Psammomys Obesus Diet, Tank of the Cutaneous ...Psammomys Obesus Diet, Tank of the Cutaneous...

International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:15 No:02 9

154702-8484- IJBAS-IJENS @ April 2015 IJENS I J E N S

Psammomys Obesus Diet, Tank of the Cutaneous

Leishmaniose, Zoonotic Disease of arid and Semi-

arid Areas Saci. Belgat

1, Cherif. Kebaili

1, Leila. Houti

2

[email protected] 1Faculty of Agronomy of Mostaganem - Algeria,

2 Faculty of Medicine of Oran - Algeria,

Abstract--This work on the food mode of Psammomys obesus

supplements our knowledge on the ecology of the tank of zoonotic

Cutaneous leishmaniasis, (habitat and trophic mode) in the arid

areas and wet zone of the chergi chott (Algeria).

The knowledge of the biotic and abiotic factors of the disease will

facilitate the work of the agents and actors in charge of the

programs of fight against this disease. It will open more

ecological alternatives to the only fight practised by spreading of

insecticides.

The chemical fight by highly toxic spreading of insecticides is

dangerous for the man, the animals and the environment

The zone of Aïn Skhouna knew epidemiologic peaks of zoonotic

cutaneous leishmaniasis (Z.C.L.) between 2002 and 2006. Two

hundred sixty-seven cases (267) of Leishmaniose, on a total

population of six thousand hundred and ninety (6199) were

recorded at the time of the epidemiologic peak of 2003 (Saci

Belgat and al. 2012). According To Leila Houti and al. (2012),

this area was transformed into an endemic hearth of the Z.C.L.

Taking into account the prevalence of the disease, indelible after-

effects that it causes to patients, the financial costs to public

treasury, its study become essential. Saada Chougrani evaluates

the treatment to 3000$ U.S (2012).

The empirical study of the biotope and the phytocoenose, thanks

to the techniques of quantitative ecology in the zone of spreading

of Dzira in edge of the village of Ain Skhouna, was supplemented

by a microscopic study of feces of the gerbil.

This microscopic identification was carried out by comparison of

the sheets of the principal vegetal species and the fragments

contained in the feces. The process of analysis and determination

is presented by Joselyne Rech (2011).

I INTRODUCTION

The ecology research of the tank of Zoonotic Cutaneous

Leishmaniasis (Z.C.L), supported and funded by the Centre

for Research and International Development (CRDI-Canada)

and the Centre for Research in Social and Cultural

Anthropology (CRASC) Oran - Algeria, have led us to study

the diet of Psammomys obesus in the wet manuring area of

Chott ech Chergui in the city of Ain Skhouna (Wilaya of

Saida, Algeria).

The choice of this gerbil was on the one hand made in relation

to the lack of knowledge of its trophic diet and on the other

hand by the interest it represents in the medical and ecological

research. Remember that this gerbil is protected in Algeria and

its capture is regulated by law.

This empirical work of gathering information, observations

and quantitative measurements outside and inside the

laboratory are able to provide on the one hand information

about the ecology of this gerbil (habitat and trophic diet), and

on the other hand to guide practitioners and policy makers in

the development of biological control programs and health

surveillance in the region and in all similar regions in terms of

climate, vegetation and habitat of the tank.

Taking into account the prevalence of the disease, the

indelible aftereffects caused in the population and the financial

cost the state has to support estimated at the equivalent of $

3000 / patient by Saada CHOUGRANI † (2012), the

knowledge of biotic and abiotic factors of the disease will

facilitate the work of agents and field workers in charge of the

fight against this disease, and will open less polluting and

inexpensive alternatives only to fight by spraying insecticides,

namely organophosphates (malathion), which are at risk of

acute toxicological accidents for humans and animals and

lasting and harmful persistence to the environment.

mailto:[email protected]



II MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Fig. 1. Location map of the town of AinSkhouna(Satellite Image N1: spot 2010- town of Ain-Skhouna)

1-geographic coordinates of the study area (Figure No. 1)

• Longitude: X1 = 34 ° 80 - X2 = 34 # 15

• Latitude: Y1 = 1.55 ° - Y2 = 2.30 °

• Altitude: 1000 meters

The city of Ain Skhouna is located on the high stepping plains

of western Algeria. It is part of the great basin of Chott ech

Chergui, second chott by its area of 40,000 km2 in North

Africa. The area of Ain Skhouna is 404.04 km²; it is bordered

to the north by the municipality of Roggassa (wilaya of El

Bayadh), east and north-east by the province of Tiaret, west

and north by the municipality of Mâamora (wilaya of Saida) .

The town of AinSkhouna fits between the following

coordinates:

X1: 34.83 ° Y1: 1.51 °

X2: 33.43 ° Y2: 3.17

The average altitude is 1.000 meters;

The study area is the area 3- commonly called "DZIRA".

The salted zones, areas of predilection for gerbils, occupy

37.89 km2 or 9.38% of the area of the town, Chott ech

Chergui, 109.8 km2, which means 27.15% of the total area of

the municipality. In sum, from a spatial point, 36.33% of the

total area of the municipality would be conducive to the

extension of the Psammomys obesus tank, to the vector of the

disease, papatasis and fly, and consequently to the emergence

of ZCL in Ain Skhouna.

1.2. Climate:

Fig. 2.climagramme of AinSkhouna

Ain Skhouna belongs to the inferior semi-arid zone, with

harsh winters and hot summer. However, and because of the

large salt lake of Chott ech Chergui's, it enjoys high humidity

in winter and relative coolness in summer. The bioclimate is

causing a net value of biodiversity, flora and fauna compared

to xeric steppes.

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tempéré

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chaud

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Semi-aride

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Humide

Ain Skhouna



The study of the climate of two climate episodes 1990-1999

and 2000- 2009 shows a net increased drought.

The climate study conducted in the CRDI- CRASC No

105738-001 program highlights the following points:

- The ombrothermic diagram of Gaussen and Bagnouls in

which P = 2T, demonstrates a clear change in the rainfall

patterns of Ain Skhouna. The rainfall has passed from Type

Winter, Spring, Autumn, Summer (HPAE) to Autumn,

Winters, Spring, Summer (AHPE). The 1990-1999 climatic

episode was marked by a rainy period of winter and spring,

and a dry period lasting from May to November; Concerning

the 2000- 2009 episode, it is marked by a rainy period of

autumn and winter and a dry period lasting from March to

August.

- The calculation of the aridity index of De Martonne IDM = P

/ (T + 10) on the two episodes consolidates these changes. The

arid climatic episode of 2000- 2009 records an MI between 21

and 31 (wet) in winter and an MI between 15 and 10 from

March to May (dry) and an MI = 1 from June to August

(hyper arid ).

- The difference in monthly average temperatures between the

two climatic episodes and for the same months reach or

exceed 2 ° C

These climate changes, combined with other factors, including

environmental management significantly affect the Demo-

ecology of the reservoir (Psammomys obesus) and of the

vector (papatasi sandfly) of Z.C.L.

Importance of the disease:

Following these bioclimatic events, combined with

anthropogenic and environmental factors favorable to the

emergence of the disease; according to L. Houti. (2012), the

town of Ain Skhouna has turned into an endemic focus of

Z.C.L.

Indeed, since 2002, the town of Ain Skhouna knows

epidemiological peaks of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis

(Z.C.L). Two hundred and seventy (260) cases of

leishmaniasis were recorded during the epidemiological peak

in 2004 Saci Belgat and Al (2012). Since 2006, and thanks to

a chemical insect control process, we have witnessed a gradual

decline in the number of reported cases without having any

change in ecological conditions.

In short, an epidemic peak of the disease is feared and can

happen at any time.

Fig. 3.Yearly recorded cases of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (source : Health Department of Saïda- Algeria 2012)

Identification and significance of the Cutaneous.

Leishmaniasis tank:

Psammomys obesus belongs to the class of Mammalia, of the

order of Rodentia, of the family of Muridaie, and the gender

of Psammomys.

In North Africa, its range extends to semi-desert regions of

chotts, sebkhas and salt lakes, where it finds its ecological

optimum.

To assess the approximate population of Psammomys obesus,

we have performed a systematic counting of active burrows in

10 stations, representing the diversity of habitats. Each station

has a 10m2 surface.

There has been the harvest and systematic weigh of both

vegetation cut by Psammomys obesus and put in front of

burrows and faeces.

The results are shown in Table No. I.

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2000 2003 2006 2009 2012



Photo 2: Photo of Psammomys obesus (Saci Belgat 2012)

Floristic Analysis:

The stations were identified following a north-south transect,

in each station a record of vegetation was carried out on 1 m2.

The phytosociological results and analyses have been

published Saci Belgat and Al (2013).

In each station we broke and weighed green biomass on a 1m2

surface. In the laboratory, we sorted out and weighed

separately Salsola species tetrandrra, Suaeda fruticosa and

Atriplex halimus. These three plant species that Psammomys

obesus cuts and deposits in its burrow, are a priori most of its

diet.

The results were shown in Table No. 1.

Microscopic analysis of plants consumed:

To develop the topic, we performed a microscopic

identification by comparing leaves fragments deposited in its

burrow with leaf fragments from faecal materials (faeces). The

process of analysis and determination is presented by Joselyne

Rech (2011) and Butet A. (1985).

• The leaves, after cell destruction, are immersed for

15 minutes in a mixture of ¾ of bleach and ¼ of water of ethyl

alcohol at 95 ° C.

• In the faeces, the leaves fragments are separated by

sieving on a sieve of 2.5 mm. Once the fragments are isolated,

they are immersed in the blend of bleach and alcohol mix until

they become translucent.

The preparations are mounted between slide and

coverslip in a drop of pure glycerine and observed

microscopically.

The samples established and photographed are

compared with the skin of reference to identify leaf ingested

by the rodent, as well as with the boards of codification made

by Rech J. (2011).

The quantification of proportions ingested by

Psammomys obesus is established by calculating the

frequency of occurrence of Butet A. (1985). This method

consists in noticing the presence of plant species in the faeces

following this formula:

Ni x 100

FO (%) =

N

Where: FO (%): the frequency of occurrence of epidermis

plants present in faeces,

Ni = the number of times that the fragments of species are

observed,

N = the total number of samples examined,

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Relationships between environmental variables and the

evolution of cutaneous leishmaniasis:



Table I

Measured ecological variables:

Number of

the small squares

Total green Biomass

(g/m ²)

Biomass

salsola

tetrandra (g/m2)

Biomass

suaeda

fruticosa (g/m2)

Biomass

Atriplex

halimus (g/m2)

Biomass

salsola/

Biomass tot%

Biomass suaeda/total

biomass%

Biomass

Arthrocn

emum/

total Biomasse

%

Biomass

salsola + Suaeda +

atriplex/

total %

Feces

(g/ m2)

Density burrows

10m ²

R1 207,4 187,4 0 0 90,35 0 0 90,35 15,52 12

R2 258,5 113,6 0 0 43,94 0 0 43,94 14,8 11

R3 234,1 0 106,3 0 0 45,40 0 45,40 7,06 1

R4 283,45 0 157,34 0 0 55,50 0 55,50 0 5

R5 1190 679,21 494,73 0 57,07 41,57 0 98,65 0 0

R6 1994 589,6 479,27 358,11 29,56 24,03 17,95 71,56 0 0

R7 758 249,57 210,94 115,72 32,92 27,82 15,26 76,01 10,7 3

R8 1368,22 490,34 369,85 435,21 35,83 27,03 31,80 94,67 6,15 4

R9 589,25 294,1 201,25 103,94 49,91 34,15 17,63 100 0 0

R10 734,71 327,4 121,29 0 44,56 16,50 0 61,07 4,95 3

The arithmetic average of burrows is 4 / 10m2. Since each

burrow is occupied by a solitary individual, with the exception

of females during the breeding season, we can assume that the

density is between 4 and 6 individuals / 10m2.

This table shows that the density of burrows increases with

biomass of Salsola tetrandra, followed by Suaeda fruticosa,

Atriplex halimus. This gerbil rarely digs its burrows in the

steppes to Arthchnemome macrostachi glaucum. It is also,

and foremost, Salsola tetrandra, Suaeda fruticosa and

incidentally Atriplex halimus that dominate the food spectrum

of Psammomys obesus.

Statistical treatment:

To account for the complexity of relationships of ecological

terms, we have used the techniques of multivariate

mathematical analysis, and in the specie the Principal

Component Analysis (PCA) and Ascending Hierarchical

Classification (AHC).

Principal components analysis:



Fig. 4.factorial design of axes 1 and 2

We recognize 3 sets:

- The set A (R3 and R4 plants), these two stations are rich in

Suaeda fruticosa. This taxon occupies the lower parts of

alluvion, the soil is waterlogged most of the year. The wet

state of deep soil makes it difficult for the gerbils’ installation.

Therefore, these two stations, despite their richness, are not

ideal habitat for gerbils.

- The set B, gathering the stations (R5, R10, R6, R9, R7, R8),

these stations resemble to the saline soil of salty coastal areas.

They consist mainly of mixed-halophyte vegetation mixed to

Suaeda fruticosa and to Salsola tetrandra. Although there are

some burrows, this is not so far and because of winter floods

that this specie is an ideal habitat for gerbils.

- The set "C", gathering stations (R1 and R2), representing

the most favourable habitat for the development of gerbils; it

is almost a pure stand of Salsola tetrandra.These stations

are not flooded, thus they allow gerbils to dig burrows and to

spend the winter.

The discriminating variables:

The inertial rate of the first three axes absorbs 99% of the

variability of the information. The first axes put together more

than 95% of the information.

Table II

inertia

ratio

The interpretation of the axes will only cover the orthonormal

variables with high intrinsic value (OPV) of axes 1 and 2.

Table III Axis 1

Negative Side Positive Side

Variables V.P.O Variables V.P.O

Total Biomass in gr/m² 0,46

Salsola tetrandra Biomass

in gr/m² 0,42

Suaeda fruticosa Biomass

in gr/m² 0,48

On this axis, only variables related to the diet of gerbils total

biomass, biomass and biomass Salsola tetrandra,Suaeda

fruticosa, express themselves with the strong clean

orthonormal values.

Axes 1 2 3

Inertia ration in % 68, 93 18,74 7,40

A

B

C



Table IV

Axis 2

Negative Side Positive Side

Variables V.P.O Variables V.P.O

Biomass Atiplex

halimusWeight

0,51

The Weights of faecal

materials

Psammomys obesus

0,58

Number of active burrows of

Psammomys obesus/10m²

0,52

On axis 2, the variables determining the habitat lifestyle,

weight and density of faecal burrows per 10 m2, which is

associated with the biomass of Atriplex halimus, are located

in the negative side with strong VPO. It is clear that each axis

expresses a behavioral parameter of gerbils.

On axis 1, dietary variables are distributed.

On axis 2, the variables related to habitat and biomass

Atriplex halimus are distributed. It seems that this taxon,

whose development area is not related to the wetland,

Psammomys obesus, uses it as a shelter and source of food in

autumn and winter periods.

Fig. 4. C.A.H

3 hierarchical sets are released. Block "B" represented by the

stations (R5-R10, R9 R6, R7-R8) has a very high similarity

value close to 0, 93. These stations are characterized by a low

density of burrows, high plant biomass and the presence of

steppes at toxic species Arthcnemum macrostachi glaucum,

not palatable, feared by the herd and Psammomys obesus;

then come the "C" gathering the blocks R1-R2 with the

relatively strong value of similitude of 0.89. This block is

characterized by a high density of burrows, a steppe of Salsola

tetrandra, a very popular succulent leaf Halophilic-

nitrophyticspecie by Psammomys obesus. The total absence

of Suaeda fruticosa and Atriplex halimus seems not to

disturb the diet of Psammomys obesus; finally, the block "A"

bringing together R3 R4 stations with an average value of

similitude of 0.65. This block is different from the block "B"

with which it shares the low density of burrows, in that it

represents a steppe at Suaeda fruticosa.

A

C

B



Table V

Matrix of correlations between discriminating variables:

Total Biomass/

10m2

Biomass

Salsola

tetrandra/ 10m

2

Biomass

Suaeda

fruticosa/

10m2

Biomass

Atriplex

halimus/ 10m

2

Weight of

the faeceas/

10m2

Number of

burrows/

10m2

Total Biomass 1000

Biomass Salsola

tetrandra 0,874 1000

Biomass Suaeda

fruticosa 0,896 0,858 1000

BiomassAtriplex

halimus 0,789 0,544 0,613 1000

Weight faeces of

Psammomys

obesus -0,497 -0,423 -0,689 -0,232 1000

Number of active

burrows of

Psammomys

obesus/10m²

-0,546 -0,454 0,705 -0,290 0,816 1000

If we stick to this matrix, Atriplex halimus is the less popular

specie by the gerbil. The correlation coefficient between, on

the one hand this plant species and on the other hand, the

weight of gerbils’ faeces and the number of burrows / 10m², is

low.

These findings are supported by field observations and the

discussions we have had with the pastoralists. In fact, this unit

gerbil adapts its diet according to the habitat, the diversity and

the seasonal floristic wealth of vegetation.

The Collected Results of analyses of faeces:

The calculation of the frequency of occurrence (A.Butet 1985)

provides us with information about the presence of each of the

three species representative of the diet of Psammomys obesus

at Dzira. This non-invasive method that does not require

sacrificing the animal, applied in natural condition is entirely

adapted to the study of gerbil Psammomys obesus protected

by law and therefore forbidden of sampling.

The results, which are calculated from the total number of

samples examined, that is N = 36, and the number of times

the fragments of the species are found, that is:

- Ni, Salsola tetrandra = 24

- Ni, Suaeda fruticosa = 18

- Ni, Atriples halimus = 11

- Ni, Arthrocnemum macrostachi glaucum = 0

- FO% would be:

• Salsola tetrandra = 60, 66%

• Suaeda fruticosa = 50%

• Atriplex halimus = 30, 55%

• Athrocnemum macrostachy glaucum = 0%

These quantitative results confirm the field observations and

the analyses of leaves fragments collected at the entrance of

the active burrows. Food preference order is respected.

Indeed, this is certainly Salsola tetrandra due to the strong

succulent leaf of its leaves, which is preferred to Suaeda

fruticosa and to Atriplex halimus; However, Arthrocnemum

macrostachy glaucum is entirely absent from the faeces.

Microscopic analysis of plant fragments in feces gerbils:

The determination is based on the key proposed by J. Rech

(2011). The author writes, " the unicellular secreting head of

the secreting hairs (at Chénopodiaceae and Amarantaceae) is

bulky and of globulous form. It is supported by a lengthened

stalk. This physiological structure proves like a powerful

water tank allowing these halophytes to resist the hydrous

stress. The many secreting hairs make it possible to block the

skin, to decrease vacuolar surface and thus the water losses by

perspiration. As for the accumulation of calcium oxalate, it

has as a function to reinforce the capacity of reaction of these

taxed with the hydrous stress. Calcium is used by all the plant

species as regulator of perspiration and alarm to the hydrous

stress. ”



All comparisons made under magnifying microscope x 100 of

the three species attest to their presence in the form of

fragments in the faeces of Psammomys obesus.

Photo 3. Fragment of Suaeda fruticosa leaf

Photo 4. Fragment of Suaeda fruticosa in the faeces

Secretory hairs

The calcium oxalate crystals

Secretory hairs




Images 3 and 4: Leaf of salsola tetrandra x 100

On these two images, one recognizes the calcium oxalate crystals, such as glandular

Photo 5. Fragment Salsola tetrandra in faeces

Photo 6. Fragments of leaves of Salsola tetrandra

Pictures3 and 4: fragments in the faeces x 100

The concentration of oxalate crystals and glandular attest of the membership of the debris of faeces to the family of

Amaranthaceae.

Photo 6.Fragment of the leaf of Atriplex halimus (x100)

Secretory hairs



Secretory hairs


Secretory hairs



Photo 7.fragment of the leaf of Atriplex halimus in the faeces (x 100)

We can notice the presence of calcium oxalate crystals and the

appearance of large secretory polls, citing J. Rech (2011), of

globular form carried by an elongated peduncle beyond 65

microns.

CONCLUSION

From this study, it first appears that the diet of Psammomys

obesus is strictly vegetarian at Dzira. Because of the

abundance of Amaranthaceae (Salsola tetrandra and Suaeda

fruticosa) and Asteraceae (Atriplex halimus), its diet is

limited to these two families. However, when these three

species are lacking or are scarce, this gerbil finds

compensation in the family of Plumbaginaceae, notably all

kinds of Limonium and Limoniastrum guyonianum. These

species have the advantage of presenting fleshy leaves, gorged

with water and salts.

In fine, its mode of food is broader than the literature gave

him, which limited in a unilateral way its spectrum to the only

kind of the Atriplex. The observations carried out around the

chergui chott (the saci Belgat and others (2012) showed that

this jerboa when the halomorphic steppes are developed, it is

satisfied with these species not-toxic. And when these

species become rare or simply absent from floristic

procession, the jerboa adapts its mode of food to the species

with the succulent sheets of the family of Plombaginaceae.

Second, the habitat is not necessarily in the milieu where the

Psammomys obesus eats, especially when meadows are liable

to flooding. Generally, its strategy of adaptation to the milieu

is translated by the digging of burrows on mounds at Atriplex

halimus and Salsola tetrandra, rarely in the milieu of the

steppes at Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (glaugum) and

Halocnemum strobilacum, species being frighteningly toxic,

mainly because of the very high concentration of calcium

oxalate and impurities secreted by glandular, Psammomys

obesus and at the same time, the cattle, bovine or ovine

fleeing them. Therefore, they cannot be included in its diet.

The evidence is given to us by the fact that we find them

neither among species cut by gerbils, nor in the microscopic

analysis of faeces of Psammomys obesus.

This study consolidated and brought new unpublished

information about the trophic regime of Psammomys obesus.

Its complex ecology and plastic adaptation to the conditions of

ecotones, in a halomorphe milieu deserve to be pursued in

other bioclimates of wet areas of the steppes of Algeria and

North Africa.

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