale. Note specific areas where features are particularly well-illustrated, such as outcrops illustrating a geologic relationship, process, or landform. or areas where characteristic associations or transitions in biotic communities are well-represented – preferably, present a map identifying the locations of these areas. This site description should be accompanied by photographs, illustrations and maps that illustrate the natural features and define their location. Species lists provided for biotic communities should be presented in an appendix.)

Lake Shasta Caverns has proven to be a superior cave system within the local terrain and represents an ideal environment for study of karst environments due to the large diversity of speleothem or “cave formations.” The colors of the formations contain a wide variety of colors. This is the cause of mineral pigments and its variability in water. There is a heavy concentration of iron oxide within the surrounding area, resulting in many of the deep browns observed within the cave. The following speleothem are found in Lake Shasta Caverns along with its formation mechanisms and description.

• Tubular stalactites – (Figures 7 & 8) Commonly referred to as “soda straws.” These formations take shape as a drop of water leaves a bathtub ring as it leaves the surface that it is suspended from. Drop by drop calcite is deposited in rings creating a hollow tub.

• Stalactites – (Figures 7, 9 & 10) As tubular stalactite progresses the tube exit will become blocked. Looking for another path the calcite laden water will start to seep on the outside

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of the formation. As the water continues to flow it deposits calcite. Eventually a stalactite forms appearing much like an icicle.

• Deflected stalactites – (Figure 11) These stalactites are formed in the same manner however gravity deflects the flow of water in a uniform fashion. This formation will resemble a normal stalactite except with a noticeable lean or curvature.

• Cave Drapery – (Figures 7, 12 & 17) Commonly referred to as Cave Bacon, this feature is formed much like a stalactite. However gravity pulls the water to one side of the tubular stalactite. As it continues a drapery blade develops and may have numerous folds. A range of pigmentation variations are caused by dissimilar impurities within the solution. Due to its appearance with folds and varying shades of color it represents that of a bacon rind, hence the name.

• Stalagmites – (Figure 9) On the receiving end of the water dispersed by stalactites, these formations grow upwards. As water splashes on the ground calcite is deposited. Stalagmites usually form underneath stalactites and have a splash cup located on the topmost portion of the mound. Typically faster flowing water results in larger stalagmites due to larger amounts of calcites not being consumed by stalactites.

• Splattermites – (Figure 13) Although an informal name for this speleothem, it is very descriptive towards its formation. A splattermite is a peculiar form of stalagmite in which small plates protrude from the central axis of the formation. These plates are caused by high velocity of water colliding with the formation, creating a splash, and high rate of calcite precipitation of the water droplets. These speleothem occur only in sections of the cave that have high ceilings and where the water has high concentrations of carbon dioxide.

• Column – (Figures 8 & 14) Columns are formed when stalagmites and stalactites meet, creating a single formation. With its hourglass shape this speleothem seems to support the ceiling.

• Flowstone – (Figures 9, 14, 15 & 17) Flowstone is formed by a consistent flow of water over an existing rock surface. Calcite is deposited in a fairly uniform fashion resulting in what resembles a blanket.

• Canopy – (Figure 15) A canopy is a different form of flowstone. This feature occurs when flowstone encounters a bedrock shelf or other cavity. As the flowstone continues to grow over the cavity, stalactites will start to form with the absence of an attachable surface. The ending result would be comparable to a table cloth and a table in appearance.

• Helectites – (Figures 7, 8, 9, 14 and 16) Although this formation is rare, Lake Shasta Caverns contains numerous fields of helectites. These speleothem are created by capillary action and hydrostatic pressure. As canals form in the rock water is pushed through tubes. These tubes tend to grow and are noticeable by their twisted appearance. Their crooked shapes derive from a number of factors:

o Impurities in the calcite o Different shapes of crystal which can cause an uneven distribution o A central capillary channel becomes blocked during a dry period. When the flow

resumes water will take the path of least resistance, sometimes creating a new channel.

o Air current will sometimes direct the growth of helectites. Noticeable when a field is leaning or pointing in a certain direction.

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• Shelf stone – (Figure 17) Shelf stone is evidence of a pool which remained constant for a long period of time. It is created where the water surface meets room walls and/or other formations. When the calcite solution flows off of the wall/formation sometime it will remain suspended on the water’s surface. As time progresses the suspended material will mineralize and harden creating a shelf. As the water table drops the shelf remains intact. In the Discovery room of Lake Shasta Caverns there are a number of shelfstone rings surrounding the room, indicating different water table levels.

• Rim stone Dams - (Figure 18) In addition to shelfstone, rim stone dams also appear in the Discovery Room. However the best examples are located in the Crystal Room. In certain circumstances calcite can be deposited on the edges of a stream of water. This is caused by turbulence of the solution which releases carbon dioxide, similar to that of shaking a can of soda, and thus depositing calcite. In various cases the calcite rim will eventually encircle the perimeter of the stream, and creating a dam.

• Cave pearls – (Figure 18 & 21) These rare pearls are formed in pools of water in which the water is consistently refreshed. As a piece of very small rock or grit falls into this pool of water the calcite attaches to the surface of the foreign object. As new water flows into the pool, bringing rich calcite laden water, the particle is tumbled. This allows for deposition of calcite to all surfaces of the material as well as keeping the material detached from the pool floor. A finish product will look very much like that of a pearl, spherical in shape.

• Breakdown – (Figure 19) There are two forms of breakdown represented in Lake Shasta Caverns. The smaller version found in this cavern is known as Peanut brittle stretching several feet. It forms as a continuation of shelfstone. When water remains pooled long enough the entire surface of the water will become coated with calcite and continue to grow. As the water underneath eventually percolates into the rock the layer of calcite remains suspended. Under certain conditions the calcite will collapse under its own weight, breaking into sheets. As a result of the high iron oxide content giving the calcite in Lake Shasta Caverns a brownish color the breakdown material resembles peanut brittle. On a more massive scale the Dome Room of Lake Shasta Caverns represents another type of breakdown. In this instance one room may form on top of another room. As in The Peanut Brittle above, the floor will eventually collapse under its own weight. In this case the collapsed section spans about 30 feet in diameter. The date of collapse is assumed to be thousands of years ago, measured by the amount flowstone accumulated on the breakdown material.

• Shields – (Figure 20) formed in much the same manner as a helectite. The only variant is that instead of forming through a capillary tube, it is formed through a hairline fracture in the rock. As the hydrostatic pressure pushes the water out, an upward facing shield starts to grow. Although not very large, presences of these speleothem are none the less evident within the cave system.

• Dogtooth Spars – (Figure 20) Common among calcite formation are Dogtooth Spars. It is simply a scalenohedron crystal formed from calcite. The dipyramid shape resembles that of a dogtooth, thus resembling its name.

• Box work – (Figure 21) Found in small areas within the cave, this speleothem’s construction differs slightly form other formations. The development of box work takes place in hairline fissures and cracks within the bedrock. Usually this rock is a harder material than limestone, typically dolomite. As the water flows through the fissures

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calcite is deposited in veins. As erosion and weathering continue the bedrock is worn away leaving the resilient calcite veins. As the veins intersect one another at various angles they form boxes.

• Rafts – (Figure 22) Located in small pools through out the cave, these rafts are actually suspended calcite sheets. Rafts form as calcite crystals attach themselves on top of the water. They are supported by the surface tension of the water. If the raft continues to grow and maintain its integrity, a shell can remain even after the supporting water no longer remains. This shell is then has the potential for breakdown, creating Peanut Brittle.

• Cave Coral – (Figure 23) This is another example one of the formations in Lake Shasta Caverns that is formed under the water. Also known as cave popcorn, can form in one of two ways, sub-aqueous and sub-aerial. The cave coral found in Lake Shasta Caverns was found to be sub-aqueous due to shelf stone formations located above the coral. The process of formation is similar to that of making rock candy. Cave coral is produced from water super saturated with calcite. At a given temperature a solution starts to lose its ability to maintain certain minerals in a solution. When this occurs calcite will start to precipitate and deposit itself as a botryoidally (grape-like) shaped speleothem.

Though many of these formations will be found in many other caves it is extremely rare to find such a variety of speleothem in one cave. Upon conversion of the cave to a commercial show cave, great care was taken minimize human intrusion as possible. Concrete walkways and stainless steel guard rails have been installed to clearly identify the intended path of travel, as well as deterring unwanted exploration. Two lockable, self-closing steel doors have been installed not only to protect from theft and vandalism, but also serve as air dams. It is clear that Lake Shasta Properties remains intent on continued preservation of this cavern. Continued education and awareness of caverns have also been implemented at Lake Shasta Caverns. In 2001 Lake Shasta Caverns started the Underground Classroom. Since its inception the caverns has had well over 11,000 students attend the class. Students have come as far as Sacramento, San Francisco, Northern California Coast, Southern Oregon and even Japan. The classroom consists of in class assignments which are provided by Lake Shasta Caverns. Upon arrival students are given a unique tour of the caves. The curriculum emphasizes the formation and preservation of caves. Also within the curriculum is an allotted amount of time in which students participate in activities that take place inside the caverns. The activities include a fossil dig, speleothem matching game, and a closely supervised climbing activity. The Underground Classroom is designed for second grade to sixth grade students. The cavern also gives educational tours for high school and college students, stressing the same information given in the underground classroom. Lake Shasta Caverns also provides a protective habitat for Hydromantes Shastae. The Shasta Salamander, as it is commonly referred to, is a state listed in 1971 as a threatened species. Fortunately there are many areas in the cave that are closed, allowing this species to thrive in secluded areas. This plethodontid salamander becomes active during the night as well as fall, winter and spring rainfall. Breeding takes place during the summer in limestone shelters near mud and small pools of water. Although the diet of these salamanders have not been studied, it is believed that they consume centipedes, spiders, termites, beetles and larval flies; all of which

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are found in or near the caves themselves. To date this species is endemic to the Shasta lake region and contain only 12 populations. However there have been sightings of the salamanders four miles south of Lake Shasta Caverns, as well as several sightings of the salamander within Lake Shasta Caverns by reputable employees. Other species that populate the property can be found in the enclosed Wildlife Inventory (Attachment 1) References (Provide a list of references relating to the area. These should include articles from scientific journals, books relating to the natural feature (particularly if a feature is cited in a book as an example). Copies of key journal articles relating to the natural feature are welcomed; please list these under attachments. Examples of bibliographic format are provided below. )

Alvarez, W. “Classification of Solution Cleavage in Pelagic Limestone.” v. 6, p 263-266 Furlong, E.L. 1903. University of California Public Bulletin; Department of Geology. v.4, no 8 Hajna, Nadja Zupan. 2003. “Incomplete Solution: Weather of Cave Walls and the Production, Transportation and Deposition of Carbonate Fines” Merriam, John Charles. 1903. University of California Public Bulletin; Department of Archeology & Ethmol. “Recent Cave Exploration in California.” v. 2, no. 1 Miller, Loye. 1911. University of California Public Bulletin; Department of Geology. v 6, pg 385-400 Moore, George and Sullivan Nicholas. “Speleology Caves and Cave Environments.” Powell, Richard L. 1970. A guide to the selection of limestone caverns and springs in the United States as National Landmarks. Indiana Geological Survey contract report for the National Park Service. 292p. Sinclair, John. 1903. University of California Public Bulletin; Department of Geology. Vol 6. Treganza, Aden E. 1964. An ethno-archaeological examination of Samwel Cave. Cave Studies No. 12. 29p. White, William B. “Geomorphology and Hydrology of Karst Terrains.” Yevjevich, Vujca. “Karsts Water Research Needs.” (Author unknown). 1906 American Anthropologist. v. 8, no 2 April-June (Author unknown). 1997. California Geology Magazine

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(Author unknown). 1941. Science Magazine. v. 94, no 2444, p. 414 Websites: California Department of Fish and Game website, “California’s Plants and Animals Accessed 01/23/06 http://www.dfg.ca.gov/hcpb/cgi-bin/read_one.asp?specy=amphibians&idNum=55 Hydromantes Shastae. Shasta Salamander. 2000-2006. 1/1/2006. http://www.californiaherps.com/salamanders/pages/h.shastae.html A024. California Wildlife Habitat Relationship System. S. Morey. 1/3/06. http://aolsearch.aol.com/aol/search?encquery=19c12cf33626604814e9526749c3155f07258fb5865b9e05&invocationType=keyword_rollover&ie=UTF-8 Under Earth Graphics. Virtual Cave. Dave Burnelle. 1/15/06. http://www.goodearthgraphics.com/virtcave/virtcave.html Figures (Number all photographs, illustrations, aerial photography, page-size maps, and any other graphics, sequentially as they are referenced in the text. List these figures and provide detailed captions.) Figure 1 - Shasta County Assessor’s Map; Book 85, Page 31 Figure 2 – Lake Shasta Cavern’s Brochure Figure 3 – Eastern aerial Photograph Figure 4 – Northeastern Ariel Photograph Figure 5 – Cave Entrance and Exit Aerial Close-up Figure 6 – Brunton and Tape Survey Figure 7 – Tubular Stalactites, Drapery and Helectites Figure 8 – Tubular Stalactites Figure 9 – Various Speleothem in Discovery and Fill-in Rooms Figure 10 – Stalactites in Thompson Room Figure 11 – Deflected Stalactites Figure 12 – Cave Drapery in Cathedral Room Figure 13 - Splattermites Figure 14 – Various Columns Figure 15 – Flow Stone and Canopies Figure 16 - Helectites Figure 17 – Discovery Room Speleothem Figure 18 – Rim Stone Dam and Pearls Figure 19 – “Peanut Brittle” Breakdown Figure 20 – Shield and Dog Tooth Spar Figure 21 – Pearls and Box Work Figure 22 - Raft

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Figure 23 – Cave Coral or Cave “Popcorn” Figure 24 – Stereogram of “Stone Man Cave” (Lake Shasta Caverns) Figure 25 - Stereogram of Samwel Caverns Map Plates (List any oversize maps provided. Page-size maps should be listed under “Figures” ) Map 1 – National Geographic/USGS Map

Scale 1 : 30,750 Map 2 –Shasta-Trinity National Forests Scale 1 : 126,720 Map 3 – Modified USGS map for use by USDA Forest Service Scale 1 ; 24,000 Appendices (List any appendices provided.) Attachments (List any copies of reference materials provided with the site proposal. Copies of publications describing the natural features of an area (e.g. plant and wildlife inventories, geologic maps, articles published in scientific journals, interpretive brochures, books), particularly those publications having limited distribution, are welcomed.) Attachment 1 – Wildlife Inventory of Shasta-Trinity National Forest Attachment 2 – Lake Shasta Caverns’ brochure Attachment 3 – “Gurnee Guide to American Caves.” Pages 67, 71-72 Attachment 4 – “Gems of the Golden State.” Pages 32 – 37 Attachment 5 – “Lake Shasta Caverns.”

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ATTACHMENT 1: Lake Shasta Caverns Wildlife Inventory

Species located in local area: Common Name Taxonomy Status Bald Eagle Haliaeetus Leucocephalus (endangered) Osprey Pandion haliaetus carolinensis Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus (endangered) Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos (threatened) Turkey Vulture Cathartes auraRed Tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis Grey Fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus Grey Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis Ground Squirrel Otospermophilus beecheyi Ring-tailed cat Bassariscus astutus Raccoon Procyon lotor Bobcat Lynx rufus Mountain Lion Felis concolor Colombian Black Tailed Mule Deer Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis Pacific Rattlesnake Crotalus viridis oreganos Gopher Snake Genus Pituophis Garter Snake Genus Thamnophis California Black Bear Ursus americanusCalifornia King Snake Lampropeltis getulus californiae Skunk Mephitis mephitisRiver Otter Lutra canadensis Five Lined Skink Eumeces fasciatus Valley Quail Lophortyx californica (protected) Wood Duck Aix sponsaCanada Goose (honker) Branta canadensis. American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus Coyote Canis latrans Steller’s Jay Cyanocitta stelleri Scrub Jay Aphelocoma californica Mice Cerastium vulgatum Rats Rattus norvegicus Opossum Didelphis virginianaBlack Tailed Jack Rabbit Lepus californicus Species Located in or near Lake Shasta Caverns: Common Name Taxonomy Status Tooth Cave Spider Neoleptoneta myopica (endangered) Shasta Salamander Hydromantes shastae (threatened) California Brown Bat Myotis lucifugus Snails Cornu aspersum Cave Crickets Ceuthophilus Rhaphidophoridae

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ATTACHMENT 1 (continued):

Common Name Taxonomy Status Termites Reticulitermes flavipes Millipedes Schizophyllum sabulosum Ground Lover Centipedes Haplophilus subterraneus Common Shiny Woodlouse Oniscus asellus Western Sheep Moth Hemileuca eglanterina

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FIGURE 24

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