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PSYC 2201Personality
Chapter 11 Outline for Weiten (2005)
Bill Hill
Kennesaw State University
Defining PersonalityAn individual’s unique combination of attitudes, beliefs and behaviors.
Personality is generally assumed to be Consistent Distinctive
Trait Approaches
Characteristic behavior patterns (and ways of thinking) that are relatively consistent across similar situational contexts
Traits are often described using common adjectives such as friendly, outgoing, moody, trustwothy, etc.
Trait ApproachesThe Five-Factor Model of Personality Traits (McCrae & Costa) Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness to experience Extraversion Neuroticism
Trait Approaches
Contemporary Research on Traits Sensation-Seeking Self-Monitoring
Evaluating Trait Approaches
Primarily descriptive model that does not adequately either explain why a behavior occurs or predict behavior
Questions as to whether the Big Five Traits are too many or not enough
Theories of PersonalityThe major theories that we will discuss are primarily focused on identifying the origins of personality, not the relationship between personality and behavior.
Personality theories are also key to understanding both the origins of abnormal behavior and the approaches to the treatment of abnormal behavior.
Theories of PersonalityThe four basic theories of personality• Psychodynamic• Behavioral• Humanistic• Biological
Psychodynamic Theories
All of these approaches originate from Freud and emphasize unconscious processes that influence traits and behaviors
The basic element in common is conflict. The resolution of these conflicts between the individual and either unconscious or societal pressures, determines personality.
Psychodynamic Theories
The Big Four Freud Jung Adler Erikson
Freud
Basic assumptions underlying Freud’s approach to personality: Behavior (personality) is determined and
controlled by unconscious factors Foundations for adult personality laid
during childhood Primary role of sexual urges
Freud
Structures of Personality Id Ego Superego
It is the dynamic interaction between these three structures that results in observed behavior
Freud
Levels of Consciousness Conscious Preconscious Unconscious
Freud
Stages of Personality Development Oral (mouth) Anal (anus) Phallic
Oedipal ComplexPenis Envy
Latency Genital
Freud
Defense Mechanisms Repression Projection Displacement Reaction Formation Regression Rationalization Identification
What is the Defense Mechanism?
John thought that almost everyone but himself was cheating on the psychology exam.
a. Repressionb. Projectionc. Displacementd. Reaction Formatione. Regressionf. Rationalizationg. Identification
What is the Defense Mechanism?
Lisa was embarrassed when she kept forgetting her appointment with the dentist.
a. Repression
b. Projection
c. Displacement
d. Reaction Formation
e. Regression
f. Rationalization
g. Identification
What is the Defense Mechanism?
Although Joan had not been close to her mother during her childhood she was now so oversolicitous of her mother’s health that her marriage was being threatened.
a. Repressionb. Projectionc. Displacementd. Reaction Formatione. Regressionf. Rationalizationg. Identification
What is the Defense Mechanism?
Curt began assuming many of the behaviors and characteristics of the professor he most feared.
a. Repressionb. Projectionc. Displacementd. Reaction Formatione. Regressionf. Rationalizationg. Identification
What is the Defense Mechanism?
After her new baby brother came home from the hospital the parents discovered Cheryl had dismembered her favorite doll.
a. Repressionb. Projectionc. Displacementd. Reaction Formatione. Regressionf. Rationalizationg. Identification
What is the Defense Mechanism?
A student attributed his flunking out of the university to the poor quality of teaching there.
a. Repressionb. Projectionc. Displacementd. Reaction Formatione. Regressionf. Rationalizationg. Identification
What is the Defense Mechanism?
Tommy began wetting his pants again after the birth of his baby brother.
a. Repression
b. Projection
c. Displacement
d. Reaction Formation
e. Regression
f. Rationalization
g. Identification
Jung
Although also emphasizing the unconscious like Freud, he proposed different layers: Personal Unconscious Collective Unconscious
Adler’s Individual Psychology
De-emphasizing the sexual focus of Freud, Adler believed the energy driving personality development is a striving for superiority Compensation Inferiority Complex Emphasis on social context (e.g., birth
order)
Evaluating Psychodynamic Approaches
Vague and untestable
Lack of objective supporting evidence
Claims of sexism in Freud’s theory
Behavioral Approaches
Premise from behaviorism that behaviors that constitute one’s consistent traits and actions are learned through behavioral principles of conditioning (operant and classical) and observational learning
Radical Behaviorism & Personality(Skinner)
Internal processes omitted
Focus is solely on environmental factors that shape and determine observed behaviors
Personality (as defined by response tendencies) can easily change across one’s life
Social Learning Theory(Bandura)
Although out of the behavioral tradition, Bandura incorporates cognitive influences
Reciprocal Determinism
Perspective that behavior tendencies are the result of an interaction between cognition, environment and observed behavior
Social Learning Theory(Bandura)
Observational Learning Ability to imitate Role of the model
oConsequences of model’s behavior (Vicarious conditioning)
oAttention to model (higher when model liked or respected and seen as similar to observer)
Self-Efficacy
Social Learning Theory(Mischel)
Emphasized role of situational factors, thus raising questions as to whether behavior is consistent (person emphasis) or varies with one’s perception of the situational context
Response choices are a function then of the person’s perception of the consequences associated with a response and consequence likelihood for the same behavior varies across situations
Evaluating Behavioral Approaches
Question of application of fundamental principles developed through animal research to humans
De-emphasis of role of cognitive factors and free will by radical behaviorists
Lack of unifying structure of personality—it is simply characterized as set of acquired behaviors
Humanistic Approaches
Key Elements: Emphasis on human uniqueness and
potential for personal growth. As counterpoint to both
Psychodynamic and Behavioral approaches, also includes strong emphasis on human free will
Adopts phenomenological approach to understanding human behavior
Person-Centered Theory(Rogers)
Key personality construct is the self or Self-Concept, which is one’s collection of beliefs about
who he or she is (often described using traits)
typical behavior patterns
Person-Centered Theory(Rogers)
Personality (self-concept) is largely developed as a function of childhood and adolescent experiences that are related to the interplay between an individual’s need for affection and acceptance and parenting practices. Conditional love Unconditional love
Person-Centered Theory(Rogers)
Subjectively we try to maintain a match between our self-concept and our behavioral experiences.
The degree of congruence (match) or incongruence (mismatch) between self-concept and experience that determines one’s mental health.
Self-Actualization Theory(Maslow)
Hierarchy of Needs (Human Motivations) Physiological Safety & Security Belongingness & Love Esteem Cognitive Aesthetic Self-Actualization
Evaluating Humanistic Approaches
Vague and untestable
Lacks strong research base to support claims
Idealized view of human nature that may be overly optimistic (e.g., Maslow’s self-actualized person)
Biological Approaches
Basic premise is that personality tendencies (traits) may be genetically influenced
Biological Approaches(Eysenck)
Eysenck’s theory combines elements from trait and behavioral approaches to personality
Although basically a trait approach, his premise is that trait tendencies are genetically determined. Actual observed traits are then shaped through conditioning.
Biological Approaches(Eysenck)
Eysenck’s Fundamental Traits Extraversion-Introversion Neuroticism Psychoticism
Behavioral Genetics
Evidence that suggests personality traits are inherited: Twin studies Variability in personality traits despite
shared family environment Possibility of detecting specific genes
related to traits
Evolutionary Perspectives
Traits, such as the Big Five, have emerged through natural selection. Supporting evidence includes: Cross-cultural consistency in the Big
Five Adaptive viability of the Big Five for
survival
Evaluating Biological Approaches
Limitations on accuracy of heritability ratios
Fails to adequately address the interaction between nature and nurture
No unifying theory
Culture & Personality
Cultural and sociohistorical factors have influenced many of the major theories discussed, particularly the Psychodynamic and Humanistic approaches.
What may be characterized as a personality ideal in one culture is not necessarily to same in another.
Culture & Personality
Variations in Self-Concept Western Ideal: independent self Asian Ideal: interdependent self
Imagine that several psychologists are having lunch together, and that you are eavesdropping on their conversation. Which type of psychologist is MOST likely to have made each of these comments?
Aggression is a human instinct. Although society may control it somewhat, we can never eliminate it.
a. Humanistic
b. Biological/evolutionary
c. Psychoanalytic
d. Behavioral
Imagine that several psychologists are having lunch together, and that you are eavesdropping on their conversation. Which type of psychologist is MOST likely to have made each of these comments?
Your student may be under a lot of pressure, but that is no excuse for cheating. We are personally responsible for what we do.
a. Humanisticb. Biological/evolutionaryc. Psychoanalyticd. Behavioral
Imagine that several psychologists are having lunch together, and that you are eavesdropping on their conversation. Which type of psychologist is MOST likely to have made each of these comments?
There are not any values inherent in human nature. Values are acquired in the same way we learn to say “please” and “thank you.”
a. Humanisticb. Biological/evolutionaryc. Psychoanalyticd. Behavioral
Imagine that several psychologists are having lunch together, and that you are eavesdropping on their conversation. Which type of psychologist is MOST likely to have made each of these comments?
People just don’t want to believe that infants get sexual pleasure from sucking and exploring anything they get in their hands with their mouth.
a. Humanisticb. Biological/evolutionaryc. Psychoanalyticd. Behavioral