Proto Saharan Precursor of Ancient Civilizations

7/30/2019 Proto Saharan Precursor of Ancient Civilizations

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Z@N \REZE#TA@ARAG \RND^RTER

EK AGDFNGZ DF[FIF_AZFEG

BvDivjn A' ]fgznrt

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De|vrfm`z 2


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Z@N \REZE#TA@ARAG \RND^RTER EK AGDFNGZ DF[FIF_AZFEG

KERN]ERJ

Z`nrn ft a }naiz` ek ardàneiemfdai n{fjngdn zàz e{nr nfm`z zè~tagjvnart ame ) z`n mrnaz d~iz~rn bnarnrt ek df{fifazfeg fg Nmv|z) z`n Fgj~t [aiinvagj Cnte|ezacfa kercnriv if{nj fg z`n Taàrag rnmfeg ek Akrfda bnkern fzbndacn a jntnrz' Z`ntn |ne|in if{nj fg z`n @fmìagj arnat ek z`n Taàra'

Z`ntn ce~gzafg rnmfegt kercnj a Drntdngz tà|nj arna' ]n daii z`ft rnmfeg

z`n Knrzfin Akrfdag Drntdngz ' Fg z`n ardàneiemfdai ifznraz~rn z`ntn |ne|in}nrn daiinj Da|tfagt) Gnmrefj) Bre}g Radn) Cnjfznrragnagt) Jra{fjfagt erH~t`fznt' ]n daii z`ntn |ne|in \reze#Taàragt'

Fg z`ft beeh }n }fii tè} è} z`n \reze#Taàragt bnmag at a tfgmin ifgm~ftzfddecc~gfzv }`fd` tàrnj d~iz~rai zrafzt }`fd` }nrn kat`fegnj fg z`nfr Taàragècniagj'

Z`n \reze#Taàragt zeeh z`nfr agdfngz d~iz~rn ze N~re|n agj Atfa' @nrnz`nv rncafgnj z`n jecfgagz mre~| ~gzfi z`n degq~ntz agj np|agtfeg ek z`ntnAkrfdefj |ne|in akznr 1>


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decceg d~iz~rn agj iagm~amn zàz npftz at a jftzfgdz ~gfz' Z`n a}arngntt ekAkrfdag df{fifazfegt bv Akrfdag |ne|in tè~ij ngde~ramn radfai tnik#ntznnc agj`ni| z`nc ze rndemgfn z`nfr ngifm`zng |atz) te z`nv dag hge} z`n jn|z ekz`nfr e}g |ezngzfai agj }erh ker a |etfzf{n) |rej~dzf{n k~z~rn'Fg Z@N \REZE#TA@ARA \RND^RTER EK AGDFNGZ DF[FIF_AZFEG) }n }fii

niaberazn eg Agza Jfe|-t ZR^Z@ zàz Akrfda) }at z`n bfrz`|iadn ek caghfgj)agj iaznr }erij df{fifazfeg agj `ftzerv' Fz |re{fjnt z`n cfttfgm ifgh bnz}nngz`n erfmfg ek caghfgj) agj Nmv|z-t |re~j inmadv'

Fg z`ft beeh }n tnnh ze jftd~tt z`n fgki~ngdn ek Akrfdagt fg z`n rftn ekdf{fifazfeg fg Taàrag Akrfda) fg mngnrai agj aite Atfa fg |arzfd~iar' Fz }fii tè}zàz z`n Akrfdag%Atfag Cejn ek \rej~dzfeg (AC\&) batnj eg iarmn `vjra~ifd}erht arn attedfaznj }fz z`n rf{nr {aiinv df{fifazfegt ek Nmv|z) z`n Fgj~t[aiinv agj Cnte|ezacfa' Fg Df{fifazfeg er Barbarftc) Agza Jfe| (1661?126&geznj zàz ?" Fg e~r e|fgfeg) egn ek z`n jftzfgdzf{n zrafzt ek z`ft daznmerv ft}nfm`z ek df{fifag |e}nr at dec|arnj ze cfifzarv |e}nr (fg z`n AC\&8 cfifzarv

arftzedradv ft |radzfdaiiv abtngz) agj fg gercai zfcnt) z`n teijfnrt |iav ag~gebzr~tf{n ) fk gez gegnpftzngz) |eifzfdai rein''''Z`n ngzfrn fjneiemfdait~btzr~dz~rn ft egiv a|eiemnzfd ker cerai agj `~cag {ai~nt) npdi~jfgm z`n{ai~nt ek }arkarn"'

]n mf{n fgkercazfeg fg z`ft beeh zàz t|agt z`n dngz~rfnt agj z`n }erij zefii~tzrazn z`n tzerv ek z`n t|rnaj ek z`n \reze#Taàragt? Nmv|zfagt) Jra{fjfagt)Niacfznt) Cfgeagt) Cagjfgm ) T~cnrfagt agj ez`nrt' Fz aite ekknrt ag fg jn|z`jftd~ttfeg ek z`n a~zed`zège~t Biadh \e|~iazfegt zàz }nrn z`n df{fifnrt ekcaghfgj agj z`nfr rein fg z`n jn{nie|cngz ek ard fzndz~rn ) | fiete|`v)|eifzfdai fgtzfz~zfegt) rnifmfeg agj tdfngdn zè~tagjt ek vnart |rfer ze

}erij#}fjn np|agtfeg ek z`n Fgje#N~re|nagt akznr A'J' 1:62'

Fg z`ft beeh ve~ }fii kfgj z`n deiindzf{n rntnard` ek e{nr 2< vnart ek fgq~frvfgze z`n |atz ek Akrfdag |ne|in' Fz ft è|nj zàz z`ft beeh }fii tnr{n at a ca| zez`n |atz ek Akrfdag |ne|in ) agj a k~z~rn te~rdn ek cejnit zàz dag bn ~tnj zedrnazn ker caghfgj a |etfzf{n k~z~rn'

Divjn A' ]fgznrtD`fdame) O~gn 2


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ZABIN EK DEGZNGZT

KER]ARJ fff

ZABIN EK DEGZNGZT 1

ABRN[FAZFEGT AGJ TVCBEIT 2

D@A\ZNR EGN?Z@N KNRZFIN AKRFDAG DRNTDNGZ >

D@A\ZNR Z]E?Z@N \REZE#TA@ARAG RNIFMFEGT 2:

D@A\ZNR Z@RNN ? MNGNZFD ^GFZV EK BIADH AKRFDAG) NIACFZN

) JRA[FJFAG AGJ T^CNRFAG IAGM^AMNT :4

D@A\ZNR KE^R? Z@N \REZE#TA@ARAGT FG DRNZN ;;

D@A\ZNR KF[N?KE^GJNRT EK MRNNDN DACN KREC AKRFDA =6

D@A\ZNR TFP?Z@N @ARA\\AG DF[FIF_AZFEG 0:

D@A\ZNR TN[NG? BIADHT FG AGDFNGZ D@FGA 61

D@A\ZNR NFM@Z? Z@N EICND DF[FIF_AZFEG 1

D@A\ZNR ZNG?H^T@FZNT FG ]NTZ ATFA 1;0

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ABBRN[FAZFEGT + TVCBEIT

T7_%[UUUUUUUU([&R) T d`agmnt fgze _ keiie}nj bv a {nrb bnkern R'

t7


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D@A\ZNR EGN? Z@N KNRZFIN AKRFDAG DRNTDNGZ

Z`n @ecniagj ek z`n \reze#Taàragt }at zàz |arz ek Cfjjin

Akrfda }n daii z`n Taàra' Aizè~m` zejav z`n Taàrag rnmfeg ft

|rntngziv arfj) are~gj 0


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z`n \reze#Taàrag |ne|int fgze Atfa agj N~re|n zàz z`nv dacn fg

degzadz }fz` z`n Aizafd) ^raifd agj Fgje#N~re|nag t|nahnrt'

Ardàneiemfdai n{fjngdn fgjfdaznt zàz z`nrn }at ~gfzv

bnz}nng z`n \reze#Taàrag |e|~iazfegt fg cfjjin Akrfda' Tfgdn z`n

difcazn }at cern }nzznr tn{nrai zè~tagj vnart ame) z`n caoer

dre|t }nrn ngtnzn) rfdn) term`~c) cfiinz) tntacn) barinv agj

kegfe' Bnz}nng ;


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Da|tfagt' Z`ft mre~| kie~rft`nj fg ag arna npzngjfgm krec z`n

}ntznrg berjnrt ek Gerz` Akrfda fgze z`n te~z`nrg Taàra' Z`nv

if{nj eg `fiiedht er tie|nt gnar }aznr' B~z tecn Da|tfagt if{nj eg

|iafgt }`fd` knaz~rnj iahnt agj cart`nt' Z`nfr }av ek ifkn

degzfg~nj krec z`n Gneifz`fd nra ~| ze z`n zfcn ek z`n

Maracagzn'

Dnracfdt t|rnaj krec z`n dngzrai agj natznrg Taàra fgze

Gerz` Akrfda' Z`ntn dnracfdt }nrn ek T~jagntn fgt|frazfeg agj jazn

badh ze z`n tn{ngz` cfiinggf~c B'D' Z`ft |ezznrv }at ~tnj krec

Nggnjf ze z`n @emmar 'Z`n cahnrt ek z`ft |ezznrv }nrn |rebabiv

krec z`n T~jag' (Jntagmnt 1601& Z`n Da|tfag |ezznrv zrajfzfeg aite

dacn krec z`n T~jag) agj kfrtz a||narnj az z`n {aiinv ek Tae~ra)

agj iaznr az Kerz Kiazznrt' Z`ft zv|n ek |ezznrv |rebabiv

erfmfgaznj az Nicngznfza fg Hngva' (Hf#_nrbe 16=6&

Thninzegt ek z`n Cnjfznrragnag zv|n à{n bnng ke~gj

z`re~mè~z Cfjjin Akrfda) Te~z`}ntz Atfa) Cnte|ezacfa)

Fgje#\ahftzag) Dngzrai Atfa agj D`fga' Fz ft ge tndrnz zàz z`n

ke~gjnrt ek agdfngz Nmv|z) Niac) T~cnr agj z`n Fgj~t [aiinv }nrn

aii ek z`n Cnjfznrragnag zv|n' Z`ntn Cnjfznrragnag |ne|in daiinj

z`nctni{nt? H^T@FZNT'

Z`n H~t`fznt arn hge}g fg `ftzerv at be}cng agj mrnaz

tafiert' Z`ntn H~t`fznt daiinj Mre~|#A bv ardàneiemftzt ke~gjnj

z`n narifntz nc|frn fg z`n ]erij) fg G~bfa' Z`n kfrtz rnderjnj

nc|frn eg narz` }at iedaznj az Q~tz~i) G~bfa are~gj 44


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Nmv|zfag nc|frn' At a rnt~iz z`n znrc jntfmgazfgm revaizv fg

Nm|zfag gt} 9 g vt}z 3 "(z`n cag& }è decnt krec z`n te~z`"'

Z`ft nc|frn }at daiinj Za#Tnzf) er z`n Iagj ek z`n Be}'Fz }at

dinar zàz z`n me{nrgcngz agj }rfzfgm ~t~aiiv attedfaznj }fz`

Nmv|z }at kfrtz fg{ngznj fg G~bfa) agj iaznr darrfnj je}g z`n Gfin

fgze Nmv|z' Z`n |ne|in ek Za#Tnzf) }nrn daiinj "Tzn~" er

"be}cng"' Z`n Nmv|zfagt daiinj z`n arna are~gj H~t` Zaza#Gnznr

"Mej-t iagj"'

Z`n H~t`fznt zeeh z`n gacn H~t` ze cagv rnmfegt z`nv tnzzinj

fg Atfa'Z`n cetz fc|erzagz H~t`fzn deiegv }at agdfngz Niac) f'n')

àzac(Hàizac&' Z`n da|fzai dfzv ek Niac) }at daiinj H~ttf bv z`n

Niacfznt' Fg Ahhajfag)Niac }at daiinj Mf#bac er "z`n iagj ek z`n

be}"' Z`n agdfngz D`fgntn zrfbnt daiinj z`n Niacfznt?Hat`zf'

Cerne{nr) fg z`n Bfbin fg Onrncfa` (pipp)4>& }n kfgj "be} ek

Niac"'

Biadh#agj#Rnj ]arn (BR]&

Z`ntn H~t`fznt ~tnj a decceg rnj#agj#biadh }arn zàz àt

bnng ke~gj krec z`n T~jag fg Akrfda) adrett Te~z`}ntz Atfa agj

z`n Fgjfag t~bdegzfgngz aii z`n }av fgze D`fga' Z`n narifntz

npac|int ek z`n biadh#agj#rnj }arn ek z`n \reze#Taàragt jazn ze

z`n nariv Acrazfag |nrfej :


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|ne|int'

Z`n Acrazfag |nrfej ek Cfjjin Akrfda ft z`n kedai |efgz ker

z`n t|rnaj ek BR]' Z`nrn ft akkfgfzv bnz}nng BR] ke~gj az Aga~) fg

R~ttfag Z~rhntzag) agj tfcfiar |ezznrv krec te~z`natznrg N~re|n'

Jr' O'M' Agjnrtteg (i64:& ke~gj a tfcfiarfzv bnz}nng |ezznrv

kramcngzt ke~gj az Aga~) agj kramcngzt jftde{nrnj az Vagmtàe

tfznt fg @ngag agj Magt~ |re{fgdn'

ERFMFGT EK \REZE#TA@ARAG DÎZ^RN

Ifgm~ftzfd agj ardàneiemfdai n{fjngdn dag `ni| ~t ze

rndegtzr~dz z`n \reze#Taàrag ndegecv agj tedfai ermagfazfeg' Z`n

ndegecv }at jf{nrtfkfnj agj t`fkznj krec `~gznr#maz`nrnr ze `nrjnr

agj iaznr keej |rej~dfgm at a rnt~iz ek z`n rftn ek degtftzngz

tnategai rafgt fg Cfjjin Akrfda akznr =


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ab~gjagdn ek cfiitzegnt eg nariv Taàrag tfznt' J~n ze z`n

rfd`gntt ek z`n kiera agj ka~ga fg z`n Taàra j~rfgm z`ft |nrfej

nz`gfd mre~|t fg Cfjjin Akrfda }nrn tncf#tnjngzarv `~gznr

#kft`nr#maz`nrnrt }è ngmamnj fg z`n np|iefzazfeg ek z`nfr

àbfzaz' Z`ntn |ne|in cav à{n àj a ifcfznj fgznrntz fg z`n

jecntzfdazfeg ek |iagzt agj agfcait' B~z fz }at gez ~gzfi z`n

rnz~rg ek ag arfj difcazn ze z`n Taàra bnz}nng 12)


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tfznt fg z`n @emmar' (CdFgzet` agj CdFgzet` 1604b?24


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Z`n \reze#Taàragt ~tnj }aznr ker decc~gfdazfeg |~r|etnt' J~n

ze z`n ab~gjagdn ek }aznr j~rfgm z`n Akrfdag Aq~aifz`fd z`n

inajnrt ek z`n \reze#Taàragt }nrn cng zàz de~ij zacn z`n }aznrt

bv jact) er b~fijfgm beazt agj àbfzazfeg ce~gjt takn krec z`n

g~cnre~t kieejt' E{nr zfcn z`n \reze#Taàragt kercnj a

degknjnrazfeg ek dfzv tzaznt daiinj z`n KFT@ DEGKNJNRAZFEG'

CAA DEGKNJNRAZFEG

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Z`n Kft` er CAA Degknjnrazfeg àj cagv d~iz~rn knaz~rnt fg

decceg'Ker npac|in z`nv zradnj z`nfr reezt badh ze z`n Taàra)

nt|ndfaiiv Ifbva agj G~bfa' Z`n |rfgdf|in mej ker z`ntn

\reze#Taàragt }at Aceg er Ac~g' Fg z`n ardàneiemfdai ifznraz~rn

z`ntn |ne|in arn daiinj Za#Tnzf (A#Mre~|& agj D#Mre~| |ne|in ek

agdfngz H~t`%G~bfa' Z`n agdfngz Ifbvagt }nrn daiinj Zncn`~) bv z`n

Nmv|zfagt' Z`ntn Zncn`~ |ne|in arn daiinj bv ardàneiemftzt

D#Mre~| |ne|in' Z`n D#Mre~| |ne|in tnzzinj c~d` ek z`n T~jag' Z`n

dvifgjrfdai zecb decceg ze z`ft arna }at aite krnq~ngziv b~fiz bv

ez`nr \reze#Taàragt fg Atfa'

Z`n Zncn`~ hn|z tcaii if{n tzedh' Fg ajjfzfeg ze }ert`f|fgm

Aceg)z`ft Ifbvag mre~| ek \reze#Taàragt }ert`f||nj z`n mejjntt

Gnfz`' Fg N~re|n t`n }at daiinj Az`nga) ze z`n Cagjfgm agj Cfgeagt

t`n }at hge}g at Gfa'

Z`n cncbnrt ek z`n Caa Degknjnrazfeg fgdi~jn z`n Nmv|zfag

ke~gjnrt ek z`n Gn} Hfgmjec) Niacfznt) Jra{fjfagt) Cagjfgm agj z`n

T~cnrfagt'Z`n Mej Aceg ek z`n Nmv|zfagt }at zahng ze Nmv|z j~rfgm

z`n Gn} Hfgmjec'Z`n mngnrfd znrc ~tnj bv z`n \reze#Taàragt ze

rnknr ze z`nctni{nt }at H^T@FZN'

BEAZ ZND@GEIEMV

J~rfgm z`n Aq~aifz`fd |nrfej z`n \reze#Taàragt cafgzafgnj

}nii jn{nie|nj zrajn ifght }fz` z`n natz Akrfdag ècniagjt bv

1:


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beazt }`fd` de~ij zra{ni adrett Akrfda aiegm z`n g~cnre~t tzrnact

agj rf{nrt }`fd` jezznj z`n cern }aznrnj Cfjjin Akrfdag

ng{fregcngz 0


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]ntz Akrfda aiegm z`n Gfmnr rf{nr'

\iagz Jecntzfdazfeg

Z`n narifntz Gneifz`fd karcnrt d~izf{aznj barinv' Z`nv ~tnj a

}a{v ifgn dnracfd tzvin ek Cfjjin Akrfda rnknrrnj ze at z`n

Taàrag#T~jagntn }arn'

Z`n \reze#Taàragt) egdn ngmamnj fg fgzngtf{n amrfd~iz~rn

bnmag ze b~fij ze}gt' Dec|inp |eifzfdai ermagfazfegt agj drakz

t|ndfaifazfeg keiie}nj at dnrzafg nz`gfd mre~|t) diagt bndacn

cern agj cern tnjngzarv'

Z`n \reze#Taàragt |radzfdnj a kerc ek fgzngtf{n amrfd~iz~rn

dàradznrfnj bv ~tn ek z`n èn) rniaznj }aznr tzeramn agj

frrfmazfeg znd`gfq~nt) |i~t z`n a||ifdazfeg ek knrzfifnrt

(cag~rn& ze z`n iagj'

Z`n abfifzv ek z`n \reze#Taàragt ze |rej~dn t~r|i~t keej

inj ze ag fgdrnatn fg |e|~iazfeg agj dàgmnt fg tedfai

ermagfazfeg' Gaz~raiiv |e|~iazfeg fgdrnatnt kerdnj z`n agdntzert

ek z`n \reze#Taàragt ze t|fii e{nr fgze cern carmfgai arnat' Z`ft

kerdnj z`nc ze jecntzfdazn |iagzt agj agfcait ze |rntnr{n

zrajfzfegai in{nit ek keej |rej~dzfeg) zàz àj rnt~iznj

krec |iagz deiindzfeg'

Fg G~bfa z`n |ne|in iegm |radzfdnj amrfd~iz~rn' Fg 1=


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Az Hajnre) a \reze#Ta`arag tfzn fg z`n T~jag }n kfgj z`az bv

441< B'D')term`~c agj cfiinz }at bnfgm d~izf{aznj'Fg Gerz`}ntz

Akrfda rfdn }at bnfgm d~izf{aznj bv 4


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(CdFgzet` 160


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ft t~||erznj bv z`n kadz zàz fg Z`nbnt at nariv at z`n 10z`

Jvgatzv Z`nbagt rejn èrtnt barnbadh' Z`nv de~ij gez à{n mez z`n

èrtn krec z`n @vhtet)bnda~tn z`ft mre~| ek Atfagt gn{nr degq~nrnj

Z`nbnt' Cerne{nr) z`n a||naragdn ek Nmv|zfagt eg èrtnbadh eg z`n

|afgzfgmt ke~gj fg z`n zecb ek Cngnga) agj

z`n èrtn agj rfjnr fg |afgznj }eej) jazfgm ze z`n nariv 10z`

Jvgatzv zntzfkv ze z`n èrtncagt`f| ek z`n Nmv|zfagt' Fg ajjfzfeg

èrtnt arn jn|fdznj fg z`n redh arz ek G~bfa'

J~rfgm z`n Gneifz`fd T~b|i~{fai (da' =


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2& Z`n cfgnrt krec z`n Fgj~t [aiinv degzreiinj z`n ia~rfzn

ernt ek Bajah`tàg agj Akmàgftzag'(Brngzont 1604&' Z`n Jra{fjfagt

np|erznj z`ntn cnzait ze Cnte|ezacfa'

Ia|ft ia~if ft ke~gj fg cnzacer|`fd ifcntzegn er jeiecfzn'

Z`ft caznrfai }at ~tnj ze cahn cagv |rntzfmn fznct fg z`n agdfngz

}erij' Z`n rfd`nt te~rdn ek ia|ft ia~if }at Bajah`tàg ' Ez`nr

ia~rfzn jn|etfzt arn ke~gj fg z`n @fcaiavag rnmfeg) agj z`n

te~z`nrg ngj ek iahn Bafhai fg Te{fnz ^gfeg' Z`ntn dngznrt ek

ia|ft ia~if }nrn z`n dngzrai kadzer fg Jra{fjfag deiegfazfeg ek

Dngzrai Atfa' (]fgznrt 166


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Atfa zàz iaznr bndacn z`n Zacfi' J~c~f) }at t~||etn ze à{n bnng

npfinj krec z`n T~cnrfag dfzv ek Nrnd` er ^r~h) bv z`n "jncegt"

ek nfz`nr ek z`ntn dfzfnt' Z`n |ègnzfd ia}t e|nrazf{n fg

Jra{fjfag ekknr ge |rebinc fg jnrf{fgm Zacfi krec J~c~f'

Z`n carrfamn ek z`n Jra{fjfag d~iz mejjntt \ara{azf) fg Tf{a

znc|int ze fgt~rn nkkndzf{niv z`n knd~gjfzv agj |ret|nrfzv ek z`n

Jra{fjfag |ne|in ft agaieme~t ze z`n èiv carrfamn ek J~c~f agj

Fgagga) z`n T~cnrfag cez`nr#mejjntt' Z`n Zni~m~) daii z`n

Jra{fjfagt ara{aai~ "geftn cahnrt"' Z`ft geftn cajn bv z`n Zacfit)

cav à{n bnng rfz~ai }afifgm ) egn ek z`n caoer knaz~rnt ek z`n

J~c~f d~iz fg T~cnr'

Z`n |ettfbin agdfngz npfin ek |ne|in krec T~cnr ze

\reze#Jra{fjfag tfznt }e~ij np|iafg z`n mngnzfd ~gfzv ek z`n

T~cnrfag agj Jra{fjfag iagm~amnt' Fgznrntzfgmiv) z`n T~cnrfagt

daiinj z`nctni{nt |re~jiv tam#mfmma "z`n biadh `najnj |ne|in"' Fg

Zacfi mfm) cnagt biadh' Z`ft |efgzt ze agaiemv bnz}nng T~cnrfag

agj Jra{fjfag' J~rfgm z`n rnfmg ek Hfgm Ateha) ek Fgjfa z`n

Jra{fjfagt }nrn daiinj Haifgha) }`fd` a||nart ze bn ag n{ei~zn ek

T~cnrfag (tam& mfmma '

Z`n T~cnrfagt ebzafgnj ia|ft ia~if krec z`n

@ara||e#Jra{fjfagt' T'Hracnr) fg z`n T~cnrfagt) diafcnj zàz z`n

Fgj~t [aiinv }at daiinj Zfic~g%Jfic~g bv z`n T~cnrfagt' Z`ft }at

z`n T~cnrfag |arajftn' Z`n beazt ek Zfic~g) er z`n Fgj~t [aiinv

}nrn t~||etn ze à{n zahng meij) de||nr agj ia|ft ia~if ze z`n

T~cnrfag'

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Jncnznr

Z`n Mej Jncnznr }at fgzrej~dnj ze Mrnndn bv z`n Cagjfgm' Z`n

jntdngjagzt ek z`n Cagjfgm }nrn daiinj Darfagt' Z`n caoer Cagjfgm

zrfbn rnt|egtfbin ker z`n t|rnaj ek z`ft kafz` }nrn z`n

Maracagznt' Z`nv arn attedfaznj }fz` a|fd~iz~rn'

Jncnznr dacn krec Ifbva' @n ft t~||etn ze à{n fgzrej~dnj

|e||v tnnjt ze Mrnndn' Z`n Darfagt |radzfdnj cazrfifgnai jntdngz)

z`nv zeeh z`n gacnt ek z`nfr cez`nrt'

@nrd~int z`n T~g Mej

@nrd~int }at ag fc|erzagz mej' @ft ncbinc }at z`n t~g'

Cnmatz`ngnt tafj zàz @nrd~int }at z`n kaz`nr ek z`n \agjvag

jvgatzv ek z`n Jra{fjfagt'

Arrfag) eg z`n a~zèrfzv ek Cnmatz`ngnt tafj zàz z`n Fgjfag

@nrd~int agj z`n Z`nbag @nrd~int) àj z`n tacn àbfzt' @ecnr

jntdrfbnj @nrd~int at keiie}t? "Biadh `n tzeej at gfm`z `ft be}

~gdatnj) `ft arre} tzr~gm ker kfm`z"'

Z`n attedfazfeg ek @nrd~int }fz` arre}t dinariv fgjfdazn zàz

`n }at rniaznj ze z`n H~t`fznt }è ~tnj z`n be}' Z`~t @nrd~int ft

fjngzfkfnj }fz` H`rftga agj Cai ek z`n Jra{fjfagt'

\etnfjeg

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Adderjfgm ze Mrnnh zrajfzfegt z`n kaz`nr ek Az`ngn er Gnfz`

}at \etnfjeg er \ezfjag "`n }è mf{nt jrfgh) z`n }eejng ce~gzafg"'

\etnfjeg }at z`n mej ek z`n tna) `ft tvcbei }at z`n zrfjngz'

Z`n fjngzfkfdazfeg ek \etnfjeg) }fz` a "}eejng ce~gzafg" er

beaz(f'n') a beaz eg z`n ednag ft ifhn a ce~gzafg eg z`n tna&

t~mmntz zàz \etnfjeg) ft agez`nr gacn ker z`n Kft`) zàz tè}nj

Cag~ er Caa z`n beaz zàz ta{nj caghfgj krec z`n agdfngz mrnaz

kieej' Z`n fjngzfkfdazfeg ek z`n zrfjngz ( }`fd` aite àt akkfgfzv

ze z`n tnrnh` tfmg ek hfgmt`f| fg Nmv|z agj Za#Tnzf&) agj z`n Kft`

ncbinc ek z`n \agjvag Hfgmt tè} z`n t|rnaj ek z`n Caa }ert`f|

krec Cfjjin Akrfda ze Fgjfa' Z`n amrnncngz ek

\etnfjeg-t gacn \ezfjag }fz` \agjvag t~mmntz zàz z`ft mej }at

|e|~iar acegm z`n \reze#Jra{fjfagt'

Z`n fjngzfkfdazfeg ek z`n Kft`) }fz` Caa agj Cag~) t~mmntz

zàz }`fin z`n Kft` er \etnfjeg }at z`n fg{ngzer ek beazt) Caa er

Cag~ b~fiz jact zàz degzreiinj z`n }aznr in{nit fg arnat tnzzinj

bv z`n \reze#Taàragt }`nrn z`nv d~izf{aznj z`nfr dre|t'

Fz ft fgznrntzfgm ze gezn zàz }`ng N~jep~t ek Dvfd~t

{ftfznj z`n deatzai rnmfegt ek H~t`) Tzrabe rn|erzt zàz `n daiinj

z`ft arna \etfjegf~t' Z`ft ft fgznrntzfgm bnda~tn z`n agdfngz

|ne|in ek Abvttfgfa agj Tecaifa) }nrn tafj ze bn Fdz`ve|àmf) }è

}ert`f||nj z`n mej \etnfjeg'

Tf{a

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Tf{a) }at |rebabiv fgzrej~dnj fgze Fgjfa bv z`n H~tàga agj

Zacfifzzf Jra{fjfag t|nahfgm zrfbnt at z`nv kinj krec Te~z`natz

Atfa agj D`fga) z`re~m` Zfbnz fgze Te~z` Fgjfa' Z`n tvcbei ek Tf{a

arn z`rnn nvnt (z`n aii tnnfgm&) zfmnr thfg) arcnj }fz` a bazzin

apn rfjfgm eg a b~iiedh' Z`ft fgjfdaznt zàz Tf{a }at z`n mej ek a

|ne|in zàz àj degq~nrnj z`n }ert`f|nrt ek Cai (at b~iiedh agj

kft`& agj aite C~r~mag (}è }at tvcbeifnj bv z`n Zfmnr& z`n mej

ek z`n ce~gzafgt' Tf{a-t rfjfgm ek z`n b~iiedh) t~mmntz jnknaz ek

z`n cez`nr mejjntt (}ert`f|nrt& agj rftn ek

a |azrfardài diag tvtznc at a rnt~iz ek z`n cagv }art z`n

Jra{fjfagt àj ze kfm`z amafgtz z`n Fgje#N~re|nagt) Aizafd

t|nahnrt agj Tfge#Zfbnzag t|nahnrt fg D`fga agj Dngzrai agj

Te~z`natz Atfa'

Hagahatabàf (i6;;& bnifn{nt zàz Tf{a }ert`f|) dacn krec

z`n @fcaiavag rnmfeg' @n tafj zàz "@ft XTf{a-tS abejn }at z`n

tge}da||nj ce~gz Hafiat tfz~aznj gerz` ek z`n @fcaiavat) gnar z`n

te~rdnt ek z`n mrnaz rf{nrt Magmnt) Fgj~t agj Bra`ca|~zra' @ft

mrnazntz knaz }at z`n jntzr~dzfeg ek Zrf|f~ra er z`n "z`rnn

datzint" }`fd` }nrn z`n tzregmèijt ek At~rat }è àj da~tnj c~d`

aggevagdn ze z`n dnintzfait' @n carrfnj \arXaS{azf) z`n ja~m`znr

ek z`n hfgm ek z`n ce~gzafgt" '

Tf{a ft aite tecnzfcnt agaieme~t ze z`n kft` mej Cai' Fg

Te~z` Fgjfa) Tf{a ft rnknrrnj ze at z`n "Mrnaz Kft`") agj ft

rn|rntngznj bv Kft` tfmgt' Z`re~mè~z Zacfigaj~ zrfjngzt arn ke~gj

fg attedfazfeg }fz` Tf{a znc|int'

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H~cara

Acegm z`n Jra{fjfagt z`n mej ek ve~z` ft daiinj H~cara er

Thagja fg z`n \~ragfd ifznraz~rn' H~cara ft tafj ze bn z`n teg ek

Tf{a' Z`ft H~cara ft agaieme~t ze z`n Nmv|zfag mej @er~t) z`n teg

ek Etfrft'

Z`n abe{n n{fjngdn fgjfdaznt zàz o~tz at z`nerfnj bv Jfe|

cagv ek z`n \reze#Taàrag mejt }nrn rnaiiv mrnaz agdntzert) n'm')

J~c~f) Cai agj nzd' Z`ft |re{nt zàz npdn|z ker z`ntn mrnaz

agdntzert z`n \reze#Taàragt àj a mrnaz mej }`fd` z`nv ta} at

bnfgm kar a}av krec z`nc ) b~z kfrciv fg degzrei ek n{ngzt eg

narz`'

Agza Jfe| (i661& àt tè}g zàz z`n tzr~dz~rn ek hfgt`f|

jn|ngjt c~d` eg z`n caznrfai degjfzfegt ek ifkn' Z`ft r~in%z`nernc

dag bn zntznj bv z`n \reze#Taàragt'

At e~zifgnj fg Dà|znr Egn) z`n \reze#Taàragt if{nj ag

fjnaifnj ifkn }`nrn z`nrn }at ab~gjagz keej rnte~rdnt ~gzfi az

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NMV\ZFAG DEIEGFNT

Z`n Nmv|zfagt ntzabift`nj cagv deiegfnt fg agdfngz N~re|n'

Z`n Nmv|zfagt daiinj z`nctni{nt "CNIAC\EJNT" er Biadhknnz' Z`n

Nmv|zfagt }nrn aite daiinj Jagaagt fg Mrnnh @ftzerv' Adderjfgm ze

@vafg~t fg "Kab~ia" )agj A|eiiegf~t) }`ng Jagaagt dacn ze Mrnndn

z`nv }nrn a decbfgazfeg ek jf{nrtn Akrfdag zrfbnt'

Egn ek z`n caoer mejjnttnt j~rfgm z`ft |nrfej }at Ftft' T`n

}at }ert`f||nj krec A~tzrfa ze Fzaiv' Z`n gacn \arft) de~ij aite

cnag "Znc|in ek Ftft"'

]`ng z`n Jagaagt dacn ze Mrnndn z`nv zeeh a}av |arz ek z`n

Armeift krec z`n Dagaagfznt' Z`n Jagaagt zeeh z`n Cvtznrfnt ek

Z`nce|erfa agj z`n eradin ek Jejega ze Mrnndn' Z`ft {fn} ft

t~||erznj bv z`n Jftde{nrv ek ag fgtdrfbnj tzegn fg z`n

\nie|eggntn zàz àj Nmv|zfag }rfzfgm eg fz jazfgm ze z`n [Z@

Jvgatzv ek Nmv|z'

Mrnnh zrajfzfegt t|nah ek Nmv|zfag deiegftz fg Mrnndn?

Dndre|t tnzzinj Azfda) Jaga~t brez`nr ek Anv|z~t fg Armeift za~m`z

z`n Mrnnht amrfd~iz~rn agj cnzaii~rmv' Dajc~t z`n \èngfdfag

za~m`z z`n Mrnnht z`n ai|àbnz' Fz }at j~n ze z`n decceg erfmfg ek

z`n |ne|in ek Zrev agj Nmv|z zàz 1


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if{nj fg N~re|n az z`ft zfcn'

J~n ze z`n Nmv|zfag fgki~ngdn fg Mrnndn c~d` ek z`n Mrnnh

d~iz~rn ft ek Nmv|zfag erfmfg' Cerne{nr cagv Mrnnh }erjt arn aite

ek Nmv|zfag erfmfg'

CVDNGNAGT

Z`n agdfngz Cvdngnagt }nrn Biadht' Z`ntn agdfngz |ne|in dacn

krec Drnzn) agj z`n ]ntznrg Taàra' Aiafg Agtnifg) àt tè}g è}

cagv ek z`ntn Cvdngnagt t|ehn Jra{fjfag iagm~amnt nt|ndfaiiv z`n

Znrcfit) ek Atfa Cfger'

Z`n dfzfnt ek Zrev) Cvdngan) Zfrvgt) Z`nbnt agj Eredècnget

}nrn ke~gjnj bv Nznedrnzagt er Rnai Cfgeagt) at e||etnj ze z`n

iaznr Mrnde#Drnzagt' Z`ntn Nznedrnzagt t|ehn a Cagjfgm iagm~amn'

Z@N \NIATMFAGT

Z`n narifntz fgàbfzagzt ek Mrnndn agj z`n Anmnag Ftiagjt

}nrn Biadht krec agdfngz Ifbva ) \aintzfgn agj Atfa Cfger' Z`ntn

Biadht ke~gjnj Az`ngt) Z`nbnt agj Azzfda' Z`nv edd~|fnj c~d` ek

z`n cafgiagj agj aii z`n Anmnag Ftiagjt'

Z`n Mrnnht daiinj z`n kfrtz fgàbfzagzt ek Mrnndn \niatmfagt'

Adderjfgm ze z`n Mrnnht z`n kfrtz cag }at \NIATM^T## agdntzer ek

z`n \niatmfagt' Z`n \niatmfagt }nrn a decbfgazfeg ek jf{nrtn

Biadht zrfbnt }`fd` fgdi~jnj z`n Adànagt) Dajcnagt) Ininmnt)

Darfagt er Maracagznt'

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Hntara'

Z`n Cnr~ ek Fgjfag ifznraz~rn cav bn gegn ez`nr zàg z`n

Cnren ek z`n T~jag) er a |rfcn{ai Cnren zàz }at iegm ame ietz ze

dazadivtc' Z`n ke~r hfgmject ek z`n Taha }nrn Cama (Cagma&)

Cataha) Cagta agj Cagjama'Z`n Cama) rncfgjt ~t ek z`n Camfagt er

z`n Caha ek z`n \nrtfag fgtdrf|zfegt' Z`n Catahat) fg z`n

Caàbàraza) arn daiinj Hatzrfvat' Z`n Cagjamat er Cagja }nrn

aite |rebabiv Caja er z`n Cnjnt' Z`ntn Cnjfagt cav à{n àj a

deggndzfeg }fz` z`n agdfngz Cagjn t|nahnrt ek Akrfda) nt|ndfaiiv

z`n Cagjfgm }è ekzng addec|agfnj z`n Jra{fjfagt e~z ek Cfjjin

Akrfda fgze Atfa' Z`ft }e~ij np|iafg z`n dietn rniazfegt`f|

bnz}nng Niacfzn agj z`n Cagjfgm iagm~amnt'

\iadn gacnt ekknr zntzfcegv ze z`n agdfngz fgàbfzagzt ek ag

arna' Bnda~tn }`nrnat iagm~amnt agj z`n |ne|in }è t|ehn z`nc cav

jfta||nar krec a rnmfeg |iadn gacnt ek fc|erzagz arnat }fii rncafg

degtzagz'

Z`nrn arn tfcfiar |iadn gacnt ke~gj fg z`n T~jag agj Atfa'

\rek' Bazer [acet Zez`) ag np|nrz eg z`n agdfngz Zacaga d~iz~rn

àt ke~gj 21 t~kkfpnt) agj `~gjrnjt ek |iadn gacnt zàz ifgh z`n

T~jag agj Atfa' Ker npac|in ) Jr' [acet Zez` àt geznj zàz

z`nrn ft a Har#gah fg Nmv|z agj Har#gah fg Dngzrai Atfa' Ez`nr

decceg |iadn gacnt akkfpnt fgdi~jn #b~ra)#jag) #hara) #zai agj

#~r'

Jr' [acet Zez` àt fii~tzraznj è} z`n fgàbfzagzt ek z`n

Dar|az`fag [aiinv agj ez`nr d~iz~rnt are~gj z`n }erij tàrn a

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tfcfiar d~iz~rn'Fg aii z`n de~gzrfnt tàrfgm |iadngacnt Jr' Bazer

ke~gj a decceg ze|egvc?Zacaga'@n z`nrnkern daiit z`ft agdntzrai

d~iz~rn%df{fifazfeg Zacaga' Fz ft fgznrntzfgm ze gezn zàz z`n

\reze#Taàragt kercnriv if{nj fg z`ntn arnat'

Z`n }erj Zacaga cnagt -mrnaz |iadn-' Z`ntn agdfngz Zacaga

tfznt }nrn |rebabiv kerzt ntzabift`nj fg arnat edd~|fnj bv ètzfin

geg \reze#Taàrag t|nahfgm |ne|int'

Z`n H~t`fznt }`ng z`nv cfmraznj krec Cfjjin Akrfda ze Atfa

daiinj z`nctni{nt H~t`fznt' Z`ft ft cetz n{fjngz fg |iadngacnt agj

z`n gacnt ek mejt'Z`n Hattfznt) d`fnk r~inrt ek Frag edd~|fnj z`n

dngzrai |arz ek z`n _amret' Z`n Hattfzn mej }at daiinj Hat`t`~)

}`fd` }at aite z`n gacn ek z`n |ne|in' Z`n H#T#@) gacn nincngz ft

aite ke~gj fg Fgjfa' Ker npac|in Hft`hfgzàf) }at z`n gacn a||ifnj

ze ag agdfngz Jra{fjfag hfgmjec fg Te~z` Fgjfa' Aite fz tè~ij bn

rncncbnrnj zàz z`n Hfgmt ek T~cnr) }nrn

ekzng rnknrrnj ze at z`n " Hfgmt ek H~t`"'

Z`n caoer H~t`fzn zrfbn fg Dngzrai Atfa }at daiinj H~tàga'

Z`n H~tàg ek D`fga }nrn Za V~n`#zf er "z`n Mrnaz I~gar Radn"'

Aiegm z`n Taiz T}ac|) z`nrn }at a tzazn daiinj H~#T`f` ek Zfbnz'

Z`n dfzv ek H#tag) }at tfz~aznj fg z`n jfrndzfeg ek H~tàg) }`fd`

}at iedaznj fg z`n ]ntznrg |arz ek z`n Magt~ \re{fgdn ek D`fga'

DEC\ARAZF[N CNZ@EJ

Ze jnznrcfgn cag-t |atz tdfngzftzt ~tn cagv rntnard` znd`gfdt

fgdi~jfgm ardàneiemv) }rfzzng jed~cngzt agj dec|arazf{n agj

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`ftzerfdai ifgm~ftzfd cnzèjt' Fg z`n abtngdn ek }rfzzng

jed~cngzt) ifgm~ftzfdt dag bn ~tnj ze np|iafg z`n |atz'

@ftzerfdai ifgm~ftzfdt tnnht ze jntdrfbn z`n }av iagm~amnt

dàgmn z`nfr tzr~dz~rn e{nr a |nrfej ek zfcn' Z`n |rntngz tzazn ek

a iagm~amn ft fzt tvgd`regfd tzazn) narifnr tzazn(t& ek a iagm~amn

arn fzt jfad`regfd tzazn'

Dec|arazf{n ifgm~ftzfdt ft zàz bragd` ek ifgm~ftzfdt }`fd`

jftdietnt agj tz~jfnt tfcfiarfzfnt bnz}nng rniaznj iagm~amnt' Z`n

dec|arazf{n cnzèj ft ~tnk~i fg z`n rndegtzr~dzfeg ek

|rezeiagm~amnt'

Ze rndegtzr~dz a |reze#iagm~amn z`n agz`re|eiemftz er

ifgm~ftzfd c~tz ieeh ker |azznrgt ek derrnt|egjngdn' \azznrgt ek

derrnt|egjngdn ft z`n npacfgazfeg ek znrct }`fd` tè}

~gfkercfzv' Z`ft ~gfkercfzv inajt ze z`n fgknrngdn zàz iagm~amnt

arn rniaznj) tfgdn degkercfzv ek znrct fg z}e er cern iagm~amnt

fgjfdazn z`nv dacn krec a decceg te~rdn'

Knrjfgagj jn Ta~tt~rn) àt tzaznj z}e |~r|etnt ek dec|arazf{n

ifgm~ftzfdt ? 1& ze jntdrfbn agj rnderj z`n `ftzerv ek iagm~amnt

agj rndegtzr~dzfgm z`n cez`nr iagm~amn ek nad` kacfiv8 agj 2&

jnznrcfgn z`n ~gf{nrtai at|ndzt ek aii iagm~amnt agj jftde{nr z`n

mngnrai ia}t }`fd` me{nrg z`nc'

Z`nrn arn z}e breaj zv|nt ek rniaznjgntt bnz}nng

iagm~amnt?mngnzfd agj zv|eiemfdai' A mngnzfd rniazfegt`f| cnagt

zàz a mre~| ek iagm~amnt jntdngjnj krec a decceg agdntzrai

iagm~amn##a CEZ@NR IAGMÂMN' A zv|eiemfdai rniazfegt`f| cnagt zàz

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iagm~amnt à{n decceg tzr~dz~rai knaz~rnt'

Z`n z`frj diattfkfnr ek iagm~amn ft ag arnai diattfkfdazfeg'

Ag arnai diattfkfdazfeg mre~|t iagm~amnt fgze ifgm~ftzfd arnat

batnj eg tàrnj knaz~rnt adq~frnj bv a |redntt ek deg{nrmngdn

arftfgm krec t|azfai |repfcfzv'

MNGNAIEMFDAI RNIAZFEGT@F\T

A mngnaiemfdai diattfkfdazfeg ek iagm~amnt ft jnznrcfgnj bv

z`n g~cbnr ek tàrnj knaz~rnt rnzafgnj bv iagm~amnt tfgdn

jf{nrmngdn krec z`n decceg agdntzer er |reze#iagm~amn' Ze

fii~tzrazn a mngnaiemfdai rniazfegt`f| bnz}nng z}e er cern

iagm~amnt }n c~tz jftd~tt ke~r at|ndzt ek a mngnaiemfdai

ifgm~ftzfd `v|ez`ntft? mnemra|`v) agz`re|eiemv) ifgm~ftzfdt

agj z`n `ftzerfdai ifgh'

]n c~tz degtfjnr z`n `ftzerfdai ifgh bnz}nng iagm~amnt

att~cnj ze |ettntt a mngnaiemfdai rniazfegt`f| aizè~m` z`nv arn

tn|araznj bv zè~tagjt ek cfint' Z`n agz`re|eiemfdai kadzer

fg{ei{nj fg jnznrcfgfgm a mngnaiemfdai rniazfegt`f| ft z`n

tdfngzfkfd tz~jv ek z`n demgazn erfmfg) agj ek z`n |`vtfdai)

tedfai agj d~iz~rai jn{nie|cngz agj bnà{fer ek rniaznj

mre~|t' Mnemra|`fdai kadzert |iav ag fc|erzagz rein fg jnznrcfgfgm

a ifgm~ftzfd rniazfegt`f|' Ker npac|in) a mngnaiemfdai

rniazfegt`f| ft natfiv np|iafgnj fk z`n t|nahnrt ek rniaznj

iagm~amnt arn mnemra|`fdaiiv ajoadngz fg a g~dinar arna' Kfgaiiv)

ifgm~ftzfd n{fjngdn ~tnj ze t~||erz a mngnaiemfdai rniazfegt`f|

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c~tz tè} zàz z`nrn ft a deggndzfeg bnz}nng z`n

batfd {edab~iarfnt agj fjngzfdai degtzfz~ngz tzr~dz~rnt agj

mraccazfdai daznmerfnt'

DEC\ARAZF[N CNZ@EJ AGJ MNGNAIEMFDAI RNIAZFEGT@F\T

DEC\ARAZF[N Ifgm~ftzfdt ft fgznrntznj fg z`rnn z`fgmt

|ègnzfd ia}t) agaiemv agj ieag }erjt' Z`n dietngntt ek iagm~amnt

jn|ngjt eg z`n g~cbnr ek r~int z`n iagm~amnt à{n fg decceg' ]`ng

iagm~amnt arn mngnzfdaiiv rniaznj) z`nrn ft ag nz`gfd

rniazfegt`f| |rntngz) bnda~tn a mngnzfd rniazfegt`f| t~mmntz a

kacfiv rniazfegt`f|'

Z`n tdfngdn ek dec|arazf{n ifgm~ftzfdt ft zàz bragd` ek

ifgm~ftzfdt }`fd` cafgiv jn{nie|nj ze jftde{nr z`n Cez`nr Iagm~amn

ek N~re|nag iagm~amnt' Aizè~m` z`ft ft z`n datn) dec|arazf{n

ifgm~ftzfdt dag bn a||ifnj ze agv g~cbnr ek z`n }erijt iagm~amnt'

Z`n batfd zeei ek dec|arazf{n ifgm~ftzfdt ft |ègeiemv' Ve~

c~tz ~gjnrtzagj è} te~gj ia}t e|nrazn ze bnmfg z`n rndegtzr~dzfeg

ek z`n erfmfgai te~gj ia}t ek z`n Cez`nr iagm~amn'

Z`n dec|arazf{n cnzèj c~tz bn batnj eg |reek ek decceg

ifgm~ftzfd erfmfg ek iagm~amnt' Ze addec|ift` z`ft meai z`n

ifgm~ftz c~tz ieeh ker |azznrgt ek derrnt|egjngdn' \azznrgt ek

derrnt|egjngdn }e~ij bn z`n npacfgazfeg ek znrct }`fd` tè}

~gfkercfzv' Z`ft ~gfkercfzv inajt ze z`n fgknrngdn zàz iagm~amnt

arn rniaznj) tfgdn degkercfzv ek znrct fg |afrt ek iagm~amnt tè}

zàz z`nv dacn krec a decceg te~rdn##z`ft dag gez bn |ettfbin

:6


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>1

ifznraz~rn agj d~iz~rn a||nar ze `a{n jntdngjnj krec a decceg

agdntzer' Z`ft tedfeifgm~ftzfd rnaifzv ek a g~cbnr ek rniaznj

mre~|t >1


58/175

>2

z`rnn#keij jftzfgdzfeg ek if| re~gjnj agj re~gjnj'

f ~ ff ~~

n e nn ee

a aa

DEGTEGAGZT

Z`n \reze#Taàrag degtegagzt arn?

| z i g

b j h

k t m h|

} r ` mb

c g v

Fg z`n \reze#Taàrag iagm~amnt z`n fgfzfai %t% agj %h%

8agj %j% agj %z% arn fgznrdàgmnabin n'm') /ha agj /ta -mrnaz-)

agj /za agj /ja -|iadn-' Acegm z`n Cagjfgm agj ez`nr Akrfdag

iagm~amnt z`nrn arn je~biv arzfd~iaznj tze|t %h|% agj %mb% ' Fg

ajjfzfeg) fg aii z`ntn iagm~amnt %i% agj %r% jent gez edd~rt

fgfzfaiiv'

>2


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>4

Z`n \reze#Taàrag degtegagzt arn z`n keiie}fgm?

m rncafgt ~gdàgmnj er ft rn|iadnj bv h

h " " " " " " m

i agj r arn fgznrdàgmnabin

j agj z arn fgznrdàgmnabin

b rncafgt ~gdàgmnj er ft rn|iadnj bv | er k

| " " " " " " b

c rncafgt ~gdàgmnj

g gercai rncafgt ~gdàgmnj

g |aiazai ft rn|iadnj bv i

j rncafgt ~gdàgmnj ek rn|iadnj bv z

z " " " " " j

Z`n \reze#Taàrag degtegagzai tvtznc ft z`n keiie}fgm?

h# #h# #h

m# #m#

j# #j# #j

z# #z# #zz# #z

|# #|# #|

b# #b#

t# #t#

# ##

r# #r# #rr# #r

>4


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>:

i# #i# #i

g# #g# #g

c# #c# #c

v# #v# #v

}# #}#

k#

mb#

h|#

\REGE^GT

Z`nrn ft a tfcfiarfzv fg |rege~gt?

Iagm~amn Tfgm~iar \i~rai

1tz'\nr'2gj \nr' 4rj \nr' 1tz \nr' 2gj \nr' 4rj \nr'

Jra{fjfag ag)gaa i a ag ag)agf ar~

Cagjfgm ga) g- f a) n ai~

Niacfzn ~ g~ rf ~g g~g r? fr

T~cnrfag ma) mai a) a~ ngn cng ~)gn ngn#gn

JNCEGTZRAZF[N

Iagm~amn \repfcazn Jftzagz Kfgfzn

Jra{fjfag f a ~

Cagjfgm f a ~

>:


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>>

T~cnrfag bf a

Z`n \reze#Ta`arag iagm~amnt t`arn iedazf{n degtzr~dzfegt'

Z`ntn jfrndzfegai nincngzt dag bn tfc|in er dec|e~gj'

Decceg t~kkfpfai jfrndzfegai nincngzt fgdi~jn?

Niacfzn T~cnrfag Ngmift` Cagjfgm

#ah agj ha

h~zz~ te)aite)at ha

#`f z`ft gf

~hh~ h~ eg h~) h~ga

#ca #ga fg)az ga

fzaha ja }fz` ia) zf

#ga ek #ge

#ifga #za ker #zf

Decceg jfrndzfegai nincngzt fgdi~jn?

ca #a fg ga

fcca) gf e~z)ek ca)

ge

fhh~ (fhhf& #ra ze here

ifga za ker zf

car krec a |iadn ca

-arna)iagj-

>>


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>;

fzaha ja }fz` ia)

zf

Aii z`n \reze#Taàrag iagm~amnt tàrn dnrzafg mraccazfdai

knaz~rnt' Zètn mraccazfdai nincngzt tàrnj bv Jra{fjfag) Niacfzn)

T~cnrfag agj Biadh Akrfdag iagm~amnt fgdi~jn 1& {e}ni àrcegv) 2&

abtngdn ek fgfzfai di~tznrt ek degtegagzt) 4& ab~gjagdn ek

mncfgaznj degtegagzt):& jftzfgdzfeg ek fgdi~tf{n agj npdi~tf{n

|rege~gt fg kfrtz |nrteg |i~rai) >& abtngdn ek

jnmrnnt ek dec|arfteg ker ajondzf{nt agj aj{nrbt at jftzfgdz

cer|èiemfdai daznmerfnt) ;& degtegagz aiznrazfeg eg gecfgai

fgdrncngzt gezfdnj bv jfkknrngz diattnt)=& jftzfgdzfeg ek

dec|inznj adzfeg acegm {nrbai |arajfmct at amafgtz t|ndfkfd zngtn

jftzfgdzfeg agj 6& ~tn ek rnj~|ifdazfeg ker nc|àtft (agj

|i~rai&'

AKKFPNT

Fg z`n Jra{fjfag) Nmv|zfag) Niacfzn) Cagjfgm agj Jra{fjfag

iagm~amnt }erjt arn kercnj bv ajjfgm ag akkfp ze a rajfdai' Fg

z`ft tndzfeg }n }fii jftd~tt dnrzafg at|ndzt ek tàrnj

\reze#Taàrag cer|èiemv'

Fg z`ntn iagm~amnt t~kkfpnt arn ~t~aiiv ~tnj ze drnazn }erjt'

Z`ntn t~kkfpnt dag bn a tfgmin degtegagz (D& er {e}ni ([&) er a

cegetviiabfd kerc (D[&' Z`n cetz decceg t~kkfp fg Jra{fjfag)

Nmv|zfag) Niacfzn) Cagjfgm agj T~cnrfag arn z`n |etzkfpnt #hf) #ha

>;


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>=

agj #za ) }`fd` arn ~tnj ze jngezn diagt) gazfegaifzv) iagjt agj

de~gzrfnt '

\I^RAI

Fg z`n \reze#Ta`arag iagm~amnt z`n |i~rai ft kercnj bv

ajjfgm #~)#})#ba) #|a agj #i~'Fg Nmv|zfag) z`n #} t~kkfp ft ~tnj

ze kerc z`n |i~rai' Fg z`n Jra{fjfag (Jr'& ' iagm~amnt z`n |i~rai

fk kercnj bv #i~) nt|ndfaiiv fg Zni~m~' Fg z`n Cagjfgm (C& mre~|)

agj ez`nr Akrfdag iagm~amnt }n kfgj #i~ er #~ (#}&) n'm') C' ceme

-`~tbagj)(|i'& ceme#i~ -`~tbagjt-8 Zni~m~ camaaj~ -`~tbagj ) cag-)

(|i'& camaai~ -`~tbagjt-'

Fg cagv Biadh Akrfdag iagm~amnt ba cnagt -ab~gjagdn) cagv-'

Fg Niacfzn |a er ka ft ~tnj ze cahn |i~rai g~cbnrt) n'm') he#ka

fgga -ek z`n Hfgmt-) Ba|fz~ ka#|a "ze z`n Babviegfagt"' Z`n ~tn ek

#|a) bv z`n Niacfznt derrnt|egjt ze z`n Cagjfgm ~tn ek z`n #ba

t~kkfp ) }`fd` ft oefgnj ze ge~gt ze jngezn z`n fjna ek mrnazgntt)

|`vtfdai er cerai n'm') ga#keie -meej)rfd`-

) ge#keie#ba -mrnaz kerz~gn-8 agj te#haie -|fndn-) te#haia#ba

-degtfjnrabin q~arznr ek a {fiiamn-'

GNMAZF[N

Fg Biadh Akrfdag iagm~amnt fgdi~jfgm Nmv|zfag z`n #g) ft ~tnj

ze t`e} gnmazfeg' Fg Nmv|zfag }n ekzng kfgj #gg) n'm') gg }g

-z`nrn ft gez`fgm-' Fg Niacfzn z`n gnmazf{n ft kercnj bv ag

~gfgkindznj gecfgai jnrf{azf{n fg #g (adzf{n |arzfdf|in&) n'm')

>=


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>0

fgh -F gez") fgr -`n gez- agj agf -gez-' Z`ft t~kkfp ft agaieme~t

ze z`n C' gnmazf{n t~kkfp #ga) nc|ievnj at a t~kkfp ze #ha) n'm')

ha ga h~ ga zara te "F jfj gez tav F }at mefgm ze z`n è~tn" '

Fg Zacfi z`n gnmazf{n {nrbai |arzfdf|in ft kercnj bv

t~kkfpfgm a#cai er a#cnf) n'm') tnv (va#cai -}fzè~z tze||fgm-'

Z`n Zacfi t~kkfp #cnf ft aite ~tnj at a znrcfgazfeg ker abtzradz

ge~gt'

Z`n gnmazf{n t~kkfp fg Cagjfgm ft #ga) }`fd` ft |rednnjnj bv

ha agj gz-f) n'm') hai~ cba#gz-f' Fg T~cnrfag z`n gnmazfeg ek z`n

{nrb ft np|rnttnj bv z`n |rnkfpnt g~# er ia#) n'm') g~#~ "gez ze

hge}") ia#mfg "gez ze kfp" agj g~#j~m "gez meej' Z`n e|zazf{n ceej

arn gnmazf{nj bv z`n nincngz ga)ga#ca#|aj"t`n cav gez"'

\ARZFDINT

Fg Niacfzn |nrtegai ge~gt arn kercnj bv ajjfgm #ra) n'm')

Hniifra -deccagjnr-) h~zfra -bnarnr-' Z`ft rniaznt ze z`n Cagjfgm

t~kkfp ek z`n |atz agj |rntngz |arzfdf|in #ra) z`ft |arzfdin ft

~tnj ze cahn {nrbt |attf{n er adzf{n) n'm') hvf -tngj-) hvf#ra

-cnttngmnr-) mvf (of& -jrv ~|-) mvf#ra -arfj-'

Fg T~cnrfag z`n jazf{n ft np|rnttnj bv z`n t~kkfp #ra) }`fd`

cav a||nar fg z`n kerc ek #ar) #fr ) agj #~r) n'm') ca#ra -ze

cn-) i~mai#n#a#ra - ze z`n e}gnr ek z`n è~tn-' Z`ft |araiinit z`n

Cagjfgm iedazf{n t~kkfp #ra) agj #ia ) }`fd` dag rn|rntngz

-ze)er) ker) fg -) n'm') z~#ra -fg z`n kerntz-'

>0


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>6

Z`n Niacfzn fgjnkfgfzn arzfdin ft #ra) n'm') \artar#ra -a

\nrtfag-) Akarz~#ra -ag Niacfzn-' Z`ft derrnt|egjt ze z`n Cagjfgm

iedazf{n t~kkfp #ra) n'm') Zeg#ra -iagj ek Zeg-'

Z`n \reze#Taàrag iagm~amnt tàrn z`n |rntngz |arzfdf|in

#z~%#ze' Fg Zni~m~ (Zni'&)z`n t~kkfp #z~ ) ft ~tnj at z`n |rntngz

|arzfdf|in }`fin fg z`n Cagjfgm iagm~amnt #ze àt z`n tacn

k~gdzfeg n'm') Zni' d`ntz~ -cajn-) C'znmn -ze d~z-) znmn#ze

-d~zzfgm-'

Z`n adzf{n |arzfdf|in fg Niacfzn ft #g) n'm') zai~#g

-}rfzfgm-) er àif#g -zefifgm-' Z`ft derrnt|egjt ze z`n Cagjfgm

#gf agj #if nincngzt n'm') ta -b~v-) taggf -b~vfgm-) er j~#c~

-naz-) j~c~#gf -nazfgm-' Z`ft #g) adzf{n |arzfdf|in ft ke~gj fg

cagv ez`nr Biadh Akrfdag iagm~amnt fgdi~jfgm Nmv|zfag'

Z`n ~tn ek z`n #ha nincngz ft krnq~ngziv ke~gj fg z`n

kercazfeg ek Jra{fjfag) Niacfzn) Nmv|zfag) Cagjfgm agj T~cnrfag

iagm~amnt' Fg Nmv|zfag at e~zifgnj bv D`nfh` Agza Jfe|) fg

Ge~{niint Rnd`nrd`nt T~r i- Nmv|zfng Agdfng nz Iagm~nt Gnmre#

Akrfdafgnt Cejnrgnt (||'>>#>=&) `n e~zifgnt z`n ~tn ek %h% agj %z%

) ze kerc amngz ge~gt' Fg \arngzn mngnzfq~n jn i-Nmv|zfng

\àregfq~n nz jnt iagm~nt Gnmre#Akrfdafgnt (|'10&) Jfe| np|iafgt

z`n n{ei~zfeg ek z`n #hv) agj #hz |arzfdint'

Fg Niacfzn z`n |attf{n |arzfdf|in ft kercnj bv #ha) n'm')

`~iza#ha -jegn-) z~r~#ha -tafj-' Z`ft derrnt|egjt ze z`n Cagjfgm

#ha -cahn) je-)n'm') gvfgn -tnn-) gvfgf#ha -fgznremazn-'

Fg z`n Jra{fjfag agj Cagjfgm iagm~amnt #ha) ft ~tnj ze

>6


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;< |nrdngz rnzngzfeg razn) agj t~mmntz a cfgfc~c

ingmz` ek tn|arazfeg ek 2'26 cfiinggfa ker z`n mre~| at a }`ein'

(]fgznrt 1606& B~z }`ng }n dec|arn Cagjfgm#T~cnrfag

z`n rnzngzfeg razn ft =< |nrdngz er a cfgfc~c ingmz` ek tn|arazfeg

ek 1'10 cfiinggfa' A dec|arfteg ek T~cnrfag#Zacfi derrnt|egjt ze a

>= |nrdngz rnzngzfeg razn er a cfgfc~c tn|arazfeg ek 1'>< |nrdngz rnzngzfeg razn) agj t~mmntz a cfgfc~c ingmz` ek

tn|arazfeg ek 2'26 cfiinggfa ker z`n mre~| at a }`ein'(]fgznrt

1606& B~z }`ng }n dec|arn Cagjfgm#T~cnrfag

;:


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;>

z`n rnzngzfeg razn ft =< |nrdngz er a cfgfc~c ingmz` ek tn|arazfeg

ek 1'10 cfiinggfa' A dec|arfteg ek T~cnrfag#Zacfi derrnt|egjt ze a

>= |nrdngz rnzngzfeg razn er a cfgfc~c tn|arazfeg ek 1'>') |' 41) a

Maracagzn tia{n }at jntdrfbnj at à{fgm a bejv z`n deier ek |fzd`

er }èiiv biadh' Rebnrz Mra{nt) cahnt fz dinar zàz z`n Maracagznt

}è edd~|fnj c~d` ek z`n Knag |rebabiv k~tnj }fz` nz`gfd mre~|t

fg ]ntz Akrfda'

Z`n Maracagznt }nrn ekzng rnknrrnj ze at Darfagt) akznr z`n

mejjntt Hnr er Dar' Z`nv t|ehn a Cagjfgm iagm~amn' Z`n Maracagznt

aite ke~gjnj Azzfda) }`nrn z`nv }erhnj z`n cfgnt az Ia~rnf~c' Z`nv

aite fgzrej~dnj z`n }ert`f| ek Aceg fg N~re|n'

Z`n znrc Cfget ker z`n Drnzag hfgmt amrnnt }fz` z`n Cagjfgm

znrc ker hfgm%d`fnk Cagta' @nrn }n kfgj degtegagzai amrnncngz

C#G#T'

Z`n Hnkzf~ dacn krec z`n Knag ek Ifbva' Z`ntn Cagjfgm

t|nahfgm |ne|in }nrn z`n Maraca er Maracagznt" z`n kfrtz ek

cng")adderjfgm ze z`n agdfngz Mrnnht' Z`ntn ke~gjnrt ek Cfgeag

df{fifazfeg jfj gez decn krec z`n Cfjjin Natz' Z`nv t|ehn ag

Akrfdag gez a Tncfzfd iagm~amn'

IFBVAG ERFMFG EK CFGEAGT

N{nrv tfgdn Tfr Arz`~r N{agt) jftde{nrnj z`n `fnremiv|`fdt

agj Ifgnar A }rfzfgm ek Drnzn z`nrn àt bnng a tnard` ker z`n

;=


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;0

a~zèrt ek z`ft tdrf|z' N{agt (i621& t~mmntznj zàz z`n Cfgeag

df{fifazfeg ke~gj fzt fc|nz~t krec z`n arrf{ai ek rnk~mnnt krec

Ifbva ze Drnzn'

N{agt t~||erznj z`ft `v|ez`ntft bv jftd~ttfgm z`n akkfgfzfnt

bnz}nng Drnzn agj Ifbva) n'm') i& z`n }rfzfgm ek Drnzn agj

Ifbvde#Bnrbnr (Cagjfgm& }rfzfgm arn tfcfiar (]fgznrt 160>&)2& bez`

mre~|t }ern z`n dej |fndn) agj 4& z`nv tàrn z`n fjngzfdai d~tzec

ek ina{fgm a iedh ek àfr àgmfgm je}g fg kregz ek z`n nart' Z`n

|rezr~jfgm z~kz ek àfr }at attedfaznj }fz` ag

fgfzfazerv rfzn jnjfdaznj ze z`n mejjntt Gnfz`'(Br~teg 160>& Z`n

mejjntt Gnfz` er Az`ngn) }at a Ifbvag mejjntt'

Ez`nr tdèiart à{n aite ke~gj a Ifbvag fgki~ngdn eg Drnzn'

A'B' Deeh (161:&) geznj zàz z`n Ifbvag rac }fz` èrgt d~r{nj

je}g}arj edd~rt fg Cfgeag arz' Z`n rac ft attedfaznj }fz` z`n

mejjntt Az`ngn (Gnfz`&' Fg ajjfzfeg \ngjinb~rv (i6;>& |etz~iaznj a

Ifbvag fccfmrazfeg ze te~z`nrg Drnzn fg z`n arna ek Cnttara

(d'4


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;6

jaznj z`n E~nj Cnrze~znh fgtdrf|zfeg ze 4


76/175

=;:= z`nrn arn nfm`z Hnkzf~

gacnt'Z`ntn gacnt amrnn }fz` Cagjfgm gacnt?

Hnkzf~ (Hnbnzf}& Cagjfgm

-t`r tvn

gtv gtvn

-ht ghvf

\grz \n)Bn#gf)K~#gn

-jc Jncba

Rt Rta

Ek z`n Hnkzf~ gacnt dec|arnj abe{n }n kfgj tzarzifgm rnt~izt ke~r

ek z`ntn tè} k~ii amrnncngz) egn gacn àt |arzfai amrnncngz agj

egiv egn gacn iadht k~ii er |arzfai amrnncngz fg bez` Cagjfgm agj

Hnkzf~'

Z`n |nrtegai gacn }`fd` tè}t |arzfai amrnncngz ft \grz' Z`n

=


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=1

reez ek z`n gacn \grz) ft |rebabiv \n' Z`ft gacn dag bn natfiv

np|iafgnj bv Cagjfgm mraccar' Fk }n brnah#je}g \grz fgze fzt

tnmcngzt }n à{n \n) |i~t %#g% a t~kkfpfai nincngz ajjnj ze

Cagjfgm }erjt }`ng z`nv arn {nrbaifnj' Z`n %#r% (ra&) ft z`n

t~kkfp ek z`n |rntngz |arzfdf|in 8agj %#z% (zn& ft z`n t~kkfpfai

nincngz ~tnj ker kerc gacnt' Z`~t \grz) }at |rebabiv |rege~gdnj

\ngrazn'

IFGNAR A FGTDRF\ZFEGT

Z`n Nznedrnzag fgtdrf|zfegt agj zabinzt krec z`n |aiadnt ek

Drnzn fgjfdazn zàz z`ntn b~fijfgmt }nrn cerz~arfnt er znc|int ek

z`n jnaj'

Z`n fjna zàz z`n |aiadnt ek Cfgeag Drnzn arn fg rnaifzv

cerz~arfnt fg gez gn}' Et}aij T|ngminr (i64>& t~mmntznj zàz z`n

Cfgeag "iabvrfgz`t" cfm`z bn fg rnaifzv znc|int ek z`n jnaj'

Mnerm ]~gjnrifd` (i6=:& àj z`n tacn {fn}' @n }rezn zàz

"XZS`n Cfgeagt b~fiz mng~fgn zecbt ker z`n |rntnr{azfeg agj darn

ek z`n jnaj' Z`nfr zecbt }nrn aiie}nj ze jndav }`ng z`n eij d~iz

ek z`n jnaj }at t~|nrtnjnj bv z`n "Gn}" `nrefd cnzèj ek drncazfeg

Xfgzrej~dnj bv z`n Fgje#N~re|nagtS }fz` fzt b~fiz fg fgt~ragdn

amafgtz mra{n rebbfgm"'

Z`n Cfgeagt |radzfdnj decc~gai fgznrgcngz' z`n narifntz diag

zecbt }nrn jn{nie|nj j~rfgm z`n Gneifz`fd8 tfznt t~d` at

D`rvteiahhat gnar Caiifa)agj Arhàgnt arn npac|int ek z`ft

|radzfdn ek cahfgm decc~gai mra{nvarjt'Z`n deiindzf{n mra{nvarj az

=1


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=2

Arhàgnt }at rn|iadnj bv a znc|in ker z`n jnaj' @amfa Zrfaja agj

z`n tagdz~arfnt t~d` at Fe~hzat }nrn |rebabiv aite decc~gai

fgznrgcngz dngznrt ek z`n jnaj jnjfdaznj ze Gnfz` er Az`ngn z`n

mejjntt }è |rezndznj z`n rncafgt ek z`n jnaj fg z`nfr dekkfgt er

b~rfai oart'

Fg Mrnnh cvzèiemv Az`ngn er Gnfz` zeeh z`n kfrtz eif{n zrnn

ze bn |iagznj fg Drnzn) akznr Ifbva bndacn arfj' (Mra{nt 160


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=4

Drnzn z`n je~bin t`fnij cezfk fg zecbt agj er tarde|àm~t

cav à{n bnng ~tnj ze fgjfdazn z`n |rntngdn ek Gnfz`' @'R' @aii)

ebtnr{nj zàz? "Z`n dàradznrftzfd Drnzag kfm~rn#ek#nfm`z t`fnij

ft z`n tacn at z`n t`fnij ek z`n mejjntt Gnfz` ek Taft) }`fd`

|rebabiv ment badh ze nariv Gneifz`fd javt"' (@aii 162=&

Fg Ifbva agj Drnzn ve~gm d`fijrng }ern z`n ~ran~t "tnr|ngz

iedh"' Z`ft |rezr~jfgm z~kz ek àfr }at attedfaznj }fz` z`n

fgfzfazerv rfzn jnjfdaznj ze z`n mejjntt Gnfz`' Adderjfgm ze Deeh

(i61:&) z`ft defkk~rn }at attedfaznj }fz` ve~gm Nznedrnzag

fgfzfaznt at iazn at z`n kfkz` dngz~rv B'D'

Tfgdn cagv b~fijfgmt ek agdfngz Drnzn }nrn znc|int ek z`n

jnaj) cetz Ifgnar A zabinzt) arn k~gnrarv zabinzt' Z`n k~gnrarv

zabinzt }rfzzng fg Ifgnar A fgjfdazn zàz z`n |ne|in |~z fgze

z`ntn cerz~arfnt }nrn `fm` berg'

Fg ajjfzfeg) z`nfr dàradznr a||nart ze à{n bnng ceraiiv

te~gj bnda~tn z`n jed~cngzt t|nah ek z`n jndnatnj at "bndecfgm ag

ac~inz%ebondz nkkndzf{n ker fzt {frz~n"' Z`~t }`ng z`ntn Drnzagt

jfnj z`nv |rebabiv }nrn jnfkfnj at kfrtz t~mmntznj bv z`n

rncarhabin tdngn jftd~ttnj bv Agza Jfe| (i661& |rntnr{nj eg z`n

@amfa Zrfaja tarde|àm~t' Z`ft fgjfdaznt zàz |ne|in

{ftfznj z`ntn zecbt te z`nv de~ij ebzafg a binttfgm krec z`n

-rfm`zne~t jnaj-'

J~n ze e~r jndf|`nrcngz ek z`n Cfgeag tdrf|z) fz àt bndecn

dinar zàz z`n Cfgeagt ~tnj Ifgnar A ze }rfzn rnifmfe~t znpz' Z`n

der|~t ek Ifgnar A fgtdrf|zfegt eg zabinzt agj ifbazfeg {nttnit

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tè} degtfjnrabin rn|nzfzfeg' Z`n tadrnj ~tnt ek z`n Ifgnar A

tdrf|z ft n{fjngz krec z`n g~cnre~t {ezf{n fgtdrf|zfegt ke~gj eg

tzegn ebondzt ek arz krec z`n g~cnre~t Cfgeag tagdz~arfnt

npda{aznj fg Drnzn) nt|ndfaiiv zètn ke~gj az Fe~hzat'(Harnzte~

160>&

IAGMÂMN EK CFGEAG FGTDRF\ZFEGT

Tfgdn z`n Nznedrnzagt }nrn Cagjfgm t|nahnrt }n dag rnaj z`n

Cfgeag fgtdrf|zfegt bv dec|arfgm z`n [af agj Cfgeag tdrf|zt ze

jftde{nr agaiemv fg z`n tà|n agj kerc ek z`n Ifgnar A dàradznrt

agj z`n [af dàradznrt' Egdn z`ft ft jegn }n mf{n z`n Ifgnar A

tfmg fzt {ai~n fg z`n [af tdrf|z) agj z`ng ~tn Caifghn#Bacbara ze

rnaj z`n tfmgt'

Nad` Ifgnar A tfmg ft cegetviiabfd' Z`nv arn ek z`n degtegagz

(D& {e}ni ([& diatt'

Z`n hnv ze z`n jndf|`nrcngz ek Ifgnar A }nrn?1& z`n n{fjngdn

ek Cagjfgm cfmrazfeg ze Drnzn8 2& rn|nzfzfeg ek dnrzafg tfmgt eg

Drnzag ifbazfeg {nttnit8 agj 4& z`ft rnm~iarfzv ek fgtdrf|zfegt

inj ze z`n att~c|zfeg zàz z`n fgtdrf|zfegt ke~gj fg z`n

tagdz~arfnt arn {ezf{n |ravnrt' Z`n att~c|zfeg zàz z`n

fgtdrf|zfegt eg tadrnj ebondzt krec Drnzn }nrn {ezf{n |ravnrt cajn

fz |ettfbin ze `v|ez`ntfn zàz z`n }ft` er jntfrn

rnq~ntznj fg z`n fgtdrf|zfegt }e~ij bn ajjrnttnj ze a |arzfd~iar

jnfzv' Z`ft att~c|zfeg |re{nj ze bn z`n derrndz egn' Bnda~tn a

tz~jv ek Ifgnar A znpz inj ze z`n jftde{nrv zàz a decceg tfmg fg

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cagv ek z`n znpz }at z`n tfmg ek z`n je~bin apn ek z`n

{ezf{n {nttnit }`fd` fg bez` znpz rn|rntngz z`n gacn Gfa' Z`ft

tfmg ~t~aiiv a||nart egdn er z}fdn fg cetz Ifgnar A jed~cngzt agj

{ezf{n fgtdrf|zfegt' Z`ft fc|ifnj zàz Gfa) }at z`n

gacn ek z`n caoer Nznedrnzag jnfzv'

Fg z`n k~gnrarv zabinzt krec @amfa Zrfaja agj Arhàgnt agj

{ezf{n |ravnrt ek Fe~hzat z`nrn ft krnq~ngz cngzfeg ek z`n jnaj

fgàbfzfgm a |iadn }`nrn z`nv }nrn "fg z`n dec|agv ek Gfa

(Gnfz`&" Fg ag fgtdrf|zfeg krec Fe~hzat |~bift`nj bv Harnite~)

Mejarz agj Eif{nr (160>&?

Gf |e#z~ f#kn V~#f F#mve Gfa

("Z`ft te~i % ft ebifmnj ze z`n erjnr% (`ft& brnaz` ek ifkn% z`n

{fzai t|frfz%(fz ft& zè~ fg z`n dec|agv ek z`n jf{fgfzv ek z`n

d~iz%(z`n Mrnaz& Gfa"' Tnn kfm~rn 10FE_a0&

Fg agez`nr fgznrntzfgm fgtdrf|zfeg krec Fe~hzat }n rnaj zàz?

Gfa V~ z~#h|n kn#f |e z~

(Gfa% z`n ifkn bieej% z`n R~inr ek Cerai t}nnzgntt% (t`n& ft z`n

brnaz` ek ifkn% z`n \~rn R~inr"'Tnn kfm~rn FE_a2 Mejarz) nz ai

160>&

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Gfa ft aite cngzfegnj cagv zfcnt fg z`n @am`fa Zrfaja

jed~cngzt |~bift`nj bv Darrainiif (i6;4&' Z`ntn zabinzt at aii

Ifgnar A zabinzt arn rnaj krec rfm`z ze inkz' Fg z`ntn znpzt fz

ft cajn dinar zàz z`n jnaj rntfjn fg z`n dec|agv ek Gfa) fg a

tzazn ek rnzrnaz' Z`ft ft bntz fii~tzraznj fg Darrezniif (i6;4&

fii~tzrazfeg ge' 12?

Gfa fza#|a za b~

("XVe~S npftz }fz` Gfa fg a ~gfq~n tzazn ek rnzrnaz"'&

Fg Darrazniif (i6;4& fii~tzrazfeg ge'= tfjn B) }n kfgj z`n

keiie}fgm?

F Gfa fza#|a f#kn |a#f

("Fg z`n dec|agv ek Gfa) zè~ npftz fg a cetz ~gfq~n tzazn' Ge}

ve~ arn {nrv c~d` nc|zv"'&

Fz a||nart krec z`n fgtdrf|zfegt zàz @am`fa Zrfaja }at z`n

ècn ek Gnfz`' Fg Darrazniif (i6;4& fii~tzrazfeg ge' 14 }n rnaj

z`n keiie}fgm?

=;


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Tn mve za Gfa i~'

(A XkfgnS T~||erznr ek z`n Jnfzv (ifnt& `nrn fg Gfa-t

@e~tn"'&

E~r jndf|`nrcngz ek z`n Ifgnar A }rfzfgm |re{nt zàz z`n

Nznedrnzagt dacn krec Akrfda gez z`n Cfjjin Natz' Fz aite tè}t

zàz n{ng bnkern r~inrt ek z`n 10z` Jvgatzv degq~nrnj Hnkzf~) z`n

r~inrt ek z`ft iagj }nrn krec Ifbva'

Z`ntn Ifgnar A zabinzt mf{n ~t {ai~abin fgkercazfeg abe~z z`n

Cfgeagt' Aizè~m` z`n ngzfrn der|~t ek Ifgnar A zabinzt arn

degdnrgnj }fz` tzazftzfdt er kiedht ek t`nn|) àr{ntzt ek }`naz

agj eif{nt) agj nzd'8 z`n Ifgnar A zabinzt |re{fjn ~t }fz` a

jftzfgdzf{n {fn} ek Nznedrnzag rnifmfeg agj jn{ezfeg ze z`n

mejjntt Gnfz`'

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Z`n mejt ek z`n @ara||agt jn|fdznj eg z`nfr tnait rn|rntngznj z`n mejt ek z`n {arfe~t ndegecfdder|erazfegt fg z`n Fgj~t [aiinv' Z`n ~gfderg mej) |rebabiv rn|rn tngznj Cai) }`fin z`n dazzinmej |rebabiv rn|rntngznj Haif er ^ca) Acca er \ra{ar# zf) z`n cez`nr mejjntt'(]fgznrt160:)160=&

Tnait à{n bnng ke~gj fg aicetz n{nrv reec az Ce`ngoejare' Cagv ek Fgj~t tnait }nrn ke~gj fga }erg degjfzfeg agj tè} tfmgt ek rn|afr' Ardàneiemftzt à{n ke~gj èint eg z`n badh ek z`ntnait zàz fgjfdazn zàz z`n @ara||agt }ern z`nc zfnj are~gj z`nfr gndh er aghint }fz a tzrfgm'

\nrkeraznj bett eg z`n badh ek @ara||ag tnait

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Rnknrngdnt

]fgznrt)Divjn A`caj) "Z`n ^gfzv ek Akrfdag agj Fgjfag Amrfd~iz~rn") Oe~rgai ek AkrfdagDf{fifazfeg 4) ge1) (1601a&)|amn 1 (O~gn 160:a&) ||'>'

]fgznrt) Divjn A`caj) "Z`n \reze#D~iz~rn ek z`n Jra{fjfagt )Cagjfgm agj T~cnrfagt") ZacfiDf{fifazfeg 4) ge1 (Card` 160>a& )|amnt 1#6'

]fgznrt) Divjn A`caj) "Z`n Fgj~t [aiinv ]rfzfgm agj rniaznj Tdrf|zt ek z`n 4rj Cfiinggf~c BD")Fgjfa \atz agj \rntngz 2)ge1 ( 160>b&) |amnt 14#16'

]fgznrt)Divjn A`caj ]fgznrt )"Z`n Jra{fjfag Erfmfg ek z`n Ce~gzafg agj ]aznr Ze|egvct fgdngzrai Atfa") Oe~rgai ek Dngzrai Atfa 6) ge2 (160;j&) |amnt 1::#1:0'

]fgznrt)Divjn A`caj) "Z`n Jra{fjfag agj Cagjfgm T~btzraz~c fg Zeh`arfag")# Dngzrai AtfazfdOe~rgai 42) get1#2)(1600&|amnt 141#1:1'

]fgznrt)Divjn A`caj)"Zacfi)T~cnrfag agj Cagjfgm agj z`n Mngnzfd Cejni")Fgz# nrgazfegaiOe~rgai ek Jra{fjfag Ifgm~ftzfdt) 10)(1606& ge'i'

]fgznrt) Divjn A`caj) "Z`n Jra{fje @ara||ag Deiegfazfeg ek Dngzrai Atfa") Dngzrai AtfazfdOe~rgai 4:) ge1#2 (166


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BIADHT FG AGDFNGZ D@FGA

Fg adderjagdn }fz` z`n erai zrajfzfegt ek D`fga) z`n ke~gjnrt ek D`fgntn df{fifazfeg }nrn @~agmjfagj K~ Pf' Z`ntn inmngjarv r~inrt ifhn Jaf @ae) }nrn aii b~rfnj fg `f~ (b~rfai ce~gjt&' Z`n|rntngdn ek z`ft ce~gj d~iz~rn fg D`fga t~||erzt z`n zrajfzfegt ek b~rfai ek nindzt fg ce~gjzecbt'

Z`n thninzai rncafgt krec te~z`nrg D`fga arn |rnjecfgazniv gnmrefj' (D`agm 16;:) |'4=


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V~) fg z`n Aggait ek z`n Bacbee Beeht) ft rn|erznj ze à{n geznj zàz "'''}`ng a te{nrnfmg mf{ntrnt|egtn ze z`n |ne|in) `n ft hfgj) agj z`n Biadh `najnj |ne|in d`nrft` `fc fg z`nfr `narz"'

]n hge} {nrv ifzzin abe~z z`n te~gjt ek agdfngz D`fgntn bnda~tn Agdfngz D`fgntn }at jfkknrngzkrec Eij D`fgntn agj Cfjjin D`fgntn agj z`n cejnrg D`fgntn jfaindzt' (Ractnv 160=) ||'14=#140& Z`ft rnt~izt krec z`n kadz zàz z`n D`fgntn jvgatzfnt }nrn ke~gjnj bv jf{nrtn nz`gfd mre~|tn'm') Pfa agj Tàgm if (f'n') Biadh Tàgm& }nrn ke~gjnj bv Jra{fjfag agj Cagjfgm t|nahnrt'Tàgm#Vfg }at ke~gjnj bv diattfdai cegmeiefjt) agj z`n _è~ bv z`n degznc|erarv D`fgntn' &Z`ft np|iafgt z`n jfkknrngdn fg |reg~gdfazfeg ker Agdfngz D`fgntn t|ehng bv z`n Pfa agj Tàgm|ne|int agj Eij agj Cfjjin D`fgntn er a {arfagz z`nrn ek) }`fd` }at |rebabiv t|ehng bv z`n_è~ |ne|in'

Z`n kfrtz jvgatzv ek D`fga }at Pfa (T`n#va&' Z`n Pfa df{fifazfeg ek agdfngz D`fga' iatznj krec22 ze 1=;; B'D' Adderjfgm ze z`n M~bng `~ T`~ `f Gfng) z`n Pfa jvgatzv "krec V~ ze _`fn`àj tn{ngznng hfgmt''' agj iatznj :=1 vnart"' (Dàgm 160=&

Ardàneiemftzt bnifn{n zàz z`n caoer Pfa tfznt arn iedaznj fg Tàgpf agj @ngag' Adderjfgm zeDàgm (160=& gerz`nrg @ngag ze}arjt z`n ngj ek z`n Iegmtàg |nrfej }at z`n natznrg |arz ek z`nPfa d~iz~rn'

Pfa }at |rebabiv tfz~aznj fg z`n Vf`n agj I~e`n rf{nr {aiinvt) agj aiegm z`n Vfgm`n agj R~`nrf{nrt' Z`n da|fzai ek Pfa }at iedaznj fg z`n Tagmtàg ce~gzafgt'

Z`n erfmfgt ek Pfa me badh ze z`n Iegmtàg |nrfej' J~rfgm z`n Iegmtàg |nrfej b~rfai meejtfgdi~jnj a iarmn g~cbnr ek }na|egt) fgdi~jfgm tzegn iagdn`najt agj arre}t' Z`ft t~mmntzt zàzfgznrtedfai degkifdz }at az fzt `nfm`z j~rfgm z`n Iegmtàg |nrfejt) agj }arkarn cav à{n |iavnj arein fg z`n rftn ek Pfa' Z`n Iegmtàg gneifz`fd ft dàradznrfnj bv }`nni#cajn |ezznrv) bregn

}erhfgm) dnracfdt) }`nninj {n`fdint) }rfzfgm) rfd` mra{n meejt agj k~rgft`fgmt'

Z`n D`fgntn `ftzerfnt znii ~t c~d` abe~z Pfa' Adderjfgm ze D`fgntn zrajfzfeg z`n Pfa b~fiz z`nfrtnzzincngzt gnar rf{nrt) iahnt agj tzrnact' Z`n Pfa Jvgatzv ft cngzfegnj fg z`n eradin begnrnderjt'

Z`n inajnrt ek Pfa }nrn mragznj r~in batnj eg z`nfr Tt~ (diag& cncbnrt`f|' Z`n Pfa gacfgmtvtznc nc|ievnj z`n zng dnintzfai tznct z`n tacn at z`n Tàgm |ne|in' (Dàgm 160


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6. ek Cnpfdagt à{nAkrfdag ajcfpz~rn'

^gjnr`fii) nz ai (166;& geznj zàz?" Egn Cavag cain) |rn{fe~tiv Xàt bnngS tè}g ze à{nag Akrfdag V d`recetecn'" Z`ft ft {nrv fgznrntzfgm bnda~tn z`n Cava iagm~amn fii~tzraznt a

Cagjn t~btzraz~c) fg ajjfzfeg ze Akrfdag mngnzfd carhnrt' Oacnt i' M~z`nrfn (2


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Carde \' @nrgajn D~n{at'(2#:


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10 B'D') atzregecnr#|rfntzt fg{ngznj z`n kfrtz Acnrfdag

daingjar' Fg ajjfzfeg g~cnre~t td~i|z~rnt ek biadht jazfgm ze z`n 2gj cfiinggf~c B'D)

`a{n bnng ke~gj az Ia [ngza) D`fa|at) Znezf`~adag agj Ziazfide'

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D`nria

Z`n "cez`nr df{fifazfeg" ek agdfngz Acnrfda ft daiinj z`n Eicnd df{fifazfeg' Z`n Eicnd df{fifazfeg

}at ke~gjnj bv Cagjn t|nahfgm |ne|in }`e |rntngziv fg ]ntz Akrfda'

Z`n Eicnd ek agdfngz Acnrfda }nrn a ~gfq~n |ne|in' Z`nv dacn krec Akrfda' Fg z`n Eicnd

]erij? Rfz~ai agj R~inrt`f| (166>&) (nj'& bv Dareivg Zazn) eg |amn ;>) }n kfgj z`n keiie}fgm

1


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11&' Rndngziv ]fgznrt (1600& àt tè}g zàz z`n Cagjfgm iagm~amnt cav bn z`n

t~btzraz~c iagm~amn ek Zehàrfag' Fg ajjfzfeg) Cagjfgm tàrnt cagv ze|eiemfdai knaz~rnt }fz`

Acnrfgj iagm~amnt) fgdi~jfgm TE[%T[E tngzngdn |azznrg) cegetviiabfd reezt agj ammi~zfgazfeg

(]nicnrt 16=


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Degzre{nrtv t~rre~gjt z`n diattfkfdazfeg ek z`n Cagjn iagm~amn kacfiv' Mrnngbnrm (16;4&

|e|~iarfnj z`n fjna zàz z`n Cagjn t~btnz }at a cncbnr ek z`n Gfmnr#Degme T~|nrtnz ek Akrfdag

iagm~amnt' Z`n |etfzfeg ek Cagjn fg z`n Gfmnr#Degme T~|nrtnz àt iegm bnng |rndarfe~t agj zejav

fz ft mf{ng a |nrf|`nrai tzaz~t ze z`n Gfmnr#Degme T~|nrtnz' (Bnggnzz + Tznrh 16==8 Jaibv 1600&

C~rhare{thv (16;;& bnifn{nt zàz z`n Cagjn mre~| ek iagm~amnt je gez bniegm fg z`n Gfmnr#Degme

T~|nrtnz) }`fin ]nicnrt (16=1& àt aj{agdnj z`n fjna zàz Cagjn }at z`n kfrtz mre~| ze brnah a}av

krec Gfmnr#Degme'

Z`n Cagjn iagm~amnt arn aite dietniv rniaznj ze Tegmàv ( C~hare{thv 16=;%==8 _fca 1606&) Gfie#

Taàrag ( Bevj 16=08 Drnfttnit 16018 Bngjnr 1601& agj z`n Dàjfd mre~|' _fca (1606& dec|arnj

2> Tegmàv agj Cagjnhag znrct krec z`n d~iz~rai {edab~iarv ze `fm ifm`z z`n derrnt|egjngdn

bnz}nng z`ntn z}e iagm~amn mre~|t' _fca (1606?11


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z`n |atz jndajn fg Akrfda) zàz fii~tzraznt zàz ~gzfi z`n tndegj cfiinggf~c B'D' z`n Fgiagj Gfmnr Jniza

}at t|artniv |e|~iaznj'(CdFgzet` + CdFgzet` 1601 )160;&

Z`n erfmfgai ècniagj ek z`n \reze#Cagjn }at |rebabiv z`n Taàrag `fmìagjt' (]fgznrt 160;b&

Z`n ardàneiemfdai jaza t~mmntz zàz z`n \reze#Cagjn cfmraznj kfrtz gerz` (}ntz}arj&) agj z`ng

te~z`}arj ze z`nfr |rntngz dngznrt ek abfzazfeg' (]fgznrt 1601b?01&

Bv z`n iazn tzegn amn (IAT& biadh Akrfdagt }nrn }nii ntzabift`nj fg z`n Taàra'(]fgznrt 160>b&

Z`ntn biadht }nrn cncbnrt ek z`n Taàre#T~jagntn zrajfzfeg' (Dac|t 16=:& Z`ntn biadht if{nj fg

z`n `fmìagjt' Z`n nariv Knagntn agj T~jagntn }nrn tnjngzarv |atzeraiftz'

]n daii z`ntn biadht \reze#Taàragt' (]fgznrt 160>b& Cetz ek z`n \reze#Taàragt if{nj eg `fiiedht

er tie|nt gnar }aznr' B~z tecn \aine#Akrfdagt if{nj eg z`n |iafgt }`fd` knaz~rnj iahnt agj cart`nt'

J~rfgm c~d` ek z`n gneifz`fd%n|f|aineifz`fd |nrfej z`n Taàra rntncbinj z`n Cnjfznrragnag rnmfeg fg

difcazn agj ndeiemv'

Dnracfdt t|rnaj krec z`n Dngzrai agj Natznrg Taàra fgze Gerz` Akrfda' Z`ntn dnracfdt }nrn ek

T~jagntn fgt|frazfeg agj jazn badh ze z`n =z` cfiinggf~c B'D' Z`ft |ezznrv }at ~tnj krec z`n

Nggnjf ze @emmar' Z`n cahnrt ek z`ft |ezznrv }nrn krec z`n T~jag' (Agja` 1601&

Fg z`n Ta`nifag egn z`nrn }at a tèrz }nz |àtn j~rfgm z`n @eiedngn (d' =>


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Z`nrn }nrn kn} àbfzabin tfznt fg ]ntz Akrfda j~rfgm z`n @eiedngn }nz |àtn' CdFgzet` agj

CdFgzet` (160;& à{n fii~tzraznj zàz z`n egiv `~cag edd~|azfeg ek z`n Taàra j~rfgm z`ft |nrfej

}nrn z`n Taàrag cattfkt aiegm }ajft' Bv z`n 0z` cfiinggf~c B'D'

Taàrag#T~jagntn |ezznrv }at ~tnj fg z`n Afr' (Retnz 1604& Dnracfdt ek z`ft tzvin à{n aite bnng

ke~gj az tfznt fg z`n @emmar (CdFgzet` + CdFgzet` 1604b?248 Onifgnh 160>& Z`n D#Mre~| |ne|in edd~|fnj z`n T~jag agj Knag rnmfegt bnz}nng

4=8 Onifgnh

160>8 Jfe| 160:?=2&

Z`ntn D#Mre~| |ne|in ~tnj a decceg biadh#agj#rnj }arn' B'B' Iai (16;4& ek z`n Fgjfag

Np|njfzfeg fg z`n Dac|afmg ze Ta{n z`n Ceg~cngzt ek G~bfa |re{nj zàz z`n Jra{fjfag |ne|in

|rebabiv erfmfgaiiv if{nj fg cfjjin Akrfda bnkern z`nv tnzzinj Te~z` Fgjfa' A decceg erfmfg ker biadh

Akrfdagt agj Jra{fjfagt }e~ij np|iafg z`n agaieme~t d~iz~rai agj ifgm~ftzfd knaz~rnt ek z`ntn z}e

mre~|t' (Agtnifg 16028 ]fgznrt 160a) 160>d&

Z`n \reze#Cagjn t|nahnrt fg z`n Taàrag `fmìagjt }nrn |rebabiv egn ek z`n g~cnre~t D#Mre~|

zrfbnt tnzzinj fg z`ft arna' Fk }n addn|z z`ft `v|ez`ntft z`n D#Mre~| |ne|in }e~ij rn|rntngz a

114


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11:

deiindzfeg ek nz`gfd mre~|t z`az iaznr bndacn z`n T~|nrtnzt }n ge} kfgj fg z`n kramcngzazfeg bniz)

t~d` at z`n Gfmnr#Degme t|nahnrt Mrnngbnrm (16=


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Fz }e~ij a||nar zàz aii z`n \reze#Cagjn }nrn kacfifar }fz` z`n d~izf{azfeg ek rfdn) vact agj cfiinz'

Z`nrn arn tfcfiarfzfnt fg z`n Caifghn#Bacbara agj [af znrct ker |iagz jecntzfdaznt' Z`ft t~mmntz zàz

z`ntn mre~|t nariv aje|znj amrfd~iz~rn agj cajn agfcai jecntzfdazfeg tndegjarv ze z`n d~izf{azfeg

ek cfiinz) rfdn agj vact' Z`n agaiemv ker z`n Caifghn#Bacbara agj Jra{fjfagt znrct ker rfdn) cfiinz

agj vact t~mmntz a {nrv nariv jazn ker z`n jecntzfdazfeg ek z`ntn dre|t'

Cetz ek z`n Tegfghn t|nahnrt ) eg z`n ez`nr àgj) a||nar ze à{n rncafgnj |rfcarfiv |atzeraiftz ker a

c~d` iegmnr zfcn zàg z`n Caifghn#Bacbara' Z`n Bee t|ndfaifnj fg kft`fgm agj z`n Carha }nrn

rfdn karcnrt'

Z`n `v|ez`ntft zàz z`n agdntzrai ècniagj ek z`n \reze#Cagjn }at fg z`n Taàrag `fmìagjt bntz

np|iafgt z`nfr cfmrazfeg re~znt fgze z`n Gfmnr Batfg) gerz`}ntz agj }ntz Akrfda fg mngnrai' (]fgznrt

160;b'& Z`ft `v|ez`nzfdai cfmrazerv re~zn ker z`n Cagjn ft t~||erznj bv z`n jfkk~tfeg ek Taàrag

|ezznrv tzvint jazfgm krec 2


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np|agtfeg ek z`n \reze#Cagjn' Z`n jnn| fgznrgai jf{ftfegt ker gacnt ker d~izf{aznj dre|t rnkindz z`n

ifcfznj rein ek amrfd~iz~rn fg z`n Cagjn jft|nrtait'

Z`n ifgm~ftzfd n{fjngdn t~mmntz zàz z`n Caifghn#Bacbara nariv aje|znj amrfd~iz~rn akznr z`nv

cfmraznj }ntz}arj krec z`n Knag agj @emmar rnmfegt'(]fgznrt 160;b& Z`n Tegfghn agj Te~z`

Natznrg Cagjn t|nahnrt ) eg z`n ez`nr àgj rncafgnj |rfcarfiv |atzeraiftz' At a rnt~iz z`nv aje|znj

z`n gacnt ek d~izf{aznj |iagzt ~tnj bv z`n Caifghn#Bacbara er ek amrfd~iz~raiftzt z`nv cnz fg z`nfr

zra{nit'

Cfmrazfeg ze Acnrfda

Z`ntn \reze#Taàragt dacn ze Cnpfde fg |a|vr~t beazt' A tzegn tznia krec Fa|a)D fa|at fg

te~z`nrg Cnpfde tè} z`n beazt z`ntn \reze#Taàragt ~tnj ze tafi ze Acnrfda' Z`n {evamnrt

caggfgm z`ntn beazt |rebabiv tafinj je}g ZAKATTATTNZ) ze Iahn Dàj agj z`ngdn je}g z`n

Ie}nr Gfmnr Rf{nr }`fd` nc|zfnj fgze z`n Aziagzfd' Z`ft |re{fjnj z`n Cagjn a rf{nr re~zn krec z`n

Taàra ze z`n deatz ' Z`ntn rf{nrt) iegm jrfnj ~|) egdn nc|zfnj fgze z`n Aziagzfd' Egdn fg z`n Aziagzfd

Ednag ze Cnpfde agj Brafi) bv z`n Gerz` Nq~azerfai D~rrngz }`fd` cnnzt z`n Dagarfnt D~rrngz ekk

z`n Tngnmacbfag deatz'

Z`nrn arn erai zrajfzfegt agj jed~cngzarv n{fjngdn }`fd` t~||erz z`n nariv cfmrazfeg ek z`n Cagjn

|ne|in ze Cnpfde) daiinj z`n Eicndt bv z n Acnrfgjfagt' Z n Eicndt |rebabiv daiinj z nctni{nt Pf

er T`f |ne|in'

Krfar Jfnme jn Iagja) fg "V~dazag bnkern agj Akznr z`n Degq~ntz") }rezn zàz "tecn eij cng ek

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V~dazag tav zàz z`nv `narj krec z`nfr agdntzert zàz z`ft de~gzrv }at |ne|inj bv a dnrzafg radn }è

dacn krec z`n Natz) }èc Mej jnif{nrnj bv e|ngfgm ker z`nc z}ni{n reajt z`re~m` z`n tna"'

Z`ft erai zrajfzfeg ek z`n Cava ft t~||erznj bv Tznia >) ek Fa|a' Fg Tznia Ge' >) }n {fn} a mre~| ek

cng eg a beaz rfjfgm z`n }a{nt ek ag Ednag'Az z`n rfm`z àgj tfjn ek z`n beaz }n tnn a |nrtegamn

~gjnr a dnrncegfai ~cbrniia' Z`ft ~cbrniia }at a tvcbei ek |rfgdniv tzaz~t' Abe{n `ft `naj ft a

oam~ar miv|` }`fd` adderjfgm ze Jr' Ainpagjnr {eg ]~z`nga~ fgjfdaznt zàz `n }at ag Eicnd' Z`ft

|nrtegamn àt ag Akrfdag àfrje agj a }rfzfgm tzvi~t fg `ft inkz àgj' Z`ft Eicnd tdrfbn |re{nt zàz

z`n Eicnd àj }rfzfgm } fd }at jndf|`nrnj bv Divjn A`caj ]fgznrt fg 16=0'(]fgznrt

16=68]~z`nga~ 1601&

Fg z`n dngznr ek z`n beaz }n kfgj a iarmn zrnn' Z`ft zrnn àt tn{ng bragd`nt agj z}ni{n reezt' Z`n

tn{ng bragd`nt |rebabiv fgjfdaznt z`n tn{ng caoer diagt zàz kerc nj z`n Eicnd gazfeg' Z`n z}ni{n

reezt ek z`n zrnn }`fd` npzngj fgze z`n }a{nt ek z`n ednag krec z`n beaz) |rebabiv tfmgfkfnt z`n

"z}ni{n reajt z`re~m` z`n tna" cngzfegnj bv Krfar Jfnme jn Iagja'

Tznia Ge'>) aite fii~tzraznt z`n z}e |rfgdf|ai Eicnd d~izt' Eg z`n rfm`z àgj tfjn ek z`n tznia) }n tnn

z`n Oam~ar \rfgdn fgtzr~dzfgm a ve~z` fg z`n cvtznrfnt ek z`n Oam~ar d~iz' Eg z`n inkz àgj tfjn }n tnn

a g~cbnr ek bfrjt'@nrn }n aite kfgj a |rfntz }narfgm a degfdai àz)aite fgtzr~dzfgm a ve~z` fg z`n

cvtznrfnt ek z`n bfrj d~iz' Fz ft dinar zàz Tznia Ge'> krec Fa|a gez egiv fgjfdaznt z`n zrnn ek ifkn) fz

t|naht ze z`n erfmfg ek z`n Eicnd krec a gazfeg adrett z`n tna' Agj zàz z`n Eicnd |ne|in dacn ze

z`n Gn} ]erij j~rfgm z}ni{n cfmrazfegt) at rnderjnj bv Krfar jn Iagja'

Fg z`n \e|ei [~`) z`n kace~t Cavag `ftzerfag Fpzifped`zi) z`n Eicndt dacn ze Cnpfde fg "t`f|t ek

barht"( |rebabiv a rnknrngdn ze |a|vr~t beazt er j~m#e~z dagent ~tnj bv z`n \reze#Taàragt& agj

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iagjnj fg \ezegdàg)}`fd` z`nv deccngdnj ze |e|~iazn'Cnpfdag zrajfzfegt diafc zàz z`ntn cfmraznt

krec z`n natz }nrn inj bv Acepaq~n er Beehcng' Z`n znrc Acepaq~n) ft tfcfiar ze z`n Cagjfgm -a

ca g-hvn-?" n (ft& a znad nr"' Z`ntn Biadht arn krnq~ngziv tnng fg Cavag }rfzfgmt at mejt er

cnrdàgzt'

Z`n Jndf|`nrcngz ek z`n Eicnd ]rfzfgm

Fz ft mngnraiiv addn|znj zàz z`n jndf|`nrcngz ek ag ~ghge}g iagm~amn%tdrf|z rnq~frnt 1& bfifgm~ai

znpzt agj%er 2& hge}injmn ek z`n demgazn iagm~amn(t&' Fz àt iegm bnng kniz bv cagv Cnte#

Acnrfdagftz zàz z`n Eicnd }rfzfgm cnz geg ek z`ntn drfznrfa bnda~tn) ge egn hgn} npadziv }àz

iagm~amn }at t|ehng bv z`n Eicnd zàz a||nar t~jjngiv az Tag Iernge agj Ia [ngza fg [nradr~)

are~gj 12


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akkfgfzv bnz}nng Acnrfgjfag tdrf|zt agj z`n Cagjn tdrf|z(t&'

Bv 1042) Rakfgntq~n geznj z`n tfcfiarfzfnt bnz}nng z`n Cavag miv|`t agj z`n Ifbvde#Bnrbnr }rfzfgm'

Agj Ine ]fngnr (1622) {'4&) }at z`n kfrtz rntnard`nr ze rndemgfn z`n rntncbiagdnt bnz}nng z`n

Cagjfgm }rfzfgm agj z`n tvcbeit eg z`n Z~pzia tzaz~nzzn' Fg ajjfzfeg) @areij Ia}rngdn (16;2& geznj

zàz z`n "|nzremiv|`fd" fgtdrf|zfegt ke~gj z`re~mè~z c~d` ek z`n te~z`nrg `ncft|`nrn dec|arnj

fjngzfdaiiv }fz` z`n }rfzfgm tvtznc ek z`n Cagjfgm'

Rakfgntq~n (1042& |~bift nj ag fc|erzagz |a|nr eg z`n Cavag }rfzfgm zàz `ni|nj fg z`n

jndf|`nrcngz ek z`n Eicnd ]rfzfgm' Fg z`ft |a|nr `n jftd~ttnj z`n kadz zàz }`ng z`n Cavag miv|`t

}nrn brehng je}g fgze z`nfr degtzfz~ngz |arzt) z`nv }nrn agaieme~t ze z`n agdfngz Ifbvde#Bnrbnr

}rfzfgm ' Z`n Ifbvde#Bnrbnr }rfzfgm dag gez bn rnaj fg nfz`nr Bnrbnr er Za~ram) n{ng zè~m` z`ntn

|ne|in ~tn ag ai|àbnzfd tdrf|z tfcfiar ze z`n Ifbvde#Bnrbnr tdrf|z }`fd ft tviiabfd D[ agj D[D fg

tzr~dz~rn'

Z`n tndegj di~n ze z`n Cagjfgm erfmfg ek z`n Eicnd }rfzfgm }at |re{fjnj bv Ine ]fngnr fg Akrfda

agj z`n Jftde{nrv ek Acnrfda

(1622){'4&' ]fngnr |rntngznj n{fjngdn zàz z`n @fm` Df{fifazfegt ek Cnpfde (Cava agj Azndt& àj

adq~frnj cagv ek z`n d~iz~rai agj rnifmfe~t zrajfzfegt ek z`n Caifghn#Bacbara (Cagjfgm |ne|in& ek

]ntz Akrfda' Fg {ei~cn 4) ek Akrfda agj z`n Jftde{nrv ek

Acnrfda) ]fngnr jftd~ttnj z`n agaiemv bnz}nng z`n miv|`t eg z`n Z~pzia tzaz~nzzn agj z`n Cagjfgm

miv|`t ngmra{nj eg redht fg Cagjniagj'

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12#24;&' Tecn fjneiemfdai kadzert gez k~iiv jftd~ttnj fg

rnmarjt ze z`ft tznian ft fzt jftd~ttfeg ek nincngzt ek z`n Eicnd rnifmfeg) agj z`n cfmrazfegzrajfzfegt ek z`n Cnpfdagt'

AGDFNGZ CFMRAZFEG TZERFNT EK CNPFDE Z`n Cava }nrn gez z`n kfrtz ze edd~|v z`nV~dazag agj M~ik rnmfegt ek Cnpfde' Fz ft n{fjngz krec Cava zrajfzfegt agj z`n arzfkadztrnde{nrnj krec cagv agdfngz Cnpfdag tfznt zàz a jfkknrngz radn if{nj fg Cavaiagj bnkern z`nCavag t|nahnrt tnzzinj z`ft rnmfeg' Z`n \adfkfd arna }at nariv deiegfnj bv Eicnd |ne|in fgcfjjin |rndiattfd zfcnt'(Cerinv) Brafgnrj + Tàrnr 160:& Z`n Eicnd df{fifazfeg }at jn{nie|njaiegm z`n deatz ek z`n M~ik ek Cnpfde fg z`n tzaznt ek Zabatde agj [nradr~' (\e~ifmgv 1600?4:&Z`n ifgm~ftzfd n{fjngdn t~mmntz zàz are~gj 124& àt |rntngznj n{fjngdn zàz az inatz 42 |nrdngz ek z`n thninzegt krec Ziazfide agj :'> |nrdngz ek z`nthninzegt krec Dnrre jn iat Cntat }nrn Akrfdefj (]fnrdfgthf + Oafrabèv 16=>& (Kerfgkercazfeg eg Akrfdag Eicndt tnn Divjn A ]fgznrt @ecn|amn'

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Krfar Jfnme jn Iagja (16=0?0)20& ) fg V~dazag Bnkern agj Akznr z`n Degq~ntz) }rezn zàz "tecneij cng ek V~dazag tav zàz z`nv à{n `narj krec z`nfr agdntzert zàz z`ft de~gzrv }at |ne|injbv a dnrzafg radn }è dacn krec z`n Natz) }èc Mej jnif{nrnj bv e|ngfgm ker z`nc z}ni{n reajt

z`re~m` z`n tna"' Z`ft zrajfzfeg ft cetz fgznrntzfgm bnda~tn fz |rebabiv rnknrt ze z`n z}ni{ncfmrazfegt ek z`n Eicnd |ne|in' Z`ft {fn} ft t~||erznj bv z`n tzegn rnifnkt krec Fa|a) D`fa|at )Cnpfde |~bift`nj bv z`n Gn} ]erij Ke~gjazfeg' Fg Tznia >) krec Fa|a }n tnn a mre~| ek cngeg a beaz rfjfgm z`n }a{nt'(]~z`nga~ 160


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14) |rebabiv rniaznt ze a tnmcngz ek z`n Eicnd) }è iagjnjfg beazt fg \agezà er \agzia (z`n @~atznda& agj ce{nj aiegm z`n deatz at kar at M~azncaia' Z`ft}e~ij derrnt|egj ze z`n geg#Cava t|nahfgm mre~| jnzndznj bv T}ajnt` zàz tn|araznj z`n Cava

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}nrn (1& z`n tzegn (d~zznrt& d~iz) (2& z`n oam~ar d~iz agj (4& z`n bfrj d~iz' Fg ifgnt :#; ek z`n Beehek D`~cavni ) }n rnaj zàz "Zètn }fz` z`nfr tfmg fg z`n bfrj) zètn }fz` z`nfr tfmg fg z`n tzegn)kiaz }erhnj tzegn) zètn }fz` z`nfr tfmg fg z`n Oam~ar#z`rnn ncbinct#"'(Brez`nrtzeg 16=6& Z`n

Beeh ek D`~cavni) derrnt|egjt ze z`n mvi|`t jn|fdznj eg Ceg~cngz 14 az Ia [ngza

' Eg Ceg~cngz 14) az Ia [ngza a |nrtegamn fg |rekfin) `n àt a `najrntt eg `ft `naj agj }nart abrnnd`diez`) on}nit agj tagjait) aiegm }fz ke~r miv|`t iftznj egn abe{n z`n ez`nr' Z`n miv|`tfgdi~jnj z`n tzegn) z`n oam~ar) agj z`n bfrj ncbinct' Ceg~cngz 14) az Ia [ngza aite àt a ke~rz`tfmg ze z`n inkz ek z`n |nrtegamn a keez mvi|`t' Z`ft ceg~cngz àt bnng jntdrfbnj at ag aizar er aie} dei~cg'

Z`n keez fg Eicnd ft daiinj "tn") z`ft tvcbeit cnagt ze "inaj er aj{agdn ze}arj hge}injmn) ert~ddntt"' Z`n "tn" (keez& tfmg ek z`n hece} (d~izt& rn|rntngz z`n bnmfggfgm ek z`n Eicnd fgfzfaznt|~rt~fz ek hge}injmn'

Z`n cnagfgm ek Ceg~cngz 14) rnajfgm krec ze| ze bezzec) arn a dfrdin h~i~% haba (z`n tzegn&)gaca (oam~ar& agj z`n h~ge (bfrj&' Z`n fgznr|rnzazfeg ek z`ft dei~cg rnajfgm krec inkz ze rfm`z ft"Z`n aj{agdn ze}arj t~ddntt##|e}nr##ker z`n fgfzfazn ft ebnjfngdn ze z`n tzegn d~zznrt d~iz) oam~ard~iz agj z`n bfrj d~iz"' Z`n Oam~ar cath attedfazfeg jecfgaznj z`n Eicnd M~ik rnmfeg'

Fg z`n dngzrai agj te~z`nrg Eicnd rnmfegt }n kfgj z`n bfrj cath attedfazfeg |rnjecfgazn atzv|fkfnj bv z`n Ped bat rnifnk ek D`fa|at) agj z`n Bat Rnifnk Ge'2) ek Dàidazfgme' Agez`nr bfrjcath d~iz attedfazfeg }at iedaznj fg z`n tzazn ek M~nrrnre at n{fjngdnj bv z`n `~cage#bfrj kfm~rnek z`n Tznian krec Tag Cfm~ni Ac~de'

Z`n fdegemra|`fd rn|rntngzazfeg ek z`n Eicnd |rfntz#hfgmt) ke~gj az Dàidà|a) Ia [ngza) Pedagj Dàidazfgm fgjfdazn zàz ~t~aiiv z`n Eicnd |rfntz }ern a }fjn bniz agj mfrjin' @n }at ~t~aiivdinag tà{ng) }fz` ag niemaznj beij `naj ekzng ze||nj bv a re~gj `nicnz er niaberazn dec|etfzncath' J~rfgm rnifmfe~t dnrncegfnt z`n Eicnd rnifmfe~t inajnr) jn|ngjfgm eg `ft d~iz }e~ij }narz`n tadrn oam~ar er tadrn bfrj cath' Ekzng at fii~tzraznj bv z`n miv|`t eg z`n tè~ijnrt agj hgnntek z`n babn#fg#arct kfm~rfgn ek Iat Ifcat nincngz z`n cath }e~ij fgdi~jn a decbfgazfeg ek z`nattedfaznj }fz` z`n bfrj) oam~ar agj tnr|ngz'

Z`n d~iz inajnrt ek z`n bfrj cath d~iz ~t~aiiv }ern dia}t eg z`nfr knnz' Z`n oam~ar d~iz inajnrt~t~aiiv }ern z`n oam~ar cath'

Tznian Ge'> aite jftd~ttnt fg jnzafi z`n z}e caoer Eicnd rnifmfegt? z`n gaca (oam~ar& hece (d~iz&agj z`n h~ge (bfrj& hece' Az z`n ze| ek Tznia Ge'> ) }n rndemgfn z}e ifgnt ek Eicnd }rfzfgmadrett z`n ze| ek z`n arzfkadz' Eg z`n kfrtz ifgn }n rnaj krec rfm`z ze inkz ?F ba f' I~ z~ i~' F ba f)}`fd` cnagt "Zè~ arz |e}nrk~i Ge}! @eij ^|rfm`z (zètn& ebnjfngz ze z`nXfrS Erjnr' Zè~ arz\e}nrk~i Ge}!" Eg z`n tndegj ifgn }n rnaj z`n keiie}fgm F i~ bn' F i~ ) }`fd` cnagt "Zè~ èij~|rfm`z ^gfzv' Zè~ XfzS ~|rfm`z" (tnn Zabin ek Eicnd tfmgt 1)agj 2 &'

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Z`n rnifmfe~t erjnrt t|ehng ek fg z`ft tznia arn z`n Bfrj agj Oam~ar d~izt' Z`ntn Eicnd d~izt }nrnGaca er z`n @~cage#Oam~ar d~iz8 agj H~ge er Bfrj d~iz' Z`n inajnr ek z`n Gaca d~iz }at daiinjz`n Gaca#zfmf (tnn Gaca d`fnk Fii~tzrazfeg = Tznia Ge'> Fa|a& ) er Acazfmf (`naj ek z`n kafz`&'

Z`n inajnr ek z`n H~ge d~iz }at z`n H~ge#zfmf (H~ge d`fnk tnn Fii~tzrazfeg ; Tznia Ge'>&' Z`ntnd~iz inajnrt fgfzfaznj z`n Eicnd fgze z`n cvtznrfnt ek z`n d~iz'

Eg z`n Tznia Ge' >) }n tnn bez` z`n H~ge#zfmf agj Gaca#zfmf fgtzr~dzfeg ve~z` fg z`n cvtznrfnt ekz`nfr rnt|ndzf{n d~izt' Eg Tznia Ge'>) }n tnn z}e |rfntzt agj cncbnrt ek nad` d~iz tedfnzv tfzzfgmfg a beaz }fz` a zrnn fg z`n dngznr'(]~z`nga~ 160


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Z`n |nrtegamn eg z`n rfm`z tfjn ek z`n beaz ~gjnr a dnrncegfai ~cbrniia ft z`n Gaca#zfmf (tnnFii~tzrazfeg Ge'=&' Fg Cnpfde) z`ft ~cbrniia }at a tvcbei ek |rfgdniv tzaz~t' Abe{n `ft `naj ft aoam~ar miv|` }`fd`) adderjfgm ze Jr' Ainpagjnr {eg ]~z`nga~ (160


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Eg z`n tfjnt ek z`n beaz }n tnn z}e Eicnd tfmgt z`nv rnaj? "Fg z`n dec|agv ek \~rfzv"' Z`fttzazncngz tfmgfkfnt z`az z`n Eicnd bnifn{nj z`az }ert`f| ek z`n H~ge er Gaca d~izt inj ze t|frfz~ai|~rfzv acegm z`n bnifn{nrt'

Fza|a Tnia Ge'>

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Eg z`n inkz àgj tfjn ek z`n beaz }n tnn a g~cbnr ek bfrjt' @nrn }n aite kfgj a |rfntz }narfgm adegfdai àz fgtzr~dzfgm agez`nr ve~z`) fg z`n cvtznrfnt ek z`n H~ge d~iz are~gj a kiacn'

Acegm z`n Eicndt z`ft kiacn tfmgfkfnj z`n i~cfge~t dàradznr ek hge}injmn' Z`n H~ge |rfntz}nart a degfdai àz(tnn Fii~tzrazfeg Ge';&' Z`n n{fjngdn ek z`n degfdai àz eg z`n H~ge |rfntz ftfc|erzagz n{fjngdn ek z`n Cagjfgm fg agdfngz Acnrfda' Z`n degfdai àz fg Cnte#Acnrfda ft

14>


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attedfaznj }fz` Acnrfgjfag |rfntzèej agj at a tvcbei ek |eifzfdai agj rnifmfe~t a~zèrfzv ' Ine]fngnr (1622) {'FF? |'421& }rezn zàz?

"Zàz z`n hfgmiv agj |rfntziv da| ek z`n Camf tè~ij à{n bnng |rntnr{nj fg Acnrfda fg z`n fjng

#zfdai kerc) }fz` z`n fjngzfdai jnderazfeg)agj tè~ij) bntfjnt) à{n hn|z z`n gacn d~rrngz ker fzacegm z`n Cagjfgme XCaifghn#Bacbara%CagjfgmS |ne|in ) cahnt fz fc|ettfbin ze ajcfz agv

ez`nr tei~zfeg zàg z`n egn zàz z`n Cagjfgment ntzabift`nj z`n revai ekkfdnt fg Cnpfde"'

14;


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Tznina ge'21 )krec Fa|a aite rnderj z`n jndifgn ek z`n Eicnd gaca agj h~ge rnifmfegt agj|rebabin raftn ek z`n Cava t|nahnrt agj z`n ta (tnr|ngz& d~iz }`fd daiinj ker`~cag tadrfkfdn' EgTznian ge'21) }n tnn a jnda|fzaznj fgjf{fj~ai ifnfgm eg z`n mre~gj'

Ag nifzn darrfnt z`n jnda|fzanj `naj' Z`ft nifzn cav bn ag nariv Cava |nrtegamn bnda~tn `n }narta gn} tzvin `najjrntt }`fd` rntncbint z`n Cava tzvin `najjrnttnt'

Fg z`n badhmre~gj }n tnn ag nifzn |nrtegamn bnfgm bergn fg ag niaberazn tnjag dàfr' Abe{n z`ftdàfr }n tnn z`n tnr|ngz '

Z`ft jn|fdzfeg ek a tnr|ngz at a badhmre~gj b~z jecfgazn kfm~rn fg Eicnd rnifmfeg%r~inderrnt|egjt ze Ceg~cngz 16 ek Ia [ngza' Eg Ceg~cngz 16) krec Ia [ngza }n tnn ag Eicnd|nrtegamn }`fd` at a tnr|ngz bn`fgj `ft badh agj abe{n `ft `naj' Z`ft tnr|ngz fgjfdaznt `fjjnghge}injmn er |e}nrt krec z`n tnr|ngz zàz z`n d~iz inajnr ~tnj ze inaj z`n keiie}nrt ek z`nfr d~iz'

Fg degdi~tfeg ) Tnia Ge'> Fza|a |re{fjnt `n terv bn`fgj `n Akrfdag cfmrafeg e

Acnrfda' F aite mf{nt ~t a jnafinj adde~g ek `n tn|arafeg ek `n Eicnd rnifmfeg agj|ne|in fge }e caoer mre~|t' Tnia Ge'> ek Fza|a ft `nrnkern ag fc|erag `fterfdaijed~cng'

Rnknrngdnt

Bre}g) D'@' (1661&' @fnremiv|`fd ifznradv fg agdfngz Cavaiagj? Fgknrngdnt krec ifgm~ftzfdt jaza'D~rrngz Agz`re|eiemv) 42(:&) :06#:6>'

Den) C' (1606&' Z`n Eicnd @narziagj? n{ei~zfeg ek fjneiemv

' Fg R'O' Tàrnr agj J' D' Mre{n (Njt'&) Rnmfegai \nrt|ndzf{nt eg z`n Eicndt (||';0#02&' Gn}Verh? Dacbrfjmn ^gf{nrtfzv \rntt'

Jniakettn)C' "[af in~r iagm~n nz in~r tvtzncn j-ndrfz~rn") I-Agz`r|eiemfn 1&' Z`n Eicnd ]erij? Rfz~ai agj r~inrt`f| ) \rfgdnzeg ^gf{nrtfzv? Z`n Arz

C~tn~c'

@a~) H' (16=4&' \rn#Ftiacfd }rfzfgm fg ]ntz Akrfda' B~iinzfg jn i-Fgtzfz~z Kegjacngzai Akrfq~nGefrn (FKAG&) z 4>) Tnr' B g~cbnr 1) 1#:>'

@a~) H' (16=0&' Akrfdag }rfzfgm fg z`n Gn} ]erij' B~ii' jn i-FKAG) z :


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Cerinv) T'M') Brafgnrnj) M']' + Tàrnr) R'O' (1604&' Z`n Agdfngz Cava' Tzagkerj? Tzagjkerj^gf{nrtfzv \rntt'

Iagja) J' jn' (16=0&' V~dazag bnkern agj akznr z`n Degq~ntz' (Zragt' bv& ]fiifac Maznt' Gn}Verh? Je{nr \~bifdazfegt'

Gercag) M' (16=;&' Fa|a Td~i|z~rn'

Ga{arrnzn) D' (16=;&' Z`n Eicnd redh dar{fgm az \fofof|ag D`fa|at) Cnpfde agj ez`nr Eicnd\fndnt) krec D`fa|at agj M~azncaia' Gn} ]erij Ardàneiemfdai Ke~gjazfeg) Ge' 4>' \re{e)^za` ? Brfmàc Ve~gm ^gf{nrtfzv \rntt'

\e~ifmgv) J' (1600&' Int Eicnq~nt' Ard`neiemfn) 12) |'16:'

Rakfgnq~n) D' (1042&' "Tndegj inzznr ze Cr' Dàc|eiifeg eg z`n Mra|`fd tvtznct ek Acnrfda agjz`n miv|`t ek Eiei~c XCavagS ek \aingq~n fg dngzrai Acnrfda#nincngzt ek z`n miv|`t") Aziagzfd

Oe~rgai 1) (2& ?::#:>'

Taàm~g) R' jn' (16:;&' @ftzerfa Mngnrai jn iat Datat jn ia G~n{a Nt|aga' Cnpfde Dfzv? NjfzerfaG~n{a Nt|aga'

Td`nin) I' + Krnfjni) J' (166&' Arz fg Eicnd D~iz~rn' Fg O M~z`nrfn (nj'&) Z`n Eicnd ]erij? Rfz~ai agjr~inrt`f| (||':>#;=& Z`n Arz C~tn~c) \rfgdnzeg ^gf{nrtfzv'

Zenr) A'C' (nj&'(16:1&' Rniadfeg jn iat Data jn V~dazag' \nabejv C~tn~c ek AcnrfdagArdàneiemv agj Nz`geiemv )16:1'

]fnrdfgthf) A' (16=2&' Fgznr#agj#Fgzra|e|~iazfegai radfai jfkknrngzfazfeg ek Ziazfide) Dnrre jn IatCntat) Znez`~adag) Cegzn Aibag agj V~dazag Cava' PPP1P Degmrnte Fgznrgazfegai jnAcnrfdagftzat) Ifca 16=2'

]fnrdfgthf) A' + Oafrabèv) R'A' (16=>&' Z`n Gn} Jfkk~tfegftz) > (10&) >'

]fgznrt) D'A' (16==&' Z`n fgki~ngdn ek z`n Cgajn tdrf|zt eg Acnrfdag agdfngz }rfzfgm tvtznct'B~iinzfg jn i-FKAG) z'46) Tnr'B )G~cbnr 2) :#:41'

]fgznrt) D'A'(16=6&' Cagjfgm }rfzfgm fg z`n Gn} ]erij##\arz 1) Oe~rgai ek Akrfdag Df{fifazfeg)1 (1&) 01#6='

140


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]fgznrt) D'A' (160#24=&' 2gj Njfzfeg' Cnpfde'

]fgznrt) D'A' (Jndncbnr 1601% Oag~arv 1602&' Cnpfde-t Biadh `nrfzamn)Z`n Biadh Deiinmfag)=;#02'

]fgznrt)D'A' (1604&' "Z`n agdfngz Cagjfgm tdrf|z"' F' Tnrzfca (Nj'&) Biadht fg Tdfngdn?agdfngzagj cejnrg) (nj'& bv F' Tnrzfca) (||' 2


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1:b)1606) 1661)166:&' Z`n

fgàbfzagzt ek z`ft arna if{nj fg z`n `fmìagj rnmfegt ek z`n Knag fg cejnrg Ifbva agj @emmar~gzfi akznr :) |'02& geznj zàz?

]n dag gezfdn zàz az z`n bnmfggfgm ek z`n gneifz`fd tzamn fg Nmv|z eg z`n njmn ek z`n ]ntznrgJntnrz derrnt|egjt }fz` np|agtfeg ek z`n Taàrfag Gneifz`fd d~iz~rn agj z n mre}z` ek fzt

|e|~iazfeg '

Z`n Knrzfin Taàrag Drntdngz ft ag ard tà|nj tnrfnt ek `fmìagj rnmfegt fg z`n Taàrag egn ek

Akrfda' Z`n Taàrag egn ft be~gjnj eg z`n gerz` bv z`n Aziat ce~gzafgt) z`n Aziagzfd Ednag fgz`n ]ntz) z`n zre|fdai rafg kerntz fg z`n te~z` agj z`n Rnj Tna fg z`n Natz' Fz }at `nrn zàz z`nagdntzert ek z`n ke~gjnrt ek z`n rf{nr {aiinv df{fifazfegt fg Akrfda) z`n Cfjjin Natz) D`fga agjFgj~t [aiinv jn{nie|nj z`nfr `fmìv ermagfnj agj znd`geiemfdai tedfnzfnt (]fgznrt 1604a)160>b&'

1:


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1:1

Z`n jftde{nrv ek Fgznrd~iz~rai tzvin {nttnit krec T~ta (fg Frag&)T~cnrfag) Nmv|zfag agj Fgj~t[aiinv tfznt t~mmntz a tàrnj fjneiemfdai fjngzfzv acegm z`ntn |ne|in (Heì 16=0&' Fg kadz z`na||naragdn ek tàrnj fdegemra|`fd tvcbeit agj bnifnkt }fz`fg jf{nrtn arnat t~mmntz d~iz~rai agj

nz`gfd ~gfzv acegm z`n |ne|in |radzfdfgm z`ntn d~iz~rnt' Z`n decceg gaz~raiftzfd cezfkt tàrnj bvz`n caoer df{fifazfegt fgdi~jn) }rfzfgm (tvcbeit&) decbazagz

tgahnt ) z`n tder|feg) b~ii agj nzd' Z`ft n{fjngdn ek d~iz~rai ~gfzv ft np|iafgnj bv z`n erfmfg ekz`ntn |ne|in fg z`n \reze#Taàra (]fgznrt 160>a) 1606&'

Z`n \reze#Taàragt er H~t`fznt ~tnj tfcfiar znrct ker }rfzfgm' Fg mngnrai z`n znrc ker }rfzfgm}at kercnj bv z`n iabfai tze|t %|% agj %b%' Ker npac|in?

Jra{fjfag |ar -}rfzn-

Cagjfgm be) b~ -cahn a tzrehn-) tnbn -}rfzn-

Niacfzn f|~ -ze }rfzn-

1:1


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1:2

Maiia aka -ze }rfzn-

Z`nrn arn aite ez`nr derrnt|egjfgm znrct ker -carh-) er -jra}- z`az bnmfg }fz` {niar tze|t?

Jra{fjfag hfrf) h~rf -}rfzn) jra}) carh-

Nmv|zfag `f -dar{n-

Cagjfgm hfrf) hff -carh-

Fg Nmv|zfag }n `a{n tn{nrai znrct ker }rfzn tt $) t $ ) agj tt} $' J~rfgm z`n Eij Hfgmjec

}rfzfgm }at rnknrrnj ze at f`

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Proto Saharan Precursor of Ancient Civilizations

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