Proximate Analysis of Winged Bean (Phosocarpus ... · Interest in winged bean is rapidly increasing...

International Journal of Agriculture & Agribusiness ISSN: 2391-3991, Volume 4 Issue 1, page 63 – 72

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Lawal, B. A. 2019. Proximate Analysis of Winged Bean (Phosocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC) ............ 63

Proximate Analysis of Winged

Bean (Phosocarpus

tetragonolobus (L) DC) as

Influenced by Accessions (Studied In Ogbomoso, Nigeria)

B. A. Lawal

B. A. Lawal, Ph.D.

Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Ogbomoso, PMB 4000

Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria

Abstract: Identifying nutritional quality of a potential food crop species is essential; Winged bean is a

unique leguminous crop in that most of its parts are edible and rich in protein. Hence the study carried out

the proximate analysis of studied winged bean accessions. Field experiment was carried out at the

Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso in 2015. Seeds of

thirty eight (38) accessions of winged bean were obtained from the International Institute of Tropical

Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria and were sown in three 4 m row plots spaced at 1 m × 1 m and replicated

three times. The trial was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data were collected

on number of germinated seeds (NGS) at 2, 3 and 4 weeks after sowing (WAS), Normalised Difference

Vegetation Index (NDVI) values was recorded at 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 WAS using the Greenseeker hand held

optical sensor unit while seeds were analyzed for Moisture, Ash, Crude protein (CP), Crude fibre (CF) and

Carbohydrate (CHO) contents using standard procedures. Data collected were subjected to analysis of

variance and means were compared using the Least Significant Difference at 5% probability level. Results

revealed that winged bean accessions influenced the NDVI values significantly at 5 and 6 WAS. Proximate

analyses of the accessions were not significantly different (P> 0.05). Proximate content value ranges are:

moisture (9.56 - 10.09 %), ash (3.73 - 5.84%), crude protein (24.48 - 24.71%), crude fibre (2.68 - 2.89%)

and carbohydrate (56.06 - 58.06 %). The highest correlation coefficient between NDVI readings and

proximate content was between NDVI at 6 WAS and seed ash content (r = 0.24; P <0.01) while NDVI at 5

WAS was negatively correlated (P>0.05) with seed carbohydrate (r = -0.04) whereas NDVI at 6 WAS was

negatively correlated with crude protein and carbohydrate content (r = -0.10, and -0.23, respectively)of

winged bean seeds. This study reveals that there is sufficient variation for various nutritional compositions

evaluated in this study. Accessions TPT 12, TPT 43, TPT 17, TPT 2A and TPT 1A can be further studied

for crude protein and crude fibre contents while TPT 48 and TPT 6-A have promising potentials for

carbohydrate contents. Hence, location studies within the studied agro-ecological zone will assist in

validating the nutrient contents of the evaluated accessions of winged bean.

Keywords: Accession; Proximate; Seed; NDVI; Winged bean.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Winged bean is a tropical crop that is recognized as one of the under-exploited legumes (Klu,

2000). It is unique among leguminous crops in that several parts of the plant (leaves, pods, seeds and

tubers) are edible and rich in protein (Garcia and Palmer, 1980). Mahto and Dua, (2009) have

recommended it as a potential food source in the tropics. In recent times, much attention has been

drawn to the dependence of the world’s population on very few species of crops for food. This has

resulted in the over tasking of the available conventional protein and energy sources to the extent that

their supplies have been disproportionately lower, relative to the demand of the population (FAO,

2015).All food legumes are valuable sources of proteins, vitamins and minerals and occupy an

important place in human nutrition. Assessment of genetic variations and relationships among these

leguminous crops may therefore play a significant role in breeding programs to improve grain yield,

oil and protein content.

Interest in winged bean is rapidly increasing as a high protein multipurpose crop. For instance,

presently, winged bean is one of the most important vegetables in south India and Thailand. Breeding

of winged bean as a grain legume requires the development of improved genotypes with the highest

nutritional contents and lowest anti-nutritional factors. The nitrogen fixing capability of the crop has

helped secure its role as a cover crop in intercrop systems as well as enriching the soil (Anugroho et al.

2010; Banerjee, 2008). It is adaptable to a wide range of environmental conditions and presently, there

are hundreds of accessions, many of which were developed in China (Klu, 2000). What is known about

winged bean today is roughly correspondent to what was known about the soybean 60 years ago. In

Nigeria, there is no vivid record about the existence and cultivation of winged bean although there exist

theories that it is cultivated and consumed in the southern part of the country.

Winged bean seeds had been reported to contain 14% of moisture, 33% of protein, 16% of fat and

5% of crude fibre (Pospisil et al., 1978). Furthermore, the proximate analysis conducted by the

National Academy of Science (1975) reported that the crop contains 6.7-24.6% moisture, 23.8-37.4%

protein, 15-20.4% fat, 3.6-4% ash, 28-31.6% carbohydrates and crude fibre of 5-12.5%.Claydon (1975)

reported 8.7% moisture, 36.6% protein, 15.3% fat, 3.8% ash, 35.6% carbohydrates and 3.7% crude

fibre. Recently, the proximate composition of winged bean leaves was reported by (Alalade et

al.,2016), as75.29% moisture content, 24.71% dry matter, 26.29% crude protein, 4.10% ether extract,

10.04% crude fiber and 5.8% ash content. Amoo et al. (2006) however reported the proximate content

of winged bean seeds as 9.22% Moisture content, 4.91% ash content, 17.51% fat content, 12.23% crude

fibre, 33.83% crude protein and 22.30% carbohydrate. These reports however did not indicate the

accession for which these values were obtained from; also, inter accession variations have been

reported to exist among the proximate compositions of different accessions of winged bean.

New remote sensing tools that are based on irradiation are presently being used to estimate green

biomass of various crops on the field (Liebisch, 2015).The use of this technology has been reported in

rice (Jingfeng et al. 2013), yam (Kohtaro, 2018)), peanut (Zerbato et al, 2016) and pea (Klimek-Kopyra

et al. 2018) among other crops. The GreenSeeker(R)

handheld optical device (NTECH industries, 2007)

is a spectro-radiometer that is been used for phenotyping in crop screening (Lu et al. 2012).It measures

the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) which is based on specific wavelengths

measurement that can be used for instance, to calculate the vegetation indices that can be used to

estimate production potentials of agricultural crops, among numerous other applications. The

Greenseeker measures NDVI on a numerical indicator and this measurements has been described to be

highly correlated with grain yield in maize and other crops (Lu et al. 2012 and Cabrera et al., 2011).

NDVI is calculated with the estimation of reflectance recorded in the visible region and near infrared

region of the spectrum (Lu et al. 2012). It is useful in monitoring the vigour of green biomass and has

been found to be comparable to the leaf area of plant (Lu et al. 2012, 2011). Jensen (2009) reported that

by using vegetation indices, it is possible to determine agronomic parameters, such as leaf area index,

percentage of green cover, chlorophyll content and green biomass among others. Crop germplasm that

accrue abundant biomass as revealed by high NDVI values at the seedling stage of the crop are likely to

produce high yields at harvest. Hence, screening of crop accessions with NDVI values at early stage of

growth is important to reduce loss of resources. There are wide variations among the reported

proximate composition of winged bean accessions and this may be due to several factors. In addition,


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there is a large number of winged bean accessions and efforts to evaluate them all may be expensive

and time consuming. Hence there is a need to explore methods of screening large number of materials

in limited time; therefore, this study evaluated the nutritional qualities of winged bean accessions and

correlated the NDVI values to nutritional composition of Winged bean.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Field experiment was carried out at Teaching and Research Farm, Ladoke Akintola University of

Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. The site (latitude 8o

7IN and longitude 4

o 14

IE) is

characterized with two seasons which include the wet season spanning March to October and the dry

season which starts in November and ends in February. The climatic condition of Ogbomoso is mostly

influenced by the northeast trade wind and the South-west wind.

Seed of thirty eight (38) winged bean accessions (Table 1) were obtained from the Genetic

Resources Centre of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan. The seeds were

scarified mechanically by cutting through the seed coat opposite the micropyle with a scalpel blade to

enhance water imbibition, break internal dormancy and hasten germination. Each accession was sown

in three 4 m row plots spaced at 1 m within and between rows and laid out in a randomized complete

block design (RCBD) and replicated three times. Three seeds were sown per hole and later thinned to

two plants per stand at 4 weeks after sowing (WAS). Staking was done when the plants reach the

twining stage for plants to access adequate sunlight. Each stand was supported with 3 m long dried

bamboo poles and the plants were trained to twine around the bamboo stake.

Number of Germinated Seeds was obtained by counting the number of seeds that germinated per

plot at 2, 3 and 4 WAS. GreenSeeker(R)

handheld optical sensor unit (NTECH industries, 2007)

installed with red sensor, red waveband centered at 650 ± 10 nm, and near infra-red (NIR) band

centered at 770 ± 15 nm, was used to measure NDVI value in each plot. The device was operated at

about 60 cm above the crop starting from the first through the third row and recorded per treatment

plot. Readings were taken in each plot at 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 WAS.

Proximate contents of the seeds of each of the 38Winged bean accessions harvested was

determined in the laboratory following the standard procedure of AOAC (2002). The analyzed

proximate components are crude protein, ash content, moisture content and crude fibre content.

Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and treatment means were

separated using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at 5% significant level. The ANOVA was

performed with SAS 9.0 software (SAS Institute, 2011). Correlation between variables was computed

using PROC CORR in SAS (SAS Institute, 2011).

3. RESULTS

Accession of winged bean influenced (P< 0.05) seed germination and NDVI readings

significantly (Table 2) while it had no significant effect (P≥0.05) on all the proximate contents of

winged bean (Table 3). Number of germinated seeds mean at 2, 3 and 4 weeks after sowing (WAS)of

the top and bottom ten accessions are shown in Table 4. Accessions TPT 53 had the highest mean

germinated seeds (25.00) while TPT 7 had the lowest number of germinated seeds (16.00) at 2 WAS

while at 3 and 4 WAS, TPT 32had the highest germinated seeds (25.33) and the least was obtained

from TPT 7 (18.00 and 18.33 respectively).

Normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the top and bottom 10 winged bean accessions

are presented in Table 5. TPT 2, 32 and 53 had the highest NDVI values (0.27) while TPT 7 and 126

had the lowest value (0.21) at 5 WAS. Across the weeks, TPT 2 maintained the lead while TPT 7 also

followed with the least NDVI value.

The mean proximate content for the top and bottom 10 winged bean accessions is presented in

Table 6. Moisture content of winged bean accessions ranged from 9.56 to 10.09% with TPT 53 having

the highest content (10.09%) and TPT 126 having the lowest (9.56%). Ash content varied between

3.73% and 5.84% with TPT 6 having the highest content. Crude protein varied between 24.48% and

24.71 % with TPT 4–A recording the highest content. Crude fibre content was between 2.68% and

2.89% with TPT 1A having the highest content. Carbohydrate content ranged from 56.06% to 58.06%

with TPT 22 having the highest mean value.


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The Pearson correlation between every pair of measured NDVI values and proximate contents of

the evaluated 38 winged bean accessions is presented in Table 7. There was positive and significant

(P<0.01) correlation between every pair of all the NDVI values. Moisture content had no significant

correlation with the NDVI values (P≥0.05) across the weeks. Also, ash and carbohydrate contents had

no significant correlation with the NDVI values except at 9 WAS (r = 0.24; P<0.01 and r = -0.23;

P<0.05respectively). Crude protein was equally negatively but significant correlated with NDVI at 5, 6

and 7 WAS (r = -0.26; P<0.01, r = -0.58; P<0.001 and r = - 0.25; P<0.05, respectively). Crude fibre

was significantly but negatively correlated with NDVI at 5 and 6 WAS (r = -0.33; P<0.05 and r = -

0.49; P<0.01 respectively).

4. DISCUSSION

There exist variations in germination among the tested accessions. The occurrence of highly

significant influence of accession on Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value indicates

that NDVI as a technique can be used to predict performance and quality of these set of accessions tried

and that there is genetic variability among them. This is in agreement with the report of Mohanty et al.

(2013) who reported that accessions exhibit variations for different traits within a population. In this

regards, it was also observed that accessions that performed well for vegetative traits showed

significant performance for Normalised difference vegetation index values at early stage of growth,

thus, NDVI values at early growth stage can be gainfully used to identify promising accessions.

However, the small range in the variation of the nutrient contents of winged bean seeds may point to a

close ancestral descent between the evaluated accessions in this study. It could also be as a result of

influence of soil microbial activities, the soil type as well as problems of adaptation because winged

bean cultivation has not been previously reported in the experimental region prior to the conduct of this

study. The aforementioned factors can significantly influence performance and nutrient contents as

reported by Jiménez et al. (2012); Hagerman et al. (1998) and Dahiya et al. (1977). Singh et al. (2013)

reported that high environmental influence and agronomic practices influenced the crude protein

content of pigeon pea to a considerable extent and this could also elucidate the variation observed in the

crude protein and other nutrients in this research. Tripathi et al. (1975) reported that the protein content

of pigeon pea of late maturing cultivars was greater than the early maturing cultivars and maturity of

the crop has an important role in accumulation of protein content during seed development.

Furthermore, the carbohydrate content of seeds of all the accessions in this study was considerably

high, which was almost double the range of 28% to 31.6% reported by NAS (1979) as well as the

22.30% reported by Amoo et al. (2006) in Nigeria. The use of remote sensing techniques can be

gainfully used to predict the nutrient contents of crops (Lu et al., 2012; Cabrera et al., 2011).

5. CONCLUSION

Winged bean is one of the leguminous crop that has promising potentials but it however remain

an underutilized crop. The state of knowledge concerning the crop still requires further research and

testing to access the crop’s future hence the need to assess it nutritional status and agronomic

performance. This study reveals that there is sufficient variation for various nutritional compositions

among the evaluated accessions and that some of the compositions are highly correlated to each other.

Accessions TPT 12, TPT 43, TPT 17, TPT 2A and TPT 1A can be further studied for crude protein and

crude fibre contents while TPT 48 and TPT 6-A have promising potentials for fat and carbohydrate

contents. In conclusion, further studies across different locations in the studied agro-ecological zone

will assist in validating the nutrient contents of the crop of the evaluated accessions of winged bean.

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7. APPENDIX

Table 1: List of thirty-eight (38) winged bean accession used in this study

S/N Accession S/N Accession

1 TPT 2 20 TPT 18

2 TPT 3 21 TPT 48

3 TPT 5 22 TPT 3-B

4 TPT 6 23 TPT 14

5 TPT 9 24 TPT 51

6 TPT 10 25 TPT 43

7 TPT 11 26 TPT 154

8 TPT 16 27 TPT 7

9 TPT 21 28 TPT 11-A

10 TPT 22 29 TPT 26

11 TPT 30 30 TPT 15-4

12 TPT 32 31 TPT 31

13 TPT 42 32 TPT 33





































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14 TPT 53 33 TPT 6-A

15 TPT 125 34 TVU 153

16 TPT 15 35 TPT 1A

17 TPT 17 36 TPT 19

18 TPT 4-A 37 TPT 126

19 TPT 12 38 TPT 2A

Table 2: Mean squares for vegetative traits of 38 winged bean accessions

Source of

variation

Degree

of

freedom

Number of germinated seeds Normalised difference vegetation index

Weeks after sowing

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Replicate 2 44.55ns 18.97ns 13.17ns 0.002* 0.0085* 0.0013ns 0.00035ns 0.0012ns

Accession 37 15.55* 12.18* 11.63* 0.0008* 0.0014*** 0.00047** 0.0010* 0.0028ns

Error 74 22 16.94 18.28 0.00047 0.00048 0.00075 0.00094 0.0024

*, **, *** Data significant at p < 0.05, 0.01 and 0.0001, respectively; ns = data not significant at p >

0.05.

Table 3: Mean squares for proximate contents of 38 winged bean accessions

Source Degree

of

freedom

Moisture (%) Ash (%) Crude

Protein(%)

Crude

Fibre(%)

CHO

Rep 2 0.16ns 1.67ns 0.30ns 0.71ns 4.34ns

Accessions 37 0.044ns 0.60* 0.0068* 0.012ns 0.52ns

Error 74 0.042 0.64 0.0057 0.0093 0.63

*,Data significant at p>0.05; ns = data not significant at p>0.05.


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Table 4: Top and bottom 10 accessions of winged bean number of germinated seeds

Accession 2 WAS Accession 3 WAS Accession 4 WAS

Top ten

TPT 53 25.00 TPT 32 25.33 TPT 32 25.33

TPT 21 24.67 TPT 21 25.00 TPT 15-4 25.00

TPT 22 24.33 TPT 15-4 24.67 TPT 21 24.67

TPT 15-4 24.00 TPT 4-A 24.33 TPT 53 24.33

TPT 32 23.67 TPT 31 24.33 TPT 4-A 23.67

TPT 4-A 23.67 TPT 22 24.00 TPT 2 23.33

TPT 31 23.33 TPT 2 23.67 TPT 22 23.33

TPT 18 23.00 TPT 42 23.67 TPT 18 23.33

TPT 12 22.50 TPT 53 23.67 TPT 126 23.33

TPT 126 22.33 TPT 18 23.33 TPT 12 23.00

Bottom ten

TPT 16 19.00 TPT 16 20.00 TPT 11 20.00

TPT 48 18.67 TPT 48 20.00 TPT 5 19.67

TPT 33 18.67 TPT 3 19.67 TPT 11-A 19.67

TPT 125 18.25 TPT 51 19.67 TPT 3 19.00

TPT 15 18.00 TPT 15 19.50 TPT 125 18.75

TPT 51 18.00 TPT 33 19.00 TPT 33 18.67

TPT 26 18.00 TPT 11-A 18.67 TPT 15 18.50

TPT 11-A 17.67 TPT 26 18.50 TPT 26 18.50

TPT 3-B 17.00 TPT 3-B 18.00 TPT 3-B 18.33

TPT 7

LSD

CV (%)

16.00

3.83

22.59

TPT 7

18.00

3.36

19.03

TPT 7

18.33

3.49

20.03

WAS = weeks after sowing

Table 5:Top and bottom 10 accessions of winged bean Normalised difference vegetation index value Accession 5 WAS Accession 6 WAS Accession 7 WAS Accession 8 WAS Accession 9 WAS

Top ten

TPT 2 0.27 TPT 2 0.31 TPT 17 0.27 TPT 22 0.32 TPT 2 0.43



TPT 3 0.26 TPT 16 0.29 TPT 2A 0.27 TPT 53 0.28 TPT 16 0.41

TPT 10 0.26 TPT 53 0.29 TPT 21 0.26 TPT 4-A 0.28 TPT 22 0.4




TPT 15-4 0.25 TPT 125 0.28 TPT 26 0.26 TPT 154 0.28 TPT 32 0.39

TPT 19 0.25 TPT 48 0.27 TPT 33 0.26 TPT 6-A 0.28 TPT 4-A 0.39

Bottom ten


TPT 4-A 0.23 TPT 4-A 0.24 TPT 9 0.24 TPT 11 0.25 TPT 14 0.35

TPT 154 0.23 TPT 3-B 0.24 TPT 11 0.23 TPT 125 0.25 TPT 11-A 0.34



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TPT 43 0.22 TVU 153 0.24 TPT 53 0.23 TPT 19 0.25 TVU 153 0.34

TPT 11-A 0.22 TPT 19 0.24 TPT 12 0.23 TPT 42 0.24 TPT 12 0.33

TPT 31 0.22 TPT 126 0.24 TPT 154 0.23 TPT 3-B 0.24 TPT 3-B 0.33

TPT 2A 0.22 TPT 12 0.23 TPT 7 0.23 TPT 11-A 0.24 TPT 42 0.32

TPT 7 0.21 TPT 154 0.23 TVU 153 0.23 TVU 153 0.24 TPT 43 0.32

TPT 126

LSD

CV (%)

0.21

0.02

9.02

TPT 7

0.21

0.02

8.47

TPT 126

0.22

0.02

11.13

TPT 7

0.21

0.03

11.50

TPT 7

0.29

0.01

13.33

WAS = weeks after sowing

Table 6: Top and bottom 10 accessions of winged bean proximate traits Accession Moisture

content

(%)

Accession Ash

(%)

Accession Crude

protein

(%)

Accession Crude

fibre

(%)

Accession Carbohydrate

(%)

Top ten

TPT 11 10.09 TPT 6 5.84 TPT 4-A 24.71 TPT 1A 2.89 TPT 22 58.06

TPT 4-A 10.08 TPT 9 5.8 TPT 14 24.65 TPT 17 2.88 TPT 2 58.02


TPT 26 9.88 TPT 33 3.98 TPT 43 24.64 TPT 11-A 2.86 TPT 30 57.99


TPT 51 9.86 TPT 15-4 3.96 TPT 51 24.62 TPT 126 2.85 TPT 32 57.98

TPT 21 9.83 TPT 11-A 3.94 TPT 17 24.61 TPT 12 2.84 TPT 16 57.97

TPT 17 9.83 TPT 126 3.94 TPT 15-4 24.6 TPT 43 2.84 TPT 21 57.95

TPT 43 9.83 TPT 48 3.92 TPT 2A 24.6 TPT 154 2.84 TPT 6-A 57.95

TPT 19 9.8 TPT 7 3.92 TPT 1A 24.59 TPT 2A 2.84 TPT 48 57.92

Bottom ten


TPT 32 9.66 TPT 10 3.8 TPT 30 24.53 TPT 30 2.73 TPT 1A 57.72


TPT 15-4 9.65 TPT 5 3.79 TPT 22 24.52 TPT 2 2.70 TPT 12 57.68



TPT 48 9.60 TPT 4-A 3.78 TPT 2 24.50 TPT 11 2.70 TPT 17 57.61

TPT 6-A 9.60 TPT 14 3.76 TPT 6 24.50 TPT 21 2.69 TPT 4-A 57.43


TPT 126

LSD

CV (%)

9.56

1.17

2.09

TPT 11

3.73

0.65

20.09

TPT 16

24.48

0.06

0.31

TPT 22

2.68

3.83

22.59

TPT 9

56.06

3.83

1.37


Zambrut



Table 7: Pearson Correlation between every pair of measured Normalised difference vegetation index

and proximate traits the 38 winged bean accessions Traits NDVI1 NDVI2 NDVI3 NDVI4 NDVI5 Moisture Ash CP CF

NDVI2 0.48***

NDVI3 0.28** 0.43***

NDVI4 0.21* 0.28** 0.43***

NDVI5 0.27** 0.45*** 0.47*** 0.67***

Moisture 0.17ns -0.02ns 0.01ns 0.026ns -0.01ns

Ash 0.09ns 0.12ns 0.04ns 0.024ns 0.24** -0.14ns

CP -0.26** -0.58*** -0.25* 0.004ns -0.10ns 0.23* -0.19*

CF -0.33** -0.49*** -0.11ns 0.06ns 0.05ns -0.20* -0.01ns 0.72***

CHO -0.03ns 0.06ns 0.018ns -0.04ns -0.23* -0.08ns -0.93*** -0.13ns -0.23*

NDVI 1 -5 = Normalised difference vegetation index value at 5 – 9 weeks after planting.

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