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PROTIEN PROTIEN SYNTHESISSYNTHESIS
Dr. Nadia Hasan
Dr. Ahmed Kassem
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيمبسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
PROTIENSPROTIENS
Definition:Definition:Are chains of Are chains of amino acidsamino acids bound bound
together by together by peptide bondspeptide bonds..
General structure of Amino acidGeneral structure of Amino acid
O=C OH
R
C NHHH
General structure of Amino acid General structure of Amino acid and Peptide bondand Peptide bond
COOH
NH2 C
R
COOH
NH2 C
R
General structure of Amino acid General structure of Amino acid and Peptide bondand Peptide bond
COOH
NH2 C
R
COOH
NH2 C
R
H2O
General structure of Amino acid General structure of Amino acid and Peptide bondand Peptide bond
CONH
NH2 C
R
COOH
C
R
The Main Principle Of Protein The Main Principle Of Protein SynthesisSynthesis(Central Dogma of genetics)(Central Dogma of genetics)
DNA RNA Protein
ReplicationTranscription
Translation
DNA StructureDNA Structure
Watson-Crick model Watson-Crick model of DNA.of DNA.
It is double-stranded It is double-stranded polymer of polymer of nucleotides.nucleotides.
DNA StructureDNA Structure
Each Each nucleotidenucleotide consists of:consists of:
Phosphate groupPhosphate groupdeoxyribose sugardeoxyribose sugarNitrogenous Nitrogenous bases. bases.
DNA ReplicationDNA Replication
The main The main requirements arerequirements are: :
•DNA HelicaseDNA Helicase•DNA PolymeraseDNA Polymerase•Free nucleotides Free nucleotides
such as: dTTP, such as: dTTP, dATP, dCTP, dGTPdATP, dCTP, dGTP..
•Unwinding proteinsUnwinding proteins
Structure of RNAStructure of RNA RNA is a single-stranded polymers of RNA is a single-stranded polymers of
nucleotides, the pentose sugar is always nucleotides, the pentose sugar is always riboseribose , and the bases are , and the bases are AAdenine, denine, GGuanine, uanine, CCytosine, and ytosine, and UUracilracil..Types of RNATypes of RNA::a) Precursor RNA ( pre-RNA)a) Precursor RNA ( pre-RNA)..b) Messenger RNA ( m-RNA)b) Messenger RNA ( m-RNA)..c) Transfer RNA ( t-RNA)c) Transfer RNA ( t-RNA)..d) Ribosomal RNA ( r- RNA)d) Ribosomal RNA ( r- RNA)..
Protein synthesisProtein synthesis Starts at Starts at
nucleus by nucleus by formation of formation of mmRNA RNA through through a process a process calledcalled transcriptiontranscription
RNA processingRNA processing
mmRNA RNA is is processed in the processed in the nucleusnucleus
Intron are removed Intron are removed Exons are joinedExons are joined
t-RNAt-RNA = Single strand= Single strand = Bend on = Bend on
itself to form itself to form three loop three loop regions.regions.
= one loop = one loop contains the contains the anticodon. anticodon.
= it carries aa = it carries aa at one end.at one end.
T-RNAT-RNA
Amino acid activationAmino acid activation
Protein synthesis•Requires 3 steps:•Initiation•Elongation•Termination
Translation Translation
Then go to the Then go to the ribosomes in ribosomes in cytoplasm where it’s cytoplasm where it’s genetic code is genetic code is translated into amino translated into amino acids by a process acids by a process called called translationtranslation..
The Genetic Code
UUUUUCUUAUUG
CUUCUCCUACUG
AUUAUCAUAAUG
GUUGUCGUAGUG
UCUUCCUCAUCG
CCUCCCCCACCG
ACUACCACAACG
GCUGCCGCAGCG
UAUUACUAAUAG
CAUCACCAACAG
AAUAACAAAAAG
GAUGACGAAGAG
UGUUGCUGAUGG
CGUCGCCGACGG
AGUAGCAGAAGG
GGUGGCGGAGGG
Phe
Leu
Leu
Val
Ile
Met
Ser
Pro
Thr
Ala
Tyr
Stop
His
Gln
Asn
Lys
Asp
Glu
Cys
Arg
Ser
Arg
Gly
StopTrp