PROTEINSPROTEINS

III. Proteins:

composed of ___________, which are made up of C, H, O, N, and S atoms

amino acids

A. Amino acids:

1. There are ______ different amino acids that make up most proteins.

20

2. Draw

3. Amino acids are linked

through peptide bonds by

Dehydration synthesis to

form polypeptides

Amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides

Uses the Same chemical reactions

NHH

CH

C OH

O

R

NHH

CH

C OH

O

R

+

Amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides

Step 1: remove H and OH

NHH

CH

C

OH

O

R

N

H

HCH

C OH

O

R

+

Amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides

Step 2: Link rest of monomers together

OH

NHH

CH

C

O

R

H

NH

CH

C OH

O

R

Amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides

Product: growing chain + 1 water molecule

OHNHH

CH

C

O

R

HNH

CH

C OH

O

R

+

New bond; Called peptide bond

+ + H2O

4.Amino acids can be polar,

non-polar, charged or

uncharged. This affects

the of the

protein.

structure

B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids.

The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures:

1.Helixes or coils

Helix

B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids.

The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures:

1.Helixes or coils

2.Pleated Sheets

Pleated Sheets

B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids.

The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures:

1.Helixes or coils

2.Pleated Sheets

3.Globular

Globular Protein

C. The ___________ of a protein is greatly influenced by conditions such as :

1.Temperature

2.pH

structure

D. Functions: There are many different kinds of proteins each with different roles.

D. Functions

1. Provide ________________ and ________________. Example: keratin and collagen

2. Control the rate of reactions: enzymes

chemical

building materialstructural support

D. Functions

3.Carry and transport substances in and out of ____. Example: hemoglobin

4.Fight against _______: antibodies

cells

disease

IV. Nucleic Acids

composed of a chain of ___________________. nucleotides

NUCLEIC ACID

• Compounds that contain phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A. Nucleotide

a. Names of Nitrogenous Bases

1.Adenine (A)

2.Thymine (T)

3.Cytosine (C)

4.Guanine (G)

B. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double stranded molecule. It stores the hereditary information used to make proteins.

a. Nitrogenous bases pair up:

• A and T

• G and C

C. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single stranded molecule, used in making proteins.

a. Uses the nitrogenous base, Uracil (U) instead of Thymine

Structure of Nucleic Acids

- Build/broken down using same reactions!!

P oH

OH

H

H

H

BaseCH2

H

P = Phosphate = H2PO3

oH

OH

H

H

H

BaseCH2

H

H20o

H

OH

H

H

H

BaseCH2

H

P

P = H2PO3 = HPO3

-

P

oH H

H

H

BaseCH2

H

oH

OH

H

H

H

BaseCH2

H

P

P

Chain forms by connecting the sugar of one nucelotide to Phosphate of the next. Forms Phosphate-sugar backbone

oH H

H

H

BaseCH2

H

oH

OH

H

H

H

BaseCH2

H

P

P