PSY211 Generalization Discrimination Transfer

7/27/2019 PSY211 Generalization Discrimination Transfer

1/15

Psychology of Learning

PSY211Operant/Instrumental Conditioning:

Generalization, Discrimination

& Transfer

B. Charles Tatum


2/15

Generalization and Discrimination

Stimulus Generalization: The tendency for a response learned to

one specific stimulus (e.g., flirt with people with red hair) to alsooccur for other, similar, stimuli (e.g., flirt with people with auburn

hair).

Response Generalization: If a response of one type (e.g., punch a

classmate, typing on a keyboard) is blocked, then there is a tendencyto make a similar response to the same stimulus (e.g., kick the

classmate, bang on the keyboard).

Stimulus Discrimination (Stimulus Control): When a response learned

to one specific stimulus does not occur to other stimuli (e.g., go at

a green light, stop at a red light). The opposite of stimulusgeneralization.

Response Discrimination: Learning not to make similar responses to

the same stimulus (e.g., shifting gears, discriminating between a bad

golf swing and a good one). The opposite of response generalization.


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Redhead

(A)

Strawberry

Blond

(A)

Platinum

Blond

(A)

Auburn

(A)

Brunette

(A)

StrengthofFlirtationResponse(B)

Stimulus Generalization

Stimulus (A)

Stimulus (A)

Stimulus (A)

Response (B)


4/15

Stimulus (A)Response (B)

Response (B)X

Response Generalization


5/15

S+

(red light)

S-

(green light)

R

(brake)

Reinforcement

(car stop)

R

(brake)

Non-Reinforcement/

Punishment

(rear-ended)

X

S+(green light)

S-

(red light)

R(accelerate)

Reinforcement(car go)

R

(accelerate)

Non-Reinforcement/

Punishment

(side-swiped)X

Stimulus Discrimination


6/15

R+

(shift to second gear)

Reinforcement

(car accelerates)

R-

(shift to neutral)

Non-Reinforcement/

Punishment

(no acceleration, engine whines)

R+

(drive the ball straight)

Reinforcement

(get on the green)

R-

(slice/hook the ball)

Non-Reinforcement/

Punishment

(go in the water)

ResponseDiscrimination


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Theories of Generalization and Discrimination Pavlov Physiological Theory: The reinforced stimulus (S+) creates

an area of excitation in the brain that produces a response (R). The

non-reinforced stimulus (S-) creates an area of inhibition in the brainthat inhibits responding and produces non responding (NR).

Theory of the brain.

New stimuli that are similar to S+ excites areas in the brain close

to the area for the S+ and produce the response. New stimuli that are similar to S- inhibit areas in the brain close

to the area for the S- and fail to produce a response.

S+ S-Area of

Excitation

Area of

Inhibition

Snew - R Snew - NR


8/15

Spence Excitatory and Inhibitory Gradient Theory: S+ creates a

gradient of excitation (green), S- creates a gradient of inhibition (red).The tendency to respond to a new stimulus reflects the net difference

between excitation and inhibition. Theory of behavior.

S- S+

Tendency notto respond

(inhibition

gradient)

Tendencyto respond

(excitation

gradient)

Snew

Lashley-Wade Prior Experience Theory: The excitatory and inhibitory

gradients depend on the prior experience of the learner.

Theories of Generalization and Discrimination

(continued)

Snew

Peak Shift: Subject is more likely to

respond to Snew than S+ because

excitation greater than inhibition


9/15

The Transfer of LearningTransfer: The effects of learning one task or set of tasks on the

learning of other task(s)

Basic transfer design (see diagram below) Positive transfer: Experimental Group performs better on

Task 2 than Control Group.

Negative transfer: Experimental Group performs worse on

Task 2 than Control Group.

Experimental

Group

Learn

Task 1Learn

Task 2

Control

Group

Learn

Task 2Rest


10/15

1 5 10 15 20 25 30

Day of Learning Task 2

(Play Organ)

Levelof

Proficiency

ExperimentalGroup

(Play Piano)

Control

Group(Rest)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Positive

TransferTask 1

Positive Transfer


11/15

1 5 10 15 20 25 30

Practice Trials to Learn Task 2

(Racquetball)

Co

rrect

Resp

onses

Control

Group

(Rest)

ExperimentalGroup

(Tennis)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Negative

TransferTask 1

Negative Transfer


12/15

Transfer Effects for Different

Stimulus-Response Combinations

LEARNTASK 1

EFFECT

SA - RB +

++

--

EXAMPLE

FACE-NAME,

EVENT-DATE

FRENCH FRIENDS-FRENCH NAMES,

NEW FRIENDS-SAME NAMES

RED-STOP GREEN-GO

RED-GO GREEN-STOP

LEARNTASK 2

SC - RD

+++

++++

+++

CAR-AUTOMATIC,

CAR-STICK

USA STOP SIGN-STOP

MEXICO STOP SIGN-STOP

HOUSE RADIO-SLIDE ON/OFF,

CAR RADIO-PUSH ON/OFF

- PERSON-MAIDEN NAME,PERSON-MARRIED NAME

Note: The effect (+ or -) is relative to a control group that rests during Task 1

SA - RB

SA - RB

SA - RB

SA - RB

SA - RB

SA - RB

SA RB

SA - RB

SA RB

SC - RB

SA - RD

SA - RBr


13/15

General Practice/Warm-up effects (SC-RD) = Positive

Learning to learn/Strategy (SC-RD) = Positive

Specific

Response generalization (SA-RB) = Positive

Stimulus generalization (SA-RB) = Positive

Stimulus and response generalization (SA-RB) = Positive

Response integration (SC-RB) = Positive

Response interference (SA-RD and SA-RBr) = Negative

Sources of Transfer Effects

Note: The transfer is to Task 2 . Task 1 is always SA-RB


14/15

Content: What Transferred

Learned Skill = routine procedures and abstract principles

Performance Change = speed and accuracy

Memory Demands = execute only

recognize + execute

recognize + recall + execute

Context: When and Where was it Transferred

Knowledge = biology to botany biology to art

Domain

Physical = class to lab class to factory

Context

Temporal = weekly delay annual delayContext

Functional = exercise to exam exercise to real world

Context

Social = alone to alone alone to group

Context

Modality = visual to visual visual to auditory

Near Transfer Far Transfer

Classical

Conditioning

Operant

Conditioning

Reinforcement

Punishment

Extinction

GeneralizationDiscrimination

Memory

Forgetting

Imitation

Problem

Solving

Concept

Formation

Language

AcquisitionAdaptation


15/15

Transfer Applied to PSY211

Task 1

Generalization & Discrimination

Behaviorism & Cognition

Classical & Operant Conditioning

Reinforcement & Punishment

Task 2

Transfer of Learning

Memory & Forgetting

Social Learning &

Language Acquisition

Problem Solving &

Concept Learning

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PSY211 Generalization Discrimination Transfer

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