PROTOCOL TITLE ORIGINAL ISSUE LAST REVISION

OKLAHOMA STATE BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION CRIMINALISTIC SERVICES DIVISION

Firearms and Toolmarks Policy and

Procedures Manual Rev. # 2

Effective Date: 09-11-2020 Page 1 of 47

pg. 1

PROTOCOL # PROTOCOL TITLE ORIGINAL ISSUE LAST REVISION

FA-001 Unknown Projectile Classification & Projectile Comparative Analysis

03-19-2020 09-11-2020

FA-003 Cartridge Case Comparative Analysis 03-19-2020 09-11-2020

FA-004 Muzzle to Target Distance Determination 03-19-2020 09-11-2020

FA-005 Restoration of Stamped Markings 03-19-2020 09-11-2020

FA-006 Toolmark Comparative Analysis 03-19-2020 09-11-2020

FA-007 Firearm Function and Accidental Discharge

03-19-2020 09-11-2020

FA-009 IBIS-NIBIN Entry 03-19-2020 09-11-2020

FA-021 Calibration and Use of Analytical Balances 03-19-2020 09-11-2020

FA-023 Verification and use of Digital Calipers 03-19-2020 09-11-2020

FA-027 Calibration and use of Steel Ruler 03-19-2020 09-11-2020

FA-028 Estimation of the Uncertainty of Measurement

03-19-2020 09-11-2020

FA-029 Calibration of LEEDS Comparison Microscope

03-19-2020 09-11-2020

FA-030 Calibration and use of Gage Blocks 03-19-2020 09-11-2020





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FA-001 Unknown Projectile Classification & Projectile Comparative Analysis PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTOCOL:

To determine the caliber and manufacturer of the firearm that was used to fire the unknown projectile using physical measurements and published data.

To class a shot pellet or slug as to size or gauge.

Using class and individual characteristics imparted onto the projectile by the barrel of a firearm:

1. Determine whether or not a known firearm fired a particular projectile. 2. Determine whether or not multiple projectiles were fired from the same firearm.

REFERENCES:

Hatcher JS, Jury FJ, and Weller J (1957). Firearms Investigation, Identification and Evidence. Stackpole Books (Rev. 1977)

AFTE Glossary (2007). Available Business Group, pub.

Mathews JH. Firearms Identification, Vol I, 1962.

SWGGUN Guideline for documentation of the examination of ammunition and ammunition components

SPECIMENS REQUIRED:

Unknown projectile, pellet or slug

Suspect firearm(s)

SUPPLIES, APPARTUS AND MATERIALS:

1:10 bleach/water or known tuberculocidal disinfectant

Whitler KH. General Rifling Characteristics File. Firearms/Toolmarks Unit, FBI Laboratory 2016 version located here \\VM-FSC-FILES\Common\Firearms\2013 GRC\GRC2013.accdb

Digital calipers

Analytical balance weighing in grains

Comparison microscope

Measuring reticule for comparison microscope

STANDARDS AND CONTROLS

Known test fired projectiles from submitted firearm

INDIVIDUAL STEPS OF PROTOCOL: 1. Prepare the projectile.

a. Clean as needed. i. Jacketed projectiles can be cleaned with a soft, non-metal brush to

remove debris.





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ii. Lead-only projectiles can be cleaned using a sonicator with detergent. Never use any type of brush to clean lead projectiles.

b. Label the projectile and/or packaging as directed in OSBI Policy QP 6.1.C. c. If the rifling is obscured by damage or warping of the jacket, care should be taken

when trying to straighten the jacket – the rifling must be protected at all times. 2. Determine whether the projectile is a bullet, a shot pellet or a shotgun slug by general

macroscopic observation. 3. Note the following class characteristics in the case record, as applicable:

a. Any possible identifying brand name features b. Nose shape (FMJ, JHP, etc.) c. Base diameter, using calipers, record to the nearest thousandth of an inch

i. If base is warped, measure the largest and smallest diameters and record the numbers as a range

d. Weight, using a scale or balance, record in grains e. Number of lands and grooves f. Direction of twist g. Average land and groove impression widths, using a stage micrometer,

measuring projector or reticule, record to the nearest thousandth of an inch i. Take at least three (3) sets of measurements (if possible) ii. Record the measurements with average (in thousandths of an inch) in the

case notes, (use three (3) decimal places) iii. The measuring of land and groove widths is only necessary if there is no

submitted firearm for comparison or if the submitted firearm(s) is eliminated to the fired bullets.

iv. If multiple projectiles are submitted and identified to each other, the land and groove impression widths need only be measured on one of them. The same applies to projectiles that are inconclusive to one another but share agreeing class characteristics.

4. If a suspect firearm is not submitted for comparison purposes, the analyst can create a list of possible firearms that could have fired the projectile(s) by using the FBI General Rifling Characteristics File and document in the case record.

a. If a GRC search is conducted, an electronic copy shall be maintained in the case record.

b. Some of the class characteristics of the projectile(s) needed to create a GRC list include (but not all may be required to create a list):

i. Caliber-class family ii. Number of lands and grooves iii. Direction of twist iv. Diameter of land and groove impressions v. Rifling type

c. If certain class characteristics indicate a specific manufacturer to the examiner, they shall make note that ‘based on examiner’s experience, the general rifling characteristics are most consistent with [manufacturer]’. This specific





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manufacturer may be listed in the report as ‘most likely,’ ‘consistent with,’ ‘probable’ etc.

d. If multiple projectiles are submitted with a firearm, they shall be inter-compared if they cannot be identified to or eliminated from the firearm. This inter-comparison and its conclusions shall be documented in the case notes and report.

e. If multiple projectiles are submitted without a firearm, they shall be inter-compared to one another. This inter-comparison and its conclusions shall be documented in the case notes and report.

5. Compare the class characteristics of the projectile to the submitted firearm and/or additional projectiles. If all class characteristics are not the same, an elimination is possible and shall be documented in the examiner’s notes.

6. If an elimination is not possible, test fire the firearm into the bullet recovery system, creating a minimum of two (2) test fires (per FA-07), compare class characteristics again. If sufficient differences are observed, an elimination of the firearm is possible. These observations shall be documented in the examiner’s notes.

7. If an elimination is not possible, compare individual characteristics between the test and evidence bullets.

8. Based on the significant agreement or disagreement of the individual characteristics, the examiner will report an identification, elimination or inconclusive result as defined in the Firearms Quality Manual.

a. If an identification or elimination based on individual characteristics is made, photograph the comparison (s) and store in the case record as per the Firearms Quality Manual:

9. All comparison conclusions shall be verified by a second qualified examiner. The verification shall be documented in the case notes with the use of form OSBI FA QMA 002.

PROTOCOL NOTES:

Steps 2 – 6 are usually sufficient for pellet size, gauge determination for slugs and caliber determination for bullets.

Probable cartridge designation can be noted and/or reported if supported by the class characteristics observed on the projectile (i.e. base diameter, size, weight and configuration).

The N = π d / (L+G) equation can be used to determine any one of the missing data points.

o N = number of lands and grooves o π = 3.14 o d = base diameter of the projectile o L = land impression width in inches o G = groove impression width in inches





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Examiners should describe the projectile as what is readily observable about the projectile (e.g. fired copper-jacketed projectile). Caliber determination should not be added to the description, as it is a conclusion arrived at after examination.

Weight ranges of projectiles may overlap; therefore, when a caliber determination is made, any reason(s) why one caliber was chosen over another shall be documented in the case file.

RECOMMENDED REPORT WORDING/INTERPRETATION OF TEST DATA: Recommended report writing is not all inclusive and may be modified at the examiner’s discretion.

Unsuitable for comparison o Item 1 appears to be a fired bullet fragment of an undetermined caliber-class. o Item 1 is a lead fragment that lacks individual as well as class characteristics and

was unsuitable for comparison. o Item 1 appears to be a 38 / 9mm caliber-class bullet which lacks individual, as

well as class characteristics needed to generate a list of possible firearms that could have fired this item and is unsuitable for comparison.

o Item 1 appears to be a 38 / 9mm caliber-class bullet fragment; however, due to the condition in which Item 1 was received, an accurate measurement of the rifling pattern could not be determined.

No firearm / caliber-class known / GRC list o Item 1 is a 40 / 10mm caliber-class bullet fired from a firearm with a rifling system

of six (6) lands and grooves with a right twist. Firearms with a similar rifling system include, but are not limited to, the following: Colt, Hi-Point, Sig Sauer and Taurus brand 40 S&W semi-automatic pistols.

o Item 1 is a 38 / 9mm caliber-class bullet fired from a firearm with a polygonal rifling system. Firearms with a similar rifling system include, but are not limited to, the following: …

o The size, weight and configuration of Item 1 are most consistent with bullets typically found loaded in 9mm Luger cartridges.

o If all firearms in GRC list are reported: This is not meant to be an all-inclusive list but rather an investigative aide. Any suspect firearm of the appropriate caliber-class should be submitted for comparison.

o If only a sampling of firearms in GRC list are reported: This is not meant to be an all-inclusive list but rather an investigative aide; a complete list of the search results will be maintained in the case file. Any suspect firearm(s) of the appropriate caliber-class should be submitted for comparison.

Combined GRC (if cartridge case also submitted; no firearm)





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o In the event that Items 2 and 3 were fired in / from the same unknown firearm, the combined class characteristics would indicate that the firearm in question could be in the following list: …

Shotshell pellets o The pellets of Item 1 are most consistent with #8 size shot.

Shotshell slug o Item 1 is most consistent with a 12 Gauge shotgun slug.

Shotshell wad o Item 1 is most consistent with a 12 Gauge shotshell.

Projectile identified to submitted firearm o Item 2 was identified as having been fired from Item 1 based on agreement of the

combination of individual and class characteristics.

Multiple projectiles identified to same unknown firearm o Items 2 and 3 were identified as having been fired from the same unknown

firearm based on agreement of the combination of individual and class characteristics.

Projectile inconclusive to submitted firearm o Item 2 could neither be identified nor eliminated as having been fired from Item 1

due to insufficient agreement / disagreement of individual characteristics; however, similar class characteristics were noted.

Multiple projectiles inconclusive to same unknown firearm o Items 2 and 3 could neither be identified nor eliminated as having been fired from

the same unknown firearm due to insufficient agreement / disagreement of individual characteristics; however, similar class characteristics were noted.

Projectile eliminated to submitted firearm o Item 2 was eliminated as having been fired from Item 1 due to disagreement of

discernible class (or individual) characteristics.

Multiple projectiles eliminated to same unknown firearm Items 2 and 3 were eliminated as having been fired from the same unknown firearm due to disagreement of discernible class (or individual) characteristics.





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FA-003 Cartridge Case Comparative Analysis PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTOCOL:

Using class and individual characteristics imparted onto the cartridge case/shotshell during the firing process:

o Determine whether or not a known firearm fired a particular cartridge case/shotshell.

o Determine whether or not multiple cartridge cases/shotshells were fired in the same firearm.

Note: for the purpose of this protocol, the term cartridge case, spent casing or fired casing, will include a spent shotshell from a shotgun.

REFERENCES:

Hatcher JS, Jury FJ, and Weller J (1957). Firearms Investigation, Identification and Evidence. Stackpole Books (Rev. 1977)

Mathews JH. Firearms Identification, Vol I, 1962.

Kennington, RH. The 9mm Matrix.

SPECIMENS REQUIRED:

Unknown cartridge case(s)

Firearm(s)


1:10 bleach/water or known tuberculocidal disinfectant


STANDARDS AND CONTROLS:

Known test fired cartridge cases from submitted firearm

INDIVIDUAL STEPS OF PROTOCOL:

1. Prepare the cartridge case. a. Clean as needed. b. Label the cartridge case and/or packaging as directed in OSBI Policy QP 6.1.C.

2. Note the following class characteristics, as applicable:





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a. Caliber / gauge designation b. Headstamp c. Manufacturer / Marketed by d. Primer finish e. Case finish f. Presence and position of the extractor and ejector marks g. Firing pin shape h. Firing pin aperture shape (i.e. rectangular, circular, tear drop, square, oval, etc.) i. Presence, number and type of cannelure(s) j. Any damage to the cartridge case k. Any microscopic marks observed (i.e. chamber marks, magazine lip marks) l. Breechface pattern present on the primer/headstamp m. Shotshell length n. Shotshell body color o. Crimp style p. Shotshell body composition q. Print on shell

3. If class characteristics indicate a specific manufacturer, the examiner shall make note that ‘based on examiner’s experience, the breechface is most consistent with [manufacturer]’. This specific manufacturer may be listed in the report as ‘most likely,’ ‘consistent with’ or ‘probable.’

4. If a suspect firearm is not submitted for comparison purposes, a. A list of possible firearms that could have fired the cartridge case(s) may be

generated using the FBI General Rifling Characteristics File and stored in the case record. This list may be reported at the examiner’s discretion.

b. It is sometimes possible to determine the type of semi-automatic pistol that fired a cartridge case based on class characteristics (i.e. firing pin shape, breech face marks). If a specific firearm type is determined these observations can be reported at the examiners discretion.

c. Fired cartridge cases from the same firearm can visually appear different for a variety of reasons (different ammunition, pressures, primer hardness). If only cartridge cases are submitted (no firearm), eliminate only when the breech face marks and/or firing pin impression suggest another firearm type (i.e. Glock, Hi-Point, Ruger, Taurus)

5. If the class characteristics of the cartridge case and firearm (caliber, firing pin shape) are sufficiently different, an elimination of the firearm (prior to test firing) is possible. These observations shall be documented in the examiner’s notes.

6. If an elimination is not possible, test fire the firearm into the bullet recovery system, creating a minimum of two (2) test fires.

7. Using the comparison microscope, establish reproducibility between the test fired cartridge cases by observing the individual characteristics present.

8. Mount a test fire cartridge case and an evidence cartridge case on the comparison microscope.





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9. Compare class characteristics again. If sufficient differences are observed, an elimination of the firearm is possible. These observations shall be documented in the examiner’s notes.

10. If an elimination is not possible, compare individual characteristics between the test and evidence cartridge cases. Refer to The Firearm/Toolmark Quality Manual for marks to be used in comparisons and how to document observations.

11. Based on the sufficient agreement or disagreement of the individual characteristics, the examiner will report an identification, elimination or inconclusive result as defined in the Firearms Quality Manual.

12. If an identification or elimination based on individual characteristics is made photograph the comparison(s) and store in the case record as per the Firearms Quality Manual.


13. If multiple cartridge cases are submitted with a firearm, they shall be inter-compared if they cannot be identified or eliminated to the firearm. This inter-comparison and its conclusions shall be documented in the case notes and report.

14. If multiple cartridge cases are submitted without a firearm, they shall be inter-compared to one another. This inter-comparison and its conclusions shall be documented in the case notes and report.


Cartridge case identified to submitted firearm o Item 2 was identified as having been fired in Item 1 based on the agreement of

class and individual characteristics observed in the breechface marks/firing pin drag/firing pin aperture shear.

Multiple cartridge cases identified to same unknown firearm o Items 2 and 3 were identified as having been fired in the same unknown firearm

based on the agreement of class and individual characteristics observed in the breechface marks/firing pin drag/firing pin aperture shear.

Cartridge case inconclusive to submitted firearm o Item 2 could neither be identified nor eliminated as having been fired in Item 1

due to insufficient agreement / disagreement of individual characteristics observed in all examined marks. However, all observed class characteristics were in agreement.

Multiple cartridge cases inconclusive to same unknown firearm o Items 2 and 3 could neither be identified nor eliminated as having been fired in

the same unknown firearm due to insufficient agreement / disagreement of





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individual characteristics observed in all examined marks. However, all observed class characteristics were in agreement.

Cartridge case eliminated to submitted firearm o Item 2 was eliminated as having been fired in Item 1 due to disagreement of the

number of lands and grooves/caliber, etc., a class characteristic. o Item 2 was eliminated as having been fired in Item 1 due to disagreement of

individual characteristics observed on the breechface/chamber, etc.

Identification made on cycling marks o Item 2 could not be identified or eliminated as having been fired by Item 1 due to

insufficient agreement/disagreement of individual characteristics seen in the

breechface marks/firing pin impression etc.; however, Item 2 was identified as

having been cycled through Item 1 based on the agreement of individual and

class characteristics, seen/observed/noted in the chamber marks/ejector

marks/extractor marks





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FA-004 Muzzle to Target Distance Determination PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTOCOL:

To determine the muzzle to target distance from firearm to target, through visual, macroscopic, chemical and test firing procedures.

To determine entry point(s) through visual, macroscopic, chemical and test firing procedures.

To determine if a defect is consistent with the passage of a bullet

REFERENCES:

Gunpowder and Primer residues. F.B.I. – U.S. Department of Justice, (Training Manual), 1985.

AFTE Journal, Vol. 22, #3, July 1990, pg. 243-74. John H. Dillon.

SWGGUN guidelines for distance determination

SPECIMENS REQUIRED:

Target Material which can be the victim’s clothing or another porous item that can be subjected to chemical processing to ascertain muzzle to target distance

The target material must have a bullet hole

Suspect firearm

Similar ammunition or ammunition recovered with suspect firearm

REAGENTS:

Sulfanilic acid, 0.5% aqueous solution (w/v). (2.5 grams sulfanilic acid / 500 ml deionized water).

Methanolic solution, 0.28% (w/v) of alpha-naphthol. (1.4 grams alpha-naphthol / 500 ml methanol).

Acetic acid, 15% aqueous (v/v). (15 ml glacial acetic acid / 85 ml deionized water).

Sodium rhodizonate solution – a saturated solution of sodium rhodizonate in deionized water.

Sodium bitartrate, pH 2.8 buffer solution (1.9 grams Sodium bitartrate and 1.5 grams tartaric acid / 100 ml deionized water).

Hydrochloric acid, 5% (5 ml concentrated HCl / 95 ml deionized water).





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STANDARDS AND CONTROLS:

Sodium nitrite, 0.6% aqueous solution (w/v). (0.6 grams sodium nitrite / 100 ml deionized water).

Known lead (metallic).


Filter paper

Three (3) spray bottles

Large beaker, 1000 ml

Steam iron

Stereoscope

Desensitized photographic paper

Cotton tipped swabs

Nitrite free cloth (cheese cloth)

Material for test shots (BenchKote, Cloth, Clothing etc.)

Cardboard

Non-reactive photo processing tray


1. Being careful as to avoid knocking off or moving any residues that may be present, document and describe the clothing, including type, color, length of sleeve, size and emblems/logos, etc.

2. Document and describe the suspect bullet hole(s) and patterns observed, including size, shape and distances from known features.

3. Overall and/or close-up photos of the evidence are required. 4. Examine the clothing using a stereoscope. All observations (i.e. presence or absence of

smoke particulate lead, gunpowder, etc.) shall be recorded and kept in the case file. 5. Depending upon the case circumstances and condition of the clothing, perform the

appropriate chemical tests.

Modified Griess Test (for nitrites):

1. Prepare the photographic paper. a. Combine equal volumes of 0.5% sulfanilic acid and 0.28% methanolic alpha-

naphthol in a beaker. b. Pour the combined solution into a non-reactive photo processing tray. c. Dip pre-cut sheets of photographic paper into the tray. Submerge the sheets

completely and remove them. d. Hang sheets in Fume Hood and let dry e. Place the remaining solution in an uncontaminated storage container and seal.





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2. Test the four corners of the emulsion-coated side of the desensitized and chemically treated photographic paper for sensitivity to nitrite compounds.

a. Dip a clean cotton-tipped swab in the 0.6% sodium nitrite standard solution. b. Dab the four corners of the photographic paper. c. Dip a clean cotton-tipped swab in 15% acetic acid. d. Dab the same spot in each corner of the photographic paper e. If sensitive to nitrites, an orange color will appear

3. Place the evidence or known-distance test questioned side on the emulsion-coated side of the treated photographic paper.

4. Mark seams, buttons, button holes, rips, pockets, suspected bullet holes, tears, cuts, etc. for possible future reference with a pencil. Ink should not be used, as it may transfer back onto the evidence item.

5. Soak a piece of nitrite-free cloth in the 15% acetic acid solution and wring it out. 6. Place the damp cloth on the questioned item or known-distance test, which

“sandwiches” the evidence between the photographic paper and the damp cloth. 7. Press the “sandwich” with a hot iron until the cloth appears dry. (The cotton setting on

most irons is appropriate.) 8. Discard the cloth and separate the evidence or known-distance test from the

photographic paper. Any orange indications on the paper are the result of a chromophoric reaction chemically specific for the presence of nitrite residues.

9. Findings shall be recorded and maintained in the case file, including photographs of the relevant photographic paper.

Reverse Modified Griess Test (for nitrites on thick or otherwise non-porous materials through which the acetic acid solution ‘steam’ will not penetrate):

1. Lightly wipe the emulsion-coated side of the treated photographic paper with a piece of cloth saturated with a 15% acetic acid solution. (Too much acetic acid on the photographic paper will cause indistinct or hazy results due to pigment migration.)

2. Immediately place the photograph paper emulsion-coated side down on the questioned surface.

3. Apply a hot iron to the back of the photographic paper. (Filter paper or an appropriate substitute may be needed between the photographic paper and the iron; otherwise the paper may stick to the iron.)

4. Separate the photographic paper and the questioned item. Any orange indications on the photographic paper are the result of a chromophoric reaction chemically specific for the presence of nitrite residues.

5. When dry, mark and preserve for retention as previously described in the Modified Griess Test procedure.

6. Findings shall be recorded and maintained in the case file, including photographs of the relevant photographic paper.

Sodium Rhodizonate Test (for lead residue):





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1. Test the reagent’s ability to detect lead residue by following the below procedure using a piece of known lead. Document this in the case file.

2. Spray the appropriate area of the questioned item with the saturated solution of sodium Rhodizonate in water.

3. Spray the same area of the questioned item with the previously prepared tartaric acid / sodium bitartrate buffer solution. This solution will eliminate the general yellow background color caused by the sodium rhodizonate, will establish a local pH of 2.8 and will turn any lead and a few other metals which may be present to a pink color.

4. Spray the same area of the questioned item with the dilute 5% hydrochloric acid solution. The presence of lead is specifically determined wherever the previous pink color fades out and leaves a blue-violet color in its place. This indicates lead and only lead.

5. The positive (blue-violet) result may abruptly fade out. Take detailed notes and/or photographs immediately after applying the dilute hydrochloric acid solution.

a. Note what is indicated by the positive result: vaporous lead, particulate lead, “bullet wipe,” or a combination of these lead residues.

6. Allow the article of clothing to dry fully before repackaging for return to the submitting agency.

7. Findings shall be recorded and maintained in the case file, including photographs of the relevant chemical reaction(s).

Bashinski Transfer Method (for lead residue on dark-colored items which would mask the blue-violet coloration of a positive test result):

1. Place a piece of filter paper over the appropriate area of the questioned item. 2. Index the filter paper relative to the garment or other item to indicate the location of

suspected bullet holes, seams, buttons, button holes, pockets, rips, tears, etc. for possible future reference with a pencil. Ink should not be used, as the ink pigment may bleed during the application of reagents.

3. Uniformly dampen the filter paper while on the questioned item by spraying with the 15% glacial acetic acid solution.

4. Cover the dampened filter paper with several layers of dry filter paper. 5. Apply a hot iron to the filter paper and iron until the paper is dry. 6. Remove the filter paper which was in direct contact with the evidence item and process

it as in the Sodium Rhodizonate Test procedure listed above. (Any positive (blue-violet) indications are a ‘mirror image’ of the deposition on the questioned item.)

7. Findings shall be recorded and maintained in the case file, including photographs of the relevant filter paper.

Test Firing (in the event that positive results are obtained; necessary to determine the approximate distance that the actual shot(s) took place):

1. Label each test panel with the case number, examiner’s initials, date and distance. 2. Secure the test panel to a piece of cardboard of similar size.





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3. Using the suspect firearm and ammunition known to be associated with the shooting, create test shots at varying known distances that will produce nitrite patterns both smaller and larger than the pattern observed on the questioned item. (In this way it is possible to “bracket” the evidence pattern.)

4. Treat the test panels in the same manner with the Modified Griess Test and/or Sodium Rhodizonate Test.

5. Compare the pattern formed by the evidence item to the pattern formed by the test panels. The comparison is based on both pattern size and density.

6. Report the results as a range in which the evidence target falls. 7. Retain the test panels as part of the data in the case file.

Maximum Distance Test

When certain types of residue deposits are found, it may be necessary to find the maximum distance to which these deposits are projected. This is true in the case of vaporous lead residues. (A type of residue not suited to a specific distance determination.) Test firing will be conducted with the questioned firearm and ammunition known to be associated with the shooting or the same type at known distances. A sound procedure in these instances is to gather data which can be used to establish that distance at which the particular residue is always found, and that distance where it is never found. This approach forms a type of bracket adapted to the “maximum distance” situation. Data collection can be in a tabular form, an example of which follows:

Positive Results Distance (feet) Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

5 x x x 6 x x 7

In the above analysis, a bracket of 5 to 7 feet is established as the maximum distance to which this particular residue is projected; that is, in a given instance, the residue will go no further than some distance between five and seven feet.

Shotgun Patterns

In some situations, a shotgun pattern is sufficiently large enough to preclude the microscopic, Modified Griess and Sodium Rhodizonate tests for gunshot residue. When this happens, the shot pattern size is the determining factor in distance determination.

Test shots are made using the suspect shotgun and either the ammunition submitted with the case or the same type.

Test shots will be made in such a manner as to bracket the pattern size on the





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victim’s clothing or other target material. Results are reported as the range in which the evidence target falls.

PROTOCOL NOTES:

Only dried clothing should be processed for distance determination.

The use of personal protective equipment is required when handling articles of clothing that may contain biological material.

Reagents should be prepared in a fume hood using gloves and eye protection.

If the Modified Griess Test (for nitrites) and the Sodium Rhodizonate Test (for lead residue) are both to be performed, the Modified Griess Test must be performed first.

Laboratory filter paper may be used in place of photographic paper in the Modified Griess Test.

When applying the standard sodium nitrite solution to the treated Griess paper, if an orange color does not appear at the four treated corners, the paper must be discarded and the test not conducted until properly treated paper can be obtained.

In the known lead sample does not give a purple color with the Sodium Rhodizonate Test, the solutions must be re-made and re-tested.

During the Sodium Rhodizonate Test, many steps involve the spraying of reagents in an aerosol form. This can be done using cans of compressed gas (Spra-Tool, etc.). All spraying should be done in a chemical fume hood for safety purposes.

Chromophoric reactions for nitrite residues may indicate visible nitrite sources (partially burned gun powder), nitrite deposits that cannot be visually observed, even during a microscopic examination, or nitrate-coated unburned powder particles.

These visible effects alone may warrant the conclusion of a contact shot (heavy burning, tearing, stellate star-shaped pattern, etc.). Chemical processing may not be necessary.

The effects mentioned above and the presence also of particulate matter (partially burnt and unburnt propellant powder) on the outer portion of the target material can also indicate point of entry of a projectile.

All photographs of evidence and chemical processing results shall include a scale. All of the chemicals used to make the reagents used in the distance determination analyses are not critical and will not be treated as such.

RECOMMENDED REPORT WORDING/INTERPRETATION OF TEST DATA:

Recommended report writing is not all inclusive and may be modified at the examiner’s discretion.

Contact Shot o The hole in Item 1 was examined visually and/or processed chemically for the

presence of gunshot residues. Residues consistent with a contact shot were found.

Hole with pattern of nitrite residues





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o The hole in Item 1 was examined visually and/or processed chemically for the presence of gunshot residues. These tests indicated that the muzzle of the firearm was greater than 6 inches and less than 18 inches from the shirt when discharged.

Hole with lead deposit or scattered nitrite residue o The hole in Item 1 was examined visually and/or processed chemically for the

presence of gunshot residue. Residues were detected and it was determined that the firearm stops depositing these residues at approximately 7 feet.

o The holes in Item 1 were examined visually and/or processed chemically for the presence of gunshot residue. Residues consistent with a contact shot were noted around hole #1. Residues consistent with the passage of a bullet were noted around hole #2. No residues were noted/found around hole #3.

Hole with bullet wipe o The hole in Item 1 was examined visually and/or processed chemically for the

presence of gunshot residues. Residues consistent with the passage of a bullet were found.

Negative results o The hole in Item 1 was examined visually and/or processed chemically for the

presence of gunshot residues and none were detected.

Shot pattern (shotgun) o Based on distance determination testing, the shot pattern in Item 1 was

estimated to be at a distance greater than 10 feet but less than 18 feet.





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FA-005 Restoration of Stamped Markings PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTOCOL:

To attempt the recovery of an obliterated, altered or over-stamped number or markings.

REFERENCES:

Treptow RS. Handbook of methods for the restoration of obliterated serial numbers. N.A.S.A. Contractor Report CR-135322. 1978.

Firearm Serial Number Structure Guide. BATFE – US Department of Justice. 2018.

SPECIMENS REQUIRED:

Item with number or markings obliterated, altered or over-stamped

REAGENTS:

Steel

o Fry’s reagent 90 g Cupric Chloride (CuCl2) 120 ml Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 100 ml Water (H20)

o Turner’s reagent 2.5 g Cupric Chloride (CuCl2) 40 ml Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 25 ml Denatured ethanol 30 ml Water (H20)

Aluminum Alloys o Acidic Ferric Chloride

25 g Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) 25 ml Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 100 ml Water (H20)

Brass o Acidic Ferric Chloride (see above) o 25% Nitric Acid

25 ml Nitric Acid (HNO3) 75 ml Water (H20)

Zinc Alloys o 20g Chromic Acid (CrO3)





pg. 19

1.5 g Sodium Sulfate (Na2SO4) 100 ml Water (H20)


Cotton tipped swabs

Moto-tool / Dremel / Sandpaper

Water

Acetone INDIVIDUAL STEPS OF PROTOCOL:

1. Using the Firearm Serial Number Structure Guide or other means, determine the

probable serial number structure for the submitted firearm. 2. Photograph the serial number as received and store in the case file. 3. Determine the type of metal the number is on to determine the best etchant to use. 4. Note any readable numbers or letters and their approximate location. 5. Clean the surface with a suitable solvent to remove any oil, grease, dirt, etc. 6. Buff the surface with a Moto-tool, Dremel or sandpaper to a mirror-like finish. 7. Note any readable numbers or letters and their approximate location. 8. Dip a cotton tipped swab into the appropriate etchant. 9. Slowly and lightly wipe the swab across the number.

a. Occasionally, during the process, the etchant should be wiped off then re-applied.

b. If the metal is magnetic, use acetone to clean the surface of any excess etchant. c. If the metal is non-magnetic, use water to clean the surface of any excess

etchant. 10. Document in case notes whether expected reagent reaction was or was not observed. 11. Note and photograph as necessary any readable numbers or letters and their

approximate location as they appear, as they can appear and disappear at any time. 12. Photograph the serial number after the restoration / restoration attempt and store in the

case file. 13. Have a second qualified examiner verify the (partially) restored serial number. This

verification shall be documented using form OSBI FA QMA 003.

PROTOCOL NOTES:

When using chemical etchants, the restoration must be done under/in a fume hood.

The use of personal protective equipment (eye wear) is required when attempting to restore an obliterated serial number and/or manufacturer’s marks. The use of gloves is recommended, but not required.

Expected reagent reactions are as follows:





pg. 20

o Fry’s reagent: color change o Turner’s reagent: color change o Acid ferric chloride: bubbling / foaming o 25% Nitric Acid: material lightens in color

None of the chemicals used to make the etching solutions in this section are critical and

will be treated as such.


Serial number restored o The obliterated serial number on Item 1 was restored to read 123456.

Serial number partially restored o The obliterated serial number on Item 1 was partially restored to read 567*?01,

with the asterisk representing possible numeric characters 8, 6 or 0 and the question mark representing an unrecoverable numeric character.

Unable to restore serial number o The obliterated serial number on Item 1 could not be restored.





pg. 21

FA-006 Toolmark Comparative Analysis PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTOCOL:

Using class and individual characteristics imparted onto a marked/cut item, determine

whether or not a known tool was used to mark/cut that particular item.

REFERENCES:

Davis JE. An Introduction to Toolmarks, Firearms and the Striagraph. Charles C.

Thomas Publisher. 1958.

Saferstein R. Criminalistics, an Introduction to Forensic Science. Englewood Cliffs:

Prentice-Hall. 1977.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. Handbook of Forensic Science. US Government

Printing Office. 1975.

SWGGUN – Guidelines for the Documentation of the Examination of Tools and

Toolmarks. December 2013 adoption.

SPECIMENS REQUIRED:

Item with toolmark(s)

Tool(s)

SUPPLIES, APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:

Casting material (e.g. Mikrosil, AccuTrans, etc.)

Test medium (e.g. lead wire, copper wire, aluminum wire, lead sheeting, etc.)



1. As required in the FA Quality Manual, take an overall photo of the tool and item with

toolmark(s). In addition, take, at minimum, one close-up photo of the toolmark on the

evidence item as received. This photo(s) will be included on the item's worksheet. This

photo is to document any characteristics that may not be visible in the overall photo.

2. Prepare the marked/cut item(s) and tool(s)

o Clean as needed





pg. 22

3. Note any apparent trace evidence on the tool. If trace evidence is visible, note if it is

consistent with the material in which the evidence toolmark is made. This information

may be useful when determining which section of the tool’s cutting surface was used to

make the toolmark.

4. Label the item/tool and/or packaging as direction in OSBI CSD Quality Manual QP

6.1.C.

5. Prepare the marked/cut item and tool(s)

6. Note the following class characteristics of the marked/cut item (toolmark), as applicable:

o Make and model

o Type of toolmark (i.e. striated, impressed or both)

o Any potential subclass / uniform marks (example: teeth on jaw of pipe wrench)

o Length and/or width of the toolmark

o Note: These notes should be documented using form OSBI FA QMA 15

7. Note the following class characteristics of the tool(s), as applicable:

o Make and model

o Intended tool action (i.e. shearing, pinching, single blade, etc.)

o Any uniform marks that have potential for subclass

o Length and/or width of marking/cutting surface

o Note: These notes should be documented using form OSBI FA QMA 16

8. If any class characteristics disagree, the tool is eliminated as having made the toolmark.

This elimination based on class will be documented with a narrative in the examiner’s

notes. A photograph may also be taken and uploaded to the BEAST.

o If it is physically impossible for the tool to have made the mark, it is an

elimination. An example would be a pipe wrench not being capable of opening

wide enough to make the toolmark in question.

9. Determine whether or not the toolmark can be placed directly on the comparison

microscope. If not, the examiner must either remove the toolmark or cast the toolmark.

o NOTE: If the toolmark is cast, the test toolmarks must also be cast.

10. If class characteristics are in agreement, in other words, the tool has the capability to

have made the toolmark, then create a minimum of two (2) test toolmarks using the tool

and test medium.

11. Prepare and label test toolmarks according to FA Training Manual section, P

12. Sub-itemize the test toolmarks within the BEAST, print and adhere a barcode to a

manila envelope in which the test toolmarks will be returned. This envelope shall be

returned separately from the parent container.

13. Using the comparison microscope, inter-compare the test toolmarks to establish

reproducibility of the marks being left. Ensure the same surfaces are being inter-

compared (i.e. A to A and B to B).





pg. 23

14. Mount a test toolmark or its cast and the evidence toolmark or its cast on the

comparison microscope.

15. Compare class characteristics again. If differences are observed, an elimination of the

tool is possible. This elimination based on class will be documented with a narrative in

the examiner’s notes. A photograph may also be taken and uploaded to the BEAST.

16. If an elimination is not possible, compare individual characteristics between the test and

evidence toolmarks.

17. Based on the sufficient agreement of the individual characteristics, the examiner will

report an identification result as defined in the Firearms Quality Manual. Eliminations will

be based on differences in class characteristics and physical limitations. If the examiner

observes the same class characteristics and insufficient individual characteristics he will

report the result as inconclusive as defined by the Firearms Quality Manual.

18. If an identification or elimination based on individual characteristics is made, photograph the comparison(s) and store in the case record as per the Firearms Quality Manual.


Note: eliminations on class do not need to be verified by a second qualified examiner.

20. When submitting a toolmark case for verification, the submitting analyst will transfer the

items for comparison (items with a toolmark and test cuts) and also the suspect tool if

requested by the analyst performing the verification.

o If the verifying analyst makes additional tests these will also be sub-itemized in

the BEAST and added to the original test cuts.

PROTOCOL NOTES:

If multiple unknown toolmarks are submitted, they shall only be compared to the

submitted tool(s). They shall not be inter-compared due to risk of missed identification

or false elimination.

RECOMMENDED REPORT WORKDING / INTERPRETATION OF TEST DATA: Recommended report wording is not all inclusive and may be modified at the examiner’s discretion.

Toolmark identified to submitted tool

o Item 1 was identified as having cut Item 2 based on the agreement of individual

and class characteristics.

Toolmark eliminated to submitted tool

o Item 1 was eliminated as having cut Item 2 based on differences in class

characteristics.





pg. 24

Toolmark inconclusive to submitted tool

o Item 1 could neither be identified nor eliminated as having been cut by Item 2

due to a lack of agreement (or disagreement) of individual characteristics;

however, similar class characteristics were noted.

Toolmark unsuitable for comparison

o The toolmark observed on Item 1 did not bear sufficient individual characteristics

and was unsuitable for comparison.

o Due to the condition in which Item 1 was received, Item 1 was unsuitable for

comparison.





pg. 25

FA-007 Firearm Function and Accidental Discharge PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTOCOL:

Determine whether or not a submitted firearm functions as expected.

Determine whether or not a submitted firearm is capable of discharging a cartridge without pulling the trigger.

ASSOCIATED PROTOCOL(S):

FA-1: Projectile Classification and Comparative Analysis

FA-3: Cartridge Case Comparative Analysis

REFERENCES:

Various firearms manufacturer’s armorer’s/owners’ manuals. (i.e., SIGARMS, Smith & Wesson, Beretta, Glock, Remington, Ruger, Colt.)

AFTE Journal, Vol. 29, #2, Spring 1997, pg. 183-185. M. Noedel.

NRA Firearms Assembly Rifles and Shotguns

NRA Firearms Assembly Pistols, Revolvers

Exploded Drawings

Blue Book of gun values

Various websites

SPECIMENS REQUIRED:

Submitted firearm


Ruler or tape measure

Rubber mallet

Primed cartridge cases or ammunition

INDIVIDUAL STEPS OF PROTOCOL: General Firearm Function Examination

1. Examine the firearm and make note of the following, as applicable: a. Manufacturer / make





pg. 26

b. Model c. Serial number d. Caliber / gauge e. Firearm type f. Action type g. Condition, as received h. Number of lands and grooves / direction of twist (rifling) i. Bore residue and condition j. Passive and manual safeties and their condition / functionality k. Extractor and ejector position l. Firing pin type and condition m. Rifling Type (Conventional or Polygonal) n. Firing pin aperture shape

2. Document any conditions or observations that are not concurrent with expected functionality (i.e. broken safety, broken firing pin, etc.) in the report and in the case record.

3. Field test the firearm for full automatic capabilities, if applicable. a. Cycle the action of the firearm. b. Pull and hold the trigger. c. With the trigger still depressed, cock the firearm again. d. Release the trigger. e. Pull the trigger again.

i. If the firearm mechanism falls when the trigger is pulled a second time, then the field test indicates that the firearm is semi-automatic.

ii. If the firearm mechanism does not fall when the trigger is pulled the second time, then the field test indicates that the firearm is fully automatic.

4. Test fire the firearm. a. Test fires will be labeled per QP 6.1.C. b. Test firing will be conducted using appropriate safety equipment, such as hearing

and eye protection and proper ventilation (OSBI Policy 121.1). c. A minimum of two (2) test fires will be collected from each firearm. d. Shotguns will be test fired on the range and never in the bullet recovery system. e. When test fires are not needed, a primed cartridge or primer can be used to test

the firearm’s functionality. The discharged primed cartridge or primer is considered evidence and shall be returned to the agency.

f. Note: primed cartridges or primers must be sub-itemized within the BEAST, but do not need to be packaged separately.

g. Ammunition:





pg. 27

i. Laboratory stock ammunition suitable for IBIS entry or as close to the same type as possible to the bullet and/or cartridge case in question should be used.

ii. If such ammunition is not within the laboratory stock, submitted ammunition may be used. However, the submitted ammunition should first be visually inspected for any damage or marks present. If present, any identification to the evidence firearm must be limited to marks left by the breechface and firing pin. Prior to using submitted ammunition, the examiner shall make every attempt to verify the ammunition is not on any safety recall list.

iii. Most rifle ammunition and some high powered pistol cartridges will fragment when fired into the bullet recovery system. To avoid fragmentation, it is recommended that the examiner download the cartridge. It is recommended that the examiner remove no more than 25% of the maximum powder load.

h. If any issues arise during the test firing process, they are to be documented in the case record and in the report per the examiner’s discretion.

5. Properly label a test fire coin envelope with the appropriate firearm and case information. When all testing is completed, place the coin envelope inside a manila envelope, seal the envelope, sub-itemize the test fires within the BEAST, print and adhere a barcode to the envelope and return to the submitting agency. This envelope shall be returned separately from the parent container.

A statement detailing the disposition of the test fires shall be added to the report.

6. If requested, conduct an accidental discharge examination.

Accidental discharge is defined as the capability of the firearm to discharge a cartridge without pulling the trigger. An accidental discharge examination will involve subjecting the firearm to forces or conditions that might reasonably be expected to cause discharge, such as dropping, hitting, etc. or a specific condition reported by the submitted agency, district attorney or investigator. When the accidental discharge examination is performed, it will be conducted using a primed cartridge case.

a. Conduct one or more of the following test methods: i. Drop the firearm from various heights in various positions, cocked and

uncocked, with safeties on and off as situation indicates. The various heights and results shall be recorded in the case file.

ii. Strike the firearm with a rubber mallet under conditions listed in point i above to simulate rough handling.





pg. 28

iii. Check for slam-fire by closing the bolt or slide on a chambered primed cartridge case.

iv. Check for push-off by cocking the hammer and pushing on the hammer. v. The above listed tests are not all inclusive and other tests may be

necessary at the examiner’s discretion. b. Document the test results in the case record and in the report.

7. When repackaging the firearm, the examiner shall prevent the action from locking (for example, place a zip tie through the magazine well) after ensuring the firearm is unloaded. Examiners are encouraged to ask questions and seek advice from all readily available sources to determine the best method.

PROTOCOL NOTES:

Verify all firearms to be unloaded prior to examination.

Treat all firearms as if they are loaded.

If unfamiliar/uncomfortable with a firearm seek advice or help from another examiner.

If a firearm is deemed unsafe to fire, it will or will not be test fired at the examiner’s discretion.

Always keep the muzzle pointed in a safe direction.

Never point a firearm at another person.

Do not place your finger on the trigger until you are ready to shoot.

The use of personal protective equipment is required when test firing firearms (i.e. ear and eye protection).

Case firearms will only be loaded in the shooting room.

If a firearm fails to discharge a cartridge after the trigger is pulled, the examiner must keep the muzzle pointed into the bullet recovery system or down range for a minimum of ten (10) seconds before attempting to determine the cause of the malfunction.

The barrel length of shoulder arms will only be reported when requested and only when the barrel may be illegal (less than 18” for shotguns; less than 16” for rifles). It shall be measured from breech to end of the muzzle, using a barrel cleaning rod equipped with a barrel stop device and compared to a Mitutoyo 36” ruler.

The “description of evidence” field in the notes panel will only contain information that is apparent to any individual looking at the firearm. Additional information may be added; however, the source must be properly documented in the case record.

If the firearm lacks the information necessary to determine caliber: o Use an internet search to gather firearm information. Note: this information must

be verified by the examiner as correct and documented in the case record. o Measure the barrel diameter. o Measure the chamber length and diameter to determine cartridge case

dimensions. o Use a firearm from the firearm reference collection, if available. o Use the reference library to corroborate any information gathered.





pg. 29

If a firearm does not meet the criteria for entry into the IBIS/NIBIN database (i.e. revolvers, single shotguns, bolt action rifles etc.) and will only be function tested, an examiner/analyst can use the General Images form (FA QMA 1) to document the submitted evidence and forgo the enumerated items listed in The Individual Steps of Protocol found in FA-07 (this also includes Officer involved Shootings where no fired evidence is expected).


Item 1 was found to function as expected when test fired under laboratory conditions.

Item 1 was found to be capable of discharging a cartridge.

Item 1 is capable of discharge by pulling the trigger with the safety on.

Item 1 was found to function when test fired under laboratory conditions; however, the manual safety failed to prevent the discharge of a cartridge.

Item 1 has been modified to function in full automatic mode.

Item 1 is capable of discharging a cartridge without pulling the trigger. Discharge was accomplished by ___________________.

Item 1 was received in an extremely poor, rusted condition and as such was unable to discharge a cartridge. It was determined that Item 1 could not easily be restored to an operational condition; therefore, Item 1 was not test fired for entry into the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS).

Item 1 is incapable of discharge as submitted due to a functioning magazine safety.





pg. 30

FA-009 IBIS-NIBIN Entry Goal and Objectives:

To establish criteria for the entry of evidence and test fired cartridge cases, into the IBIS/NIBIN database for comparison to items already entered. Additionally, to establish and implement a NIBIN Programs Manager who along with Laboratory Management will be responsible for the operation of the site and success of the NIBIN program. Note: NIBIN stands for National Integrated Ballistic Information Network

IBIS stands for Integrated Ballistics Identification System Organization and Management:

The NIBIN Program Administrator shall meet the following qualifications: Be a full-time employee of the agency/department operating the site and a qualified NIBIN user that has completed acquisition and correlation training. The duties of the NIBIN Programs Manager shall include evaluating and documenting approval of all methods used by the Site and to propose new or modified procedures as needed. Also reviewing the training records for newly qualified NIBIN users and approve their qualifications prior to performing NIBIN acquisitions or correlations, and to document such review in the persons ATW. Also to coordinate with audit personnel for NIBIN Site audits. The Technical manager of the Firearm and Toolmark unit will fulfill this duty.

Only persons (personnel in the firearm unit) authorized by the OSBI Lab Director, vetted by BATF and trained by FTI will be allowed to use the IBIS/NIBIN system. This training will be documented in the personnel files of the persons in the Firearm and Toolmark unit.

Facilities: The OSBI Forensic Science Center which houses the NIBIN site has the design and security features that ensures the integrity of the NIBIN analysis and any evidence items associated with NIBIN. The building is alarmed and monitored with the systems being tested regularly.





pg. 31

PROTOCOL NOTES:

All evidence cartridge cases, projectiles, test fired cartridge cases and projectiles from submitted firearms including Law Enforcement firearms will be evaluated for entry based on the quality of markings observed by the examiner, even if not requested on the RFLE.

The Brass-TRAX, BulletTrax systems and Match Point Training and User Guides will be used for the mechanics of entry into the IBIS database. These documents are maintained in the Firearms Lab but can also be accessed via the Acquisition Unit. The OSBI Firearm and Toolmark unit will perform acquisitions of all suitable ballistic evidence within 2 business days of availability to the Firearms Laboratory. Documentation of entry items can be found in Integrated Ballistic Identification System (IBIS), and the examiner’s notes. Form OSBI FA QMA 001 – General Images will be used for documenting NIBIN-entry-only firearms. This form can also be used for cartridge cases and projectiles that are being evaluated for IBIS entry. An overall photo and close-up photo of the serial number must be included. The ammunition used to test fire the firearm(s), the capability to discharge a cartridge or not, and if it was suitable for NIBIN entry and was it entered or not must also be included on this form. In the performance of correlation reviews, the qualified NIBIN users at the OSBI Laboratory will examine, ballistic images of the top 30 from the rank sort list determined by the ballistics imaging software. It is recommended that all items are examined during the review but this is at the discretion of the NIBIN user. The OSBI firearm unit will perform and document a second correlation review of potential NIBIN Leads. This secondary review will be performed by another Qualified NIBIN User who has completed both acquisition and correlation training. Both the initial and secondary correlation reviews will be completed within 2 business days of the acquisition of the ballistic images of the item of evidence. If a potential lead/hit is identified during correlation, a Potential IBIS Hit Report will be published under the Target (sample searched) case number as well as the Candidate (potential ID) case number, if applicable. This NIBIN lead/Hit Report will be disseminated to the target agency within 24 hours. The reports will include the agency, agency case number and item number of the item identified as the potential hit in IBIS. This may require adding a Firearms assignment in the BEAST to one, or both, cases. This same information will be conveyed to the Target and Candidate agencies through separate phone calls, which shall be documented in the case narrative.





pg. 32

Either the Target or Candidate agency may request verification of an IBIS hit. It shall be the responsibility of the agency requesting verification to coordinate the (re-) submission of all evidence needed by the Firearm/Toolmark Unit for the verification analysis. When both the Target and Candidate evidence is submitted, each will be given a new firearms assignment and treated as a cartridge case comparison, as outlined in FA-3. If the item(s) being compared were previously examined by the Firearm/Toolmark Unit, only documentation of the comparison is necessary. Subsequent reports will be generated for the Target and Candidate agencies, detailing the potential IBIS hit comparison results. As all documentation will contain both OSBI lab numbers, all documentation will be included in each Firearms assignment (i.e. image vault). For more complex, multi-case hits, it may require the examiner to create multiple comparison verification forms containing the same comparison information but with differing case information within the header. However, this is at the discretion of the examiner.

General Criteria for Entry

Suitable ballistic evidence is considered as all fired cartridge cases or projectiles recovered by law enforcement as well as test-fired components from firearms recovered by law enforcement that were illegally possessed, used in a crime, or suspected by law enforcement officials of having been used in a crime. In general, NIBIN entry will be required for all semi-automatic pistols including .22 caliber, .223 and 7.62 semi-automatic rifles, 12 gauge and 20 gauge shotguns and long guns that use handgun ammunition. There are exceptions to this rule as firearms that are typically not suitable include single shot or bolt-action rifles, shotguns in other gauges, weapons that were never fired, or firearms deemed unsafe.

Corrective Action When the minimum required operating procedures are not met. A corrective action plan will be implemented to identify possible causes for non-compliance with the standards and implement measures to meet those standards. Documentation of the corrective actions shall be maintained the unit’s discipline records. RECOMMENDED REPORT WORDING/INTERPRETATION OF TEST DATA:





pg. 33

The recommended report wording is not all inclusive and may be modified at the examiner’s discretion. A test fire from Item 1A was entered into the IBIS database and will be searched against databases in North Texas and Oklahoma. Any identification(s) made from this entry and search will be documented in a supplemental report. A test fire from Item 1A was entered into IBIS (Integrated Ballistics Identification System). This entry was searched against the NIBIN (National Integrated Ballistic Information Network) database for Oklahoma and northern Texas. Any identification(s) made from this entry and search will be supplemented with an additional report Test fires from Item [X] were found to be unsuitable for entry into the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) database; therefore, no entry was made.





pg. 34

FA-021 Calibration and use of Balances PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTOCOL: Submitted projectiles are weighed using the analytical balance. This information can be used in the general classification of projectiles. The analytical balance will be calibrated annually by an outside agency and the results of the calibration will be documented in the firearms calibration log book. CALIBRATION STANDARDS AND CONTROLS: The balances will be calibrated under the following criteria:

Only approved external vendors as specified in QP 23 section B

Approved vendor documentation will be checked prior to calibration.

Current accreditation certificates can be found here: \A2LA\Probata

The balances will be calibrated on an annual basis

Calibration documentation will be maintained in the firearm unit calibration log book APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:

Balance

Check weights (manufacturer supplied 50 gram and 20 gram weights)

Scale pan STORAGE AND HANDLING

When setting up balance for use remember the following: o Choose an area with stable temperature o Choose an area that is free from wind drafts o Choose an area that is free from vibrations o Also make sure the work surface is level

Keep check weights in a dry place, preferably in the balance’s storage wells CARE AND MAINTENANCE

Use a soft damp cloth to keep scale housing and plate clean if needed

INDIVIDUAL STEPS OF PROTOCOL (FOR USE):





pg. 35

1. Ensure the balance calibration is current

a. If not, it will be marked "Out of Service", documented in the firearms unit calibration log book, and removed from service until it has been re-calibrated, repaired, and/or calibration checked and documented in the firearms unit calibration log book.

2. Turn on the balance a. Older models are always on

3. Ensure the read out is zero; if not, re-zero as necessary a. Re-zero if scale pan is in use

4. Ensure the balance is set to grains when performing casework and grams when using the check weights for intermediate checks, which are performed at the examiner’s discretion

5. Place item to be weighed on the plate. a. Use of the scale pan is recommended when weighing objects, especially

powders 6. Record the weight of the item on the appropriate worksheet or log book.





pg. 36

FA-023 Verification and use of digital calipers PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTOCOL

Digital calipers are used to measure the diameter of projectiles. This information is used to determine the caliber or size of a projectile. The calipers will be verified annually using known diameter gauge blocks.

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

Digital calipers

Gauge Blocks in .050”, .200”, .400” and 1.000”

STORAGE AND HANDLING

Store calipers in cool dry place when not in use

Handle the calipers with care as they have sharp edges

INDIVIDUAL STEPS OF PROTOCOL (FOR VERIFICATION)

1. Ensure the jaws of the calipers are clean and free of any dust or residue. 2. Lock the jaws of the calipers in a closed position and zero. 3. Using above listed gauge blocks, check the reading of the calipers. 4. Document the measurement on the appropriate firearms unit calibration log book

along with analyst’s initials and date. a. The calipers should measure within +/- 0.001" of known standards to be

acceptable. b. If not, it will be marked "Out of Service", documented in the firearms unit calibration log book, and removed from service until it has been re-calibrated, repaired, and/or calibration checked and documented in the firearms unit calibration log book.

INDIVIDUAL STEPS OF PROTOCOL (FOR USE)

1. Ensure the calibration verification is current 2. Ensure the calipers read zero when closed. If not, when calipers are closed, hit the

zero-out button. 3. Open the calipers wide enough to place the projectile’s base between the two





pg. 37

prongs 4. Close the prongs until they rest securely on the base of the projectile 5. Read and record the read out on the caliper on the appropriate worksheet

PROTOCOL NOTES:

Each time the caliper is used, the examiner shall ensure the caliper reads zero when closed.





pg. 38

FA-027 Calibration and use of Steel Ruler PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTOCOL The Mitutoyo steel ruler is used to measure the barrel lengths of shoulder arms, which in this policy shall be referred to as long guns. This information is used in the general examination of these types of firearms with emphasis on whether the barrel length falls within the legal parameters specified in state and federal statute. CALIBRATION STANDARDS AND CONTROLS The Mitutoyo Steel Ruler will be calibrated under the following guidelines and criteria:

Only by approved external vendors as specified in QP 23 section B

Approved vendor documentation will be checked prior to calibration

Current accreditation certificates can be found here: \A2LA\JA. King\

The ruler will be calibrated on an annual basis

Calibration documentation will be maintained in the firearm unit calibration log book APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

Mitutoyo steel ruler

Steel ruler container

PFT measurement apparatus STORAGE AND HANDLING

The ruler will be kept in a special container that will protect it from damage during transport.

The ruler will remain in the PFT measuring apparatus within the Firearms Unit unless being transported for calibration.

CARE AND MAINTENANCE

Care should be taken to not damage the ruler when is use.

The ruler will be visually inspected for damage prior to use and this will also serve as an intermediate check if necessary.

Use a soft damp cloth to clean if necessary.

INDIVIDUAL STEPS OF PROTOCOL





pg. 39

1. Ensure the gauge calibration is current

a. If not, it will be marked "Out of Service", documented in the firearms unit calibration log book, and removed from service until it has been re-calibrated, repaired, and/or calibration checked and documented in the firearms unit calibration log book.

2. Lock the firearm’s action 3. Place the metal dowel rod in the barrel of firearm, making sure the end of the dowel

abuts the bolt face 4. Move the metal collet on the dowel rod to the muzzle of the barrel and tighten 5. Measure the distance between the metal collet and the end of the dowel rod by

comparing to the steel ruler held within the PFT measuring apparatus 6. Read and record the measurement to 32nds of an inch





pg. 40

FA-028 Estimation of the Uncertainty of Measurement PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTOCOL:

The FA unit’s reproducibility plan is to establish parameters for the collection of raw data to be used in the calculation of the uncertainty of measurement.

Laboratories that are performing tests that fall under ISO/IEC 17025 and ANAB 3028 standards must report out the uncertainty of measurement to conform to criteria set out in the Policy on Measurement Uncertainty. An estimation of the uncertainty of measurement shall be calculated for barrel and overall length of all long guns (Shotguns and Rifles) that fall under the scope of ISO 17025 and QP22.

The uncertainty components and data used during the calculation of the budget which used to determine the uncertainty of measurement can be found at this location \\VM-FSC-FILES\Common\Firearms\UOM-NEW-DATA

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:

1. Mitutoyo model 182-406 36” Steel Ruler 2. Precision Forensic Testing Measuring Device 3. Metal dowel rods 4. Metal stop collets 5. Starrett Tape Measure

INDIVIDUAL STEPS OF THE PROTOCOL: 1. Specify the process

1.1. The Measurand is the barrel length of a long gun or the overall length of a long gun (i.e. Shotgun or Rifle)

2. Identify the uncertainty components

2.1. Type “A” evaluation: the method of evaluation of uncertainty statistical analysis of a series of observations

2.2. Type “B” evaluation: the method of evaluation of uncertainty by means other than a series of statistical observations

3. Quantifying Uncertainty Components

3.1. A list of components considered and evaluated 3.1.1. Type “A” 3.1.2. Type “B”





pg. 41

4. Convert Quantities to standards uncertainties

4.1. Type “A”: the measurement unit is 1/32” expressed as a decimal is .03125” Type “A” the measurement unit for distance testing is 1/16” expressed as decimal is .0625

4.2. Type “B”: Rectangular distribution calculated by the standard uncertainty a/

5. Calculate the combined uncertainty

5.1. The combined uncertainty shall be calculated using the formula shown below

Uc(Y) = √

S= Standard Deviation from barrel/overall length study U1=Tape Measure or Ruler uncertainty (calibrated by Probata labs) U2=Length of scale readability at zero U3=Length of scale readability at 36 U4=Coefficient of thermal expansion

6. Evaluate the expanded uncertainty 6.1. Check calculations for errors 6.2. The expanded uncertainty can be evaluated against such criteria such as tolerance

limits and the measurements capabilities

7. Report the Uncertainty 7.1. The measurement uncertainty value for barrel and overall lengths will be reported

under the following conditions: 7.1.1. When requested by the customer 7.1.2. When there is legal precedence based on O.S 21 § 1289.18 7.1.3. The uncertainty for distance testing was calculated to provide examiners with a

reference for discussing uncertainties associated with distance determination. however, because results are presented as a range that far exceeds the calculated uncertainty, there is no need to include an uncertainty statement in the report.”

8. The measurement result will include the measured quantity value, in addition the expanded

uncertainty and the result reported as y±U, where U is consistent with the unit of Y (inches) 8.1. The results will be reported at the most to one significant digit 8.2. After all items in the budget were considered it was determined that the firearm unit

will report measurements at a 99.73% coverage probability.

9. Protocol Notes 9.1. This document will be reviewed annually by the Technical Manager or his/her

designee.





pg. 42

9.2. New calculations will be done under the following circumstances: 9.2.1. When an analyst leaves the section 9.2.2. When a new analyst comes into the section 9.2.3. A new analyst must complete the measurement study and their data added

before reporting cases that involve Uncertainty of Measurement 9.2.4 Numerical values of expanded uncertainties shall be reported to at most two

significant figures, unless the following applies: when multiple weights are added together for a total weight and the total expanded uncertainty exceeds two significant figures, the total reported length and total expanded uncertainty shall be reported to the same level of significance.

9.2.5 The following rules apply for significant figures: 1. ALL non-zero numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) are ALWAYS significant. 2. ALL zeroes between non-zero numbers are ALWAYS significant. 3. ALL zeroes which are SIMULTANEOUSLY to the right of the decimal point

and to the right of a non-zero digit are ALWAYS significant. 4. ALL zeroes which are to the left of a written decimal point and are in a number >= 10 are ALWAYS significant.

Examples:

Number # of Significant Figures Rule(s)

48,923 5 1

3,967 4 1

900.06 5 1, 2, 4

0.0004 1 1, 4

8.1000 5 1, 3

The following applies for rounding:

The numerical value of the measurement result shall be rounded to the least significant figure in the value of the expanded uncertainty, U.

When rounding, examine the digit following (i.e., to the right of) the digit that is to be the last digit in the rounded off number. The digit you are examining is the first digit to be dropped.

If the digit immediately to the right of the last significant figure is LESS than 5, the last significant figure is unchanged.

If the digit immediately to the right of the last significant figure is GREATER than or equal to 5, you round up.

10. Reproducibility Plan for Barrel/Overall length 10.1.1. Place the steel ruler in the PFT measuring device

10.1.1.1.1. When measuring barrel length follow these steps: 10.1.2. Make sure the breech on the firearm is closed





pg. 43

10.1.3. Insert metal dowel rod inside the barrel until it makes contact with the breech face

10.1.4. Move the metal collet to end of the muzzle (longest point) and tighten 10.1.5. Remove metal rod and compare it to the NIST certified ruler (distance

from collet to the end of the rod) 10.1.6. Record measurements using 1/32nd of an inch scale (readability) 10.1.7. When Measuring overall length of a firearm follow these steps 10.1.8. Make sure barrel is parallel to side of the measuring device 10.1.9. Make sure the butt/stock of the firearm is where the ruler is reading zero 10.1.10. Move metal plate until it contacts with the end of the barrel at its longest

point 10.1.11. Record measurements using 1/32nd of an inch scale (readability) 10.1.12. Measurement traceability will be established by use of the Mitutoyo Ruler

which will be calibrated annually by an outside vendor accredited in that scope in accordance with FA-27. The following reference collection firearms were used to gather raw data for the budget

One (1) firearm with a shortened barrel and stock

One (1) firearm with a shortened barrel

One (1) firearm that was not shortened

11. Reproducibility Plan for Distance Testing lengths 11.1. Place Tape Measure on counter 11.2. Mark lengths to be viewed/documented 11.3. Take measurements at distances of 6”, 12”, 18”, 25”, 36” and record 11.4. Measurement traceability will be established by use of a “Starrett” brand tape

measure which will be calibrated annually

12. Recommended Wording

12.1. The length of the firearm was measured and found to be 14 3/32 ± 3/32 at a coverage probability of 99.73%

12.2. The barrel length of the firearm was measured and found to be 14 3/32 ± 3/32 at a coverage probability of 99.73%

12.3 The measurements will be reported out in 32nds of an inch.





pg. 44

FA-029 Calibration of the Leeds Comparison Microscope PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTOCOL:

Fired projectiles and fired cartridge cases will be compared using a comparison microscope. That information will be used to formulate the opinion of agreement or disagreement between cartridge cases and projectiles to each other or a firearm(s). The LEEDS Comparison Microscope model LCF will be used to perform this task. This instrument with the stage mounted micrometer will also be used to measure the width of Land Engraved Areas and Groove Engraved Areas. This information is used in the general examination of projectiles. Per manufacturer’s instructions preventative maintenance, inspection and calibration will only be done by trained service technicians.

CALIBRATION STANDARDS AND CONTROLS The LEEDS Comparison Microscope model LCF will be calibrated under the following criteria:

Only by approved external vendors as specified in QP 23 section B

Approved vendor documentation will be checked prior to having a technician onsite to conduct inspection, calibration, repair and preventative maintenance.

Certificate/Documentation for current provider LEEDS can be found here \\VM-FSC-FILES\Common\Firearms\A2LA\LEEDS

The Microscopes will be calibrated and serviced on an annual basis

Calibration documentation will be maintained in the firearm unit calibration log book

APPARATUS AND MATERIALS

LEEDS Comparison Microscope

MITUTOYO micrometer (stage mounted) STORAGE AND HANDLING

The Leeds LCF comparison microscope should be installed on a sturdy, level surface

Because it is a precision instrument care should be taken when moving o Avoid sudden or jarring movements that could cause severe impact o Move carefully with at least two (2) people (approximate weight 250lbs) o Prior to moving remove all loose items o When lifting the comparison scope ensure its motorized leg assembly is secured

in place





pg. 45

CARE AND MAINTENANCE

Per manufacturer’s instructions preventative maintenance, inspection and calibration will only be done by trained service technicians. Preferably LEEDS technicians





pg. 46

FA-030 Calibration and use of Gauge Blocks PRINCIPLE OF THE PROTOCOL:

The known diameter gauge blocks are used for verification of calipers. They will be calibrated annually by an outside vendor.

CALIBRATION STANDARDS AND CONTROLS: The gauge blocks in .050”, .200”, .400” and 1.000” will be calibrated under the following guidelines:

Only by approved external vendors as specified by QP 23 section B

Documentation for the approved vendor will be checked prior to sending for calibration.

Current accreditation certificates can be found here: \A2LA\JA. King\

The gauge blocks will be calibrated on an annual basis

Calibration documentation will be maintained in the firearm unit calibration log book APPARATUS AND MATERIALS:

Gauge blocks in .050”, .200”, .400” and 1.000”

STORAGE AND HANDLING

Store gauge blocks in a moisture absorbing agent (such as Cupric Sulfate) when not in use

Reheat desiccant when color has faded significantly

PROTOCOL NOTES:

See FA-23 for use of gauge blocks in the verification of calipers.


Firearms and Toolmarks Policy and Procedures Manual

Rev. # 2 Effective Date: 09-11-2020

Page 47 of 47

pg. 47

AUTHOR: Terrance Higgs Criminalist Supervisor/Technical Manager,

Approval

Technical Date Manager ______________________________________________ _______________

Terrance Higgs

Division Date Director ______________________________________________ __9/9/2020______

Andrea Fielding

Terrance.Higgs

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