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Bodies are made up of cells All cells run on a set of instructions
spelled out in DNA
Bodies Cells DNA
How does DNA code for cells & bodies? how are cells and bodies made from the
instructions in DNA
DNA Cells Bodies
DNA has the information to build proteins genes
DNA Proteins Cells Bodies
proteinscells
bodiesDNA gets all the glory,Proteins do all the work
How do proteins do all the work? Proteins
proteins run living organisms enzymes
control all chemical reactions in living organisms
structure all living organisms are built out of proteins
cytoplasm
nucleus
Cell organization DNA
DNA is in the nucleus genes = instructions for making proteins
want to keep it there = protected “locked in the vault”
Cell organization Proteins
chains of amino acids made by a “protein factory” in cytoplasm protein factory = ribosome
nucleus
cytoplasm
ribosome
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
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aa
buildproteins
Passing on DNA information Need to get DNA gene information
from nucleus to cytoplasm need a copy of DNA messenger RNA
nucleus
cytoplasm
ribosome
mRNA
buildproteins
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
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aa
mRNA
From nucleus to cytoplasm
DNA
transcription
nucleus cytoplasm
translation
trait
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
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aa
protein
DNA vs. RNADNA
deoxyribose sugar nitrogen bases
G, C, A, T T : A C : G
double stranded
RNA ribose sugar nitrogen bases
G, C, A, U U : A C : G
single stranded
Transcription Making mRNA from DNA DNA strand is the
template (pattern) match bases
U : A G : C
Enzyme RNA polymerase
Matching bases of DNA & RNA Match RNA bases to DNA
bases on one of the DNA strands
U
A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A
U
UU
U
U
G
G
A
A
A C CRNA
polymerase
C
C
C
C
C
G
G
G
G
A
A
A
AA
Matching bases of DNA & RNA U instead of T is matched to A
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNAaa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
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aa
U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU Uribosome
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
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aa
protein
cytoplasm
nucleus
traitU C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U
ribosome
How does mRNA code for proteins mRNA leaves nucleus mRNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm Proteins built from instructions on mRNA
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
How?
mRNA
U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U
How does mRNA code for proteins?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA
Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Alaprotein
?
How can you code for 20 amino acids withonly 4 DNA bases (A,U,G,C)?
ribosome
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA
mRNA codes for proteins in triplets
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA
Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Alaprotein
?
Codon = block of 3 mRNA bases
codon
ribosome
For ALL life! strongest support
for a common origin for all life
Code has duplicates several codons for
each amino acid mutation insurance!
Start codon AUG methionine
Stop codons UGA, UAA, UAG
The mRNA code
How are the codons matched to amino acids?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA
anti-codon
codon
tRNAUAC
MetGCA
ArgCAU
Val Anti-codon = block of 3 tRNA bases
aminoacid
mRNA to protein = Translation The working instructions mRNA The reader ribosome The transporter transfer RNA (tRNA)
mRNAU C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U
aaaa
aa
tRNA
GGU
aa
tRNA
U A C
aa
tRNA
GA C
tRNA
aa
A GU
ribosome
aa
aa
aaaa
aa
aa
aa
mRNA
From gene to protein
DNA
transcription
nucleus cytoplasm
protein
translation
trait
U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU Uribosome
tRNA
aa
From gene to protein (Central Dogma)
transcriptiontranscription
translationtranslation
proteinprotein