AGRICULTURE AND MAN

KOD KURSUS: PRT 2008

KREDIT: 2( 2+0 )

DR. KHALID M.NOR

EVALUATION

• 1. ATTENDANCE ++…………10.0%

• 2. QUIZ 1 ( 5TH WEEK)……...20.0%

• 3.

• 4. QUIZ 3 (13TH W )..........35.0%(20+15 )

• 5. GROUP ASSINGMENT…..35.0%

• TOTAL…………….100.0%

EXECUTION

• 1. Form group of 8-10 ( select leader )

• 2. Written assignment submitted by the 13th week.

• 3. Initiate oral presentation on the 14th week.

• 4. Some choice of topics are given in the text book.

OBJECTIVES

• 1. ROLE OF AGRIC. IN CIVILIZATION:C3

• 2. RESOURCES & MANAGEMENT = SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE.:A3

• 3. IMPORTANCE IN PRODUCTION OF FOOD ETC….ECONOMIC DEVELOPEMNT:P2

OBJEKTIF

CIVILIZATION( PERANAN )

SUSTAINABILITY(PENGURUSAN )

ECONOMY(KEPENTINGAN )

A&M: OVERVIEW TOPICS

(9) DEVELOPMENTIN MALAYSIA

INNOVATIONS& CHALLENGES

ECONOMICS

SUSTAINABLEAGRICULTUTE

(5) GENETICRESOURCES

BASICRESOURCES

REVOLUTION

EVOLUTION

(1) INTRODUCTION& SCOPE

TOPICSTOPICS

SYNOPSIS

Explores the evolution of agriculture from beginning to its present status as a planned and managed activities, driven by economic and technological advancement. Modern agriculture is presented as a science, an art and a business encompassing its role and impact on resource management and human development ..incorporates Malaysian agriculture scenarios.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION & SCOPE

DEFINITION

IMPORTANCE

DOWNSTREAMPROCESSING

SYSTEMS&

PRACTICES

INTRODUCTION( Malaysia )

• 1. R&D : New agric. Industries…• New products….• New markets…• Intergrated agroforestry….• 2. Human Resources: Agric. Scientists +

Profesional managers.• 3. Roles: Govt.=environment; Public

sector=facilitate; States= land matters; and Private sectors= enterprises/ engines

DEFINITION

• Agriculture is the utilization of natural resource systems to produce commodities which maintain life , including food, fibers, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services.

• Farming = Arts & Science + Business• Subjects= agro + hort + genetics +

protection + soil + husbandry + etc…+• Packaging + processing + marketting etc.

IMPORTANCE

• 1. EMPLOYMENT.• 2. SURVIVAL.• 3. RAW MATERIALS ( INDUSTRIAL ).• 4.FOOD SECURITY / STABILITY.• 5. INCOMES THRU. TRANSFORMATION OF

AGRIC. WASTES.• 6. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ( negative )

• “ NO CIVILIZATION WITHOUT AGRICULTURE”

SYSTEMS, PRACTICES & DOWNSTREAM

• SYSTEMS & PRACTICES• 1. SUBSISTENCE FARMING• 2. COMMERCIAL FARMING

• DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING:• 1. FOOD PROCESSING• 2. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING

• SUBSISTENE = Shifting + permanent plot• COMMERCIAL = Plantation• =Vegetable farming:• @ Organic• @ Hydroponic• = Aquaculture• = Livestock• NEW PRODUCTS & FURTURE INDUSTRIES

CHAPTER 2: EVOLUSI PERTANIAN

EVOLUSI PERTANIANEVOLUSI PERTANIAN

PRE-HISTORIC

UTILIZATION OF…….

VALUES, CUSTOMS, TABOOS…..

N0MADIC & SEDENTRY AGRIC.

INFLUENCE OF RELIGIONS

INFLUENCE OF LIFESTYLES

GLOBAL AGRIC. EVOLUTION

• 1. Started between 850-1650

• 2. Large scale farming started by Sumerians.

• 3. Improvements: Rotations + Scientific methods + germplasm transfer + machines labour + mechanisation + food processing ( rudimentary )

AGRIC. IN MIDDLE AGES( 500-1500 A.D )

• KEY FACTORS OF EVOLUTION:

• 1. Irrigation system

• 2. Scientific approach

• 3. Incentives.

• 4. New crops and plant species.

• 5. New cultivation techniques.

MODERN AGRIC. EVOLUTION

• 1. Started in 1950s

• 2. Characteristics: Yield per land unit increased many times more + improvement in agric. Practices + rapid rise in mechanization + speed and scale + efficiency + quality improved.

• 3. Beginning of Green Revolution ( 1940s and 1960s )

UTILISATION OF HUMAN………BIOTECHNOLOGY

• Started with Human and Animal labour + Tools and machinery + information technology + innovative technologies ( eg: remote sensing + precision farming ) +……genetic engineering etc.

VALUES, CUSTOMS & TABOOS

• TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE:• 1. Ecosystem fully utilised & waste recycle• 2. Food production= art & craft. Knowledge &

skill handed orally.• 3. Food= survival=enough=sustainable.• 4. No machinery• 5. Control of pests & disease culturally• 6. Natural resources capitalised• 7. Organic husbandry & Native varieties.

• MODERN AGRICULTURE:

• 1. Scale: Intensive & massive

• 2. Machinery & chemicals : extensive

• 3. Use of high yielding vars.: widespread

• 4. Employment : knowledge & skills

• 5. Approach : Industrial & efficient mgt.

• 6. Professionalism : no taboos.

NOMADIC & SEDENTARY AGRIC

• NOMADIC ( Characteristics )• 1. Short term• 2. Virgin soil / hill slopes• 3. Customs & taboos• 4. Yield: poor• 5. Fertilizer : minimal• 6. Disrupt ecosystem eg: flood• 7. Biodiversity lost thru. clearing

INFLUENCE OF

• RELIGIONS = Islam, christians & Hindu

• LIFESTYLES :

• 1. Valentine’s Day

• 2. Convocations

• 3. Mother’s Day……etc.

• 4. Increase in polpulation = more output.

CHAPTER 3: REVOLUSIPERTANIAN

REVOLUSI PERTANIAN

FAKTOR PENYEBABFAKTOR PENYEBAB CIRI-CIRICIRI-CIRI

BATASAN SUMBER HASIL TINGGI & RESISTANT

PERTAMBAHANPENDUDUK

KIMIA & BIOAGEN

KEPELBAGAIANPRODUK

PERTANIAN PERSIS

MESRA ALAMMIKANISASI &

OTOMASI

KEMAJUAN TEKNOLOGI BIOTEKNOLOGI

ENAKMEN & SKIM

CAUSAL FACTORS

• Agric. Revolution began with Green Rev.• 1. Limitation of fertile land.• 2. Labour shortage• 3. Balance of trade• 4. Population increase• 5. Need for diversity of products• 6. Trend towards environmental-friendly• 7. Technological advances.

CHARACTERISTICS

• 1. High yield & resistant

• 2. Usage of chemicals & bioagents

• 3. Precision agriculture

• 4. Innovations in Mechanisation/ Automatn

• 5. Agric. Biotechnology

• 6. Agric. Enactments and Schemes.

CHAPTER 4: SUMBER ASAS& PERSEKITARAN

SUMBER ASAS & PERSEKITARAN

SUMBER ASASSUMBER ASAS PERSEKITARANPERSEKITARAN

IKLIM ZON ARGOEKOLOGI

AIR IMPAK IKLIM

TANAH PENCEMARAN

SUMBER MANUSIARACUN PEROSAK &

NITRAT

BASIC AGRIC. RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENT

1. CLIMATE : TROPICS + TEMPERATE + TUNDRA + DESERTS.

2. WATER : RAIN-FED & IRRIGATION.

3. SOIL : TYPES & PROFILES ( RELATES TO NUTRIENTS CYCLE )

4. HUMAN RESOURCE: AGRICULTURE CANNOT OPERATE WITHOUT WORKFORCE.

ENVIRONMENT

• GLOBAL AGROECOLOGICAL ZONES:• (1) TUNDRA (2) GRASSLAND • (3) DESERTS (4) TROPICS• IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE:• (1) GLOBAL WARMING• (2) DESERTIFICATION• IMPACT OF POLLUTION:(1) ACID RAIN• (2) HEAVY METALS

PESTICIDES & NITRATES

• PESTICIDES: • EXCESSIVE AFFECTS HEALTH &

REDUCE BIODIVERSITY.

• NITRATES:• CAUSES EXCESSIVE ENRICHMENT OF

WATER ( EUTROPHICATION )..ALGAE GROWTH..OXYGEN DEFICIT..KILLING OFF AQUATIC LIFE.

CHAPTER 5: SUMBER GENETIK

UBAHAN GENETIK &PEMULIHARAAN SUMBER

GERMPLASMA &DIVERSITI

ASAL & TABURANTANAMAN

ORIGIN & DISTRIBUTION OF CROP PLANTS

• CENTRES OF CROP ORIGIN:

• 1. MESOAMERICA

• 2. ANDES & SOUTH AMERICA

• 3. SOUTHEAST ASIA.

• 4. CHINA

• 5. AFRICA

• 6. SOUTHWEST ASIA.

GERMPLASM & BIODIVERSITY

• GERMPLASM = DNA• BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: VARIABILITY

AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS= BIODIVERSITY. THREE ASPECTS=

• (1) GENETIC (2) SPECIES (3) ECOSYSTEM/ HABITAT.

• SIGNIFICANCE: (1) HEATHY FUNCTIONING (2) ECONOMIC BENEFITS (3) AESTHETICS.

GENETIC RESOURCE APPLICATIONS

• IMPROVEMENTS: (1) YIELD (2) PEST & DISEASE RESISTANCE (3) ECOLOGICAL TOLERANCE (4) GREEN REVOLUTION.

• GENETIC RESOURCES:(1) WILD RELATIVES (2) WEEDY RELATIVES

• (3) PRIMITIVE CULTIVARS/LANDRACES (4) MODERN CULTIVARS (5) ADVANCE BREEDING LINES (6) GENES FROM OTHER SPECIES.

GENETIC VARIATIONS AND CONSERVATION

• GENETIC VARIATION: ALL GENETIC VARIATION ORIGINATES FROM MUTATION.

• TECHNIQUES OF CONSERVATION:

• (1) IN SITU (2) EX SITU

• LOSS OF GENETIC RESOURCES:

• (1) DOMESTICATION (2) DESTRUCTION (3) EXTINCTION.

CHAPTER 6: PERTANIAN LESTARI ( SUSTAINABLE AGRIC)• 1. PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI• ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)• 2. PEMULIHARAAN ALAM SEKITAR• ( ENVIROMENTAL CONSERVATION)• 3. FAEDAH SOSIO-POLITIK• ( SOCIO-POLITICAL BENEFITS )• 4. PERANCANGAN & KEPUTUSAN• ( PLANNING & DECISION MAKING )

SA: INTRODUCTION

• 1.CAPABILITY / KEUPAYAAN

• 2. CHARACTERISTICS/ SIFAT

• 3. MODELS & APPROACHES

• 4. SYSTEMS/ SISTEM

• 5.PRACTICES /AMALAN

• 6. OBJECTIVES/ OBJEKTIF

CAPABILITY:

• SUSTAINABLE DESCRIBES:

• FARMING SYSTEMS CAPABLE OF

• MAINTAINING THEIR PRODUCTIVITY

• AND USEFULNESS TO SOCIETY

• INDEFINITELY

• CHARACTERISTICS:

• 1. RESOURCE-CONSERVING

• 2. SOCIALLY-SUPPORTIVE

• 3. COMMERCIALLY COMPETITIVE

• 4. ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND

MODELS

• INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION MODEL :• (1) POSITIVES= FOOD ABUNDANT AND

CHEAP• (2) NEGATIVES= SOIL DEGRADATION +

WATER DEGRADATION + REDUCED BIODIVERSITY + DEPENDANCE ON OIL + MORE LAND AREAS FOR FEWER “FARMERS”+ CRIPPLING RURAL COMMUNITIES + ETC. ( EXTRACTIVE !!)

MODEL: ECOLOGY-BASED APPROACHES

REFERS TO AS:

NATURAL, ORGANIC, LOW-INPUT, ALTERNATIVES, REGENERATIVE, HOLISTIC, BIODYNAMIC, BIOINTENSIVE, AND BIOLOGICAL

FARMING SYSTEMS

SUSTAINABLE SYSTEM (SS)

• VISION:• SS SHARE A VISION OF FARMING WITH

NATURE, AN AGROECOLOGY THAT (1) PROMOTES BIODIVERSITY (2)RECYCLES PLANT-NUTRIENTS (3)PROTECTS SOILS FROM EROSION (4) CONSERVE & PROTECT WATER (5)USES MINIMUM TILLAGE

• (6) INTEGRATES CROPS&LIVESTOCK• (7) + PROFITABLE + GOOD QUALITYOFLIFE

SS PRACTICES

• SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES:

• 1) FAMILY-SCALE FARM

• 2) NICHES IN LOCAL MARKET

• 3) CHALLENGE: EVOLUTION OF NEW FARMERS & NEW MARKETS ?????

• GOALS: CONTINUING HEALTH OF THE LAND AND PEOPLE

• OBJECTIVES= THREE (3)

SS OBJECTIVES

ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATION

SOCIO-POLITICALBENEFITS

SS: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

• 1) ECONOMIC PROFIT is necessary• 2) INCOME OPPORTUNITIES:• 2.1= ALTERNATIVES CROPS• 2.2= MIXED CROPS• 2.3= INTEGRATING PLANTS &

LIVESTOCKS• 2.4= CONTRACT FARMING• 2.5= NICHES/ SPECIALITY/GREEN ETC.

SS: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (EXPECTED OF MODEL)

• 1. FINANCE & SAVING INCREASE

• 2. DEBT DECREASE

• 3. LESS RELIANCE ON SUBSIDIES

• 4. PROFIT YEAR AFTER YEAR

• 5. EXTERNAL PURCHASE OF FEED AND FERTILIZER DECREASES

SS: ENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATION

• IT INVOLVES KEEPING THE FOUR ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES IN GOOD CONDITION, VIZ:

• 1.EFFECTIVE ENERGY FLOW

• 2. WATER CYCLE

• 3. MINERAL CYCLES

• 4. VIABLE ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS.

SS: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION ( DIAGRAM )

ECOSYATEMDYNAMICS

ENERGYFLOW

WATER CYCLE

MINERALCYCLE

• ENERGY FLOW (NON-CYCLICAL )

• ILLUSTRATION: MEAT

POULTRY

CORN

SUN

• WATER CYCLE• ILLUSTRATION

RAIN

OCEAN &LAND

CLOUD

• MINERAL CYCLE:• ILLUSTRATION

ANIMALSMANURE

SOIL

CROPS

• ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS• INDICATORS:• 1. DIVERSITY OF PLANTS & ANIMALS,

ABOVE & BELOW GROUND:• 1.1= NUMBER DIVERSITY• 1.2= GENETIC DIVERSITY• 1.3= HABITAT DIVERSITY• ( GREATER DIVERSITY= STABILITY )

• DIVERSITY: PRACTICES & EFFECTS

• ILLUSTRATIONS:

• 1. INTERCROPPING= INCREASE

• 2. CROP ROTATION= INCREASE

• 3. COVER CROPS = INCREASE

• 4. MONOCROPPING/ TILLAGE/ HERBICIDE/ INSECTICIDE =DECREASE

SS: SOCIO-POLITICALBENEFITS

• BENEFITS IN TERMS OF:

• 1. FOOD SECURITY

• 2. LAND TENURE

• 3. GOOD HEALTH

• 4. MAINTAINING THE FABRIC OF RURAL COMMUNITIES

• ( IT INVOLVES= KEEPING MONEY CIRCULATING+ QUALITY OF LIFE )

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE( PLANNING & DECISION )

• MANAGING THE THREE (3) OBJECTIVES SIMULTENOUSLY

• CONCEPT OF:

• HOLISTIC MANAGEMENT WITH KEY CHARACTERISTIC REFERRED TO AS FEEDBACK LOOP = PLANNING- MONITORING-CONTROLLING- REPLANNING.

CHAPTER 7: ECONOMICS OF AGRICULTURAL DEV.

• 1. CONTRIBUTION OF AGRIC. TO MAL. ECONOMY / SUMBANGAN KPD. NEGERA

• 2. INTERNATIONAL TRADE / PERDAGANAN ANTARABANGSA

CONTRIBUTION…..

• INTRODUCTION:• SYSTEM: DUALISTIC

PLANTATION

40 HA.+SINGLE CROPMGT: SYSTEMATICMODERN TECHHIRED LABOUR

SMALLHOLDER

0.4 – 4 HA.

MIXED & MONO.

PRODUCTION LOW

LIMITED TECH.

MGT: DISORGANISED

• PURPOSES

• 1. From EXPORT EARNINGS to:

• 2. DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING FOR VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS as in

3. NAP PROGRAMS ( NEXT SLIDE ):

• NAP PROGRAMS:

• EXPAND FOOD PRODUCTION (1)TOIMPROVE THE FOOD TRADE BALANCE

• (2) INCREASE EXPORT

• (3) SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS FOR LOCAL DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRIES

• AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ?

• 1. OVERALL INCREASE FROM

• USD 4496 MILLION (1995 ) TO

• USD 5531 MILLION ( 2005 )

• LAND UTILIZATION ?

• INCREASED FROM ABOUT 5.7 MILLION HA ( 1995 ) TO ABOUT 6.3 MILLION HA ( 2005 )

• OIL PALM CULTIVATION IN SABAH & SARAWAK THE MAIN REASON.

• FOOD COMMODITIES ?

• SELF-SUFFICIENT IN:(2005 )

• FRUITS

• PORK

• POULTRY

• EGGS

INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN AGRICULTURE

• 1) OVERALL TRADE SURPLUS:

• 2002 EXPORT=USD 7375 MILLIONS

• 2002 IMPORT =USD 4300 MILLIONS

• 2) STILL FOOD-DEFICIT:

• 2000 IMPORT =USD 3.0 BILLIONS

CHAPTER 8: INNOVATIONS & CHALLENGES

• 1. RESEARCH & INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIES / PENYELIDIKAN & TEKNOLOGI

• 2. FUTURE CHALLENGES IN AGRICULTURE / CABARAN MASADEPAN

RESEARCH & INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY

• 1. OIL PALM: Yield= 35-40t. ffb/ha/yr.• 2. RUBBER : Yield= >3500 kilo/ha/yr.• 3. COCOA : reduction in acrage• 4. PADI : 70% SS. Yield: 3.8-5 (10 ) tons/ha.• 5. LIVESTOCK:Cattle/buffaloes/goats/poultry..• 6. FISHERIES: 60% of animal protein…• 7. HORTICULTURES:banana/pineapple/duku/

orchids/ mushrooms etc. etc.• 8. BIOAGENTS: Biological control.• 9. PRECISION AGRICULTURE: specific mgt.

FUTURE CHALLENGES

• 1. LABOUR : Dire shortage• 2. PRICE: Output price increase; Market price

elastic & problematic.• 3. CROP CHOICE: Plantation preferred, Food

crop few.• 4. AGRIC TECHNOLOGY: Unrealized= tissue

culture/embryo man/ robotics/ advanced processing & packaging syst.

• 5. RESOURCES: Compete with industry/ residential/ recreational/ wildlife/ catchments etc.

CHAPTER 9: APPROACHES TO AGRIC. DEV. IN MALAYSIA

• 1.NATIONAL AGRIC. POLICY / DASAR PERTANIAN NEGARA ( NAP )

• 2.EDUCATION, R&D INSTITUTES, AND EXTENSION SERVICES/ PENDIDIKAN, R&D DAN PEGEMBANGAN

• 3. LEGISLATION , POLICY AND STANDARDS / PERUNDANGAN & PIAWAIAN

POLICY=NAP

LEGISLATION& STANDARDS

EDUCATIONR&D, EXTENSION

NATIONAL AGRIC. POLICIESNAPS

• NAP1= 1984-81: Open land/ foreign exchange/ employment/ eradicate poverty

• NAP2= 1992-2010: Food production/ agro-based industries/ private sector/ sustainability/ biodiversity/ conservation.

• NAP3= 1998-2010: Agroforestry approach & Product-based approach ( market demand, upstream/downstream, and niche marketting ).

NATIONAL AGRICULTURALPOLICY ( NAP 3 )

STRATEGIC APPROACHES:

(1) AGROFORESTRY APPROACH

(2) PRODUCT-BASED APPROACH

NAP 3 : PLAN OF ACTION

• 1.2.1: ENHANCE FOOD SECURITY & COMBATING INFLATION

• 1.2.2: INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY

• 1.2.3: PROMOTING PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION

• 1.2.4: ENHANCING AGRICULTURAL EXPORT

• 1.2.5: HUMAN RESOURCE DEV.

Enhancing Food Security & Combating Inflation

• 1. Domestic food production= Major food+ Zoning + Infras + R&D + Increase yield & efficiency + linkage bet. Prod. & market.

• 2.Strategic sourcing = Joint ventures with low cost countries + G to G supply of food.

• 3.Improving market efficiency = reduce intermediaries + infra + intelligence.

INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY

• 1.New products & future industries = biotechnology products…..

• 2. Reducing labour : reduce acrage + less labour crops + controlled enviroment farming + Labour-saving tech. R&D.

• 3. Maximisind land resource use: agro forestry entr. + intergration + technology intensive mixed farming.

• 4. Increase farm income: value added + waste & by product usage.

PROMOTING PRIVATE SECTOR

• 1. Agrotechnogy parks

• 2. Incubation centres.

• 3. Land banks & leases

• 4. Private sector investments

ENHANCING AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS

• 1. Hahal food hub.

• 2. Market access.

• 3. Direct marketting

• 4. Malaysia as Regional distribution centre.

• 5. Malaysia own brand products

MECHANISM FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF NAP3

• 1. Action plan : • 1a= Short term : Zoning, infra. & facilities for

short term food crops & aquaculture.• 1b= Medium term : Marketing infra ( wholesale

& farmers markets), food crop estates, post-harvest loss, incubators ,Halal hub,Brand names & cheaper raw m.

• 1c = Long term : perennials, ruminants, new products, human res.,import subs., & R&D.

• Implementation:

• 1. Public-private sector coordinating council.

• 2. High level planning & implementing committee.

• 3. Agric. Related institution reviewed & rationalised.

• 4. Resources & manpower allocated.

EDUCATION, R&D &EXTENSION

EDUCATION,R&D,

EXTENSION

EDUCATIONEDUCATIONUNIV., COLLEGESUNIV., COLLEGES

VOC, INST.,VOC, INST.,TRAININGS.TRAININGS.

R&DR&DPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SECTOR

&&PRIVATE SRCTORPRIVATE SRCTOR

EXTENSIONEXTENSIONTOT FROM MARDITOT FROM MARDIBY DOA, MADA,BY DOA, MADA,

KADA, LKIM ETC.KADA, LKIM ETC.

R&D INSTITUTIONS

• 1. Public Sector = MARDI + MCB + MPOB + MRB + FOA + FAMA + LKIM + MADA + KADA + FRIM + FELDA + MARDEC + VRI.

• 2. Private Sector = OPRS, Applied Agric. Research Sdn. Bhd., FELDA Tun Razak Agric. Services Sdn. Bhd.,United Plantation, Guthrie Research., Agric. Chemical (M).,KLK & Boustead., DUPONT. Sime Darby EBOR.

LEGISLATIONS, POLICIES AND STANDARDS

PESTICIDEACT1974

CODEXSTANDARDS

GAP, BMP,SLAM, SOM

GFP,HACCP

FISHERIES ACT1985 FORESTRY

ACT1984

WILDPROTECTION

ACT1972

QUARANTINEACT1976

ENVIRONMENTQUALITY ACT

1974

POISONACT1952

FOODACT1983

STANDARDS

• @ CODEX Standards in agric. Industries1. GAP = GOOD AGRICULRAL PRACTICES

2. BMP = BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

3. SLAM = SKEMA AKREDITASI LADANG Malaysia.

4. SOM = SIJIL PERLADANGAN ORGANIC

5. GFP = GOOD FUMUGATION PRACTICES

6. HACCP = HAZZARD ANA. CRI. CON. PT.

AGRICULTURE & MAN

•THANK YOU

•SALAM SEJAHTERA

•THE END