Psalms, Hymns andPsalms, Hymns andSpiritual Songs:Spiritual Songs:

A Brief HistoryA Brief History

Steve WolfgangSteve Wolfgang28 June 200628 June 2006

Truth LecturesTruth LecturesBowling Green, KYBowling Green, KY

OverviewOverview Introduction of PanelIntroduction of PanelYOUR feedback – Website YOUR feedback – Website Criteria for a HymnalCriteria for a HymnalHistory: The Scope of the SituationHistory: The Scope of the Situation Importance of Phrasing in “Singing Importance of Phrasing in “Singing

With the Understanding”With the Understanding”Acquisitions: What’s In, What’s NotAcquisitions: What’s In, What’s Not

David MaravillaDavid MaravillaPreaches in Republic, MOPreaches in Republic, MOSon of Levy Maravilla, St. Louis Son of Levy Maravilla, St. Louis

MD & longtime friend of MD & longtime friend of Cecil Willis & others Cecil Willis & others associated with Truth Magazineassociated with Truth Magazine

Board member of SumphoniaBoard member of SumphoniaTeaches at Hymn-writers schoolTeaches at Hymn-writers schoolOutstanding Bluegrass musician Outstanding Bluegrass musician

Jason HardinJason HardinBorn in LouisvilleBorn in LouisvilleSon of Donna & Steve Hardin, Son of Donna & Steve Hardin,

Plainfield / IndianapolisPlainfield / Indianapolis IUPUI, training program at PlainfieldIUPUI, training program at PlainfieldNorth Ridgeville, OH 1998-2002North Ridgeville, OH 1998-2002Thayer Street, Akron 2002—presentThayer Street, Akron 2002—presentHas written hymns in the Sumphonia Has written hymns in the Sumphonia

collection collection

Hymnal CriteriaHymnal Criteria ScripturalScriptural SingableSingable “ “Original” versionsOriginal” versions “ “Original” new songsOriginal” new songs Reverse 150-year trend: wrap Reverse 150-year trend: wrap

music around lyrics, not vvmusic around lyrics, not vv Let the Let the wordswords, not the music, , not the music,

“drive” the hymns“drive” the hymns

““Senior Editors”Senior Editors”Charlotte CouchmanCharlotte CouchmanMark CoulsonMark CoulsonDavid MaravillaDavid MaravillaCraig RobertsCraig RobertsSumphonia boardSumphonia board

Hymnwriters trackHymnwriters trackRJ Stevens’ Singing SchoolRJ Stevens’ Singing School

Steve WolfgangSteve Wolfgang

Review BoardReview Board Don AlexanderDon Alexander Matt BassfordMatt Bassford Mark BinghamMark Bingham Jonathan EllisJonathan Ellis Bill HallBill Hall Matt HarberMatt Harber Jason HardinJason Hardin Frank HimmelFrank Himmel

Review BoardReview Board Carl MainCarl Main Steve SmithSteve Smith Bob WaldronBob Waldron Wayne WalkerWayne Walker Howard WhittleseyHoward Whittlesey Nathan WhittleseyNathan Whittlesey Charles WillisCharles Willis

What Do We Know AboutWhat Do We Know AboutNew Testament Music?New Testament Music?

VocalVocal Many texts testifyMany texts testify New Testament ChristiansNew Testament Christians

““SangSang””

What Do We Know AboutWhat Do We Know AboutNew Testament Music?New Testament Music? VocalVocal Non-InstrumentalNon-Instrumental

What texts say or show:What texts say or show: Jesus or apostles using instruments?Jesus or apostles using instruments? Jesus or apostles instructing any Jesus or apostles instructing any

Christians to do Christians to do so?so?

Churches worshipping with Churches worshipping with instruments? instruments?

??????

Music in the New TestamentMusic in the New Testament SINGSING

Matthew 26:30Matthew 26:30Mark 14:26Mark 14:26Acts 16:25Acts 16:25Romans 15:9Romans 15:91 Corinthians 14:151 Corinthians 14:15Ephesians 5:19Ephesians 5:19Colossians 3:16Colossians 3:16Hebrews 2:12, 13:15Hebrews 2:12, 13:15James 5:13James 5:13

PLAYPLAY

??????????

What Do We Know AboutWhat Do We Know AboutNew Testament Music?New Testament Music? VocalVocal Non-InstrumentalNon-Instrumental Music “style” ?Music “style” ?

Harmony? Unison? Chant?Harmony? Unison? Chant? God gave detailed God gave detailed

instructions for muchinstructions for much But But nothingnothing for music style for music style

What Do We Know AboutWhat Do We Know AboutNew Testament Music?New Testament Music? VocalVocal Non-InstrumentalNon-Instrumental Emphasis on Lyrics – Emphasis on Lyrics – WordsWords

Examples:Examples: 1 Timothy 3:161 Timothy 3:16 Philippians 2Philippians 2 Other textsOther texts

1 Timothy 3:161 Timothy 3:16A A He who was revealed in the flesh,He who was revealed in the flesh,

B B Was vindicated in the Spirit,Was vindicated in the Spirit,

C C Beheld by angels,Beheld by angels,

D D Proclaimed among the nations,Proclaimed among the nations,

E E Believed on in the world,Believed on in the world,F F Taken up in glory. Taken up in glory. NASVNASV

Lyric PoetryLyric Poetry Looks like poetryLooks like poetry Stacked up in 6 neat stanzasStacked up in 6 neat stanzas But does not rhyme But does not rhyme

(unlike modern poetry)(unlike modern poetry) Thought parallels are not Thought parallels are not

immediately obvious immediately obvious But try another arrangementBut try another arrangement Then “connect the dots”Then “connect the dots”

1 Timothy 3:161 Timothy 3:16AA He who was revealed in the flesh,He who was revealed in the flesh,

BB Was vindicated in the Spirit,Was vindicated in the Spirit,

CC Beheld by angels,Beheld by angels,

DD Proclaimed among the nations,Proclaimed among the nations,

EE Believed on in the world,Believed on in the world,FF Taken up in glory. Taken up in glory. NASVNASV

1 Timothy 3:161 Timothy 3:16A A He who was revealed in the flesh, He who was revealed in the flesh, BB Was vindicated in the SpiritWas vindicated in the Spirit

CC Beheld by angels, Beheld by angels, D D Proclaimed among the nations Proclaimed among the nations

E E Believed on in the world, Believed on in the world, FF Taken up in gloryTaken up in glory. . NASVNASV

Earth Earth && HeavenHeaven -- Flesh Flesh && SpiritSpirit

1 Timothy 3:161 Timothy 3:16A A He who was revealed in the He who was revealed in the flesh,flesh,DD Proclaimed among the Proclaimed among the nations,nations,

E E Believed on in the Believed on in the world,world,

BB Was vindicated in the Was vindicated in the Spirit,Spirit,CC Beheld by Beheld by angels,angels,FF Taken up in Taken up in glory.glory.

Earth Earth && HeavenHeaven -- Flesh Flesh && SpiritSpirit

DevelopmentsDevelopments New Testament WorshipNew Testament Worship Early ChristianityEarly Christianity Reformation EffortsReformation Efforts

Martin Luther, John CalvinMartin Luther, John Calvin Psalm BooksPsalm Books Isaac WattsIsaac Watts The WesleysThe Wesleys William BillingsWilliam Billings

““American” HymnologyAmerican” HymnologyIsaac WattsIsaac Watts

Hymns and Spiritual Songs – 1707Hymns and Spiritual Songs – 1707 Psalms of David Imitated – 1719Psalms of David Imitated – 1719

John WesleyJohn Wesley Collection of Psalms & Hymns–1737Collection of Psalms & Hymns–1737

William BillingsWilliam Billings New England Psalm Singer – New England Psalm Singer – 17701770

““Democratic” HymnsDemocratic” Hymns Elias SmithElias Smith Alexander CampbellAlexander Campbell Lorenzo DowLorenzo Dow John LelandJohn Leland ““Democratic” = grass-roots participatory Democratic” = grass-roots participatory

efforts challenging hymnological elitismefforts challenging hymnological elitism Nathan Hatch, Nathan Hatch, Democratization of American ChristianityDemocratization of American Christianity, ,

Yale University Press, 1989 Yale University Press, 1989

Shape NotesShape NotesFa-So-La SingingFa-So-La Singing

William Billings, BostonWilliam Billings, Boston William WalkerWilliam Walker

Southern HarmonySouthern Harmony Kentucky HarmonyKentucky Harmony Leonard MyersLeonard Myers

Zion’s SongstersZion’s Songsters Sacred HarpSacred Harp

Hymns inHymns inAmericanAmericanMusicalMusicalHistoryHistory

Hymnody in theHymnody in the“Restoration Movement”“Restoration Movement”

Abner Jones, Elias Smith – 1804Abner Jones, Elias Smith – 1804 Barton StoneBarton Stone Alexander CampbellAlexander CampbellWords Only – Scottish psaltersWords Only – Scottish psalters Collaboration among compilersCollaboration among compilers A.S. Hayden – A.S. Hayden – shape notesshape notes Sacred Harp, Southern Harmony, Sacred Harp, Southern Harmony,

Kentucky Harmony, etc. Kentucky Harmony, etc.

Sources: Hymnal CollectionsSources: Hymnal Collections

1.1. Library of Congress – 16,500Library of Congress – 16,5002.2. Emory University, Atlanta – 15,000Emory University, Atlanta – 15,000

Incorporates Hartford Seminary collection Incorporates Hartford Seminary collection of 8700 hymnalsof 8700 hymnals

3.3. Princeton Theological Seminary – 12,000Princeton Theological Seminary – 12,0004.4. University of Kentucky – 10,000University of Kentucky – 10,000

Wilcox & Lair CollectionsWilcox & Lair Collections 5,000+ uncatalogued5,000+ uncatalogued

Source:Source: Tina Schneider, Tina Schneider, Hymnal Collections in the United StatesHymnal Collections in the United States, 2003, 2003

Sources: Hymnal CollectionsSources: Hymnal Collections Southern Baptist SeminarySouthern Baptist Seminary

Louisville - Louisville - 4,5004,500 Lexington Theological SeminaryLexington Theological Seminary

Disciples – Disciples – 2,0002,000

Asbury Theological SeminaryAsbury Theological Seminary Wilmore, KY – Methodist – Wilmore, KY – Methodist – 2,0002,000

Centre College, Danville, KYCentre College, Danville, KYPresbyterian – Presbyterian – 1,0001,000

Enos E. Dowling Hymnal CollectionEnos E. Dowling Hymnal CollectionLincoln Christian College, Lincoln, ILLincoln Christian College, Lincoln, IL

http://www.lccs.edu/library_archive/hymnals/index.htmlhttp://www.lccs.edu/library_archive/hymnals/index.html

Enos E. Dowling Hymnal CollectionEnos E. Dowling Hymnal CollectionLincoln Christian College, Lincoln, ILLincoln Christian College, Lincoln, IL

http://www.lccs.edu/library_archive/hymnals/index.htmlhttp://www.lccs.edu/library_archive/hymnals/index.html

Timeline Timeline Dowling Collection, Lincoln Christian CollegeDowling Collection, Lincoln Christian College

Timeline Timeline Dowling Collection, Lincoln Christian CollegeDowling Collection, Lincoln Christian College

Christian Hymn BookChristian Hymn BookAlexander CampbellAlexander Campbell

Timeline Timeline Dowling Collection, Lincoln Christian CollegeDowling Collection, Lincoln Christian College

1860’s1860’s-- Campbell diesCampbell dies-- ACMS holds ACMS holds

copyright copyright-- Fillmore Fillmore

Publishing Publishing-- Rival hymnals Rival hymnals

Henry Henry WardWard

BeecherBeecher

Plymouth HymnalPlymouth HymnalHenry Ward BeecherHenry Ward Beecher

Christian Christian StandardStandard11 January11 January

18681868

CSCS1-111-1118681868

Denomination-specificDenomination-specificHymnalsHymnals

Baptist 48Baptist 48 Methodist 43Methodist 43 Holiness-Pentecostal 28Holiness-Pentecostal 28 Restorationist 16Restorationist 16 Presbyterian 12Presbyterian 12 Congregational 12Congregational 12

American Protestant Hymns DatabaseAmerican Protestant Hymns Database 100,000+ Hymns ID by Title, 1st Line, & page number100,000+ Hymns ID by Title, 1st Line, & page number

Elmer Leon JorgensonElmer Leon JorgensonLouisville & Parksville, KYLouisville & Parksville, KY

Great Songs of the ChurchGreat Songs of the ChurchE.L. JorgensonE.L. Jorgenson

Used Alexander & Excell collectionsUsed Alexander & Excell collections Published by Rand McNallyPublished by Rand McNally Sold 250,000 copies of 1Sold 250,000 copies of 1stst editions editions ““Standard” edition (1937) used by Standard” edition (1937) used by 3 million3 million

ChristiansChristians in in 10,000 churches10,000 churches by 1960 by 1960 Plates & copyright left to ACU in 1968, Plates & copyright left to ACU in 1968,

before ELJ’s death before ELJ’s death Supplement, ca. 1970Supplement, ca. 1970 ACU revision, 1986, by committeeACU revision, 1986, by committee