STUDY UNIT 4.1MEMORY

MEMORY PROCESS

How do we take it in?

Where does the info go?

How do I get the info out?

Enkodering / Encoding Bewaring / Storage Herroeping / Retrieval

1. Vorm ‘n geheue kode / Forming a memory code

1. Drie verskillende store van inligting / Three separate memory stores:

1. Herroepingsleidrade / Retrieval cues

2. Aandag / attention: “Cocktail party” 2. Herkonstruksie en bron monitering/ Reconstruction and source monitering

3. Vlakke van verwerking / Levels of processing: * Struktureel / Structural * Fonemies / Phonemic * Semanties /

Semantic

- Sensoriese geheue/Sensory memory

- Korttermyn geheue / Shortterm memory

- Langtermyn geheue/ Longterm memory

3. Hoekom vergeet ons?Why do we forget? * Hoe vinnig? /

How quickly?

4. Verbetering van Enkodering / Enriching Encoding

(Ook genoem Geheuestelsels / Also known as the memory systems)

4. Onthou kontroversie / Recovered memories controversy.

5. Verbeter jou geheue

ENCODING

• Creation of a memory code

• Attention: focus and awareness to various stimuli or events

• Eg. cocktail party

• Incoming information is processed at different levels: deep processing =

more permanent memory codes.

ENRICHING OF ENCODING

• Extension: • Connecting to other data: eg. Think of examples.

• Visual imagery: • Visual represented to be remembered. • - "Dual coding theory" semantically and visually

• Self-reference encoding: • - Using information a personal meaning.

• Structural encoding is a superficial process, words flash on screen, see upper or lower, colour etc.

• Phonemic encoding, audio • Simatic encryption, meaning. • MTR motivation to remember,

STORING

Storing of encoded information:

Sensory Short term Long term

SENSORY MEMORY

• Short storage of sensory information in original form.

• Hearing / Visual - fraction of a second:

• After-image

SHORT TERM MEMORY

o Capacity limited:

o "Magical number 7 plus or minus 2"

o "Chunking": Group known stimuli / concepts together as a single unit

o Eg. A-C-F-B-B-A-S-S-I-A

o vs ABSA - FNB - FBI

o Time limit:

o Maintain information for 10-20 seconds without repetition

o Defence and interference that info is lost.

Unrehearsed for 10-20 seconds.

Repetition can be something permanent store.

mainly phonemic encoding

WORKING MEMORY

• Short-term memory is more complex than just repetition.

• NB: Intelligence and complex cognitive processes.

• Chunk: similar known information stored in one place

• Phonological course: STM earlier stage.

• Visuo: Keep in mind some pictures

• Central: coordinate

• Episodic: limited capacity

• STM = limited capacity & Storage

• Hold and manipulate information in conscious attention

LONG TERM MEMORY

• Unlimited memory store information over a long period may be retained. • Permanent storage of information?

• Flashlight memories

• Remember through hypnosis

• Debate: Is Short-term and long - term • memory really different?

• Phonemic vs. semantic • Coding

• Defence vs Interference / • overload

Detailed recollections of the circumstances in which you learned mementos, newsworthy events.

Fade with time and it is not as reliable as people think

LONG TERM: ORGANIZATION

• 1. Conceptual hierarchy/

• “Clustering”: Grouped together and

• Organization of concepts

• 2. Schemes

• Existing and

• organized information about a

• topic or event

• Sematic networks:

• Concepts linked together with networks

• Parallel distributed processing model:

• Physiological and neuro psychological process

• activation of information

FORGET

• Why people forget things

• They want to remember:

• Adaptable?

• Irrelevant information?

• Errors in encoding,

• Storage and retrieval

Retrieval - cues: help gain access to memory Context cues: facilitate retrieval of information. Forget what you are looking for. Repeat path. Remember

not hypnosis!

Reconstruction is not always right. Will remember that interfere with overall impression

Reality monitoring; deciding approbate process if based on external sources

WHY FORGET?• Ineffective encoding:

• Pseudo-forgotten

• Lack of attention

• Inefficient storage process:

• Defense

• Interference:

• Retroactive interference

• Proactive interference

• Ineffective recall:

• Encoding specific principle

• Appropriate transfer processes

• Motivated forgetting :: Suppression

EBINGHAUS: FORGETTING CURVE

FALSE MEMORY

• Controversial debate: • Therapeutic intervention: Remember trauma.

• Supporters: • Abuse underestimated

• Respect repressed memories

• Sceptics: • Power of suggestion

• ? Hypnosis, Dream Analysis, Leading questions