PSY290 January 15, 2012

Behavior – overt action, emotion and many other things. Anything thing induce change or nerve system

variability lead to changes in behavior

All made of protein, sequence of amino a determined by dna sequenceing infor to rna trnalstaed to info

Info dna lead to varibilty in behavior

Genetic variability introduce behavior variability and physical variability lead to evo. Advantatge over

others due to varibailty can produce more offspring

Figures in lectures not in book

Long time ago used latin not think English take over language of science

Today

- Nerve system is delicate evo did its best to protect senseitve system dedicative structures to

protest it

- Cellular building blocks

- And gross anatomy of different brain structures nerve systems at different levels

- Understanding of anatomony of nerve system

Complexity of the brain

- Network of neurons and other supporting cells

- And 1000 syn per neuron different area different synapse

- Showcase complexity of nerve system

- How system made of neurons organize into brain

Cns

- Divided into two main subdivisions

- Cns and pns

- Cns one inside the skull and spine

- Two structure protected by thick bone skul and spine

- Pns is outside of thick bone

- Pns collect infor from environment for our body

- And bring information to cns for further information processing to have appopiate behavior or

physio responses

- Pns project from spinal cord

- Nerves in pns project from brain small region of brain project several peripheral nerve tracts

- Cns skull and pns outside and mainly composed of tracts from spinal cord and some from brain

- Key words

Def

- Nerve axons outside the cns in cns called tracts both bundle of axons

- Afferent or efferent depending on direction of information flow

- Neurons found as cluster and cluster in cns is called nuclei

- Cluster outside cns in pns then ganglia both refer to group of neurons

Layout

- Pns two more subdivisions

- Nerve system is system of two

- What distinguish som and auto

Somatic

- Interact with body external environment

- Any sensory stimuli arriving surface of body sensed by somatic nervous stimuli

- Stimuli at muscle is carried by somatic

- Somatic used to interact with external env

- Once sensory information collected by somatic carried to brain and info processing

- And cns generate motor signal

Automatic

- Interact body internal not external enviorment

- Internal organs

- Collects sensory signals from internal organ and send it back to brain and our brain generate

motor signal to control onternal movement heart lung etc

- Nerve tract carries sensory information into brain called afferent efferent leave the brain

- Efferent motor nerve in auto is 2 systems symp and other is para

- And two divided where cell bodies are located in spinal cord

Human spine

- Arrangement of vertebrae

- 33 bones

- Sacrum hip region

- Tailbone have the coccyz

- Project different postion along spine

Symp

- From lumbar and thoraci so middle

- Control movment of internal organs

- Sym motor nerves control involunarty movement of interna organ

- Prepare body for action response fight or flight

- Breating by relax airway and see more more visual signal gain more info as possible need to

tnderstand what is going on in enviroemnt

- Digestion need a lot of blood

Para

- Instead of generating arousal promotes vegetative non em response

- Decrease breathing

- Constricsts airways

- Functionally have opposing role

- Different position of spine from upper and lower spine

- And brain stem

Anatomy

- All receive infor from both symp and para one system promote increase in movement another

promote decrease tug of war per se

Gernal layout

- Somatic from outside and gern muscel movement

- Ans from internal organ efferent motor and affer sensory

- Most project from spine except 12 nerves project from brain

- Nerve from crainial region called cranial nerve

- Cranial nerve include both somatic and ans

- Cranial nerves from cranial region contain som and ans

Cranial

- 1 to 12

- Most serve sens and motor function in head and neck

- Enter and exit at brainstem level

- Carry noth sensory and motor signal

- All different target structure they control or receive info from

- Some sensory some motor and some carry both

- 1 strictly sensory

- 2 collect senroy infrom from retina to brain

- 8 sensory from hair cells in cochlear organ collect information in sound wave

- Hypogls only in motor

- And 3 eye movement – high level of complexity and evo generate 3 crainial nerve to control

eyball movement in differen ooreientations

Table

- Remember

General layout

- Central n s is important for long term survivial evo developed elaborate strcuutes to protect

nerve system

- Brain and spine protected from 3 componets

Structures

- Bone and membranes call meninges meninx sing

- Csf liquid

Three

- Underneath have membrain strucurer and underneath have dura mater or dura meninx

- Arachnoid memebrane

- 3rd layer pia matter stick to cns surface

- Protect the brain

Ventricles

- What about csf how protect brain

- Chamber filled with csf called ventricles

- Ventricular system

- 2 chamber in forebrain lateral ventricle one left one right hem

- Between two third ventricle a lot smaller then lateral only one in middle and 4 below all

connected to each other

- Inside ventricle have choroid plexus pertruding capiilary structre thin blood vessel and plexus

produce csf by filtering blood no red blood cells bc plexus filter out big cells large molecules

- Liquid serve two finction

- Acts as mech cushion

- Floating not bang in skull

- Nutritional support actually transfer glucose and other nutrients ions from blood and provide to

brain

- And process of transfer nutrients is plexus

- Csf important human develop tumor there or lose function result to much or too little too much

buldge brain hydrocephaleus water brain

- Lethality if not remove

- Too little brain not enough mec support or nutritional support

Cells

- Two major cells

Cells

- Neurons and glia

Neurons

- Receiveing info and conveying info and comm. With other neurons cells specialized for

communication diff size and shape

- Understand shape

The neuron

- Stereotypic

- 4 regions

- Soma contain nucleus and long axon and tip axon terminal

- Receive through dendrite

- Arrive there and those infor intergrated in hillock and those info travel to axon terminal

- Diff compartment diff zone

- Axon conduction zone

- Terminal output zone

- Serve different function

- Equipped with right functional comp

Soma

- Maintan cell sur by carrying genetic info and prividng energy

- And produce proetein to maintain neuron health

- Organelles in soma – nucleus blue thing carry genetic info and other strcutres made of

membranes

- Edo ret – some have ribsome produce protein and ribo rough no rib have no called smooth

- Yelloe golgi app – sorting protein to designated target in cell

- Synt and golgi pack in membrane and send to destination

- Mitochondria red – organell fro producing energy

- Lot of energy lot of mito

Dendrites

- Recive from envi or other neurons act like attennna

- Receive info from other neurons

- Comm. Between is done release chemical

- Dendrite to reviece have receptors reco chem. Released from other neurons

Axon

- In neuron

- From dendrite to axon terminal release chme

Terminal

- Infor arrive release nts chem. To comm. b/w neurons

- This comm. Is done by spec strcuutor axon t and dendrite synapse phys gap

Synapse

- Infor release chem. And chem. Received by denrited trigger response

- Synapse speci junction for comm. b/w cells

Recap

- Input zone from env or other neuron and intergrated at axon hillock and travel along wire down

axon release chm rec by other neurons at synapse

Look

- No

Types

- Based on shape classify them into three types

- Multi – multi dendrites and single axon

- Bipolar project one axon one dendrite

- Mono

- Multipolar input is soma and dendrite

- Same for bipolar

- Mono input is made of dendrite

- Inter first two is cell body

- Mono cell body not part of intergration but conducting zone

- Defined by shape

Glia

- Comm. In nerve system is done by neuron

Glia

- Outnumber

- Primary ficntion is support

- Nutritional support

- New thing glia actually involved in neuro comm. Conduct electici signal and comm and psych

disorders

Osam

Olo

- Membrane extension rich in lipid fatty acid

- Like that of mayonnaise

- Wrap around axon and provide insulation

- All electricity leak out if no cover encaps with plastic with insulation elect travel faster without

leaking

- Insulation device

Schwann

- Same thing membrane extension

- Where are found in pns

- Ol in cns

- Both prvide insualton by wrapping around axon

- Single oli wrapping to multiple axons

- One Schwann one axon

- Axon wrapped by mult Schwann

Astro

- Look like stars

- Hold together sterucural support

- And nutritional support bc bridge blood vessel and neuron uptake nut from blood vessel and

carry or process to neurons

- Nutrient carry glucose amino acid all things

Microglia

- Work like immune cell in cns

- White engulf dead cells in to clear up mglia similar thing infection in brain neuron or cell and die

leave dead cell mg migrate to site of damage and clear up debry and engulf them not immune

cells cells in brain

- Diff origin simil to immune cell in body

Anatomy

- Tel tip

- Di twin

Spinal cord

- Spinal cord connected to bunch of axons called spinal nerves

- 2 bundle of axons entering both sides

- Each spinal nerve carry both sensory and motor information

- Is fusion of two bundles

- Each level 4 each spinal nerve motor ans sensory

- Named after segment of bone where located

- Two spinal nerves enetering

- Fusiion of two sensory and another motor

Gray and white

- Gray and white matter bc of coloru

- Grey bc cell bodies white is myelin axons

- Fatty acid rich lipid

Cross section

- Two arms or horns

- Dors and vental horns

- Each spinal nerve is fusion two bundles

- One en dorsal is sensory axon bundle

- Leaving venrtral is motor infor

Hindbrain

- 2 subregions on met and my

Meyl

- Medulla

- Axon tracts all info arriving from spine need travel to brain all axon tract in white matter travel

up or down

- Level of brainstem

- Medulla axon bundle ridge white matter

- In addition contain nuclei cluster of neurons part of cns

- Cluster of nweurons look like net reticular formation net under miscroscope net is cluster of

neurons more then 100 and nuclei serve diff function

- Basic auto physiology

Met

- Above is met

- Two struct pons and cerebellum

- Rich in axon bundle and reticular formation

- Start medulla and go up to mes

- Cont reticular fiormation

- Pons rich in ret formation

- Important basic phys like sleep and arousal

- Unique of pons feed huge anount of infor to cerebellum

- Cere important for coordination place motor command from motor cortex is compared to actual

movement

- As move movement is carried back to brain to compare gen movements is appropriate

command gen in brain and sensory from skel muscles converge at cereb

- Have defecit lose ability to compare motor command with what is happening no coordinate

movement

- Pons feed cereb

- Motro ocortex neurons to pons and relay to cereb

- Sesnroy from body travel from spine to cere from meduall

- Pons cortical important not skel to cereb

Mes

- Midbrain

- 2 tectum and tegemtum

- Sagital section

- Black thing is midbrain

- Have duct is connected to ventricle – ventricle is connected structures

- Hole in middle called central canal continous to ventricle

- Tetum two bumps called colicli or us

- Around duct is paraaq grey

- Below tegemntum is red nuc sub nigra for dopamine and para grey is tegemtum

- Bimps on the sag section 4 bumps superior for vison from optic nerve and inferior auditon from

aud cranial nerve

- Tegmen grey red and black

- Pag – pain sensation and target of morphine main arget of action analgesic effect

- Nigra and red cluster of neurons role for motor functions – parkinsons motor deficit causes of

neuronal loss of sub nigra

- Rich in nt dopamine park patients dop producing neuron die off and develop motor deficit

Keywords anatomy

Midbrain

- Normal ind is black pigment park die off Parkinson patient

Forebrain

Die

- Thal and hypo two main compont why called twin

- Mammalian brain medulla pon midbrain called brainstem

- Thalamus on top of brainstem

- Hypo is below thalamus

Thalamus

- Rely station receives sensory information

- Just the lmv writeen

- Sub div in thalums receive diff sensory modality

- Once arrive here go to diff area of corex

Hypo

- Fucnt distin nuclei

Tele

- Two regions cort and sub cort

Coron

- Grey layer cere cortex

- And cort white matter rich in axon bundle

- Beneath white matter is subcortical region

- Cer cort

- White matter and sub cort

- To systems in sub cort not defined by structure but by function

- Loosely defined

Subcort

- Basal

- 4 structures

- All strcuutes for goal directed vlunatry movement

- Basal gan sandwhich the thamaus

- Red been is amygdala

- Striatum 2

- Cauadate means tail

- And inside tail is putamna and connected by axon bundle – bridge striped structure called

striatum

- Between putamn and thalmsus is dark faded strcuure globus paladus all control to voluntary

motro control or basal gang system

Limbic

- Means ring

- Ring surrounds thalamus of c shaped structure

- Both strcuutre meaning and functional meaning

- 10 neuro sceine provide differ answer limbic system is loose

- Fornix to spetum on cingulated cortex below septum is mamilary bodies

- Amygdala part of both

- Limbc emotion so amgy there but in book is both

- Tell name from pic

From top convo

- Surface area is 30 percent the rest in convulation

- Convolation packaging brain surface

- Deep cracks in brain deep is fissure long fissure

Fissures

- Deep fissure

- Shallow is sulcus

- Between to sulci is gyri

- Lobe large region of cortex

Tele

- Right left sep by fissure coneected by axon bundle corpus collosum axon bundle tract left and

right

- Largest commisure

Lobes

- Major sub div

- Lobes

- Major fissure divide diff lobes

- Parietal and occip is loose not clearly defined

- 4 lobes serve diff function

- Frontal higher cog activity and motoro

- Mortor in middle precentral gyrus motro cortex is

- Parietal somatosensation and in postcentral

- Occ is visual perception

- From thalamus from optic nerve to occ lobe visual cortex

- Temp lobe earing smell language and memory from thalamus ass with hearing

- Nose to olf bulb to olf cortex skip thalamus

- Hippo in temperal lobe learning and memeory

Table

All learned

-