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A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A Cytopla sm Note: The polypeptide chain then forms into a three-dimensional figure (tertiary structure).
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A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
Note: The polypeptide chain then forms into a three-dimensional figure (tertiary structure).
Protein Synthesis
By. Anna Heitzenrater
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
CELL
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CELL
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CELL
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
CELL
Nucleus
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
RNA Polymerase
Promoter Region
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
RNA Polymerase
mRNA strand
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
RNA Polymerase
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
RNA Polymerase
AU
G
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
A U G A GA
RNA Polymerase
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
RNA Polymerase
A U G A G AC C G
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
RNA Polymerase
A U G A G AC C G U A G
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
A U G A G AC C G U A G UG A
RNA Polymerase
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
A U G A G AC C G U A G UG A
Termination Sequence
RNA Polymerase
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
A U G A G AC C G U A G UG A
Termination Sequence
RNA Polymerase
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
G A C C G U A G U G A
Nuclear Pore
Note: The mRNA must leave the nucleus through the nuclear pores to reach the ribosomes.
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Nucleus
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Nucleus
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Nucleus
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Nucleus
TACTCTGGCATCACT
ATGAGACCGTAGTGA
Cytoplasm
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Nucleus
Nucleus
Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cytoplasm Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cytoplasm Ribosomes
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Ribosome: large subunit
Small subunit
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
tRNA
Anti-codon
Amino acid
Cytoplasm
U AC
Codon
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
U A C
Start Codon
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
U A C
U C U
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
U A C
U C U
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
U A C U C
U
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
U A C U C
U
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
U C U
Peptide Bond
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
U C U
G G C
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
U C U
G G C
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
U C U G G
C
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
U C U
G G C
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
G G C
A U C
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
G G C
A U C
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
G G C A
U C
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
G G C A
U C
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
G G C
A U C
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
A U C
A U C
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
A U C
A C U
Note: The stop codon does not make an amino acid.
Stop Codon
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
A U C
A C U
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
A C U
Stop Codon
Polypeptide Chain
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
A C U
A U G A G A C C G U A G U G A
Cytoplasm
Note: The polypeptide chain forms a three-dimensional figure, or its tertiary structure.
SummaryFirst, the enzyme RNA polymerase comes in. It unwinds the double helix and adds the complementary nucleotides, there is also a complementary mRNA strand that forms. But, since it is RNA, the thymine is replaced with uracil. Then, the double helix closes back up after RNA polymerase goes through. The mRNA exits through the nuclear pores and travels through the cytoplasm to get to the ribosomes. Once in the ribosomes, the large and small subunit of the ribosomes bind with the mRNA. The ribosome begins at the start codon, that is always AUG. As the ribosome moves down the mRNA strand, the tRNA molecule, with the correct anti-codon sequence, then binds onto the codon. As the ribosome keeps on moving, the amino acids from the previous tRNA falls off and attaches to the next amino acid. This forms a peptide bond and the tRNA molecule falls off. This continues until the ribosome reaches the stop codon, the codon either has a sequence of UAA, UAG, or UGA. The polypeptide chain, that was formed from the amino acid, then folds into a three dimensional figure, also known as its tertiary structure.